Biology 1st Paper Book

Rxewevb
W. w`jiev cvifxb
wc GBP.wW XvKv wekwe`vjq|
Gg.Gmwm (Dw`wevb) c_g kwYZ 2q vb
we.Gmwm (Abvm) c_g kwY
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Kvl I Gi MVb
CELL AND CELL STRUCTURE
GB Aavqi cavb kmg~n (Key Words)

Kvl Kvlwe`v cvRgvWmgvUv wjcvcvwUb
wnvb bbwnvb cwjKj BDKvgvwUb
nUvivKvgvwUb wbDwKK GwmW wbDwKImvBW wbDwKIUvBU
DNA iwcKkb RbwUK KvW UvklY UvwKckb
Kvl (Cell)
BsiRx fvlvq Cell (jvwUb Cellula A_ QvU Ni) (KzVyix, cKv, ggvwQi Ni)
kwU GmQ MxK kytos- duvKv Avavi ev vb _K| ewUk wevbx ievU K (Robert
Hooke) 1665 Lv Cell kwUK wekl A_ mec_g eenvi I cqvM Kib
hvi evsjv cwifvlv Kvl| Cell ev Kvl nj Rxe`ni MVbMZ I KvhMZ GKK|
GKKvlx ev AKvlx Rxe`n GKwUgv Kvl wbq MwVZ| wK eKvlx Rxe`n AmsL
Kvli mgw| G AmsL Kvl mgwi wgwjZ cqvmB eKvlx Rxe`ni mg RewbK
Kvhvewj mb nq _vK| Rxebi Drcw, Aevb, RweK Kvhvewj, weeZb meB Kvl Robert Hooke, 1665
wfwK|
Dw` Kvl Dw` Kvl Dw` Kvl cvwYKvl cvwYKvl

wP : AYyexY h ` wewfb aibi Kvl
`wnK MVb, Rxebhvv cYvjx I kvixiexq KvhKjvci w`K _K weePbv Ki Kvli GKvwaK msv cPwjZ AvQ|
i) Swanson I Webster (1978) Gi gZ Rxebi fZ mvi gwjK GKKK Kvl ej|
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ii) De Robertis (1978) Gi gZ Rxe`ni MvVwbK I RewbK Kvhwbevnx GKKK Kvl ej|
eb
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iii) 1983 mvj jvqx Ges wmKwfR (Loewy and Sickevitz) bvgK `yRb Kvlwevbxi gZ Aa cek c`v
nb
/ta
viv AveZ Ges Ab ReZwenxb gvag ^cybircv`b mg RxewKqvi GKKi bvg Kvl|
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iv) AvaywbK Kvji aviYv Abyhvqx, cvRgv c`vewZ Ges wbDwKqvm wbqwZ GKL mvBUvcvRgK Kvl ej|
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Kvl njv Rxe`ni MVb I KvRi GKK hv ^wbfi I AvZcRbbkxj, cf`f` c`v w`q cwiewZ Aevq
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cvUvcvRg wbq MwVZ Ges c~eZb Kvl _K m|

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Any kind of e-book & Software : www.tanbircox.blogspot.com

1
Rxewevb : c_g c
Kvl we`v : Rxewevbi h kvLvq Kvli c`vw_K ev fZ I ivmvqwbK MVb, RweK Kvhvewj, weKvk, cwiziY,
Kvl AvYyi MVb Ges wefvRb viv c~eZb Kvl _K bZzb Kvli Drcw cfwZ A_vr GK K_vq, Kvl mK
MelYv I chvjvPbv Kiv nq ZvK Kvlwe`v ev Cytology ejv nq|
Kvli cKvif` (Types of cell): 1949 mvj Rvgvb wevbx dU (Fott) Kvli wbDwKqvmi MVbi Dci wfw
Ki KvlK `y fvM fvM KiQb, h_v: Avw`Kvl (Prokaryotic cell) Ges cKZ Kvl (Eukaryotic cell) |
(i) Avw` Kvl (Prokarytic cell) t h me Kvl mymsMwVZ I mywbw` wbDwKqvm bB mB KvlK Avw` Kvl ejv
nq| Avw` Kvli mvBUvcvRg ivBevmvg eZxZ Ab Kvb z`v (h_v gvBUvKwqv, MjwR ewW, cvwW,
GvcvRwgK iwUKzjvg BZvw`) _vK bv| mvaviYZ wdkvb (Fission) A_ev AvgvBUvwUK cwZZ Kvl
wefvRb mb nq| fvBivm, evKUwiqv, bxjvf meyR kevj Gi Kvl Avw`Kvli cK D`vniY|
wP : Avw` Kvl wP : cKZ Kvl

(ii) cKZ Kvl (Eukaryotic cell) t Eukaryotic kwU wMK k _K bqv nqQ hvi A_ eu = good;
karyon = nucleus A_vr fvj wbDwKqvmhy Kvl| Ro KvlcvPxi wewk h me Kvl myMwVZ I mywbw`
wbDwKqvm we`gvb mB KvlK cKZ Kvl ejv nq|
kvixiexq KvRi ZviZgi Dci wfw Ki GKwU eKvlx Rxei KvljvK `yfvM fvM Kiv hvq :
1| `nKvl (Somatic cell): eKvlx hme Kvl ay Rxe`n MVb Ki, Rbb KvR AskMnY Ki bv, mjvK
`nKvl ej| gvBUvwmm wefvRb cwqvq cyibv `nKvl _K bZzb `nKvl mw nq|
2| Rbb Kvl ev MvwgU (Reproductive cell ev Gamete) : eKvlx Rxei hme Kvl ay Rbb KvR AskMnY
Ki, mjvK RbbKvl ej| RbbKvl `yiKgi, h_v: KvYy I wW^vYy| Giv wgqvwmm wefvRb cwqvq
h_vg KvYy gvZKvl I wW^vYy gvZKvl _K mw nq|
Dw` `n Kvl cvwY `n Kvl Dw` Rbb Kvl cvwY Rbb Kvl
wP : `n Kvl wP : Rbb Kvl
Kvli wbDwKqvm DcwZ vgvmvgi msLvi wfwZ Kvl cavbZ `ycKvi| h_v :
1| wWcqW Kvl (Diploid cell): Gme Kvli wbDwKqvm `ymU (2n) vgvmvg _vK| cwZmU
vgvmvgK GK wRbvg ej| myZivs, wWcqW Kvl `ymU wRbvg _vK| me Dw` I cvYxi `n
Kvl wWcqW (2n) A_vr `ymU wRbvgwewk|
wkv_xi KvR: Kvl KZ cKvi I Kx Kx? wRbvg KvK ej?
2
Kvl I Gi MVb www.facebook.com/tanbir.ebooks
2| nvcqW Kvl (Haploid cell): hb cRbbKvix cvwYì `n cyil I x Rbb Kvl Zwi nq| Gme Kvl
nvcqW (n) vgvmvgwewk GKK Ges Pjbg (motile), nvcqW cyil I x MvwgU A_vr vYy (n)
Ges wW^vYyi (n) wblKi dj wWcqW RvBMvU Ges Yvby (2n) MwVZ nq wkRxei Rxebi m~Pbv nq|
wkv_xi `jxq KvR: Avw`Kvl I cKwZKvl, nvcqW Kvl I wWcqW Kvli Zzjbv Ki|
Kvli AvKwZ (Shape of the cell): Kvli Kvbv wbw` AvKwZ bB| cRvwZ Ges Af` Kvli AvKwZ wfb
wfb nq| Kvli AvKwZ cwieZbkxj ev wi nZ cvi| Amoeba Ges wjDKvmvBU (Leucocyte) Kvli AvKwZ
cwZwbqZ cwiewZZ nq| GgbwK GKB Ai Kvli ga AvKwZMZ ZviZg `Lv hvq| mvaviYZ: Kvli KvRi
mv_ Zvi AvKwZi mK iqQ| GQvov Kvli evwnK Ges AfixY cwiek Kvli AvKwZ wbaviY f~wgKv cvjb
Ki| AcwiYZ Dw`Kvl mvaviYZ Lye QvU I MvjvKwZi nq _vK| cwiYZ Dw`Kvl MvjvKvi hgb- cvib
KvBgv, wW^vKvi hgb-cvib KvBgv, lofzRvKvi hgb- ib KvBgv, vKvi hgb- RvBjg fmj, bjvKvi
hgb- RvBjg, ZviKvKvi hgb- vbKvl, cfwZ nq _vK|
wP : wewfb AvKwZi Dw`Kvl wP : wewfb AvKwZi cvwYKvl

cvwYKvlwj mvaviYZ Pvv AvKwZi (Flattened) hgb- AvuBkvKvi Gwc_wjqvg, Gv_wjqvg Ges GwcWvwgmi
Dcii ii Kvl, NbK AvKwZi (Cuboidal) hgb- _vBiqW Mwi dwjKjmg~ni Kvl, vKwZi
(Columner) hgb- Ai fZii Zji AveiYx Kvl, PvKwZ AvKwZi (Discoidal) hgb- bcvqxi jvwnZ
KwYKv, eZzjvKwZi (Spherical) hgb- AbK cvYxi wWg (Eggs), gvKz AvKwZi (Spindle Shaped) hgb- gmY
cwkZ, j^v AvKwZi (Elongated) hgb- vqy Kvl, kvLvw^Z (Branched) : ZKi iK Kvl nq _vK|
Kvli AvqZb (Size of the cell) : Kvl mvaviYZ AvYyexwYK| Gì Kvbv wbw` AvqZb bB| Kvli AvKvi
mvaviYZ 10-100 m ch nq _vK| GLb ch 0.1 gvBKvwgUvi evm wewk z`Zg Kvl (D`vniY:
Mycoplasma bvgK PPLO = Pleuropneumonia like Organism) `Lv MQ| ewkifvM RxeKvl
LvwjPvL `Lv hvq bv| Gì `Lvi Rb wewfb aibi AYyexYh eeZ nq| wKQy wKQy Kvl Lvwj PvL `Lv hvq,
h_v: cvwLi wWg| mevcv `xN Kvl njv bcvqx cvYxi mvqyKvl hv kvLv ckvLvmn `N 1 wgUviiI ewk nq|
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Kvl cwigvci GKK (Units of Cell Measurement) : Kvl cwigvci GKK wnme gvBKvb () I Avsg
eb
ir.
() Gi cwieZ eZgvb AvRvwZKfve gvBKvwgUvi (m) Ges bvbvwgUvi (nm) eeZ nq|
nb
/ta
1 gvBKvwgUvi (m) = 1 gvBKvb () = 0.001 wgwjwgUvi (mm)

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1 bvbvwgUvi (nm) = 0.001 gvBKvwgUvi (m) = 10 Avsg ()

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wkv_xi KvR: wewfb AvKwZi Kvli bvg wjL|

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3
Rxewevb : c_g c
Kvli msMVb (Structure of Cell)
Rxeì hgb ewPZv AvQ Zgwb Zvì Kvli MVb ewPZv `Lv hvq| MVb ewPZv _vKjI Kvli ga
mv`kZv _vK| eYbvi myweavi Rb Av`k Kvli (typical cell) Kbv Kiv nqQ hvi ga Kvli me Dcv`vb
Ges Kvlxq AvYy DcwZ _vK|
Dw` Kvli msMVb (Structure of Plant Cell) :
KvlcvPxi
mvBUvcvRwgK ggeb
GvcvRwgK iwUKzjvg (gmY)
gvBUvKwqb
wcbvmvBwUK dvv
Kzc/wcU
Kvl Mni
wbDwKqvi ggeb
wbDwKqvi i wbDwKqvm
wbDwKIjvm
wbDwKqvi iwUKzjvg
wbDwKIcvRg
Kvivcv
mvBUvcvRg
MjwMewW
gvBKvwUDweDjm&
GvcvRwgK iwUKzjvg (AgmY)
ivBevmvg (gy)
jvBmvmvg
wP : 1.1 Bjb AYyexYh ` GKwU Av`k Dw`Kvli MVb
Dw` Kvl GKB iKg nq bv| GKwU eKvlx Dwì wewfb wUkyi KvlI wfbZi ewk gwZ nq| KvRB Kvb
GKwU wbw` Kvl, Kvli me MVb I Dcv`vb I z`v bvI _vKZ cvi| ZvB GKwU Kvl me Dcv`vb I z`vi
DcwwZi wfwZ ZvK Av`k Dw`Kvl ejv hvq|
wkv_xi KvR: Dw`Kvli KvlAvYywji bvg ej|
4
GKwU Av`k Dw`Kvl h mKj A I AvYy viv MwVZ Zv QKi gvag Dcvcb Kiv nj t
(i) wbDwKqwSjx (wbDwKqvi

1. KvlMnei 2. mwZ c`v_ 3. wbtmZ c`v_ 4. eR c`v_
ggeb)
(i) KvevnBWU (i) GbRvBg (i) Uvwbb (ii) wbDwKqvcvRg
(ii) cvwUb (ii) wcMgU (ii) iwRb
1. mvBUvgvZKv 2. wewfb AvYy (iii) wbDwKqvjvm
(iii) wjwcW (iii) bKUvi BZvw` (iii) Mvg (i) cvwW (iv) wbDwKqvi iwUKzjvg
(iv) jvU (ii) gvBUvKwqv ev Kvgvmvg
(v) AvjKvjqW (iii) GvcvRwgK iwUKzjvg
(vi) Re AvwmW (iv) ivBevmvg mwUIj
(vii) Dvqx Zj (v) MjwM e MvBAwmvg
(viii) LwbR Kvj BZvw` (vi) jvBmvmvg gvBKvwUDweDjm
wkv_xì `jxq KvR:

Mc-G Mc-we
Dw` Kvli wPwZ wP AsKb Ki| Dw`Kvli wewfb AvYyjv Kx Kx?
wkv_xi evwoi KvR: Dw`Kvli wPwZ wP Ab Ki GKwU cvvi Zwi Ki Avbv|
cvwYKvli msMVb (Structure of Animal Cell) :
cvwYKvl
A.KvlwSjx ev cvRgv ggeb B.cvUvcvRg
a. mvBUvcvRg b.wbDwKqvm
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i.mvBUvmj ii. Kvlxq AvYy iii. Kvlxq Ro c`v_

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nb
1. gvBUvKwqv 7. fvKzIj
/ta
1. Gvc vRg
om
2. GvcvRwgK iwUKzjvg 8. fwmKj

2. Gvc v Rg
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3. MjwM ewW 9. mwUIj

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4. jvBmvmvg 10. gvBvwdjvgUm

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5. ivBevmvg 11. gvBvwUDweDjm

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6. cviAwmvg
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5
Rxewevb : c_g c
gvBvwfjvB
wcbvmvBwUK fwmKj
gmY GvcvRwgK iwUKzjvg
gvBvwUDweDj
jvBmvmvg
MjwRewW
ivBevmvg
mUvmvg
cvRgvggeb
AgmY GvcvRwgK iwUKzjvg
wbDwKIjvm
vgvwUb Z
wbDwKIcvRg wbDwKqvm wbDwKqvm
wbDwKqvi ggeb
wbDwKqvi wQ`
gvBUvKwqv
mvBUvcvRg
wP t 1.2 GKwU Av`k cvwYKvl (Bjb AYyexY h `)
wkv_xì `jxq KvR:

