Future Circular Collider

Livardy Wufianto
U1340060C

November 1, 2015

1
 Many unanswered fundamental questions such as, what is the property of
dark matter? Why there is violation of charge parity in matter and antimatter,
are the best evidence that Standard Model is incomplete.[5] The discovery of
Higgs boson at LHC and the absence of new phenomena beyond Standard Model
in collisions at centre of mass energies up to 8 TeV has triggered interest to
design colliders that provides higher energy and luminosity.[5] Based on history
the high-energy hadron colliders has great potential to discover new particles
and new phenomena, whereas high luminosity increases event rate to observe
and gives better statistics. (FCC-hh collider-parameter and Staging option)

In fact, CERN has planned to upgrade the LHC to have higher luminos-
ity and higher energy. But suppose after all those upgrade LHC find no new
physics, then the only option left is to shut down LHC, like what happened to
Tevatron, and build much bigger collider that provides higher energy and higher
luminosity. Hence, FCC project has been started.

Future Circular Collider (FCC) is an international design project to study

and design post-LHC particle accelerator. Currently there are three main can-
didate for post-LHC accelerator, FCC-hh the hadrons colliders, FCC-ee the
leptons collider and FCC-he the hadron-lepton colliders. Those colliders are
designed to provide particles collision in much higher energy and better lumi-
nosity than LHC. This Student Design Project will be focused on the FCC-hh
machine centre of mass collisions energy at 100 TeV and peak luminosity of
5 103 4cm 2s 1.[1]

1 The physics that can be addressed by the FCC-

hh, FCC-ee and FCC-he

Future hadrons collider (FCC-hh) has been planned to provide collisions to

centre of mass with energies of 100 TeV, seven times that of the LHC, producing
billions of Higgs boson and trillions of top quark, creating opportunity to search
for new phenomena and new particles in energy up to 100 TeV collisions.[1] For
example, interaction between force carriers or gauge bosons at higher energy,
possibility to produce dark matter particles, supersymmetric partner of quarks
and gluon, possible structure inside quarks, interaction of Higgs and gauge boson
at energy above TeV scale, and mechanism of electroweak symmetry breaking.

Based on history, positron electron e+ e colliders have clean experimental

conditions due to e+ e storage rings, which manage to measure the unknown
and discover the unpredicted, such as tau lepton, number of light neutrino fami-
lies and high-precision electroweak measurements. Hence, Future lepton collider
(FCC-ee) is designed to have unprecedentedly high luminosity and precision to
accurately measure the properties of the Z, W, Higgs and top particles and

2
any strong interaction.[6] Those measurement of invisible or decays of the Higgs
and Z bosons would offer opportunity to bring the comparison between the-
ory and experiment to a completely new level, enable profound investigation of
electroweak symmetry breaking and open new physics in energy or coupling.

Lepton-nucleus scattering has strongly contributed in the discovery of quarks,

the disambiguation of weak neutral current coupling and the determination at
HERO of high quark and gluon densities in the proton at small parton mo-
menta. Hence, with the creation of high energy proton beam in FCC-hh and
high energy electron beam in FCC-ee, FCC-he is designed to investigate inelastic
electron-proton scattering in higher energy, where new particles or interaction
may be discovered and interpreted.

2 FCC-hh vs HE-LHC

HE-LHC and FCC-hh are synchrotron - a large vacuum tube surrounded with
magnets (dipole, quadrupole, sextupole) where particles are shot inside it and
accelerated to speed close to speed of light. Dipole is used to keep the particle in
the circular path and to accelerate the particle, quadrupole is used to focusing
and defocusing the particle and sextupole is used to eliminate the dispersion
due to dipole. The parameter of FCC-hh and HE-LHC can be read in the
appendix.[1]

Comparing FCC-hh with HE-LHC: First both FCC-hh and HE-LHC are
designed to have same luminosity 5 103 4cm 2s 1, but difference energy ac-
celeration 100 TeV and 33 TeV for FCC-hh and HE-LHC respectively when
magnetic field is 20 T. From the magnetic rigidity in lecture 2: Transverse
Optics I.

