Annotated Bibliography

Alex Milton
(2005). What is new at your school of nursing? Nursing Education Perspectives, 26(1), 6.

Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?

p=GPS&sw=w&u=henrico&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE

%7CA128976942&asid=242ba281a58208a6b9377d965fabe5af

This source will be very helpful with the research. It basically discusses a timeline of
event from when nurse anesthesia started until the early 2000s. It doesnt explain each event in
detail, it just provides what happened in what year. It mentions Agatha Hodgins who founded
the American Association for Nurse Anesthetists (AANA) all the way to a student scholarship
program started in 1996. This also discusses the educators that were needed to teach future nurse
anesthetists and what they were paid, though this information will not be helpful. This source
can outline a basic timeline of events from the 1800s to now.
(2013). Standard for Nurse Anesthesia Practice. American Association of Nurse Anesthetists.

Retrieved from https://www.aana.com/resources2/professionalpractice/Documents/PPM

%20Standards%20for%20Nurse%20Anesthesia%20Practice.pdf

This article seems like a summary of the guidelines and standards for nurse anesthesia
which was created in 1983. This article briefly explains the steps before and during anesthesia.
Before bringing the patient back to the operating room, the nurse anesthetist must conduct a
preanesthesia evaluation. They must also monitor the patient before and during anesthesia, for
example their oxygen levels, heart rate, and their body temperature. They must write this
information on the patients medical records. This article gives a better understanding of what
nurse anesthetists do before and during anesthesia.
American Association of Nurse Anesthetists. History of Nurse Anesthesia Practice [Data file].

Retrieved from https://www.aana.com/ceandeducation/students/Documents/history-

nap-student.pdf

This article gives a brief overview of how nurse anesthesia came out. It describes how it
was spread throughout the United States and to other countries. It mentions how the American
Association of Nurse Anesthetists came about and its former name. This article mainly describes
the evolution of nurse anesthesia in the 1800s and 1900s, which is important to the research.
 Part of the purpose for this research paper is to find out information from when the practice first
began (in the 1800s) and the changes that have been made since. It briefly states the
advancement of the education and the outlook by 2025. This article will be a foundation for the
research.
Horne, C. & Medley, C. (2005, Jan.) Using Simulation Technology for Undergraduate Nursing

Education. Retrieved from

http://web.a.ebscohost.com.proxy.library.vcu.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?

sid=881509e4-29b3-4584-9dc4-6c94b27931db%40sessionmgr4006&vid=1&hid=4114

This is one of the few articles in the education for nursing. Yes, it is the education for
nursing, but the education path for nurse anesthetists requires you to become a nurse first. This
article focuses on the need for nursing schools to use simulation technology to teach their
students. It states that students learned best when they do something, so they are encouraging
nursing students to use simulation technology. It lists the advantages to using simulation
technology which include that there is no real threat to patients, mistakes can be corrected, and
learning can occur. There is a wide range of simulation technology that ranges from inserting an
IV to settings in the ICU. This technology can improve each nurses skills and can be used for
those pursuing a career in nurse anesthesia.
IRA, P. (1991). The history of nurse anesthesia education: Highlights and influences. AANA

journal.

This article is worth using for the research paper because it explains the evolution of the
education for nurse anesthetists. It discusses how nurse anesthesia came about because of
surgeons requesting their nurses to become anesthetists for them. Anesthesia was introduced in
1846, however a curriculum for anesthetists was not firmly decided until 1934. In the beginning,
the AANA (American Association of Nurse Anesthetists) decided that the examination for
certification would be a written examination instead of a written/clinical examination. Clinicals
must be completed throughout the education experience. With many job openings available to
nurse anesthetists, there were some people against giving nurses the ability to provide anesthesia.
Leaders of medical school anesthesia argued that anesthesia was a medical specialty and not
for nurses. This article outlines the basic foundation of the nurse anesthesia education. It
provides information about how the CRNA education has evolved. It also states the education
requirements, specifically what is taken each semester of school in order to become a nurse
anesthetist.
Kohl, M. (2000, September). Anesthesia 'turf battle' escalates over proposal : Ruling would favor

CRNAs; anesthesiologists, meanwhile, claim patient safety would suffer. Dermatology

Times, 21(9), 16. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?