Mc-G Mc-we
cvwYKvli AvYyi bvgjv Kx Kx? cvwYKvli AvYyi MVb I KvR eYbv Ki|
wkv_xi evwoi KvR: cvwYKvli wPwZ wP Ab Ki GKwU cvvi Zwi Ki Avbv|
Kvl cvPxi
KvlcvPxi (Cell wall) t GwU aygv Dw` Kvl `Lv hvq| cvYxKvl Kvl gac`v
cvPxi AbycwZ| Dw`Kvli wSjxK wNi AewZ, Kvli mRxe Ask _K cv_wgK cvPxi
mKvwi cvPxi
wiZ Ges mjyjvR I wjMwbb ev KvBwUb w`q MwVZ k, cyi I wQ`hy Ro wcU Rvo
AveiYxK KvlcvPxi ej| iYy I MvwgU Qvov mKj Dw`Kvl G cvPxi
DcwZ| Kvli Aevb I eqm f` KvlcvPxi m~ A_ev ~j Ges gmY ev
KviKvhgq nZ cvi| KvlcvPxii MVb I AvKwZ mvaviYZ Kvli kvixiexq wcU ggeb
KvhKjvci wfbZvi DciB wbfikxj| ievU K 1665 mvj AYyexY h h
wP : 1.3 Kvl cvPxii MVb
Kvl `LwQjb Zv wQj g~jZ KvlcvPxi|
fZ MVb t KvlcvPxi Dw` Kvli Abb ewk| mvBUvcvRg wbtmZ ivmvqwbK e wbq MwVZ njI KvlcvPxi
wbRxe ev Ro| GKwU weKwkZ KvlcvPxiK cavbZ wZbwU wfb i (layers) wef `Lv hvq| Gi c_gwU
6
Kvl I Gi MVb
nj gac`v ev middle lamella| gvBUvwUK Kvl wefvRbi UjvdR (tolophase) chvq Gi m~Pbv NU|
mvBUvcvRg _K Avmv phragmoplast Ges MjwM ewW _K Avmv cKwUb RvZxq fwmKjm& (vesicles or
dropplets) wgwjZfve gac`v mw Ki| cK&wUK AvwmW ewk _vKvi KviY GwU c_g w`K Rwji gZ _vK|
gac`v `yB Kvli gaeZx mvaviY c`v| GwU weMwjZ nq Mj `ywU Kvl c_K nq hvq| wZxq iwU nj cv_wgK
cvPxi (primary wall)| gac`vi Dci mjyjvR (cellulose), nwgmjyjvR (hemicellulose) Ges
MvBKvcvwUb (glycoprotein) BZvw` Rgv nq GKwU cvZjv i (1 3 m cyi) Zwi Ki| GwU cv_wgK cvPxi|
gac`vi fZii mvdm GwU Zwi nq| Kvb Kvb Kvl (hgb UvwKW, dvBevi BZvw`) cv_wgK cvPxii Dci Avi
GKwU i Zwi nq| GwU mvaviY Kvli ew c~Yv nevi ci NU _vK| G iwU AwaKZi cyi (5 10 m)| GZ
mvaviYZ mjyjvR Ges wjMwbb Rgv nq| GK mKvwi cvPxi (secondary wall) ejv nq| fvRK Kvl Ges
AwaK gvvq wecvKxq Abvb Kvl mKvwi cvPxi Zwi nq bv| mKvwi cvPxi wZbiwewk nq|
K~c GjvKv (Pit elds) t GwU nj cvPxii mePq cvZjv (thin) GjvKv| `ywU cvkvcvwk Kvli K~cI GKwU
AciwUi Dvw`K gyLvgywL AewZ Ges K~c `ywUi gvSLvb Kej gac`v _vK| `ywU wcU Rvoi gaKvi cvPxi
(cvBgvwi KvlcvPxi + ga jvgjv)K wcU ggeb (pit membrane) ej| gyLvgywL `ywU K~cK wcU cqvi (pit
pair) ej| K~c Aj cv_wgK cvPxi MwVZ nq bv| mKvwi cvPxi Zwi nj K~c cvonxb A_ev cvohy
(bordered pit) nZ cvi|
cvPxi i t KvlcvPxii wewfb img~n AweQb bv _K gvS gvS wQ`hy nq| wQ`vj AskUzKz Kej ga jvgjv
w`q c_K _vK| wQ`jv cv_wgK wcU wd (primary pit eld) bvg cwiwPZ| cvkvcvwk _vKv `ywU Kvli ga
Kvl cvPxii K~c Ask mvBUvcvRgi hvMm~ iPbvi vbK cvRgvWmgvUv (plasmodesmata) ej| wcU
`yiKg, h_v Acvo ev mij (simple) Ges mcvo (bordered)| wKbvivwenxb wcUK AcvowcU Ges mKvwi
Kvl cvPxii e Rgv nIqvq m wKbvivhy wcUK mcvo wcU ej|
AbK wecyj cwigvY KvlcvPxi e Rgv nq, dj cvoi gavskwU wcU bvjv (pit canal)-q cwiYZ nq|
AbK Kvl wcU ggeb PvKwZi gZv ~j nq, GK Uvivm (torus) ej| Acvo wcU cyi cvPxii cvibKvBgv I
ibKvBgv Kvl Ges mcvo wcU RvBjgi UvwKW I fmj Kvl cvIqv hvq|
wkv_xi KvR: Kvl cvPxi Kx? wcU Kx?
ivmvqwbK MVb t gac`vq AwaK cwigvY _vK cK&wUK AvwmW| G Qvov _vK AèYxq Kvjwmqvg cK&UU& Ges
gvMbwmqvg cK&UU& jeY hvK cK&wUb ejv nq| G QvovI A cwigvY _vK cvUvcK&wUb (protopectins)|
ks
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cv_wgK cvPxi _vK cavbZ mjyjvR (cellulose); nwgmjyjvR (hemicellulose) Ges MvBKvcvwUb
eb
ir.
(glycoproteins)| nwgmjyjvR- G xylans, arabans, galactans BZvw` _vK|

nb
/ta
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m~ MVb t KvlcvPxii cavb Dcv`vb nj mjyjvR| cvq GKk mjyjvR PBb wgwjZfve GKwU wKvjvBb
.c
ok
gvBmwjm (micelles) MVb Ki| gvBmwjmK KvlcvPxii z`Zg MvVwbK GKK aiv nq| cvq 20wU gvBmwj wgj
bo
ce
GKwU gvBKvdvBwej (microbril) MVb Ki Ges 250wU gvBKvdvBwej wgwjZfve GKwU gvKvdvBwej
.fa
w
(macrobril) MVb Ki| Gi evm cvq 0.4m| gvKvdvBwej nQ cvBgvwi KvlcvPxii MVbvKwZ|
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7
Rxewevb : c_g c
KvlcvPxii KvR t KvlK wbw` AvKwZ `vb Ki| evBii cwiek _K mRxe cvUvcvRgK mvweKfve iv
Ki| Kvli `pZv `vb Ki| Kvl wefvRbi aviv eRvq ivL I ew NUvZ mvnvh Ki| wcU Ask cvRgvWmgvUv
mwi gvag AvtKvlxq hvMvhvM mwZ mnvqZv Ki Ges KvljvK cii _K c_K Ki _vK|
wkv_xì `jxq KvR:
Mc-G Mc-we
Kvl cvPxi Kx? Kvl cvPxii MVb I KvR eYbv Ki|
wkv_xi evwoi KvR: Kvl cvPxii KvRwj wjL Avb|
KvlwSjx ev cvRgv ggeb (Cell membrane or Plasma membrane)
wevbx C. Nageli Ges C. Cramer 1855 mvj mec_g Cell membrane kwU mec_g eenvi Kib|
wevbx J. Q. Plowe, 1931 mvj GK Plasmalemma bvg AwfwnZ Kib|
me DbZ Dw` I cvwYKvli cvUvcvRgK wNi GKwU mRxe, cvZjv, wwZvcK, Aaf` I AwZm~ AveiYx viv
cwie _vK, GK KvlwSjx ev Kvl AveiYx ev cvRgv ggeb ev cvRgvjgv (Cell membrane or
Plasmamembrane or Plasmalema) ej| cvwYKvli GwU Kvli wbw` AvKwZ `vb Ki| KvlwSjx
Kvli me vb mgvb bq| KLbI GwUi Avyji gZv Dcew mw nq| GjvK gvBKvwfjvB (Microvilli)
ej| Kvl Afi AwaK cwe gvBKvwfjvmK wcbvmvBwUK dvv ej| hKZ Kvl, Rivqy Kvl, Lv`bvjxi
cvPxi Kvl, wcvkqi AveiYx Kvl BZvw`Z gvBvwfjvB _vK|
Drcw : mvBUvcvRgxq ewnti cwiewZZ nq cvRgvggeb MwVZ nq|
Avwevi : mvaviY AYyexY h KvlwSjxK c&vUvcvRg _K c_K Kiv hvq bv| AvaywbKKvj BjKUb AYyexY
hi mvnvh KvlwSjxi AvjUv MVb (Ultra structure) mK bvbv Z_ Avwevi Kiv me nqQ| BjKUb
AYyexY h Avwevii AbK AvM 1926 mvj wevbx MvUvi I Mj (E. Gorter Ges F. Grendel) gvbyli
jvwnZ iKwYKv (R.B.C. )-Gi Dci MelYv Ki cvRgv ggebi wix wjwcW I cvwUb gWji eYbv `b|
KvlwSjxi MVb : KvlwSjxZ cvwUb I wjwcW AYyi webvm mK wewfb wevbx wewfb gZev` c`vb KiQb, Zvi
ga DjLhvM wKQy gZev` njv :
1) Wvwbqwj I Wvfmbi gZev` (Theory of Danielli and Davson, 1935) : G gZev` Abymvi KvlwSjxi
`yw`K `ywU Nb cvwUb i _vK Ges Gi gvSLvb nvjKv wjwcW iwU mvDBP Aevq _vK| wZbwU ii gvU
ea cvq 100A0 |
2) ievUmbi GKK wSjxi gZev` (Unit membrane theory of plasmalemma by Robertson, 1959) :
G gZevì cev wevbx J.D. Robertson, (1959)| G gZev` Abyhvqx KvlwSjxi `yBw`K `ywU Nb cvwUb i
_vK Ges gvSLvb _vK GKwU w AvYweK wjwcW i | cwZwU cvwUb i 20 A0 cyi Ges gvSi wjwcW i 35
A0 cyi _vK| cvwUb i wewfb RvZxq cvwUb web _vK|
GKK c`v (Unit membrane) : Kvli hme c`v cvwUb-wjwcW-cvwUb (P-L-P) bvgK wi w`q MwVZ
mjvK GKK c`v ev BDwbU ggeb ej| wevbx ievUmb 1959 mvj P-L-P AYy w`q MwVZ wi c`vK
GKK c`v bvg AwfwnZ Kib|
8
3) wmvi I wbKjmb Gi dzBW gvRvBK gWj (Fluid mosaic model by Singer and Nicolson) : wewfb
gWji ga mePq MnYxq gWj nj dzBW-gvRvBK gWj (Singer and Nicolson 1972)| G gWj
Abyhvqx KvlwSjx wi wewk| cwZwU i dmdvwjwcW w`q MwVZ| Dfq ii nvBWvKveb jRwU mvgbvmvgwb
(gyLvgywL) _vK Ges cvwbMvnx (hydrophillic) gi Ask wecixZ w`K _vK| wSjxi cvwUb AYyjv dmdvwjwcW
i GLvb mLvb wewvevq _vK| KvevnvBWU Ges Abvb Dcv`vbI dmdvwjwcW gvag GLvb mLvb wgk
_vKZ cvi|
wP : 1.4 Kvl wSjxi dzBW gvRvBK gWj

dzBW-gvRvBK gWj Abyhvqx KvlwSjxi MvVwbK Dcv`vb wbi~c t
(K) wjwcW evBjqvi t GwU dmdvwjwcW w`q Zwi| cwZwU dmdvwjwcW GK AYy wMmvij _vK Ges wMmviji
mv_ `ywU bbcvjvi dvwU AvwmW jR Ges GKwU cvjvi dmdU gv_v _vK|
(L) ggeb cvwUb t KvlwSjxZ wZb aibi cvwUb kbv Kiv nqQ| hgb t (i) cwidivj cvwUb- Gjv
wSjxi mvdm _vK (ii) BbwUMvj cvwUb Gjv wSjxi Dfq mvdm ch ev _vK Ges (iii) wjwcW m
cvwUbGjv wjwcW Kvi-G m _vK|
(M) Kvjij t Dw` Kvli wSjxZ GwU AcvKZ Kg _vK Ges cvwYKvli wSjxZ GwU AcvKZ ewk
_vK|
(N) MvBKvKvwj t GwU wSjxi Dci GKwU wPwbi i wekl| MvBKvcvwUb Ges MvBKvwjwcWK wgwjZfve
MvBKvKvwj ejv nq|
cvwUb AYyi cvwbMvnx (hydrophillichLb wSjxi mvdm-G _vK) cvjvi cv evBii w`K _vK| cvwb welx
bb cvjvi cv (AvswkK cvwbivax-Hydrophobic) Lipid ii ga wgwkZ Aevq gvSi w`K _vK| c`vi
GB AaZij MVbi KviYB cvwUb AYyjv c`vi ga bovPov KiZ mg| wevbx Lee (1975) GB uid
ks
oo
Mosaic gWjK mg_b Kib| wewfb cixv viv cgvwYZ nq h, mjggeb wjwcW AYyi MwZkxj Aev eZgvb|
eb
ir.
nb
Zvì gZ mjggeb Zij I AaZij cKwZi| mvcwZK MelYvq `Lv MQ KvlwSjxwU wbiU bq eis ek
/ta
om
Zij (highly uid)| GB Ziji ga wjwcW KYvjv gvRvBK-Gi gZv Aevb Ki| cvwUbi mv_ wjwcW,
.c
ok
cvwUbi mv_ cvwUb, wjwcWi mv_ wjwcW-Gi Av:wKqvi dj mjggebi MVb I MwZkxjZv cKvk cvq|
bo
ce
.fa
wkv_xi KvR: dzBW gvRvBK gWj bvgKiYi KviY Kx?