E E
B = = (1)
ec Bec

Where, B is magnetic field, is radius of curvature, E is energy, e is charges, c

E
is speed of light. The equation above implies B , which means as the radius
E
in synchrotron is fixed, the B is also fixed. Therefore to increase the energy of
acceleration in particles, the radius of curvature and B magnetic field must
increase. Therefore, FCC-hh or any future collider is designed to have bigger
circumference and equipped with superconductor magnet or High temperature
superconductor magnet, as they are capable producing huge amount of magnetic
field. Currently, N b3 Sn is the superconductivity material as it increases critical
current density, able to be produced in high quantity with cheaper production
cost compared to other superconductivity material

3
 Our interest right now is to discover new particles and phenomena in higher
energy. Currently, the FCC-hh scope is to investigate new physics up to 100
TeV and answer the new question from the discovery of Higgs boson.[1] For
example, is Higgs composite or elementary? What is the property of Higgs? Is
there any other Higgs?[5]

3 The FCC-hh performance requirements and

overall configuration.

The performance target of FCC-hh is to have centre of mass energy collision

100 TeV and peak luminosity 5 103 4cm 2s 1. The overall configuration is
designed to be:[1]

1. The superconductor magnet is assumed to be N b3 Sn with peak magnetic

field of 16 T at circumference of 100 km and 20T at 200 km.[1]
2. The injector energy is assumed to be 3.3 TeV with further study in mag-
net design and property is needed to confirm this value. At higher energy
injection Impedance effects are reduced, which leads to possibility of re-
ducing beam screen and magnet aperture which leads to cost reduction.
Currently there are three injector design:[1]
(a) Injecting from a machine in the SPMS tunnel with iron based dipoles
to reduce the filling factor of injector to save cost.
(b) Injecting from LHC tunnel with superconductor NbTi and magnetic
field 3.6 T.
(c) Injecting from a machine in the same tunnel as FCC-hh with super-
conductor N b3 Sn
3. The bunch spacing is assumed to be 25 ns. The shorter the bunch spacing
the the bigger the luminosity, but it may cause problem to the machine if
the bunch length is too short.[1]
4. Lattice design has not yet started, but is assumed to be similar with FODO
design as in the LHC with longer length, around 200 m almost twice the
cell length of LHC. [1]
5. Radius of beam pipe is assumed to be equal as for HE-LHC.[1]

4 Beam requirements for FCC-hh and FCC-ee

The most important parameter in particle beam are luminosity, energy, bunch
spacing and polarization.[6]

4
 FCC-ee
FCC-hh
Z W H tt
Circumference [km] 100
Energy 100 TeV 45.5 GeV 80 GeV 120 GeV 175 eV
Beam current [A] 0.5 1.45 0.152 0.03 0.0066
Bunch population [101 1] 1.0 1.8 0.7 0.46 1.4
Energy loss / turn 4.6 MeV 0.03 GeV 0.33 GeV 1.67 GeV 7.55 GeV
Luminosity [103 4cm 2s 1] 5.0 28.0 12.0 6.0 1.8

Table 1: Comparison between FCC-hh and FCC-ee baseline parameters

[1][6]

FCC-hh has higher beam energy around 103 stronger then beam energy of
FCC-ee giving us opportunity to do hadron-hadron collision in energy up to
100 TeV, to discover new particle, to search new phenomena, and to open new
window for physics BSM. The low luminosity of FCC-hh makes the observation
and calculation harder. There is a need of huge amount of data and analysis
before the discovery of new physics is confirmed.[1]

The advantage of lepton is collider is its precision measurement and its high
luminosity. Electron beam is also highly ptimizable for various energies. By
adjusting the bunch anumber and arc cell length to reach the optimal luminosity
and buches for a given energy.[6]

On the other hand, ion beam in FCC-ee is polarized and optimizable to

various energy. By adjusting the number of bunches to have high luminosity
and precision in measurement. Higher luminosity increases event rate and gives
better statistics. In fact, FCC-ee is designed to [6][2]

1. Measure Higgs couplings

2. investigate Electroweak Symmetry-Breaking

3. search rare Z, W, Higgs and top decay

However, FCC-ee ion beam has very short life time due to Bhabha scattering
and Beamstrahlum. Therefore to keep the magnetic field constant, continuous
injection of energy by a cycling booster ring is needed.[6][7]

