1)

a) Extensometer:

It is a device used to measure the variations in the length of an object.

b) Strain gage:

It is a device that measures strain in object.

c) Load cell:

A load cell is a device that converts one form of energy to other and this is used to crate
electrical signal.

d) Strain rate:

The rate of change of strain is called Strain rate. That is the change in deformation of
material with respect to time.

e) Impact Loading:

A sudden or shock load applied over a short period of time is called as Impact loading.

f) DBTT:

The minimum temperature at which the material has the capability to absorb specific
amount of energy without fracturing is called as Ductile to brittle transition temperature.

g)

Necking:

It is the region in stress strain curve occurs after the ultimate load. It is the region where
without any considerable increase in load the material undergoes deformation.

h)

Poissons Ratio:

The ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal strain is called as Poissons Ratio.

2)

Stiffness:

It is the extent up to which the material resists to deformation with respect to applied
load. It is called as rigidity of an object.

Yield strength:

The point at which the material starts to deform plastically is called yield point and the
strength at this point is called as Yield strength.

Ultimate tensile strength:

Ultimate tensile strength is the maximum stress that a material can withstand before
deformation when it is being stretched. It indicates the ultimate strength of the material.

Ductility:

It is the ability of a material to undergo plastic deformation when it subjected by tensile

stress.

Toughness:

Toughness is the resistance to fracture that is the ability of a material to absorb energy.

3)

Durability is the ability to undergo permanent deformation without any fracture. It can be
related to toughness. The more the material is tougher the more it is durable. So the
materials toughens indicates whether the material is durable or not.

Impact resistance depends on the volume, and yield strength of the material. The material
with high yield strength has impact resistance.

4)

Engineering stress:
It is the applied load divided by the original cross-sectional area of a material.
P

A0

True stress:
It is the applied load divided by the actual cross-sectional area (the changing area with
respect to time) of the specimen at that load.
P
t
A

Engineering strain:
It is the amount that a material deforms per unit length in a tensile test.

L0

True strain:
It is equal to the natural log of the quotient of current length over the original length.
 L
t ln
L0
5)
Figure given in your class.

6)

Variation of engineering stress strain curve of a rate sensitive metal at low strain rates (I),
moderate strain rates (II), and high strain rates (III) is illustrated as follows:

At low rates of deformation, cracks do not form, and the material is ductile (curves I). At
high rates, cracks do initiate, and the material is brittle (curves III) independent of stress
state. At intermediate strain rates, cracks also develop, and the material is brittle under
tension (curve TII). The ductile-brittle transition occurs at lower strain rates under tension
because the applied stress opens the cracks directly.

7)
T3
Variation of engineering stress strain curve of metals at low temperatures ( ), moderate
T2 T1
temperatures , and high temperatures is illustrated as follows.

In general strength decreases and ductility increases as temperature is increased

8.

Toughness of the material is the measure of area under the stress strain curve.

Crashworthiness is concerned with the absorption of energy through controlled failure

mechanisms and modes that enable the maintenance of a gradual decay in the load profile
during absorption. However penetration resistance is associated with the total absorption
without allowing projectile or fragment penetration. Thus crashworthiness of an
automotive body panel can be calculated.

9.
The more accuracy and ease of operation and less time made the application of 3-point
bend test instead of tensile test in the calculation of materials stiffness and strength. The
Flexural test measures the force required to bend abeam under 3-point loading conditions.
Flexural modulus is used as an indication of a materials stiffness and strength when
flexed. A flexure test produces tensile stress in the convex side of the specimen and
compression stress in the concave side. This creates an area of shear stress along the
midline. To ensure the primary failure comes from tensile or compression stress the shear
stress must be minimized. This is done by controlling the span to depth ratio. But in
tensile test the stiffness cannot be measured directly it should be measured from stress
train curve.

10.
Yes hardness is fundamental mechanical property. It is used to calculate the ability of a
material to resist plastic deformation. The difference in Rockwell hardness when
compared to other hardness measurements is due to the difference in indenter used and
the applied load. There are different scales of hardness in Rockwell hardness whereas the
remaining measurements give a single hardness value.