w
w
w

9
Rxewevb : c_g c
mjggeb GbRvBgi KvhKvwiZv I wewfb AYyi PjvPj ggeb cvwUbi Dci wbfikxj| ggebi fZiw`q
wjwcW AYyi AfixY MwZkxjZv _vK Ges Giv cvk ev Aevq _vK| Giv Gì j^v A eivei NyiZ cvi
Ges GK i _K Ab i vbvwiZ nZ cvi| c`vq KvenvBWU I cvwUb nZ Drcb Abvb èvwì DcwwZ
cgvY cvIqv hvq| wKQye Kvli wfZi nZ evBi ei KiZ Ges evwni nZ fZi cek KiZ KvlwSjxi
KvevnvBWUi DcwwZ AZ iZc~Y weePbv Kiv nq, hv dzBW gvRvBK gWjK mg_b Ki|
wSjxi gvag cwienb t Dw` `ni me KgKvi cavb vb nj Kvl| Re ivmvqwbK wKqv wewKqv I wewfb msklY
KvRi Rb AbK e KvlwSjxi ga w`q evBi _K fZi Ges fZi _K evBi cwievwnZ nZ nq| wK
KvlwSjx me ei Rb f` bq, GwU elgf` (differentially permeable) A_vr Kvb Kvb e Gi ga
w`q cwievwnZ ne Zv wbw`|
KvlwSjx KZK Kvb e eRb ev MnY Kiv wewfb Dcv`vbi (factor) Dci wbfikxj| Gi ga iZc~Y nj
Dcv`vbjvi -(i) AvKvi (size) (ii) giZv (polarity), (iii) e`ywZK PvR (electric charge) Ges (iv)
wjwcW èYxqZv (lipid solubility)| mvaviYZ QvU I Agi AYy (hgb- cvwb, wMmvij) mnRB wSjx AwZKg
Ki _vK| wKQyUv eo AvKvii gi AYy (hgb-MyKvR, myKivR) mnRB wbR kwZ wSjx AwZKg KiZ cvi
bv| Avi PvRW AYy (hgb-mvwWqvg, cUvwkqvg, Kvjwmqvg Avqb) mvaviYZ wekl Avqb wQ`c_ (ion channel)
ev UvcvU cvwUbi gvag wSjx AwZKg Ki|
UvcvU cvwUbi ewk t (i) GB cvwUb wSjxi GK c _K Aci c ch ev| (ii) GB cvwUb mywbw` A_vr
cwZ cKvi cvwUbi GK ev GKvwaK mywbw` wekl MvVwbK vb (site) _vK| h AYyK GB cvwUb cwienb Kie
mB AYyi MVb AvKwZ Ges GB cvwUbi MvVwbK vbi MVb AvKwZ GKB iKg nq| (iii) GB cvwUb Gi Aevb
cwieZb Ki bv, ay AvKwZ cwieZb Ki cwienb KvR mb Ki|
wkv_xi `jxq KvR: dzBW gvRvBK gWji MVb I KvRjv Kx Kx?
UvcvU cvwUbi mvnvh cwienb t UvcvU cvwUbi mvnvh wbwjwLZ Dcvq cqvRbxq AYy KvlwSjxi Gcvi
_K Icvi cwievwnZ nq t
(a) GKK cwienb (Uniports) t GKwU wbw` c`v_i GKwU Avqb ev AYy wSjxi Gcvi _K Icvi cwievwnZ nq|
(a) i (b) evnK cvwUb

wP : 1.5 : GKK cwienb Kkj wP : 1.6 : hyM cwienb Kkj
hyM cwienb (Coports) t Symports -G `yB aibi c`v_ GKB w`K cwievwnZ nq| GKB mv_ `yB aibi
c`v_i Avqb ev AYy cwievwnZ nq| `yB aibi c`v_ GKB mgq wecixZ w`K cwievwnZ nj ZvK AvwUcvU
(antiports) ej|
10
UvcvU cvwUb KvlwSjxi Gcvi _K Icvi ch ev| wKQy wKQy e evcbi gvag cwievwnZ nq| wKQy wKQy
c`v_ KvUvqb wewbgq cwKqvq cwievwnZ nq, hgb H+ Gi wewbgq K+, OH- Gi wewbgq Cl-| wKQy wKQy e
wbw` evnbi gvag (Avqb evnK gZev`) cwievwnZ nq ; wKQy wKQy c`v_ mvBUvKvg evnKi gvag cwievwnZ nq|
cvwUbMyjv wKfve wewfb c`v_ kbv Ki fZi cek Kivq m m^ KqKwU gZev` AvQ|
1| evnK gZev` (Carrier concept) t wSjxi c`k h cvwUb AvQ mMyjv Kvli Afi cekhvM
c`v_i mM mywbw` ivmvqwbK Dcvq hvMm~ mw Ki Ges Zv DchvMx nj fZi cek Kivq| G cwKqvq
c`v_wU evnKAYyi mM hy nq fZi cek Ki Ges mLvb gy nj cvwUb AYywU Avevi ewnc Pj
Avm|
2| wiwP gZev` (Fixed pore concept) t AwbnxZ cvwUbMyjv AbKUv wi Aevq wSjxi wewfb Aevb
web _vK| MnYhvM c`v_ evnK cvwUbi msk Gj evnK AYy MvVwbK cwieZb NwUq GKwU cek c_i
mw Ki| MnYhvM AYywU ZLb Kg wQ`c_ AMmi nq fZi cek Ki Ges cvwUb AYy Avevi c~evevq
wdi Abyi~cfve ceki Rb Zwi nq|
KvlwSjxi ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb t (i) KvlwSjxZ cvwUb, wjwcW Ges Kvb Kvb cwjmvKivBW _vK| (ii)
cvwUb MvVwbK Dcv`vb wnme (structural), GbRvBg wnme (enzymes) Ges evnK (carrier protein) wnme
_vK| Gì MVb I cwigvYMZ cv_K _vKZ cvi| (iii) KvlwSjxi gvU IRbi cvh 75 fvMB wjwcW|
wjwcW cavbZ dmdvwjwcW (phospholipids) wnme _vK| cuvP iKg dmdvwjwcW kbv Kiv nqQ hvi
mePq mijwU nj dmdvUvBwWK AvwmW Ges Ab PviwU RwUj cKwZi (complex)| RwUj dmdvwjwcWi ga
jwmw_b (lecithin) cavb| GQvov wMmvivdmdvwUW, KvjijI `Lv hvq| wSjx dmdvwjwcWi AaKi
ewk _vK jwmw_b| Kvb Kvb RNA (wcuqvRi Kvl), DNA BZvwÌ _vKZ cvi|
ivmvqwbK MVb : KvlwSwji cavb ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb njv wjwcW I cvwUb| wjwcWi ga dmdvwjwcW I Kvjij
_vK| KvlwSwji ivmvqwbK Dcv`vbmg~ni cwigvY- cvwUb: 60-80%, wjwcW (dmdvwjwcW I Kvjij): 20-40%,
kKiv: 5%, GbRvBg: cvq 30 cKvi, AvwURb, jeY I cvwb|
KvlwSjxi icvwiZ Aev : KvlwSjx wewfb Kvh mv`bi Rb wewfb icvwiZ nq| GZ wbgwjwLZ cuvP
aibi icvi `Lv hvq
1| gvBKvwfjvB (Microvilli) : wKQy wKQy cvwYKvli KvlwSjx Avyji gZv ewaZ nq AmsL z`vKvwZi
Awfc mw Ki| Gì gvBKvwfjvB ej| Gjv mvaviYZ: Ai Gwc_wjqvg Kvl, ei bdb `Lv
hvq| Gì msLv KvlcwZ 3000 ch nq _vK| Giv Kvli kvlYZj ew Ki|
2| wcbvmvBwUK fwmKj (Pinocytic vesicle) : KvlwSjx _K m Zij Lv`KYv mgw^Z MniK wcbvmvBwUK
ks
oo
fwmKj ej| Gjv mwi cwqvK wcbvmvBUvwmm (Pinocytosis) ej| wKQy wekl aibi Kvl hgb:
eb
ir.
nb
gvbyli wW^Kvl wcbvmvg mw nq|

/ta
om
3| dvMvmvg (Phagosome) : KvlwSjx _K m I wePzZ Ges MnxZ KwVb e mn AveiYxe mvBUvcvRgxq

.c
ok
KYvK dvMvmvg ej| cKZc G cwZZ Kvbv Kvbv Kvl Yc` bvgK Awfc wevi Ki Lvè
bo
ce
ev AbwKQy Kvlvfi cek Kivq| G cwqvq Lv`K wNi GvcvRgi ga dvMvmvBwUK fwmKj MwVZ
.fa
w
nq| hgb- kZ KwYKv dvMvmvBUvwmm cwqvq RxevYy fY Ki|

w
w

11
Rxewevb : c_g c
4| UvBU Rvskb (Tight junction) : Nwbfve msjM `ywU Kvli KvlwSjx AbK mgq cii `pfve hy nq
UvBU Rvskb mw Ki| Kvli G Aji ga w`q Kvbv c`v_ hvZvqvZ KiZ cvi bv| gwi wbDiY
mvaviYZ Gic Aev `Lv hvq|
5| Wmgvmvg (Desmosome) : cvkvcvwk AewZ `ywU Kvli KvlwSjx icvwiZ nq UbvdvBwej
(tonobril) Zhy cvZi gZv MVb Ki| Gì Wmgvmvg ej| Gwc_wjqvg wUkyZ Gic `Lv hvq|
Giv `ywU KvlK `pfve Ave ivL|
KvlwSwji KvR : Kvli wbw` AvKwZ c`vb Ki| Kvli wfZiKvi mRxe AskK iv Ki A_vr evBii cwZKj
Aev nZ AfixY eK iv Ki| wewfb Kvl AvYy hgb- MjwM ewW, wbDwKqvi ggeb BZvw` mwZ mnvqZv
Ki| GwU GKwU elgf` c`v hv Kvli evBi I wfZii emg~ni PjvPj wbqY Ki| GbRvBg I AvwURb
iY Ki| kmb I Abvb kvixiexq KvR kw mieivn Ki| gvBvwfjvB mw Ki Kvli kvlYZj ew Ki|
wkv_xi evwoi KvR: dzBW gvRvBK gWji wPwZ wP Ab Ki GKwU cvvi Zwi Ki Avbv|
cvUvcvRg (Protoplasm)
wMK k protos-c_g, plasma-AvKvi _K Protoplosm kwUi Drcw| Kvli Afii eYnxb, AaZij,
Rwji bq _K_K, AvVvjv, wwZvcK KjqWvj c`v_ hv KvlwSwj ev cvRgvc`v viv ewZ ZvK cvUvcvRg
ej| GK mvBUvcvRwgK av ev cytoplasmic matrix ejv nq| eZ Gi gaB wbDwKqvm I Abvb Kvlxq
AvYymg~n Aevb Ki| cvUvcvRgi Afi wewfb aibi Re ivmvqwbK cwqv AweiZfve Pj| wewfb
cfveKi cfve cvUvcvRgi gZz NUj KvliI gZz NU _vK|
Avwevi I bvgKiY : wevbx cviwKbwR (Purkinje, 1840) mec_g cvUvcvRg K_vwU eenvi Kib|
cvUvcvRgB h cvYi fZ wfw m mK c_g aviYv `b wevbx gv m~j&R (Max Schultze, 1863) Ges
Ugvm nvj (Thomas Huxley, 1868) |
cvUvcvRg
cvUvcvRg
wP : cvUvcvRg
fZ MVb : cvUvcvRg GKwU Aa ^Q, eYnxb, mv` ev AvuVvjv, wwZvcK, msKvPbkxj, av c`v_| GwU me mgq
cPzi cwigvY cvwbZ m _vK, GgbwK 98% ch cvwb _vKZ cvi| cvUvcvRgi MVb mK wewfb wevbx
wewfb gZev` c`vb KiQb| Zvi ga DjL hvM wKQy gZev` wbic :
1) RvwjKv (reticulate) Z : G aviYv Abyhvqx ejv nq _vK cvUvcvRg AbK my Rvwj w`q MwVZ|
2) AYyZ (brillar) Z : wevbx dwgs Gi gZ, cvUvcvRg AbK AwZ z` Z ev AYyZ w`q MwVZ|
12
Kvl I Gi MVb
3) `vbv`vi (granular) Z : wevbx AvjU&gvb (Altman,1886) Gi gZ, wewfb iKg QvUeo `vbv ev KYv w`q
cvUvcvRg MwVZ|
4) dzmKv ev ey&`&ey`& (alveolar) Z : wevbx eyUm&wj (Butschli, 1892) Gi gZ, cvUvcvRg AbK z` z`
dzm&Kv ev ey`&ey`& w`q MwVZ hv `LZ AbKUv cvwbZ fvmgvb Zji we`y ev mvevbi dbvi gZv|
5) KjqWvj (colloidal) Z : eZgvb aviYv Abyhvqx, cvUvcvRg njv g~jZ GKwU KjqWxq c`v_| A_vr GUv
Rjxq gvag cvwUb, wjwcW I Abvb c`v_i GKwU Acè (emulsion) | KjqWi ga Aa KwVb I Zij
Aev `Lv hvq| G Aa KwVb Aevi bvg Rj `kv (gel phase) Ges Zij Aevi bvg mj `kv (sol phase)|
G Rj `kv I mj `kv GKwU AciwUZ icvwiZ nZ cvi| G gZev`K mj-Rj gZevÌ ejv nq _vK|
ivmvqwbK MVb: cvUvcvRg cavbZ wewfb aibi Re I ARe c`v_i wgkY| Gi ivmvqwbK Dcv`vbi cwigvY mg~n
wbic:
Re Dcv`vb : cvwUb (7-10%), KvevnvBWU (1-5%), wjwcW (1-2%) Ges Abvb (1-5%)|
ARe Dcv`vb : cvwb (65-85%), Abvb (1-5%), ARe LwbR jeYi ga cUvwmqvg, Kvjwmqvg, gvMbwmqvg,
jn BZvw` avZz Ges Kveb, nvBWvRb, AwRb, bvBUvRb BZvw` AavZz _vK|
KvR : cvUvcvRg Kvli me mRxe I Ro eK aviY Ki| cvUvcvRg we`gvb cvwUb Rxei `wnK ew NUvq|
cvUvcvRg ew, Rbb, kmb, Lv` MnY, cwicvK cfwZ RweK KvhKjvc msNwUZ nq| Gi cavb KvR njv
eskwevi Kiv hv Rxebi GKwU Acwinvh cwKqv| AwfmeY cwKqvq cvUvcvRg cvwb MnY I ZvM KiZ cvi| AwaK
jeYhy gvag KvlK ivLj Kvl _K cvwb ZvMi dj cvUvcvRg mzwPZ nq cvRgvjvBwmm Aev mw Ki|
wkv_xì `jxq KvR:
Mc-G Mc-we
cvUvcvRgi MVb Kgb? cvUvcvRgi KvRjv Kx Kx?
mvBUvcvRg (Cytoplasm)
mvBUvcvRg (Cytoplasm) : cvRgv ggeb Gi Afi AewZ I wbDwKqvm eZxZ Aa^Q, cvUvcvRgi
AskwUi bvg mvBUvcvRg| MVb I ewki w`K _K mvBUvcvRg I cvUvcvRgi ga Kvb cv_K bB|
wbDwKqvm eZxZ mvBUvcvRgi evKx Aski bvgB mvBUvcvRg| mRxe Kvli mvBUvcvRg `ywU Aev
(Phase) wbq MwVZ| h_v: 1) mvBUvmj (Cytosol), 2) Kvlxq AvYy (Cell Organelles) |
mvBUvmj (Cytosol) : Kvli cvRgv ggeb viv AveZ Ges wbDwKqvi ggebi evBi AewZ AvYymg~n Qvov
mg A^Q, mgmv I KvjqW RvZxq AaZij mRxe cvUvcvRgxq c`v_K mvBUvmj ev nvqvjvcvRg ej| GZ
ks
wewfb Re I ARe AYy fvmgvb ev èxf~Z Aevq _vK|

oo
eb
Re AYy mg~n njv : cvUb, wjwcW, KvevnvBWU, wbDwKK GwmW, GbRvBg BZvw`|
ir.
nb
/ta
ARe AYy mg~n njv : cvwb 90%, mvgvb cwigvY LwbR jeY hgb-NaCl jeY Ges Mvmxq c`v_ hgb-O2 I
om
CO2 BZvw`| GQvov wKQy mwZ Lv`KYv Ges Zjwe`yI mvBUvmj _vK|
.c
ok
bo
mvBUvmjK NbZ Abyhvqx `yfvM fvM Kiv hvq| h_v:

ce
.fa
1. GvcvRg (Ectoplasm) : GUv `vbvnxb, ^Q Ges Abo i, hv cvRgv ggeb msjM _vK Ges GvcvRgK
w
w
w
aviY Ki| Any kind of e-book & Software : www.tanbircox.blogspot.com
13
Rxewevb : c_g c
2. GvcvRg (Endoplasm) : GvcvRgi wfZii w`K AewZ `vbv`vi A^Q AskwUK GvcvRg ej| GwU
wewfb aibi Kvlxq AvYy aviY Ki|
mvBUvcvRg Ges Gi ga wewfb cKvi mRxe I wbRxe ei cKwZ Abymvi mvBUvcvRgK `yBfvM fvM Kiv nq|
h_v 1| mvBUvcvRgxq gvZKv 2| mvBUvcvRgxq AvYymg~n|
1| mvBUvcvRgxq gvZKv ev av (Matrix) ev nvqvjvcvRg : mvBUvcvRgi AaZij, Aa^Q, `vbv`vi I mgagx
KjqWxq c`v_wUi bvg mvBUvcvRgxq av ev nvqvjvcvRg| nvqvjvcvRg `ywU Aj wefw`Z| h_v GvcvRg
ev ewntcvRg Ges GvcvRg ev AtcvRg| cvRgv ggeb msjM AcvKZ Kg `vbv`vi, Nb AjwUi bvg
GvcvRg Ges fZii w`Ki A_vr Kì w`K Kg Nb AjwUi bvg GvcvRg| mvBUvcvRg cPyi cwigvY
cvwb Ges cvwbZ èxf~Z wewfb aibi Re I ARe c`v_, AvwmW I GbRvBg we`gvb| Kvli wewfbZv Abymvi
mvBUvcvRgxq av Zgq, `vbv`vi, RvwjKvKvi A_ev dbvi gZ nZ cvi|
mvBUvcvRgxq gvZKvi KvR t Kvli wewfb aibi AvYy I wbRxe c`v_jvK aviY Ki| wecvKxq Kvhvw`
cwiPvjbv Ki| iPb cwKqvq m eR c`v_ wbvkb Ki| Kvli AZ I viZ wbqY Ki| AveZbi gvag
AvYyjvK bovPovq mnvqZv Ki| DRbvq mvov `q|
2| Kvlxq AvYy (Cell Organelles) : Kvli cvUvcvRg we`gvb mywbw` AvKvi AvKwZ I KvR wewk mRxe
eZzK Kvlxq AvYy ev (Cell Organelles) ej| cvwYKvl `yaibi Kvlxq AvYy `Lv hvq-
K) AveiYxe Kvlxq AvYy : G aibi Kvlxq AvYyjv mywbw` AveiYx viv AveZ _vK| hgb- Kvivcv,
gvBUvKwqv, GvcvRwgK RvwjKv, MjwM ewW, jvBmvmvg, fvKzIj, cviAwmvg, fwmK&j|
L) AveiYxwenxb Kvlxq AvYy : G aibi Kvlxq AvYyjv Kvbv AveiYx viv AveZ _vK bv| hgb- ivBevmvg,
cvwUqvmvg, mwUIj, gvBKvwdjvgU, BUviwgwWqU wdjvgU, gvBKvwUDweDjm|
wkv_xì `jxq KvR:
Mc-G Mc-we
mvBUvcvRg Kx? Kvlxq AvYywj Kq aibi wjL|
wkv_xi evwoi KvR: Kvlxq AvYyi cKvifì GKwU PvU Zwi Ki Avb|
ivBevmvg (Ribosome)
mvBUvcvRg gy Aevq weivRgvb A_ev AtcvRgxq RvwjKvi Mvq AewZ h `vbv`vi KYvq cvwUb msklY NU
ZvK ivBevmvg| wevbx KW (Claude) 1940 mvj GwU mec_g Avwevi Kib| ci Palade (1955)
cvYxKvl Gi BjKUwbK AvYyexwYK MVb cheY Kib| ivBevmvg AZ z` Ges cvq MvjvKvi| mvaviYZ
AgmY GvcvRwgK iwUKzjvgi Dfq w`K Giv mvwiefve AewZ _vK| mvBUvcvRg hy AevqI ivBevmvg
_vK| gy ivBevmvg cvKKw`K Kvli GKwU DjLhvM ewk|
mvBUvcvRg hy Aevq weivRgvb A_ev AtcvRgxq RvwjKvi Mvq AewZ h `vbv`vi KYvq cvwUb msklY NU
ZvK ivBevmvg| wevbx KW (Claude) 1940 mvj GwU mec_g Avwevi Kib| ci Palade (1955)
cvYxKvl Gi BjKUwbK AvYyexwYK MVb cheY Kib|
ivBevmvg AZ z` Ges cvq MvjvKvi| mvaviYZ AgmY GvcvRwgK iwUKzjvgi Dfq w`K Giv mvwiefve
AewZ _vK| mvBUvcvRg hy AevqI ivBevmvg _vK| gy ivBevmvg cvKKw`K Kvli GKwU DjLhvM
ewk|
14
Kvl I Gi MVb
wP : ivBevmvg
Avwevi t KW (A. Claude) bvgK GKRb wevbx 1954 mvj hKZ Kvli mvBUvcvRgK mwUwdDR Ki RNA
mg 600 A0 2000 A0 evm wewk e KYv c_K Kib Ges bvg `b gvBKvmvg| cieZxZ (1965) BjKUb
AYyexY h gvBKvmvgi `ywU Ask `Lv hvq, GKwU nj AtcvRgxq wSjx Ges AciwU nj z`vKvi KYv| GB
KYvKB cieZxZ ivBevmvg bvg `qv nq| 1958 mvj Roberts Gi bvg `b ivBevmvg| Kvivcv,
gvBUvKwqv Ges wbDwKqvcvRg ivBevwbDwKqvKYv (Ribonucleo protein particle RNP) bvgK z`vKvi
ivBevmvg AvweZ nqQ|
wewZ t h me Kvl cvwUb msklY NU mme Kvl ivBevmvg cvIqv hvq| cvKvwiIwUK Kvl mvBUvcvRg
Qovbv _vK| BDKvwiIwUK Kvl GvcvRwgK RvwjKv, wbDwKq wSjx I KvlwSjxi Mvq hy _vK Ges
mvBUvcvRgI Qovbv _vK| GQvovI wbDwKqvm, cvwW I gvBUvKwqvi gvZKvqI gy Aevq _vK| evKUixq
Kvl (E. coli) Gi msLv cvq 20,000 wKy Kvbv Kvbv BDKvwiIwUK Kvl G msLv GK KvwU ch nZ cvi|
cKvif` t AvKvi I mwWgUkb mnM (Kv-GwdwmqU) wnme ivBevmvg g~jZ 70S Ges 80S `yB cKvi| 70S
ivBevmvg 50S Ges 30S GB `yB mve-BDwbU wef _vK| 80S ivBevmvg 60S Ges 40S GB `yB mveBDwbU
wef _vK| cvwUb msklYi mgq cvKKw`K Kvl 50S I 30S mve-BDwbU GKwZ nq 70S GKK MVb Ki
Ges myKw`K Kvl 60S I 40S mve-BDwbU GKwZ nq 80S GKK MVb Ki| [Kvb eK mwUwdDR Kij
Zjvq Zvi Aatc Rgv nq
mwUwdDR Kiv Kvj wewfb fvimb ei AatcYi nviK S w`q Zv eySvbv nq| S = Svedberg unit =
fèvM GKK ; mwUwdDR hi `Z N~Yb cwKqvq wewfb fimb ei AatcYi nviK fèvM GKK ej|
wevbx Svedberg Gi bvgi c_g A S w`q Zv evSvbv nq _vK|
AvKwZ I MVb t Giv g~jZ evKvi Ze wKvY Ges cKvY wewk ejI AbK `vwe KiQb| GwU PIovq 22nm
Ges DPZvq 20nm| Giv `yi wewk wSjx w`q AveZ| ivBevmvg cavb cvwUb I rRNA w`q Zwi| E.coli
Kvli IRbi cvq 22 fvMB ivBevmvg| 70S ivBevmvg 34 cKvi `xN I 21 cKvi z` cvwUb _vK|
ivBevmvgi e cvwUb g~jZ GbRvBg| mRNA AYy ivBevmvgi mv_ hy nj tRNA-i mnvqZvq cvwUb
mskwlZ nq| mskli mgq GKB mv_ cii ek KqKwU ivBevmvg mRNA-Gi mv_ hy nj ZLb ZvK
cwjivBevmvg (polyribosome) ev cwjmvg ej||
ks
oo
eb
ir.
nb
/ta
om
.c
ok
bo
ce
.fa
w
wP : 1.7 : ivBevmvgi MVb

w
w
15
Rxewevb : c_g c
ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb t ivBevmvgi cavb Dcv`vb nQ RNA I cvwUb| 70S ivBevmvg iqQ 23S, 16S I 5S
gvbi 3wU rRNA AYy Ges 52 cKvii cvwUb AYy| Aciw`K 80S ivBevmvgi iqQ 28S, 18S, 5.8S I 5S
gvbi 4wU rRNA AYy Ges 80 cKvii cvwUb AYy|
Drcw t cvKKw`K Kvl Avw` Kvgvmvg (DNA) _K Drcb nq wK myKw`K Kvl wbDwKqvjvm Drcb nq|
ivBevmvgi KvR t cvwUb msklY Kiv| cvwUb msklYi iZ mRNA Avw` Kvli 30S Ges cKZ Kvli
40S mve BDwbUi mv_ mshvM vcb Ki| Gici 50S Ges 60S mve-BDwbU GKwZ nq h_vKg 70S (Avw`
Kvl) Ges 80S (cKZ Kvl) GKK MVb Ki| 2| n wecvK mnvqZv Ki|
wkv_xì `jxq KvR:
Mc-G Mc-we
ivBevRvg Gi MVb Kgb? ivBevRvgi KvRjv Kx Kx?
wkv_xi evwoi KvR: ivBevRvg I MjwRei wPwZ wP Ab Ki GKwU cvvi Zwi Ki Avbe|
MjwM e (Golgi body)

wbDwKqvmi KvQvKvwQ AewZ Ges wi wewk wSjx viv Ave QvU bvwjKv,
dvv, PevPv ev jvgjxi bvq mvBUvcvRwgK z`vi bvg MjwM e
(MjwM h)| wevbx Kvwgjv MjwM (Camillo Golgi) 1898 mvj c_g
cuPv I weovji vqyKvl GwU `LZ cvb Ges Zuvi bvgvbymvi cieZxKvj
G z`vi bvg ivLv nqQ MjwM e| Dw` Kvl Giv A cwigvY Aevb
Ki| wP : 1.8 : MjwM ewWi MVb
Kvli wbDwKqvmi KvQvKvwQ AewZ Ges gmY GvcvRwgK RvwjKv _K m h AvYy KZKjv Nb msjM PIov
wmviwb I z` fwmKj wewk, mjvK GK MjwM ewW ev MjwM AvcviUvm ev MjwM Kgc ej| Kvbv Rxe
vYyK mvaviY AYyexY h `Lj mnR MjwM e `Lv hvq| evKUwiqv I gvBKvcvRgv ev` me KvlB MjwM
e _vK|
Avwevi : wevbx Kvwgjv MjwM (Camillo Golgi, 1898) mec_g cuPv I weovji vqyKvl wbixYKvj GwU
Avwevi Kib| meZ gmY GvcvRwgK iwUKzjvg nZ Drcw nq|
Aevb : mvaviYZ wbDwKqvmi KvQvKvwQ _vKjI Kvli wKbvivi w`K ev Kvli hKvbv RvqMvq MjwM e _vKZ
cvi| Kvlf` Gì Aevbi cwieZb nq| MjwM ewW cvwYKvli GKwU Abb mvBUvcvRgxq AvYy| wK Dw`
Kvl Gì msLv Kg| AwaKvsk BDKvwiIwUK Kvl mvaviYZ wbDwKqvmi KvQvKvwQ `je Aevq MjwM ewW `Lv
hvq| wbkYxi Dw` MjwM e mvBUvcvRg wew Aevq we`gvb|
weZwZ : cvKvwiIwUK Kvl Ges wKQy QvK, evqvdvBU I UwiWvdvBUi kyKvYy, cwiYZ mxfbj Ges cvYxi jvwnZ
KwYKvq MjwR ey AbycwZ| Dw`Kvli mvBUvcvRg Qovbv _vK, wKy cvwYKvl GMyjv mvaviYZ wbDwKqvmi
KvQvKvwQ ixf~Z Aevq _vK ev wbDwKqvmK wNi ivL, KLbI ev RvwjKvi gZv web _vK| Dw`Kvl MjwR
eyi msLv 1 (wKQy kevj) _K 25,000 Gi ewk (kevji ivBRqW) nZ cvi|
wkv_xi KvR: MjwM e Kx? K Avwevi Kib?
16
Kvl I Gi MVb
MVb t Kvli kvixiexq KvRi wfwZ MjwM ewWi MVb wfbZv `Lv www.facebook.com/tanbir.ebooks
hvq| WvjUb (Dalton) dwj (Felix)
cfwZ wevbxi eYbv gZ MjwM ewWZ wZbwU Dcv`vb we`gvb| h_v- wmviwb ev Pvv _wj, fvKzIj ev eo Mni I
fwmK&j ev z` Mni |
(i) wmviwb (Cisternae) t Amgvb `N wewk I mgvivjfve AewZ j^v I Pvv bvwjKvm`k ejv wmviwb
bvg cwiwPZ| meZ gmY AtcvRgxq RvwjKv _K wmviwb Rb nq| Gì msLv 320wU|
(ii) fvKzIj (Vacuoles) t Gjv wmviwbi KvQ AewZ MvjvKwZi _wji gZ Ask| wmviwbi cvPxi PIov nq
fvKzIji mw Ki|
(iii) fwmK&j (Vesicles) t wmviwbi wbPi w`K AcvKZ z` z` _wji gZ ejvK z` Mni ev fwmK&j
ejv nq| Gjv wmviwb _K mw nq| Giv c_K ev `je Aevq _vKZ cvi Ges gmY ev AgmY AveiYx
wewk nZ cvi|
ivmvqwbK MVb t MjwM ewWi wSjx wjcvcvwUb wbwgZ| wjwcWi ga iqQ cavbZ jwmw_b I mdvwjb RvZxq
dmdvwjwcW| KvivwUbqW, dvwU AvwmW, wfUvwgb-wm cfwZI iqQ| MjwM ewWZ cPzi cwigvY GbRvBg _vK|
iZc~Y GbRvBgjv nQ ADPase, Mg2+, ATPase, CTPase, TTPase, Galactosyl Transferase I
mvgvb cwigvY MyKvR 6-dmdU|
MjwM ei KvR : jvBmvmvg Zwi Kiv A-cvwUb RvZxq c`v_i msklY Kiv, wKQy GbRvBg wbMZ Kiv, cvwUb,
nwgmjyjvR, gvBKvdvBwej Zwi Kiv, Kvl cvwb ei Kiv, GvcvRwgK iwUKzjvg cZKZ èvw` wSjxe
Kiv, wewfb cwjmvKvivBW msklY I cwienb AskMnb Kiv| Kvl wefvRbi ci cell plate ZwiZ mvnvh Ki|
wjwcW I cvwUbi mq fvvi wnme KvR Ki|
wkv_xì `jxq KvR:
Mc-G Mc-we
MjwRei MVb Kgb? MjwRei KvRjv Kx Kx?
wkv_xi evwoi KvR: MjwRei wPwZ wP Ab Ki GKwU cvvi Zwi Ki Avbv|
jvBmvmvg (Lysosome)
jvBmvmvg (Lysosome) : Lyso = nRgKvix, somo = e wnme BDKvwiIwUK Kvl h _wj AvKwZi I
wSjxewZ AvYy AtKvlxq cwicvKi gyL Dcv`vb wnme KvR Ki, ZvK jvBmvmvg ej|
ks
oo
eb
ir.
wP : jvBmvmvg
nb
/ta
om
mvBUvcvRg AewZ h AvYy nvBWvjvBwUK GbRvBgi Avavi wnme KvR Ki ZvK jvBmvmvg ej (Lyso =
.c
ok
nRgKvix, somo = e)| emsLK bvbvwea nvBWvjvBwUK GbRvBg GKwU wSjx viv Ave nq GKwU jvBmvmvg
bo
ce
Zwi Ki| 1955 mvj ` `ye (de Duve) G aiYi z`vi bvgKiY Kib jvBmvmvg|
.fa
w
w
w
17 : www.tanbircox.blogspot.com
Any kind of e-book & Software
Rxewevb : c_g c
Avwevi : 1955 wLv ejwRqvgi wevbx wwqvb wW Wyf (Christian de Duve) mec_g Bu`yii hKZ Kvl
G e Avwevi Kib Ges bvgKiY Kib jvBmvmvg|
Drcw : meZ MjwM e ev GvcvRwgK iwUKzjvg nZ Gì Drcw|
wewZ : Dw`Kvl mvaviYZ Gì `Lv hvq bv ; Ze cuqvRi exRKvl, fyv I ZvgvKi PvivKvl, CKvl
jvBmvmvg cvIqv hvq| cvwY`ni hKZKvl, vqyKvl, eKvl, Ai AveiYxKvl, Aw, Rivqy, g~_wj, gbvmvBU
I wjvmvBU jvBmvmvg ewk _vK| wewfb Kvl Gì msLv I AvqZb wewfb nq| bcvqxi jvwnZKwYKv Qvov
Avi me cKvi cvwYKvlB jvBmvmvg _vK| Ze hme Kvl cwicvK hi bvq KvR Ki, hgb- kZKwYKv, A_ev
iY Ki, hgb- hKZ, AMvkq, BZvw` Kvl cPzi msLK jvBmvmvg _vK|
gvqvwjb Z
`vbv
cwicvK GbRvBg
wP : 1.9 : jvBmvmvgi MVb