5 12 arcs and race-track ring design

Currently there are two ring design for FCC-hh. The first design is 12 arcs
layout separated by Short Straight Sections (SSS) similar to the LHC design,

5
the second design is a race track layout with 2 long arc separated by 2 identical
Long Straight Section (LSS).[1]

SSS is assembly of quadrupoles and lattice corrector magnets. Each SSS

consists of 1 quadrupole magnet, 1 Beam Position Monitor (BPM), 1 orbit
corrector dipole (horizontal deflection for focusing and vertical deflection for
defocusing quadrupoles), 1 lattice corrector element and 1 lattice sextupole or
skew sextupole magnet.[3]

On the other hand, LSS is quasi straight section between the upstream and
downstream dispersion suppressor of an insertion, including the separation /
recombination dipole magnet - special dipole magnets left and right from triple
magnet that generate the beam crossing in experimental insertions.[3]Beam
crossing occurs when two bunches of particles with opposite direction reach
the same point in space. Most particle in beam crossing will cross each other,
but a few may collide producing new particles that may be observed in detector.
Dispersion is caused by dipole field, which is needed to be reduced to zero at the
exit of an arc. Dispersion suppressors is an elegant device that will automati-
cally reduce the dispersion to zero, without disturbing the quadrupole, creating
a dispersion free zone where the experimental can be done (reducing beam size,
locating RF cavity, adjusting angle of collision, etc).[4] Moreover, the reduced
field suppressor has less synchrotron radiation.[4]

Comparing 12 arcs layout with race-track layout. First, the 12 arcs lay-
out has more magnet inside, dipole for revolving and accelerating the particle,
quadrupole for focusing and defocusing and sextupole for fixing the dispersion.
Therefore, 12 arcs layout produces more synchrotron radiation and has slightly
bigger energy loss per revolution. With huge number of magnets needed it is
obvious that 12 arcs layout is more expensive to build.

On the other hand, the race-track layout is cheaper to build, it has less
magnet for focusing as it has dispersion suppressor in between two arcs reducing
the dispersion to zero and creating dispersion free zone along the long straight
section - where beam crossings and experimental procedures are done[4]. The
dispersion suppressor able to reduce the beam size increasing the change of
collision at collision points and the synchrotron radiation.[4] Hence, the race-
track layout have better efficiency compared to the 12 arcs layout, in other
words when both design have same curvature and magnetic field the amount of
energy in particle provided by race-track is higher than the 12 arcs layout.

However, we still need more detailed considerations, such as the site where
the colliders is built, before making the decision. Based from those information
alone, in my opinion it is better to build the FCC-hh with race-track layout as
it is cheaper and able to produce smaller beam size, thus higher occurrence of
collisions.

6
6 Maximum energy Em ax, Average photon en-
ergy Ep and Energy lost per turn u

When a particle is accelerated to speed close to speed of light, it emits syn-

chrotorn radiation. Given a system where the bending radius is around 10 km,
maximum magnetic field Bm ax is 16 T. Calculate the Em ax, Ep , and u:
E
Recall from lecture notes 1: Introduction to particle accelerators B and
radius of curvature or bending radius in synchrotron is fixed, therefore whenever
magnetic field is maximum Bm ax, the electric field is also maximum Em ax.

From lecture 2: Transverse Optic I or lecture 10: Synchrotron Radiation

magnetic rigidity is:
m p E
B = = = (2)
e e ce
where B is magnetic field, is bending radius, p is momentum, E is total energy
accelerating force and = vc .

Since synchrotron accelerates particle close to speed of light, we have vc = 1.

Thus,
m
E = ce = 16T 10 103 m 2.98 108 1e = 47.99TeV (3)
s
Since the filling factor of synchrotron is 0.79, The Em ax is 47.99TeV 0.79 =
37.42TeV.

Recall whenever photon is emitted, particle loss energy, and from lecture 10:
u
N umberof photonemittedperturn = (4)
Ep
this implies,
u Number of turn
Ep = (5)
Number of photons

Calculate energy loss per revolution, recall that in lecture 10: Synchrotron
Radiation we have derived the equation for energy loss in synchrotorn:
4 r E4 CE 4
u= = (6)
3 (m0 c2 )3
where C is constant, m0 is mass of proton, thus,

4 0.8775 10 15m 37.92 106 MeV

u= = 920MeV/turn (7)
3 (938.272MeV)3 10 103 m

Hence, energy lost per turn u = 920MeV and average photon energy per
turn Ep = 920MeV per number of photon.

