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lim+ g ( x ) = lim+ 1 - 3x = 7
x a xa x a xa x a xa
+ x ( x + h)
h0 h x h x h 0 h
Properties doesnt exist. If the two one sided limits had
Assume lim f ( x ) and lim g ( x ) both exist and c is any number then, been equal then lim g ( x ) would have existed
xa x a 1 -h -1 1 x -2
= lim = lim =- 2
1. lim cf ( x ) = c lim f ( x ) f ( x ) lim f ( x) h0 h
x ( x + h)
h 0 x ( x + h ) x and had the same value.
x a xa 4. lim =
xa
provided lim g ( x ) 0
xa
g ( x ) xa ( x )
lim g xa
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. 2005 Paul Dawkins Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. 2005 Paul Dawkins
Calculus Cheat Sheet Calculus Cheat Sheet
If y = f ( x ) then all of the following are If y = f ( x ) all of the following are equivalent
2.
dx
e (
d f (x)
)
= f ( x)e ( )
f x
6.
d
dx
( )
tan f ( x ) = f ( x ) sec 2 f ( x )
f ( x) d
equivalent notations for the derivative. notations for derivative evaluated at x = a . 3.
d
(
ln f ( x ) = ) 7. ( sec [ f ( x ) ]) = f ( x ) sec [ f ( x ) ] tan [ f ( x )]
df dy d df dy dx f ( x) dx
f ( x ) = y = = = ( f ( x ) ) = Df ( x ) f ( a ) = y x =a = = = Df ( a ) d f ( x)
dx dx dx dx x =a dx x =a 4.
d
( )
sin f ( x ) = f ( x ) cos f ( x ) 8. (
tan -1 f ( x ) = )
f ( x )
2
dx dx 1 +
Interpretation of the Derivative
If y = f ( x ) then, 2. f ( a ) is the instantaneous rate of Higher Order Derivatives
The Second Derivative is denoted as The nth Derivative is denoted as
1. m = f ( a ) is the slope of the tangent change of f ( x ) at x = a . 2
d f dn f
f ( x ) = f ( ) ( x ) = 2 and is defined as f ( ) ( x ) = n and is defined as
2 n
line to y = f ( x ) at x = a and the 3. If f ( x ) is the position of an object at dx dx
equation of the tangent line at x = a is time x then f ( a ) is the velocity of
given by y = f ( a ) + f ( a )( x - a ) . the object at x = a .
f ( x ) = ( f ( x ) ) , i.e. the derivative of the ( n) n -1
( )
f ( x ) = f ( ) ( x ) , i.e. the derivative of
first derivative, f ( x ) . the (n-1)st derivative, f ( ) x .
n -1
( )
Basic Properties and Formulas
If f ( x ) and g ( x ) are differentiable functions (the derivative exists), c and n are any real numbers, Implicit Differentiation
d Find y if e 2 x - 9 y + x 3 y 2 = sin ( y ) + 11x . Remember y = y ( x ) here, so products/quotients of x and y
1. ( c f ) = c f ( x ) 5. (c) = 0 will use the product/quotient rule and derivatives of y will use the chain rule. The trick is to
dx
2. (f g ) = f ( x ) g ( x ) d n differentiate as normal and every time you differentiate a y you tack on a y (from the chain rule).
6.
dx
( x ) = n x n-1 Power Rule After differentiating solve for y .