fZ MVb : jvBmvmvg cKZc z`vKvi Mvj _wj| Gi AvKvi cwieZbkxj| Kvbv Kvbv jvBmvmvgi
AfifvM Nb, KvbvwUi cvk`k Nb I ga`k AcvKZ Kg Nb| KLbI Avevi Gi Afi wKQy `vbv`vi c`v_
wKsev z` MniI `Lv hvq| Gì Mo evm 0.250.80 m|
ivmvqwbK ewk : jvBmvmvg wjcvcvwUb wbwgZ wSjxZ ewZ GKQ GbRvBg wekl| GZ iqQ AvwmW
dmdvUR bvgK wUky weMjbKvix GbRvBg| Abvb GbRvBgi ga iqQ AvivBb mvjdvUR, AvwmW jvBcR,
DNAase, RNAase, dmdvjvBcR, GviR, WUvbR, mvKviR I jvBmvRvBgmn cvq 50 aibi
GbRvBg| GKKwU jvBmvmvg GK aibi GbRvBg mg|
cKvif` : wewfb Kvl wewfb mgq wfb wfb cKvi jvBmvmvg `Lv hvq| MVb Abymvi Giv cavbZt Pvi cKvii
nq| h_v: cv_wgK jvBmvmvg (Primary Lysosome), MY jvBmvmvg (Secondary Lysosome), iwmWyqvj
ewW (Residual Bodies) Ges AUvdvwMK fvKzIj (Autophagic Vacuole)|
jvBmvmvgi KvR t dvMvmvBUvwmm (phagocytosis) ev AvKgYKvix RxevYy fY Kiv Gì KvR| weMjbKvix
GbRvBgmg~nK Ave Ki iL GwU Kvli Abvb z`vK iv Ki| jvBmvmvg meZ cwicvK KvR mvnvh Ki|
Zxe Lv`vfvei mgq Gi cvPxi dU hvq Ges AveKZ GbRvBg ei nq Kvli Abvb z`vjv web Ki `q|
G KvRK ej ^-Mvm ev AUvdMx| (autophagy) Gfve mg KvlwUI cwicvK nq hZ cvi| GK ejv nq
AUvjvBwmm (autolysis)|
wkv_xì `jxq KvR:

Mc-G Mc-we
jvBmvmvgi MVb Kgb? jvBmvmvgi KvRjv Kx Kx?
18
Kvl I Gi MVb
mwUIj (Centriole)
mwUIj (Centriole) : Dw`Kvl I cvwYKvl h AvYy ^cRbbg,wbDwKqvmi KvQ AewZ Ges GKwU MniK
wNi 9wU Q cvxq gvBKvwUDweDj wbwgZ, LvUv bj MwVZ ZvK mwUIj ej| wevbx Van Benden GwU
Avwevi Kib|
wewZ : kevj, QvK, evqvdvBU, UwiWvdvBU, wRgbvvg cfwZ Dw` Ges AwaKvsk cvYxZ mwUIj cvIqv
hvq| cvKvwiIwUK Kvl, WvqvUg, C I AvbwRIvg GwU AbycwZ| mvaviYZ wbDwKqvmi KvQvKvwQ GwU Aevb
Ki| msLvq GKRvov |
fZ MVb : mwUIj bjvKvi, cvq 0.25 m evm mb I 3.7 m j^v| Giv `LZ ejbvKvi, `ygyL Lvjv wccvi
gZv| cZK mwUIj cavbZ wZbwU Ask wbq MwVZ| h_v 1| cvPxi ev wmwjvi Iqvj 2| qx AYybvjxKv 3|
hvRK ev wjsKvi| mwUIj cvPxi 9wU qx AYybvjxKv viv MwVZ|
C B A DcbvwjKv mUvmvg
mwUIj
wP : 1.10 : mwUIji MVb

cwZwU AYybvjxKv mg`~iZ AewZ Ges cZK 3wU Ki DcbvjxKv wbq MwVZ| cii msjM 3wU DcbvjxKvK
h_vKg A, B, C bvg wPwZ Kiv nq| DcbvjxKvjv cvkeZx AYybvjxKvi m GKaibi Nb Zi mvnvh hy
_vK| mwUIji Pvicvk AewZ Mvp ZijK mUvwqvi ej| mUvwqvimn mwUIjK mUvmvg ej|
ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb : mwUIj cavbZ cvwUb, wjwcW I ATP wbq MwVZ |
KvR : Kvl wefvRbKvj gvKzZ MVb Ki Ges Kvgvmvgi cvxq Mgb mnvqZv Ki| dvRjv I wmwjqvhy
Kvl dvRjv I wmwjqvi mw Kiv|
wkv_xì `jxq KvR:
Mc-G Mc-we
mwUIj Kx? Gi MVb Kgb? mwUIji KvRjv Kx Kx?
wkv_xi evwoi KvR: jvBmvRvg I mwUIji wPwZ wP Ab Ki Avbv|
ks
GvcvRwgK RvwjKv (Endoplasmic reticulum)

oo
eb
ir.
nb
GvcvRwgK RvwjKv (Endoplasmic reticulum) : Kvli mvBUvcvRg weZZ I GKK wSjxwewk RvwjKvi
/ta
om
_wj, Mni I bvwjKv m`k AvYy hv GKvavi KvlwSjx I wbDwKq wSjxi ga mshvM mw Ki Ges mvBUvcvRgK
.c
ok
KZKjv AwbqZ cKv wef Ki Aevb Ki, ZvK GvcvRwgK RvwjKv ej| wevbx Porter (1945)
bo
ce
mec_g Kvl Gi DcwwZ j Kib|

.fa
w
w
w
19 : www.tanbircox.blogspot.com
Any kind of e-book & Software
Rxewevb : c_g c
wmviwb fwmKj wUDweDj

wP : GvcvRwgK RvwjKv wP : 1.11 : GvcvRwgK iwUKzjvg
Avwevi : 1945 wLv K, Avi. cvUvi (K.R. Portyer) I Zuvi mnKgxMY mec_g hKZ Kvl GvcvRwgK
iwUKzjvg Avwevi Kib|
weZwZ : cvKvwiIwUK Kvl, jvwnZ iKwYKv, ~Yxq Kvl I wW^vYy Ges Abvb mKj BDKvwiIwUK Kvl G
AvYy weZZ| h me Ai Kvl cvwUb mskl ewk nq m me Kvl (hgbAMvkq, hKZ, Ativ Mw)
Gjv ewk cvIqv hvq|
cKvif` : ivBevmvgi DcwwZi Dci wfw Ki GvcvRwgK iwUKzjvg `yiKg, h_v-(i) gmY I (ii) AgmY|
(K) gmY GvcvRwgK iwUKzjvg : ivBevmvgwenxb RvwjKvK gmY GvcvRwgK iwUKzjvg ej|
(L) AgmY GvcvRwgK iwUKzjvg : G me GvcvRwgK iwUKzjvgi Mvq AZ z` z` KYvi AvKvi ivBevmvg
web _vK| AgmY RvwjKvZ RNA Ges MvBAwmvg bvgK z`vKvi KYv _vKZ cvi| AgmY iwUKzjvgi
z` z` wewQb AskK gvBKvmvg (microsome) ej| MVbkjxi wfwZ GvcvRwgK iwUKzjvgK
wbewYZ wZbfvM fvM Kiv hvq| h_v:
(i) wmviwb : `ycvk Pvcv, j^v, kvLvwenxb I mvBUvcvRg mgvivjfve web GvcvRwgK iwUKzjvgjvK
wmviwb ejv nq| Gì evm mvaviYZ 40 _K 50 wgwjgvBKb| Gjvi Mvq AbK mgq ivBevmvg hy _vK|
(ii) fwmKj ev dvv : mvBUvcvRgi fZi wewfve Qovbv 25 _K 50 wgwjgvBKb evm wewk
MvjvKwZi ev wW^vKwZ RvwjKvjv fwmKzjvi ev dvvKvi GvcvRwgK iwUKzjvg bvg cwiwPZ|
(iii) wUDweDj ev bvwjKvKvi : kvLv-ckvLvhy I gvUvgywUfve 30 _K 100 wgwjgvBKb evm wewk RvwjKvjvK
wUDweDjvi ev bvwjKvKvi GvcvRwgK iwUKzjvg ejv nq| Gì Mvq mvaviYZ ivBevmvg hy _vK|
fZ MVb t A msvwbKfve GvcvRwgK RvwjKv wZb aibi Mob wbq MwVZ t (K) wmviwb, (L) fwmKj I
(M) wUDweDj|
ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb t GwU wjcvcvwUb wbwgZ wix wSjxhy| RvwjKvq wewfb aibi GbRvBg iqQ, hgb
GviR, NADH mvBUvKvg wiWvKUK, NADH WvqvdviR, wMmvivBW msklYKvix GbRvBg cfwZ|
GvcvRwgK RvwjKvi KvR t GwU cvUvcvRgi KvVvgv wnme KvR Ki| AgmY iwUKzjvg cvwUb mskwlZ nq|
gmY iwUKzjvg (weklZ cvYx Kvl) wjwcW, gZvi wewfb nigvb, MvBKvRb cfwZ mskwlZ nq| GwU wjwcW
I cvwUbi AtevnK wnme KvR Ki| AbKi gZ GZ KvlcvPxii Rb mjyjvR Zwi nq| ivBevmvg,
MvBAwmvgi aviK wnme KvR Ki| wjwcW Gi wecvK NUvq| _wji fZi mskwlZ cvwUbi cwKqvKiY mb
Ki| Kvl wefvRbi ci wbDwKqvi ggeb ZwiZ mnvqZv Ki|
wkv_xì `jxq KvR:
Mc-G Mc-we
GvcvRwgK RvwjKv Kx Kx wbq MwVZ? GvcvRwgK RvwjKvi KvRjv Kx Kx?
wkv_xi evwoi KvR: GvcvRwgK RvwjKvi wPwZ wP Ab Ki Avbv|
20
Kvl I Gi MVb
gvBUvKwqv (Mitochondria)
gvBUvKwqv (Mitochondria) : cKZ RxeKvli iZc~Y AvYy nj gvBUvKwqv| Kvli hveZxq RewbK
KvRi kw mieivn Ki ej gvBUvKwqvK Kvli cvIqvi nvDm ejv nq| G z`v Kem PK, dvwU AvwmW
PK, BjKUb UvcvU cwKqv cfwZ NU _vK| wi wewk AveiYx viv MwVZ mvBUvcvRg h AvYyZ Kem PK,
BjKUb UvcvU BZvw` NU _vK Ges kw Drcb nq mB AvYyK gvBUvKwqv ej|
Avwevi I bvgKiY : KwjKvi (Kolliker) 1850 mvj AvjvK AYyexYi mvnvh mvBUvcvRg bvbv AvKwZ wewk
Gme z`v Avwevi Kib Ges 1898 mvj ev (Benda) G y`vjvK gvBUvKwqv bvgKiY Kib| [MxK
mitos = thread; chondon = grain ; GKePb- gvBUvKwqb|]
Drcw : wefvRbi gvag Gì msLv ew nq _vK| Kvl GKwU gv gvBUvKwqb (eePb- gvBUvKwqv)
_vKj Zv Kvl wefvRb mv_B wefvwRZ nq _vK|
msLv : cKvif` cwZ Kvl GK nZ GKvwaK nZ cvi| mvaviY Mo cwZ Kvl 300 nZ 400wU gvBUvKwqv
_vK| [hKZ Kvl 1000 ev ZZvwaK _vK| Amoeba- Z AviI ewk _vK|]
AvKwZ : AvKwZZ Giv evKvi, `vKvi, ZKvi, ZviKvKvi I Kzjx AvKvi nZ cvi|
AvqZb : evKvi gvBUvKwqvi evm 0.2 2.0 gvBKb| `vKvi gvBUvKwqvi `N 70 gvBKb ch nZ cvi|
ks
oo
eb
ir.
nb
/ta
om
.c
ok
wP : 1.12 : gvBUvKwqvi MVb

bo
ce
.fa
wkv_xi KvR: gvBUvKwqv Kx? K Avwevi Kib?