7
References
[1] A Ball et al. Future circular collider study hadron collider parameters. CERN
EDMS No, 1342402, 2014.
[2] M Benedikt, B Goddard, D Schulte, F Zimmermann, and MJ Syphers. Fcc-
hh hadron colliderparameter scenarios and staging options.

[3] LHC Nominal. A. list of machine and beam parameters. HILUMI LHC,
page 306.
[4] Herwig Schopper. Advances of accelerator physics and technologies, vol-
ume 12. World Scientific, 1993.
[5] Yifang Wang. Future circular colliders, 2014.

[6] J Wenninger, A Blondel, M Koratzinos, P Janot, B Holzer, R Tomas, F Zim-

mermann, A Ball, L Bottura, O Bruning, et al. Future circular collider study
lepton collider parameters. CERN EDMS no, 1346082, 2014.
[7] F Zimmermann. Fcc-ee overview. Technical report, 2014.

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7 Appendix

LHC HL-LHC HE-LHC FCC-hh

Main parameters and geometrical aspects
c.m. Energy [TeV] 14 33 100
Circumference C [km] 26.7 26.7 100 (83)
Dipole field [T] 8.33 20 16(2)
Arc filling factor 0.79
Straight sections 8 8 12
Average straight section length [m] 528 528 1400
Number of IPs 4
Injection energy [TeV] 0.45 > 1.0 3.3
Physics performance and beam parameter
Peak luminosity [103 4cm 2s 1] 1.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
Optimum run time [h] 15.2 10.2 5.8 12.1(10.7)
Optimum average integrated lumi / day [f b 1] 0.47 2.8 1.4 2.2(2.1)
Assumed turnaround time [h] 5
Overall operation cycle [h] 17.4(16.3)
Peak no. of inelastic events / crossing at
- 25 ns 27 135(lev.) 147 171
- 5 ns 34
Total / inelastic cross section p roton [mbarn 111/85 129/93 153/108
Luminous region RMS length [cm] 5.7 (5.3)
Beam lifetime due to burn off [h] 45 15.4 5.7 19.1 (15.9)
Beam parameters
Number of bunches n at
- 25 ns 2808 2808 10600 (8900)
- 5 ns 53000 (44500)
Bunch population N [101 1]
- 25 ns 1.15 2.2 1 1.0
- 5 ns 0.2
Nominal transverse[m]
- 25 ns 3.75 2.5 1.38 2.2
- 5 ns 0.44
Number of IPs contributing to Q 3 2 2 2
Maximum total b-b tune shift Q 0.01 0.015 0.01 0.01
Beam current [A] 0.584 1.12 0.478 0.5
RMS bunch length [cm] 7.55 7.55 8 (7.55)
IP beta function [m] 0.55 0.15 (min) 0.35 1.1
RMS IP spot size [ m]
- 25 ns 16.7 7.1 (min) 5.2 6.8
- 5 ns 3
Full crossing angle [ rad]
- 25 ns 285 590 185 74
- 5 ns n/a
Other beam and machine parameters
Stored energy per beam [GJ] 0.392 0.694 0.701 8.4 (7.0)
SR power per ring [MW] 0.0036 0.0073 0.0962 2.4 (2.9)
Arc SR heat load [W/m/aperture] 0.17 0.33 4.35 28.4 (44.3)
Energy loss per turn 0.0007 0.201 4.6 (5.86)
Critical photon energy [keV] 0.044 0.575 4.3 (5.5)
Longitudinal emittance damping time [h] 12.9 1.0 0.54 (0.32)
Horizontal emittance damping time [h] 25.8 2.0 1.08 (0.64)
Initial longitudinal IBS  rise time [h]
- 25 ns 57 2.3 40 1132 (396)
- 5 ns 943 (157)
Initial horizontal IBS rise time [h]
- 25 ns 103 10.4 20 189 (29)
- 5 ns 0.44
Dipole coil aperture [mm] 56 40 40
Energy loss per turn 2 1.3 1.3
Mechanical aperture clearance at any energy at any element > 12