3. ( f g ) = f g + f g Product Rule d
7. ( )
f ( g ( x)) = f ( g ( x)) g( x) e 2 x - 9 y ( 2 - 9 y ) + 3x 2 y 2 + 2 x 3 y y = cos ( y ) y + 11
f f g - f g dx
11 - 2e 2 x - 9 y - 3x 2 y 2
4. = Quotient Rule This is the Chain Rule 2e2 x - 9 y - 9 ye 2 x - 9 y + 3x 2 y 2 + 2 x 3 y y = cos ( y ) y + 11 y =
g g2 2 x 3 y - 9e 2 x - 9 y - cos ( y )
( 2 x y - 9e x
3 2 -9 y
- cos ( y ) ) y = 11 - 2e2 x - 9 y - 3 x 2 y 2
Common Derivatives
d d d x
dx
( x) = 1
dx
( csc x ) = - csc x cot x
dx
( a ) = a x ln ( a ) Increasing/Decreasing Concave Up/Concave Down
Critical Points
d d d x x = c is a critical point of f ( x ) provided either
( sin x ) = cos x ( cot x ) = - csc2 x (e ) = e x Concave Up/Concave Down
dx dx dx 1. If f ( x ) > 0 for all x in an interval I then
1. f ( c ) = 0 or 2. f ( c ) doesnt exist.
d d
dx
( cos x ) = - sin x
dx
( sin -1 x ) = 1 2 d
dx
1
( ln ( x ) ) = x , x > 0 f ( x ) is concave up on the interval I.
1- x
d d 1 Increasing/Decreasing 2. If f ( x ) < 0 for all x in an interval I then
dx
( tan x ) = sec 2 x d
( cos x ) = - 1 2
-1
dx
( ln x ) = x , x 0 1. If f ( x ) > 0 for all x in an interval I then
f ( x ) is concave down on the interval I.
dx 1- x
d d 1 f ( x ) is increasing on the interval I.
( sec x ) = sec x tan x d 1
( tan x ) = 1 + x2
-1 ( log a ( x ) ) = x ln a , x > 0
dx dx dx 2. If f ( x ) < 0 for all x in an interval I then Inflection Points
x = c is a inflection point of f ( x ) if the
f ( x ) is decreasing on the interval I.
concavity changes at x = c .
3. If f ( x ) = 0 for all x in an interval I then
f ( x ) is constant on the interval I.
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. 2005 Paul Dawkins Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. 2005 Paul Dawkins
Calculus Cheat Sheet Calculus Cheat Sheet
Mean Value Theorem Maximize A = xy subject to constraint of constraint is y = x 2 + 1 . Solve constraint for
If f ( x ) is continuous on the closed interval [ a, b ] and differentiable on the open interval ( a, b ) x + 2 y = 500 . Solve constraint for x and plug
x 2 and plug into the function.
into area.
f (b ) - f ( a) x2 = y -1 f = x 2 + ( y - 2)
2
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Calculus Cheat Sheet Calculus Cheat Sheet
a
Integration by Parts : u dv = uv - v du and a u dv = uv a
- v du . Choose u and dv from
a
d b
d x f ( t ) dt = -v ( x ) f v ( x ) integral and compute du by differentiating u and compute v using v = dv .
dx v ( x )
and g ( x ) = f ( t ) dt = f ( x ) .
dx a
xe
-x 5
Part II : f ( x ) is continuous on [ a, b ] , F ( x ) is d u( x)
f ( t ) dt = u ( x ) f [u ( x ) ] - v ( x ) f [ v ( x ) ]
Ex. dx Ex. 3 ln x dx
dx v ( x ) u=x dv = e - x du = dx v = -e - x
an anti-derivative of f ( x ) (i.e. F ( x ) = f ( x ) dx ) u = ln x dv = dx du = 1x dx v = x
xe dx = - xe + e dx = - xe - x - e - x + c
-x -x -x
dx = ( x ln ( x ) - x )
5 5 5 5
3 ln x dx = x ln x 3 - 3
b
then f ( x ) dx = F ( b ) - F ( a ) . 3
a
a f ( x ) dx = 0 c dx = c ( b - a )
a
1. n odd. Strip 1 sine out and convert rest to 1. n odd. Strip 1 tangent and 1 secant out and
convert the rest to secants using
b a b b
cosines using sin 2 x = 1 - cos 2 x , then use
a f ( x ) dx = - b f ( x ) dx f ( x ) dx f ( x )
a a
dx the substitution u = cos x . tan 2 x = sec 2 x - 1 , then use the substitution
b c b
2. m odd. Strip 1 cosine out and convert rest u = sec x .
f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx for any value of c.
a a c
to sines using cos 2 x = 1 - sin 2 x , then use 2. m even. Strip 2 secants out and convert rest
b b the substitution u = sin x . to tangents using sec 2 x = 1 + tan 2 x , then
If f ( x ) g ( x ) on a x b then f ( x ) dx g ( x ) dx 3. n and m both odd. Use either 1. or 2. use the substitution u = tan x .
a a
b 4. n and m both even. Use double angle 3. n odd and m even. Use either 1. or 2.