w
w
w

21
Rxewevb : c_g c
MVb :
1| AveiYx : gvBUvKwqv GKwU wi AveiYx wewk wSjx viv cwiewZ _vK| Gì evBii ggeb I wfZii
ggeb ejv nq| ggebwU wjcvcvwUb evBjqvi cKwZi| evBii ggebwU mvRv wK fZii ggebwU
Kì w`K AbK fuvR wewk| fZii ggebi fuvRjvK wKw ejv nq |
2| cKv : `yB ggebi gvSLvbi duvKv vbK ewntcKv ev ewntK ejv nq hv GK aibi Zij c`v_ c~Y
_vK| `yB ggebi gvSLvbi eeavb 6-8 nm| AtwSjxZ ewZ fZii MniK ejv nq AtcKv|
Gi Afi gvwU _vK|
3| ATP synthases I ETS : wKwZ vb vb ATP synthases bvgK MvjvKvi e AvQ| GZ ATP
mskwlZ nq| mg wKwevcx AbK BjKUb UvcvU wmg ETS AewZ| AvM GìK AwRvg wnmve
AwfwnZ Kiv nZ|
4 | DNA t gvBUvKwqvq Gi wbR^ evKvi wm~ wewk DNA AvQ |
5| ivBevmvg t gvBUvKwqvi Afi ivBevmvg cvIqv hvq| GwU 70S | GwU wewfb GbRvBg mskl Ki| Abvb
Dcv`vb t gvBUvKwqvi Afi cvwUb, wjwcW, wewfb aibi GbRvBg, Kv GbRvBg, RNA BZvw` _vK|
gvBUvKwqvi ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb t gvBUvKwqvi IRbi cvq 65% cvwUb, 29% wMmvivBW mg~n 4%
Kvjij| wjwcWi ga 90% dmdvwjwcW, evwK 10% dvwU AvwmW, KvivwUbqW, wfUvwgb E Ges wKQy
ARe c`v_| gvBUvKwqvi wSjx wjcvcvwUb mg| gvBUvKwqvq cvq 100 cKvii GbRvBg I Kv GbRvBg
AvQ| mcwZ gvBUvKwqvq wKQy DNA, RNA I ivBevmvg cvIqv MQ | gvBUvKwqvq gvwU ek wKQy
BjKUvjvBU Gi mvb cvIqv MQ| hgb- K+, HPO, Mg ++, Cl- , SO
gvBUvKwqvi KvR : Kvli hveZxq KvRi Rb kw Drcv`b I wbqb Kiv| kmbi Rb wewfb GbRvBg I Kv-
GbRvBg gvBUvKwqv _K cvIqv hvq| kmbi wewfb chvq hgb-Kem PK, BjKUb UvcvU wmg, AwWwUf
dmdvivBjkb BZvw` gvBUvKwqvi Afi mb nq| gvBUvKwqv kwi wbqwZ wbMgb wbwZ Ki| wKQy
cwigvY DNA I RNA ZixZ AskMnb Ki| gvBUvKwqv n wecvK mnvqZv Ki| ADP K ATP Z
cwiYZ Kivi gvag DP kw ebx mw Ki wbRi `n mq Ki ivL| Gfve Kvli hveZxq RewbK KvRi
kw mieivn Ki ej gvBUvKwqvK Kvli kwi Ni ejv nq |
wkv_xì `jxq KvR:
Mc-G Mc-we
gvBUvKwqvi MVb Kgb? gvBUvKwqvi KvRjv Kx Kx?
wkv_xi evwoi KvR: gvBUvKwqvi wPwZ wP Ab Ki Avbe|
Kvivcv (Chloroplast)
meyR eYi cvwWK ejv nq Kvivcv| Kvivwdja, Kvivwdjb, KvivwUb I Rvvwdji mg^q
Kvivcv MwVZ| GB AvYywU aygv Dw`Kvl eZgvb| cvYx Kvl _vK bv|
cwZ Kvl msLv t GK nZ GKvwaK| DP kYxi Dw`Kvl mvaviYZ 10 nZ 40wU Kvgvcv _vK| wK
wbkYxi Dw`Kvl mvaviYZ AviI Kg _vK|
22
Kvl I Gi MVb
AvKwZ t DP kYxi Dw`Kvl Kvivcvi AvKwZ
mvaviYZ ji gZ nq _vK| wb kYxi Dw`Kvl
Gì AvKwZ AbK iKg nZ cvi, hgb mwcjvKvi
(Spirogyra), RvwjKvKvi (Oedogonium),
ZviKvKvi (Zygnema), AvswU AvKwZi
(Ulothrix), MvjvKvi (Pithophora), cqvjvKwZ
(Chlamydomonas), BZvw`|
wP: Kvivcv
AvKvi t j AvKwZi Kvivcvi evm mvaviYZ 3.5 gvBKb| Spirogyra Gi mwcjvKvi Kvivcv mvRv
Aevq Kvli `Ni PqI ewk j^v|
Drcw t wb kYxi Dw` cyivZb Kvivcvi wefvRbi gvag bZzb Kvivcvi Drcw nq| DP kYxi Dw` Avw`
cvwW nZ Gì Drcw nq| Avw` cvwW 0.5 gvBKb evmwewk GKwU MvjvKvi e|
cwZwU Avw` cvwW Nb vgv (av c`v_) GKwU wiwewk AveiYx viv AveZ _vK| m~hvjvKi DcwwZZ
Kvivwdj mwi mv_ mv_ Avw` cvwW c~Yv Kvivcv cwiYZ nZ _vK| Avw` cvwWi w-i wewk AveiYxi
fZii i nZ dvv (vesicles) ei nq Avm Ges av c`v_ mgvivjfve mwZ nq| G dvvjv wgwjZ
nq GKwU jvgjx Zwi Ki| wKQy wKQy vb jvgjx Mvbvg Zwi Ki| wKQy wKQy jvgjx wewfb Mvbvi ga mshvM
iv Ki| Gfve Avw` cvwW nZ m~hvjvKi DcwwZZ bZzb Kvivcvi mw nq|
wkv_xi KvR: Kvivcv Kx?
Kvivcvi MVb t Kvivcvi MVb ek RwUj| BjKUb AYyexY hi mnvqZvq cheY Kij Kvivcv
my 6 wU Ask `Lv hvq | h_v- (i) AveiYx ev c`v, (ii) vgv, (iii) _vBjvKqW I Mvbvg, (iv) vgv jvgjx,
(v) dUvwmb_wUK BDwbU I ATP synthases, (vi) DNA I (vii) ivBevmvg|
wP: 1.13 : Kvivcvi MVb

ks
oo
(i) AveiYx ev c`v t cwZwU Kvivcv wjcvcvwUb w`q MwVZ GKwU wi wewk c`v w`q AveZ | GwU cvq 5 nm
eb
ir.
cyi| MVbi w`K w`q GwU cvRgvggebi Abyic| c`vwU Kvivcvi fZi I evBi wewfb ei hvZvqvZ
nb
/ta
wbqb Ki|
om
.c
(ii) vgv t c`v ewZ Kvivcvi wfZi AewZ ^Q, `vbv`vi, AmeyR mgmZ Rjxq c`v_i bvg vgv| Gi ga
ok
bo
iqQ wjwcW, kKiv `vbv, wewfb GbRvBg 70s ivBevmvg, wewfb cvwUb, wfUvwgb, mvBUvKvg iK, LwbR Avqb
ce
.fa
Ges DNA I RNA| GLvb mvjvKmsklYi Kjwfb PK mb& nq|

w
w
w

23
Rxewevb : c_g c
(iii) _vBjvKqW I Mvbvg : vgvZ AmsL _vBjvKqW bvgK _j AvKwZi e _vK| KZKjv _vBjvKqW
GKmv_ GKwUi Dci GKwU Z~ci gZ _vK| _vBjvKqWi GB Z~cK Mvbvg ejv nq| Mvbvgi AvKwZ
0.3-1.7 m| _vBjvKqW KqKwU i wef| Gi c`k cvwUb ii wbP AvQ GKwU dmdvwjwcW i|
Gi wbP AvQ mwbwe GKKwU MvjvKvi e| GK KvqvUvRvg ej| KvqvUvRvg nQ mvjvKmsklYi
GKK Ges Gi AvKvi nj GwU 18.5 nm j^v, 15.5 nm PIov| KvqvUvRvg Gi DPZv 10 nm| cZK
KvqvUvRvg G _vK Kvivwdj -G, Kvivwdj -we, KvivwUb, Rvvwdj, dmdvwjwcW,KzBbvb,
mvjdvwjwcW I wewfb aibi GbRvBg|
(iv) vgv jvgjx : `ywU cvkvcvwk Mvbvi wKQy msLK _vBjvKqWm m~ bvwjKv viv mshy _vK| GB mshyKvix
bvwjKvK vgv jvgjx ej| Gì Afi I Kvivwdj we`gvb _vK|
(v) dUvwmb_wUK BDwbU I ATP -synthases : _vBjvKqW ggeb e MvjvKvi e ATP-synthases enb
Ki | Gi ga mKj GbRvBg _vK| ggebMyjvZ AmsL dUvwmb_wUK BDwbU _vK| cwZ BDwbU _vK
Kvivwdj- a, Kvivwdj - b, KvivwUb I Rvvwdj bvgK wcMgU|
(vi) DNA : Kvivcv Zvi wbR^ DNA AvQ| GLvb cvq 200wU DNA AYy _vKZ cvi| Gì mvnvh
Kvivcv wbRi Abyi~c mw I wKQy cqvRbxq cvwUb Zix Ki|
(vii) ivBevmvg : Kvivcv ivBevmvgI _vK| Giv Kvivcv cqvRbxq cvwUb mskl Ki _vK|
Kvivcvi ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb t KvevnvBWU, wjwcW, cvwUb, Kvivwdj, KvivwUbqW (KvivwUb, Rvvwdj),
DNA, RNA, ivBevmvg, wKQy GbRvBg, Kv -GbRvBg, Ges LwbR AYy wbq Kvivcv MwVZ vP nj mvaviY
KvevnvBWU, Kvivcvi IRbi 20-10% wjwcW| Kvwjb, BbvwmUj, wMmvij, B_vbj AvgvBb nj wjwcW
AvjKvnj| cvwUbi ga 80% nj AèYxq hv wjwcWi m GK wSjx wbgvY Ki Ges evwK 20% èYxq Ges
GbRvBgic Aevb Ki| Kvivcv _vK Kvivwdj bvgK meyR iK c`v_| Gi 75% Kvivwdj-a 25%
Kvivwdj -b| GQvov AvQ mvgvb cwigvY KvivwUb I Rvvwdj|
Kvivcvi KvR t mikwK ivmvqwbK kwZ (ATP, NADP) cwiYZ Ki I mvjvKmsklY cwKqvq CO2 I
H2O mvnvh kKiv Zix Ki| m~hvjvKi mvnvh dmdvivBjkvb cwKqv mv`b Ki| dj ADP + Pi _K
ATP Zix Ki| GbRvBg Gi mnvqZvq Avwgl I nRvZxq Lv` Zix Kiv Kvivcvi KvR mvBUvcvRgxq
eskMwZavivq GwU eskMZ wRb DNA AYyZ enb Ki| Kvivcv mvjvKmsklYi Kvjwfb PKi cqvRbxq
GbRvBg msklY Ki| eskvbymvi wbR^ ewki ^KxqZv aviY Ki ivL| Kvivcv dUviwikb NU|
Kvivcv cqvRb cvwUb, wbDwKK AvwmW Zix Ki| Kvivcv Gi wbR^ DNA AvQ| Gì mvnvh
Kvivcv wbRi Abyi~c mw I wKQy cqvRbxq cvwUb Zix KiZ cvi|
wkv_xì `jxq KvR:

Mc-G Mc-we
Kvivcvi MVb Kgb? Kvivcvi KvRjv wjL|
wkv_xi evwoi KvR: Kvivcvi wPwZ wP Ab Ki GKwU cvvi Zwi Ki Avbe|
24
wbDwKqvm
wbDwKqvm : cKZ Kvli mvBUvcvRg AewZ mePq Mvp, A^Q
wSjxewZ MvjvKvi A_ev DcevKvi mRxe AskwU hvi Afi
KvgvwUb AvKvi DNA enb Ki ZvK wbDwKqvm ej|
wbDwKqvm Kvli Acwinvh Ask|
Avwevi : BsiR wevbx ievU evDb (Robert Brown) 1831 mvj
ivvi (Vanda-GK cKvi AwKW) cvZvi Kvl cixv Kivi mgq
wbDwKqvm Avwevi Kib|
msLv I weZwZ : cwZ Kvl mvaviYZ GKwU wbDwKqvm _vK| Avw` wP : 1.14 : wbDwKqvmi MVb
Kvl Kvb wbDwKqvm _vK bv| wKQy msLK cKZ Kvl hgb-wmf
Kvl, gvbyli jvwnZ i KwYKv cfwZZ cwiYZ Aevq wbDwKqvm _vK bv|
AvKwZ : wbDwKqvm mvaviYZ evKvi nq| Kvb Kvb DcevKvi, wdDwRdig (g~jvKvi), cvPvbv _vjvi gZv
Ges kvLvw^ZI nZ cvi|
Aevb : wbDwKqvm mvaviYZ Kvli gvSLvb AewZ _vK; Kvl Mni eo nj wbDwKqvmwU wKbvivi w`K Aevb Ki|
AvKvi I AvqZb : AvKvi I AvqZb GwU QvU eo nZ cvi| MvjvKvi wbDwKqvmi evm mvaviYZ GK gvBKb|
mPivPi GwU Kvli 1015% vb `Lj Ki _vKZ cvi| vg ev KvYyi cvq 90% wbDwKqvm|
wkv_xi KvR: wbDwKqvm Kx?
ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb : ivmvqwbKfve GwU g~jZ wbDwKK AvwmW I cvwUb w`q MwVZ| GZ _vK mvaviY cvwUb,
DNA Ges mvgvb RNA, wKQy cwigvY Kv-GbRvBg I Abvb Dcv`vb|
fZ MVb : wbwjwLZ PviwU Ask wbq GKwU wbDwKqvm MwVZ nq (i) wbDwKqvi ggeb, (ii) wbDwKIcvRg,
(iii) wbDwKqvjvm Ges (iv) wbDwKqvi iwUKzjvg ev KvgvwUb RvwjKv|
(i) wbDwKqvi ggeb : h mRxe I wiwewk c`v w`q cwZwU wbDwKqvm AveZ _vK ZvK wbDwKqvi ggeb ev
wbDKxq wSjx ej| ewntiwU cvq 180 nm PIov I AmsL ihy| cwZ Nb m Ask 4080wU i _vK|
ii evm cvq 68nm| ewntii c`k cPzi ivBevmvg jM _vK ej ek AgmY| gvS-ga ewnti
GvcvRwgK RvwjKvi m hy _vK| Ati gmY I iwenxb| `yB ii gaeZx AskwU duvKv hv cvq 10nm
PIov| wSjx wjcv-cvwUb MwVZ| wbDwKqvi ggeb Gi AtiwU wQ`wenxb wK ewntiwU AmsL wQ`hy|
ks
Gme wQì bvg wbDwKqvi i| cwZwU ii Afi AvUwU evKvi QvU QvU KYv AewZ| Gme KYvi
oo
eb
DcwwZi KviY ijv msKzwPZ I cmvwiZ nZ cvi| wbDwKqvi ggebi fZii iwU nZ AbK mgq
ir.
nb
wcbvmvBwUK dvvi gZ dvv wQ`c_ mvBUvcvRg ei nq Avm|

/ta
om
KvR : wbDwKqvmK iYveY Ki| wbDwKIcvRg, wbDwKIjvm I KvgvmvgK mvBUvcvRg _K c_K Ki

.c
ok
bo
ivL| mvBUvcvRg Gi mv_ wbDwKqvmi wewfb ei hvMvhvM iv Ki| GvcvRwgK iwUKzjvgi mv_
ce
.fa
wbDwKqvmK mshy ivL| wbDwKqvi ii gvag wewfb ei AvMgb I wbMgb wbqwZ nq|
w
w
w

