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Renal cyst

The kidneys are bean-shaped organs about the size of a fist that serve several
essential regulatory roles in the human body. Their main function is to regulate
the balance of electrolytes in the blood, along with maintaining pH homeostasis.
The kidneys also remove excess organic molecules from the blood, are very vital
to the urinary system and produce hormones including calcitriol and
erythropoietin. As we dissected the abdominal region of our cadaver and pulled
out most of the small and large intestines, we found a fluid filled sac on the left
kidney. The kidney looked normal but the fluid filled sac was located on the area
for posas major.

Our cadaver had a single, small simple cyst on the left kidney. Our group
concluded it is a simple cyst because the cyst had a thin wall and contain water-
like fluid. Simple kidney cysts are more common as people age. An estimated 25
percent of people 40 years of age and 50 percent of people 50 years of age have
simple kidney cysts. Simple kidney cysts do not enlarge the kidneys, replace
their normal structure, or cause reduced kidney function. Simple cysts normally
don't cause any harm or symptoms but they can sometimes cause pain. This
pain occurs between the ribs and hips when cysts enlarge and press on other
organs. Sometimes cysts become infected, causing fever, pain, and tenderness.

Recent research has shown a relationship between simple kidney cysts and high
blood pressure. Su- Mi et al concluded that the presence of simple renal cysts
was significantly positively related to the incidence of hypertension. Bilateral
distribution, two or more number, and larger size than 1 cm diameter were the
characteristics of simple renal cyst related to hypertension. This relationship
however is not well understood; more research is underway to better understand
the relationship.

The cause of simple kidney cysts is not fully understood. Obstruction of tiny
tubules structures within the kidneys that collect urine or deficiency of blood
supply to the kidneys may play a role. Diverticula sacs that form on the tubules
may detach and become simple kidney cysts. The role of genetic factors in the
development of simple kidney cysts can very well be an option.

Simple renal cysts are found during imaging tests done for other reasons. When
a cyst is found, ultrasound, computerized tomography (CT) scan, and MRI can
be used to image the kidney. Its important to note that CT scans and MRIs can
show cysts and tumors while ultrasound images can be used to distinguish
harmless cysts from other problems.

Simple Renal cysts generally do not require treatment unless they are causing
symptoms or harming kidney function. When the cysts are causing symptoms or
blocking the flow of blood or urine through the kidney may need to be treated
using a procedure called sclerotherapy. If the cyst is large, surgery may be
needed.
Inguinal hernia

As we dissected our cadaver tying to find the inguinal ligament we found an


inguinal hernia on the left side inguinal/pelvic region. The inguinal hernia was
lateral to the inferior epigastic vessels and was covered by the internal spermatic
fascia. The hernia protruded through the inguinal ring. Our group concluded the
hernia was an indirect hernia. An indirect hernia is a condition in which soft
tissue bulges through a weak point in embryonic closure of the processus
vaginalis after the testicle has passed through it. The hernia itself consisted of a
sac of peritoneum extending through the internal ring, antero-medial to the
spermatic cord.

Hernias present as bulges in the groin area can become more prominent when
coughing, straining, or standing up. Before dissecting the lower abdominal area,
we didn't notice a bulge in the area. Inguinal hernias are known to be rarely
painful with mild discomfort can developing over time.

Probably the largest single risk factor for developing an inguinal hernia is being
male. Men are almost 10 times more likely to develop an inguinal hernia
than females (the male to female ratio being about 9:1). Also certain
medical history such as cystic fibrosis, conditions associated with a
chronic cough, chronic constipation, excessive straining over time, excess
weight & pregnancy can increase the risk of developing hernias by
weakening and placing stress on lower abdominal muscles. As an
individual age, muscles get weaker and our cadaver falls into this
category. We didn't find any previous inguinal hernia or hernia repair,
which happens, to repeat cause inguinal hernia. An abdominal
ultrasound, CT scan or MRI can be used to diagnosis the hernia.
Treatment includes open hernia repair or Laparoscopy.

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