If f ( x ) 0 on a x b then f ( x ) dx 0 and/or half angle formulas to reduce the 4. n even and m odd. Each integral will be
a
b integral into a form that can be integrated. dealt with differently.
If m f ( x ) M on a x b then m ( b - a ) f ( x ) dx M ( b - a )
2(
a Trig Formulas : sin ( 2 x ) = 2 sin ( x ) cos ( x ) , cos 2 ( x ) = 1
1 + cos ( 2 x ) ) , sin 2 ( x ) = 12 (1 - cos ( 2 x ) )
Common Integrals
tan sin 5 x
cos x dx
3
Ex. x sec5 x dx Ex.
k dx = k x + c u du = sin u + c tan u du = ln sec u + c
3
cos
tan x sec xdx = tan x sec x tan x sec xdx
3 5 2 4 5 4 2 2
(sin x ) sin x
cos x dx = cos x dx = cos x dx
sin x sin x sin x
x dx = n1+1 x + c, n -1 sin u du = - cos u + c sec u du = ln sec u + tan u + c
n n +1
3 3 3
x dx = x dx = ln x + c
-1 1
sec u du = tan u + c
2
a + u du = a tan ( a ) + c
2
1
2
u 1 -1
=
(1- cos x ) sin x
cos x
dx 3( u = cos x )
= ( u 2 - 1) u 4 du ( u = sec x )
a x + b dx = a ln ax + b + c sec u tan u du = sec u + c a - u du = sin ( a ) + c
1 u (1- u ) 2 2
= - du = - 1- 2u +u du
1 1 -1 2 4
2 2 u 3 u 3
= sec x - sec x + c
1 7 1 5
e du = e + c csc u du = - cot u + c
u u 2
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Calculus Cheat Sheet Calculus Cheat Sheet
Trig Substitutions : If the integral contains the following root use the given substitution and Applications of Integrals
formula to convert into an integral involving trig functions. b
x ( 23 cos q ) dq = sin122 q dq
16
Ex. dx 16
2
4- 9 x2 4 sin 2 q ( 2 cos q ) Area Between Curves : The general formulas for the two main cases for each are,
9
b d
x = sin q dx = cos q dq
2 2
y = f ( x) A = - lower dx & x = f ( y ) A = - left dy
3 3 = 12 csc dq = -12 cot q + c
2
a
upper function
function
c
right function
function
P( x)
Partial Fractions : If integrating Q ( x ) dx where the degree of P ( x ) is smaller than the degree of Volumes of Revolution : The two main formulas are V = A ( x ) dx and V = A ( y ) dy . Here is
Q ( x ) . Factor denominator as completely as possible and find the partial fraction decomposition of some general information about each method of computing and some examples.
the rational expression. Integrate the partial fraction decomposition (P.F.D.). For each factor in the Rings Cylinders
denominator we get term(s) in the decomposition according to the following table.
(
A = p ( outer radius ) 2 - ( inner radius ) 2 )A = 2p ( radius ) ( width / height )
Factor in Q ( x ) Limits: x/y of right/bot ring to x/y of left/top ring Limits : x/y of inner cyl. to x/y of outer cyl.