25
Rxewevb : c_g c
(ii) wbDwKIcvRg (Nucleoplasm) t wbDwKqvmi Afi I wbDwKqvi ggeb w`q AveZ ^Q, `vbv`vi I
Rjxi gZ AaZij c`v_wUi bvg wbDwKIcvRg ev KvwiIwj| wbDwKIcvRg g~jZ cvwUb w`q Zwi| GQvovI
GZ RNA wewfb GbRvBg I LwbR jeY _vK|
KvR t wbDwKIjvm I Kvgvmvgi gvZKv ev aviK wnme KvR Ki| wbDwKqvmi RewbK Kvhvejx wbqY Ki|
wewKqvi I eskMwZ Dcv`vbi KgKvi cavb gvag wnmve KvR Ki|
(iii) wbDwKIjvm (Nucleolus) t wbDwKqvmi Afi AewZ z`, MvjvKvi, Dj I AcvKZ Nb ewU
wbDwKIjvm bvg cwiwPZ| wevbx dUvbv (Fontana) 1781 mvj mec_g GwU `LZ cvb| cvwYwe` evDgvb
(Bowman) 1840 wLv wbDwKIjvm bvgKiY Kib|
msLv t cZK cKZ Kvl mvaviYZ GKwU wbDwKIjvm _vKv Acwinvh| wK wekl I cRvwZf` wbDwKIjvm
Gi msLv `yB ev ZZvwaK nZ cvi|
Aevb t mvaviYZ GKwU wbw` Kvgvmvgi wbw` vb wbDwKIjvm mshy _vK| wbw` Kvgvmvgi H wbw`
vbwUi bvg SAT ev mvUjvBU| wbDwKIjvm enbKvix KvgvmvgwUK SAT Kvgvmvg ejv nq|
Drcw t SAT Kvgvmvgi mvUjvBU AewZ wRb wbDwKqvjvm Drcv`b cZ f~wgKv cvjb Ki ej h_
cgvY cvIqv wMqQ|
fZ MVb t Gi Kvb wSjx AvweZ nqwb| wbDwKIjvmK mvaviYZ(i) Zgq (ii) `vbv`vi I (iii) gvwU GB wZb
Ask fvM Kiv hvq|
ivmvqwbK MVb t wbDwKIjvmi cavb ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb cvwUb, RNA Ges A cwigvY DNA|
KvR t (i) wbDwKIjvm wbDwKK AvwmW Gi fvvi wnmve KvR Ki| (ii) wbDwKIjvm ivBevmvg cZ Ki| (iii)
cvwUb msklY I msiY Ki| (iv) wewfb cKvi RNA msklY Ki|
(iv) wbDwKqvi iwUKzjvg ev KvgvwUb RvwjKv (Nuclear reticulum or Chromatin reticulum)t Kvli wekvg
Aevq (A-wefvRb Aevq) wbDwKqvmi fZi RvwjKvi AvKvi wKQy Z `Lv hvq| ZNwUZ GB RvwjKvK
wbDwKqvi iwUKzjvg ej| GB RvwjKvK KvgvwUb RvwjKvI ejv nq| wbDwKqvmi wefvRbiZ Aevq ev chvq
gaK Aevq h Ask ev e dzjwRb (Feulgen) is bq mB Ask ev mB eK ejv nq KvgvwUb| KvRB
Kvgvmvgvj eB KvgvwUb| Kvl wefvRb Aevq KvgvwUb Z KgvMZ KzwjZ nq AcvKZ LvUv I gvUv
nq c_K c_Kfve mywbw` msLv I AvKwZZ `kgvb nq ZLb GìK Kvgvmvg ejv nq| cZK
wbDwKqvmB mvaviYZ cRvwZi ewk Abymvi wbw` msLK Kvgvmvg _vK| cwZwU Kvgvmvg GK ev
GKvwaK mUvwgqvi, GKwU Kvgvbgv (ev GKvwaK KvgvbgvUv) Ges Kvb Kvb Kvgvmvg mUjvBU _vK|
Kvgvmvg KZKjv wRb _vK Ges wRbjvB cRvwZi PvwiwK ewk cKvki Rb `vqx|
Kvgvmvgi ivmvqwbK MVb t ivmvqwbKfve cwZwU Kvgvmvg DNA, RNA wnvb I bb-wnvb cvwUb w`q
MwVZ ; G Qvov wKQy Kvjwmqvg Ges gvMbwmqvgI AvQ| KZKjv wbDwKIUvBWi mg^q GKwU DNA AYy MwVZ|
KvR : eskMwZ ewki aviK I evnK wnmve KvR Ki| wgDUkb, cKiY mw BZvw` KvR gyL f~wgKv cvjb Ki|
cRvwZi weeZb gyL f~wgKv cvjb Ki|
26
wbDwKqvmi KvR t wbDwKqvm Kvli meaibi KvR wbqY Ki| GZ Kvgvmvg I DNA _vK hvi viv esk
ciivq Rxei ewk iv cvq| wbDwKqvi ggeb mvBUvcvRg Gi mv_ wbDwKqvmi wewfb ei hvMvhvM iv
Ki| wbDwKqvi ii gvag wewfb ei AvMgb I wbMgb wbqwZ nq| wbDwKIjvm wbDwKK AvwmW Gi fvvi
wnmve KvR Ki| wbDwKIjvm ivBevmvg cZ Ki| wbDwKIjvm cvwUb msklY I msiY Ki| wbDwKIjvm
wewfb cKvi RNA msklY Ki| wewKqvi I eskMwZ Dcv`vbi KgKvi cavb gvag wnmve wbDwKIcvRg KvR
Ki| Kvgvmvg eskMwZ ewki aviK I evnK wnmve KvR Ki| Kvgvmvg wgDUkb, cKiY mw BZvw` KvR
gyL f~wgKv cvjb Ki| Kvgvmvg cRvwZi weeZb gyL f~wgKv cvjb Ki|
wkv_xì `jxq KvR:
Mc-G Mc-we
wbDwKqvmi MVb Kgb? wbDwKqvmi KvRjv Kx Kx?
wkv_xi evwoi KvR: wbDwKqvmi wPwZ wP Ab Ki Avbe|
Kvgvmvg (Chromosome)
Kvgvmvg (Chromosome) : Kvl wbDwKqvmi ga AewZ, wbDwKK AvwmW I cvwUb mg^q MwVZ, Abywjcb
gZv mb hme m~vKwZi eskMZxi Dcv`vb cRvwZi cwiew, cKiY I weeZb gyL f~wgKv cvjb Ki Zvì
Kvgvmvg ej| Kvl wefvRbKvj wbDwKqvi RvwjKv _K Kvgvmvg mw nq| Kvgvmvg wbDwKqvmi AbZg
e| cZK wbDwKqvm cRvwZi ewk Abymvi mvaviYZ GKwU wbw` msLK Kvgvmvg _vK| Avw` Kvl Kvb
myMwVZ wbDwKqvm bv _vKvZ ZvZ Kvb myMwVZ Kvgvmvg _vK bv| Ze Kvgvmvgi cavb Dcv`vb DNA (wKQz
fvBivm RNA) we`gvb _vK| GìK Avw`Kvgvmvg (prochromosome) ejv nq| AvjvK AYyexY hi
wbP wefvRbiZ Kvl Kvgvmvg `Lv hvq| G Rb mvaviYZ wekl iK è eenvi Kiv nq|
Avwevi t wMK chroma A_ colour Ges soma A_ body ev `n| KvRB Kvgvmvg A_ nj iwZ `n ev
is aviYKvix `n| KviY Giv KZKjv ewmK is aviY KiZ cvi|
1875 wLv Strasburger wbDwKqvm Kvgvmvg Avwevi Kib| 1882 wLv Walter Flemming
Kvgvmvg (splitting) eYbv Kib Ges is aviYhvM G eK bvg `b Kvgvmvg| 1888 wLv W.
Waldeyer mec_g Kvgvmvg bvgwU eenvi Kib|
msLv t cRvwZi ewkf` Gi 2n msLv 2 1600 ch nZ
cvi| cyK Dw` mevwaK msLK Kvgvmvg _vK| Poa
littarosa 2n = 506 530 mevwaK msLK, Ges Haplopappus
ks
gracilis (2n = 4)-G mewb Kvgvmvg cvIqv MQ|

oo
eb
dvY Dw` Ophioglossum reticulatum ( n = 750wU) bvgK

ir.
nb
/ta
dvY Dw` mevP msLvq cvIqv MQ| cvYxZ mewb 2n = 2

om
(MvjKwg = Ascaris megalocephala sub sp. univalens)

.c
ok
bo
Ges mevwaK 2n = 1600 (Olacantha sp.G)| DPZi Rxe

ce
.fa
mvaviYZ cwZ `nKvl Kvgvmvg msLv 2 nZ 50-Gi ga nq|

w
wP : 1.15 : Kvgvmvg
w
w

27
Rxewevb : c_g c
AvKvi t GKwU Kvgvmvg mvaviYZ 3.5 30 `N I 0.2 2 c nq _vK| Gi Pq Kg ev ewkI nZ
cvi A_vr 0.2 _K 50 ch nZ cvi| Kvb wbw` cRvwZi gvBUvwUK gUvdR ev AvbvdR-Gi wbw`
Kvb chvq Kvgvmvg AvKvi me`vB GKiKg _vK| ZvB G chvqB mvaviYZ Kvgvmvgi AvKvi-AvKwZ wbYq
Kiv nq| Dw` Kvli Kvgvmvg cvYxKvli Kvgvmvgi Zzjbvq AvqZb eo nZ cvi|
AvKwZ I MVb t Kvl wefvRbi gUvdR `kvq KvgvmvgMyjv ~j, cuvPvbv I `vKvi KvgvwUW m~ cwiYZ nq|
ZLb Kvgvmvgi wewfb Ask my nq| ewkf` Kvgvmvg `ycKvi| h_v: (1) AUvRvg I (2) m
Kvgvmvg| h Kvgvmvg Rxei wj wbaviY Ki mjv m Kvgvmvg Ges cyil I x x-Kvgvmvg eZxZ
Ab hme GKB aibi Kvgvmvg _vK mjvi bvg AUvRvg|
GKwU Av`k Kvgvmvg wbv Askjv `Lv hvq t
1| Kvgvbgv ev KvgvbgvUv t cwZwU Kvgvmvg j^vjw^fve GKwU ev `ywU (KLbI AwaK) AYym~ viv MwVZ| GB
m~K GKePb Kvgvbgv (eePb KvgvbgvUv) ejv nq| AbK wevbxi gZ, cwZ Kvgvmvg b~bZg `ywU
Ges EaZg PviwU KvgvbgvUv _vK| gUvdR chvq cwZwU Kvgvmvg j^vjw^fve wef nq h `ywU Ask
wef nq Zvi cwZwUK KvgvwUW (chromatid) ejv nq|
2| mUvwgqvi t PviwU Mvj KvgvwUb `vbv wbq mUvwgqvi MwVZ nq| gvBUvwUK gUvdR I gvqvwUK gUvdR2
G cwZwU iwZ Kvgvmvg GKwU AiwZ vb `Lv hvq| GK mUvwgqvi ej| mUvwgqvii Aevbi
wfwZ KvgvmvgK PvifvM fvM Kiv nq| hgbgUvmwUK, mvegUvmwUK, GKvmwUK I UjvmwUK|
3| ev (Arm) t mUvwgqvii cvk Kvgvmvgi AskKB ev ejv nq|
4| Kvgvwgqvi (Chromomere) t wUKvKvi KvgvwUb e hv Kvgvmvg GKmvwiZ cici mvRvbv _vK, ZvK
Kvgvwgqvi ej| AwewQb DNA m~i vbxq cuvPi dj gUi`vbvi gZ Gme wUi mw nq| gvqvwmmi
jcUvwUb I RvBMvwUb `kvq Kvgvmvg hLb AcvKZ Kg cuvPhy _vK ZLb Gjv `Lv hvq| Kvb
wbw` Kvgvmvg Gì msLv, Aevb I AvKwZ wbw`|
vgvwUW
mUvwgqvi
mvUjvBU
mKvix Kzb
wP : BDKvgvwUb I nUvivKvgvwUb
5| mKvwi Kzb (Secondary constriction) t Kvgvmvg mUvwgqvi eZxZ Ab Kzb _vKj GK

mKvwi Kzb ejv nq| SAT bvgK mKvwi Kzb wbDwKqvjvm MVb mvnvh Ki _vK| meZ GB msKzwPZ
AjI DNA AYy A KzwjZ _vK|
28
6| mvUjvBU (Satellite) t mKvwi Kzb Aj Kvgvmvgi GKcvk _vKj ZrmsjM z` evK mvUjvBU
ej| GB Ask g~j Kvgvmvg Aski mv_ GKwU KvgvwUb m~ w`q hy _vK| mvUjvBUhy KvgvmvgK
mvU Kvgvmvg (Sat Chromosome) ej|
7| Ujvwgqvi (Telomere) t cLvZ wevbx GBP.R.gyjvi (H.J. Muller) Kvgvmvgi cv`k Ujvwgqvi
bvgK GKwU we`yi Aevb Kbv Kib| wZwb aviYv Kib Ujvwgqvii Aevbi KviYB Kvb Kvgvmvgi
`ywU cv ciii mv_ mshy nZ cvi bv|
8| BDKvgvwUb I nUvivKvgvwUb t iwZ Kivi ci Kvgvmvgi h Aj nvv is aviY Ki ZvK BDKvgvwUb
Aj ej| G AjB eskMwZi evnK wRbmg~n Aevb Ki| iwZ Kivi ci Kvgvmvgi h Ask Mvp is
aviY Ki ZvK nUvivKvgvwUb Aj ej|
mUvwgqvi Gi Dci wfw Ki Kvgvmvgi kYxwefvMt mUvwgqvi (Centromere) t cZK Kvgvmvgi
MvjvKvi eYnxb I msKzwPZ GKwU wekl vbi bvg mUvwgqvi| Kvgvmvgi GB Ask spindle Z hy _vKvq
Kvl wefvRbi mgq Kvgvmvgi mywbw` Pjb cwijwZ nq| mUvwgqvi Gi Dfq w`K weZZ AskK
Kvgvmvgi ev ejv nq| mUvwgqvi Gi Aevb Abyhvqx AvKwZMZfve Kvgvmvg Pvi cKvii nq| hgb
(i) gUvmwUK (Metacentric) : Kvgvmvgi mUvwgqvi gavb Aevb Ki dj Kvgvmvgi 2wU ev cvq
mgvb nq| G KvgvmvgK `LZ AbKUv V Aii gZv `Lvq|
mUvwgqvi
QvU ev
eo ev ev
gUvmwUK mvegUvmwUK AvKvmwUK UjvmwUK

wP : 1.16 : Pvi aibi KvgvRvg
(ii) mvegUvmwUK (Sub-Metacentric) : Kvgvmvgi mUvwgqvi gavb _K GKUz cvk Aevb Kivq
Kvgvmvgi ev 2wU Amgvb nq| GB cKvi Kvgvmvg `LZ AbKUv BsiwR L Aii gZ|
(iii) AvKvmwUK (Acrocentric) : hLb Kvgvmvgi Kvb GKwU cvi wbKU mUvwgqvi Aevb Ki Ges
Kvgvmvgi h `ywU ev Drcb nq Zvi GKwU QvU Ges AciwU AcvKZ eo nq GB RvZxq KvgvmvgK
ks
AvKvmwUK Kvgvmvg ej| BsiwR J Aii gZv nq|

oo
eb
(iv) UjvmwUK (Telocentric) : GB RvZxq Kvgvmvgi GK cv mUvwgqvi _vK| dj Kvgvmvgi GKwU

ir.
nb
ev QvU we`yi bvq nq Ges AciwU Lye eo I j^v nq| Kvgvmvgi `vKwZi Ges BsiRx I Aii gZv
/ta
om
mPivPi `Lv hvq bv| mvaviYZ Kvgvmvg 1wU Ki mUvwgqvi DcwZ _vK| GB aibi KvgvmvgK
.c
ok
BDmwUK (Eucentric) Kvgvmvg ej| GwU Kvgvmvgi mvaviY ewk| Avevi Kvb Kvb Kvgvmvg
bo
ce
mUvwgqvi AbycwZ _vKZ cvi| mUvwgqviwenxb KvgvmvgK AvmwUK (Acentric) ev