p=GPS&sw=w&u=henrico&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE

%7CA65714184&asid=5f40e244e282a347d76c23ba04a740e9

This article is quite interesting and is different from the research that has been found.
This article goes into CRNAs working without a physicians supervision, meaning
anesthesiologists would not be around. It focuses on todays nurse anesthesia and how it is
expanding because of the debates on whether or not CRNAs should work alone. Martin Kohl
mainly creates an argument around how the anesthesiologists feel about this topic. The
anesthesiologists are worried for the patients safety because nurse anesthetists are not as
equipped as anesthesiologists. However, the other side to this argument is that surgeons are
trained in emergency management., so if something were to go wrong they can assist. This
article will provide some information in contrast to the purpose of the CAPSTONE. The goal is
to make more people feel at ease going into surgery under anesthesia, however this article
examines the worries people and medical professionals have about CRNAs working alone.

Lindsay, S. (2007). Gendering work: The masculinization of nurse anesthesia. The Canadian

Journal of Sociology, 32(4), 429-448. Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sally_Lindsay/publication/236812667_Gendering_

Work_The_Masculinization_of_Nurse_Anesthesia/links/558de15108aed6ec4bf36650.pdf
 This article concentrates on the masculinity of nurse anesthesia. This is a little different
from the topic, but it shows how nurse anesthesia is evolving to become a field where men
succeed, along with women. It goes into detail of how they chose a sample to test who would
become a CRNA after being a nurse. All of the females were nurses prior to becoming CRNAs
and the three of the male nurse anesthetists were also nurses prior. The other two men had
careers in the military and business prior to nurse anesthesia. This topic of men entering nurse
anesthesia is rarely discussed, but the main cause for almost half of nurse anesthetists to be male
is due to the demand of military nursing corps during WWII. In the end, this article tends to
stray away from the topic by going into detail about the mens reasons to follow the CRNA
career path was because men are the breadwinners. Overall, the beginning of the article
discusses how the career has had males entering more and the changes that have been made since
then.

Matsusaki, T., & Sakai, T. (2011). The role of Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists in the

United States. Journal of Anesthesia, 25(5), 734+. Retrieved from

http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GPS&sw=w&u=henrico&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE

%7CA356266375&asid=395581f542c3cdc03feb63d85a446a02

This source is great at explaining almost every aspect of nurse anesthesia. It briefly states
the requirements to attend a nurse anesthesia school. It also goes into the controversy of whether
or not CRNAs should have medical supervision. This source will allow individuals to dive
deeper into this topic to show the opposing argument and how the practice of anesthesia has
evolved can be defended. It also goes into the effectiveness of CRNA and their quality of care.
This article is important to the research and acts as a stepping stone to further research.

Odom-Forren, Jan. (2005). The Evolution of Nurse-Monitored Sedation. Retrieved from

http://www.jopan.org/article/S1089-9472(05)00371-0/abstract

This article goes deeper into the information that has already been discovered. It shows
step by step how nurse anesthesia evolved. This article can provide a lot of information towards
the paper and the research. It explains the definitions of different types of sedations, how they
monitor patients, equipment needs, etc. It also lists possible issues of nurse-monitored sedation,
but it is a short part of the article. It mostly discusses the changes in the process of anesthesia,
not the education. It is quite easy to follow because the internship that was completed this past
summer provided a stepping stone into the research, which is very helpful. This article will be
very helpful for individuals to understand anesthesia and the process of it more.

Schultz, L. (2015, September-November). CRNAs: perfectly suited to meet today's healthcare

challenges. Oklahoma Nurse, 60(3), 18. Retrieved from

http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GPS&sw=w&u=henrico&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE

%7CA463514600&asid=8a8fd7935af7f73823cd47434d7c529b

This is a shorter article, but it discusses where most CRNAs are located, for example the
military and rural America. The article states the differences between nurse anesthetists and
anesthesiologists, When anesthesia is administered by a CRNA, it is considered the practice of
nursing. When administered by an anesthesiologist, it is considered the practice of medicine.
Liz Schultz argues that both administrations are the same, just performed by different people.
She also discusses three different models, the all-MD model, all-CRNA model, and the
MD-CRNA model which show what different hospitals and private practices use. This article
will be helpful in supporting the argument that nurse anesthetists are just as good at
administering anesthesia as anesthesiologists are.