Term in P.F.D Factor in Q ( x ) Term in P.F.D
Horz. Axis use f ( x ) , Vert. Axis use f ( y ) , Horz. Axis use f ( y ) , Vert. Axis use f ( x ) ,
A A1 A2 Ak
ax + b ( ax + b )
k
+ +L + g ( x ) , A ( x ) and dx. g ( y ) , A ( y ) and dy. g ( y ) , A ( y ) and dy. g ( x ) , A ( x ) and dx.
ax + b ax + b ( ax + b )2 ( ax + b )
k
Ax + B A1 x + B1 Ak x + Bk
+L +
( ax + bx + c ) Ex. Axis : y = a > 0 Ex. Axis : y = a 0 Ex. Axis : y = a > 0 Ex. Axis : y = a 0
k
2
ax 2 + bx + c ax 2 + bx + c ( 2 + bx + c )
k
ax + bx + c
2
ax
7 x 2 +13 x
7 x 2 +13 x +C A ( x 2 + 4 ) + ( Bx + C ) ( x -1)
Ex. 2
( x -1) ( x + 4 )
dx 2
( x -1) ( x + 4 )
= A
x -1 + Bx
x2 +4
= 2
( x -1) ( x + 4 )
An alternate method that sometimes works to find constants. Start with setting numerators equal in
These are only a few cases for horizontal axis of rotation. If axis of rotation is the x-axis use the
previous example : 7 x 2 + 13x = A ( x 2 + 4 ) + ( Bx + C ) ( x - 1) . Chose nice values of x and plug in. y = a 0 case with a = 0 . For vertical axis of rotation ( x = a > 0 and x = a 0 ) interchange x and
For example if x = 1 we get 20 = 5 A which gives A = 4 . This wont always work easily. y to get appropriate formulas.
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. 2005 Paul Dawkins Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. 2005 Paul Dawkins
Calculus Cheat Sheet
Work : If a force of F ( x ) moves an object Average Function Value : The average value
b
b of f ( x ) on a x b is f avg = 1
a f ( x ) dx
in a x b , the work done is W = F ( x ) dx b- a
a
Arc Length Surface Area : Note that this is often a Calc II topic. The three basic formulas are,
b b b
L = ds SA = 2p y ds (rotate about x-axis) SA = 2p x ds (rotate about y-axis)
a a a
where ds is dependent upon the form of the function being worked with as follows.
( ) ( dxdt ) ( )
2 2
dx if y = f ( x ) , a x b dt if x = f ( t ) , y = g ( t ) , a t b
dy 2 dy
ds = 1 + dx
ds = + dt
1+ ( ) ds = r 2 + ( ddrq ) dq if r = f (q ) , a q b
2 2
ds = dx
dy
dy if x = f ( y ) , a y b
With surface area you may have to substitute in for the x or y depending on your choice of ds to
match the differential in the ds. With parametric and polar you will always need to substitute.
Improper Integral
An improper integral is an integral with one or more infinite limits and/or discontinuous integrands.
Integral is called convergent if the limit exists and has a finite value and divergent if the limit
doesnt exist or has infinite value. This is typically a Calc II topic.
Infinite Limit
t b b
1. f ( x ) dx = lim f ( x ) dx 2. f ( x ) dx = lim f ( x ) dx
a t a - t - t
c
3. f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx +
- - c
f ( x ) dx provided BOTH integrals are convergent.
Discontinuous Integrand
b b b t
1. Discont. at a: f ( x ) dx = lim+ f ( x ) dx 2. Discont. at b : f ( x ) dx = lim- f ( x ) dx
a ta t a tb a
b c b
3. Discontinuity at a < c < b : f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx provided both are convergent.
a a c
f ( x ) dx Dx f ( x ) + f ( x ) + L + f ( x ) , xi* is midpoint [ xi -1 , xi ]
b
* * *
Midpoint Rule : 1 2 n
a
b Dx
Trapezoid Rule : f ( x ) dx 2 f ( x ) + 2 f ( x ) + +2 f ( x ) + L + 2 f ( x ) + f ( x )
a
0 1 2 n -1 n
b Dx
Simpsons Rule : f ( x ) dx f ( x0 ) + 4 f ( x1 ) + 2 f ( x2 ) + L + 2 f ( xn - 2 ) + 4 f ( xn -1 ) + f ( xn )
a 3
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. 2005 Paul Dawkins