.fa
w
w
mUvwgqviwenxb Kvgvmvg ej|

w

29
Rxewevb : c_g c
nvgvjvMvm Kvgvmvgqi ga cvivmwUK Bbfvmb Gi dj GB aibi (Acentric) Kvgvmvgi De
nq| mUvwgqvi Gi msLv Abyhvqx KvgvmvgK (i) GK mUvwgqvi (monocentric) (ii) w mUvwgqvi
(dicentric) (iii) e mUvwgqvi (polycentric) Kvgvmvg ej| nvgvjvMvm Kvgvmvgi wmvi ev
bb-wmvi KvgvwUWqi ga Kwms Ifvii dj GB aibi Kvgvmvg `Lv hvq| cwjmwUK Kvgvmvg `yB
Gi AwaK mUvwgqvi _vK| D`vniY Lurulla purpurea, wKQy kevj, gm I QvK `Lv hvq| GQvov Kvb
Kvb Kvgvmvgi me cPzi cwigvY mUvwgqvi _vKZ `Lv hvq| GB aibi KvgvmvgK
Diffusecentric Chromosome ej| GB Kvgvmvg GZewk mUvwgqvi _vK h, Zv wbYq Kiv hvq bv|
Heteroptera order Gi wKQy cZ GBic Kvgvmvg j Kiv hvq|
Kvgvmvgi ivmvqwbK MVb : Kvgvmvgi ivmvqwbK MVb ek RwUj| Gi cavb Dcv`vb- wbDwKK AvwmW-DNA
I RNA| cvwUb : wnvb cvwUb, bb-wnvb cvwUb| Abvb Dcv`vb hgb - wjwcW, Kvjwmqvg, AvqiY,
gvMbwmqvg Avqb, GbRvBg I Abvb ivmvqwbK c`v_|
1. cvwUb t Kvgvmvgi cvwUb wbDwKK GwmWi mv_ hy _K wbDwKI cvwUb MVb Ki| cvwUb AvgvBbv
AvwmWi cwjgvi hv Rxe`ni cavb MVb Dcv`vb| GwU `yB aibi nq| h_v- (i) viKxq cvwUb ev ewmK cvwUb
(ii) Axq cvwUb ev bb ewmK cvwUb| viKxq cvwUb GKvwaK viKxq AvgvBbv AvwmWi mg^q h cvwUb
MwVZ nq GK wnvb cvwUb ej| hgbArginin Lysine, Histidine| Axq cvwUbcywi Rb GB aibi
cvwUb GKv AvekK| hgb UvBivwmb, wUcUvdvb| mvaviY Aevq Kvgvmvgi 90% nj DNA I viKxq
cvwUb Ges 10% RNA I Axq cvwUb| DNA I viKxq cvwUbi ga 50% DNA I 50% wnvb RvZxq
viKxq cvwUb| Kvgvmvg MVbKvix cvwUbi ga 60% wnvb hv DNA Gi mv_ hy nq KvgvwUb mw Ki
Avi evwK cvwUbMyjv njv bb-wnvb cvwUb hv 40% _K Kvgvmvgi KvVvgv Zwi Ki| wnvb cvwUb I
bb-wnvb cvwUbi AbycvZ gvUvgywUfve 1 t 1| AbK DNA wnvbi cwieZ DNA- cvUvwgb weivR
Ki| cKZ Kvli Kvgvmvg wW-AwivBevwbDwKK AvwmW (Deoxy- ribonucleic acid = DNA) nj vqx
Dcv`vb| wKQy fvBivm Kvgvmvgi vqx Dcv`vb wnme RNA `Lv hvq| cKZ Kvgvmvg RNA vqx Dcv`vb
bq| wnvb Ges cvUvwgb I mgq mgq cybtvcb (replacement) nq|
2. wbDwKK GwmW : Kvgvmvgi `yB aibi wbDwKK GwmW _vK| h_v (i) DNA (ii) RNA
(i) DNA: DNA GKeviB vqx c`v_| GKwU Kvgvmvgi DNA AYywU `xN Ges AL| cwZwU DNA AYy
euvKvbv wmuwoi bvq w-m~K| GZ _vK cuvP Kvebwewk wWAwivBevR kKiv, ARe dmdU, AvwWwbb,
_vBwgb, qvwbb I mvBUvwmb| AvwWwbb I qvwbbK wcDwib em (Giv `yB PK wewk) ej Ges _vBwgb I
mvBUvwmbK cvBwiwgwWb em (Giv GK PK wewk) ej|
(ii) RNA : cwZwU RNA AYy mvaviYZ GKm~ wewk| GwU cuvP Kvebwewk ivBevR kKiv, ARe dmdU,
bvBUvRbhy vi hgb AvwWwbb, qvwbb, BDivwmj I mvBUvwmb viv MwVZ|
Dciv c`v_jv QvovI Kvgvmvg wjwcW, wewea GbRvBg, Kvjwmqvg I gvMbwmqvg Avqb I Abvb ivmvqwbK
c`v_ AZ A cwigvY weivR Ki| Kvli mvaviY Aevq ev Kvl wefvRb kl BUvidR chvq KvgvmvgK
Avi `Lv hvq bv| ZLb Zv KvgvwUb RvwjKvq cwiewZZ nq| AZGe `Lv hvQ, KvgvwUb RvwjKv I Kvgvmvg `ywU
wfb bvg njI GKB Dcv`vbi `ywU chvqi MvVwbK Aevgv|
30
wP : 1.17 : wnvb cvwUb Gi MVb
Kvgvmvg wbDwKIcvwUb mg^q MwVZ| wbDwKK AvwmWi ga iqQ DNA I RNA Ges cvwUbi ga
wnvb I bbwnvb, wKQy Axq cvwUb, DNA mgwjcb cvwUb, gw_jkb, AvwmwUjkb I dmdivBjkb cvwUb
Dcv`vb|
Kvgvmvg cvq 35% DNA, 35% wnvb, 20% bbwnvb Ges 10% RNA iqQ| wnvb GK aibi vixq
cvwUb| GLvb H1, H2A, H2B, H3 I H4-G cuvP aibi ^Z wnvb mshy _vK| Gme cvwUb ek QvU hvi
ga Avwgbv AvwmWi msLv iqQ h_vKg 216, 129, 125, 135 I 102wU| GQvov H5-bvgK wnvb cvwUb I
mshy _vK |
Kvgvmvgi m~MVb t Bjb AYyexYhi wbP KvgvwUb m~K cuywZi gvjvi gZv `Lvq| cuywZi gZv G
`vbvMyjvK wbDwKImvg (nucleosome) bvg AwfwnZ Kiv nq| eZgvb wbDwKImvgK Kvgvmvgi MvVwbK
GKK wnme wPwZ Kiv nqQ|
wbDwKImvgMyjv cii hy _K KvgvwUb RvwjKvK `kgvb Ki Zvj| Gi wfwZ wewfb mgq wevbxiv wewfb
gWji gvag Kvgvmvgi m~ MVb eYbvq mP nqQb| eZgvb mvjbqW gWj (solanoid model) enyj
MnxZ | G gWji cev R. D. Kornberg I J. O. Thomas (1974)| mvjbqW gWj Abyhvqx, KvgvwUb Zy
GKmvwiZ AmsL wbDwKImvg mvRvbv _vK| GMyjv `LZ Mvj, Pvcv PvKwZi gZv (evm 11nm, DPZv 5.5
nm)| PvKwZi K`xq Ask H2A, H2B, H3 I H4 -G Pvi aibi wnvb cvwUb Zwi| Gme cvwUbi
cZKwUi `ywU Ki AYy _vK, A_vr gvU 8wU wnvb AYy wgj `vbvKwZi GKwU AvU-wnvb GKK (octamer) MVb
Ki| AvU-wnvb GKKK wNi _vKv DNA AYym~i AskK Kvi (core) ev g~j Ask ej| Kvi Aski wnvb
cvwUbK Kvi cvwUb (core protein) Ges GK wNi _vKv DNA AskK Kvi DNA (core DNA) ej|
ks
oo
eb
ir.
nb
/ta
wP : 1.18 : Kvgvmvgi m~ fZ MVb

om
.c
ok
Kvi DNA-i Aski evBii ewaZ DNA AskK wjsKvi DNA (linker DNA) ej| GwU cieZx
bo
ce
wbDwKImvgi wjsKvi DNA-I mM hy nq Kgk j^v AYym~ mw Ki| G j^v AYym~ wU KvgvwUb
.fa
w
(Chromatin) bvg cwiwPZ|

w
w

31
Rxewevb : c_g c
wjsKvi DNA-i mM Kvi DNA Ask I Kvi cvwUbi evBi H1 bvg GKwU wnvb cvwUb muU _vK| dj
wjsKvi DNA-mnR wewQb nZ cvi bv Ges wbDwKImvgi AvKwZ my`p nq|
Kvgvmvgi KvR t Kvgvmvg eskMwZi aviK I evnK, ZvB eskciivq Rxei ewk aviY Ki, enb Ki Ges
vbvi Ki| wefwi gvag Kvgvmvg Kvl wefvRb cZ f~wgKv cvjb Ki| Kvgvmvg DNA cwZi~c
mw Ki dj bexb KvgvwUb ey Kvgvmvg AvKwZ cv nq Kvl wefvRb cavb f~wgKv ivL|
wkv_xì `jxq KvR:
Mc-G Mc-we
KvgvRvg Kx? Gi KvR Kx? KvgvRvgi ivmvqwbK MVb Kx Kx Dcv`vb _vK?
wkv_xi evwoi KvR: KvgvRvgi wPwZ wP Ab Ki Avbe|
KvlwefvRb KvgvRvgi f~wgKv
KvlwefvRb KvgvRvgi f~wgKv : eskMZxq KYvMyjv Kvgvmvgi gvagB gvZv-wcZv nZ mvb vbvwiZ
nq| Kvgvmvgi KvR nj gvZv-wcZv nZ AvMZ KYv Z_v wRb (hv Rxei ewk wbqY Ki) mvb-mwZZ
enb Ki wbq hvIqv| Kvgvmvg nj eskMwZi fZ wfw (physical basis of heredity)| Rxei GK GKwU
ewk GK ev GKvwaK wRb viv wbqwZ| wRbi gvag Kvgvmvg Rxei hveZxq RweK I eskMwZi Kvhcevn
wbqY Ki _vK| G KviY KvgvmvgK eskMwZi fZ wfw ej AvLvwqZ Kiv nq| Kvl wefvRbi gvqvwUK
cwKqvi gvag eskMwZi GB aviv AevnZ _vK| Kvgvmvgi MVbMZ I msLvMZ cwieZbi dj Rxei cKiY
mwlU nq| wj wbaviY Kvgvmvg fwgKv cvjb Ki|
wkv_xì `jxq KvR:

Kvl wefvRb KvgvRvg Kx f~wgKv cvjb Ki|
32
eskMwZ e (Hereditary material)
eskMwZ e (Hereditary material) t hvi gvag gvZv-wcZvi ewk Zvì mvb-mwZZ evwnZ nq GìK
GK eskMwZ e (hereditary material) ejv nq| eskMwZ ei cavb Dcv`vb nQ Kvgvmvg| G
Kvgvmvg iqQ DNA hLvb wRbMyjv mymwZ _vK| wRbB nQ Rxei mKj PvwiwK ewki aviK hv
chvqKg evwnK Pwimg~n dzwUq Zvj|
wbDwKK AvwmW (Nucleic Acid)
RxeRMZi mePq MyiZc~Y ewk nQ wecvKwKqv I eskew| Gme MyiZc~Y KgKv GKKfve wbqY Ki
wbDwKK AvwmW| wbDwKK AvwmW njv DP AvYweK fiwewk GKcKvi Re AvwmW| RxeRMZi ewk enbKvix,
cKvkKvix Ges eskMwZ Dcv`vb wnme wbDwKK AvwmW KvR Ki| AmsL wbDwKIUvBW cwjgvi Zwii gvag h
AvwmW Zwi nq ZvK wbDwKK AvwmW ej| 1869 mvj myBm wPwKrmK I imvqbwe` wgkvi (Misher) wbDwKqvm
AvweZ GB c`v_wUi bvgKiY Kib wbDwKb (nuclein)| 1889 mvj Agvb (Altaman) wbDwKb AvwmWi ag
`LZ cvb Ges wZwb Gi bvgKiY Kib wbDwKK AvwmW| wbDwKK AvwmW Kveb, nvBWvRb, AwRb bvBUvRb
Ges dmdivm gj wbq MwVZ| GZ bvBUvRbi cwigvY 15% Ges dmdivmi cwigvY 10%| RxeKvl `yB
aibi wbDwKK AvwmW iqQ| (i) wWAwivBevwbDwKK AvwmW (DNA) I (ii) ivBevwbDwKK AvwmW (RNA)|
DNA wbDwKqvmi KvgvwUb cvIqv hvq| RNA Gi kZKiv 90 fvM cvIqv hvq mvBUvcvRg Ges evwK 10 fvM
cvIqv hvq wbDwKIjvm| RxeKvl cvwUb mskl-Gi wb`kbv I RbwUK Z_ vbviY wbDwKK AvwmW viv mb
nq| wbDwKK AvwmW iqQ cvwW, gvBUvKwqv, ivBevmvg, wbDwKIjvm Ges Kvgvmvgi ga|
wP : cvBwiwgwWb RvZxq bvBUvRb wP : wcDwib RvZxq bvBUvRb

viKi ivmvqwbK MVb| viKi ivmvqwbK MVb|
wbDwKK AvwmWi g~j Dcv`vb t wbDwKK AvwmW nvBWvjvBwmmi ci wbgwjwLZ Dcv`vb cvIqv hvq| 1| cUvR
ks
oo
kyMvi 2| bvBUvRb viK 3| dmdvwiK AvwmW|

eb
ir.
nb
1| cUvR kyMvi (Pentose sugar) t cuvP Kvebwewk kyMvi (wPwb)-K ejv nq cUvR kyMvi| wbDwKK AvwmW
/ta
om
`yaibi cUvR kyMvi _vK| Gi GKwU ivBevR kyMvi Ges AbwU wWAwivBevR kyMvi| RNA -Z ivBevR
.c
ok
kyMvi Ges DNA -Z wWAwivBevR kyMvi _vK| cUvR kyMvi dmdvwiK AvwmWi mv_ Gvi MVb mg|
bo
ce
wis vKPvi wewk -D ivBevR A_ev wWAwivBevR wbDwKK AvwmW MVb Ki| ivBevR Ges wWAwivBevR kyMvi
.fa
w
cvq GKB iKg MVb wewk cv_K kyay GB h, wWAwivBevR kyMvii 2bs Kveb AwRb AbycwZ|
w
w

33
Rxewevb : c_g c
2| bvBUvRb NwUZ viK (Nitrogenous bases) t wbDwKK AvwmW `yB cKvi bvBUvRb viK _vK|
bvBUvRb, Kveb, nvBWvRb I AwRb w`q GB viKmg~n MwVZ| viK MVbKvix gjMyjv GK ev `ywU ejq
ev wis mw Ki GK GKwU viK MVb Ki| GB ejq ev wis Gi msLvi Dci wfw Ki viK `yB cKvi; h_v-(i)
cvBwiwgwWb Ges (ii) wcDwib|
(i) cvBwiwgwWb (Pyrimidine) : GK ejq wewk ev ebwRbi gZv GK wis wewk viKK ejv nq
cvBwiwgwWb| Gi mvaviY msKZ nj C4H4N2| wbDwKK AvwmW wZb cKvi cvBwiwgwWb viK _vK
h_v-_vBwgb (thymine), mvBUvwmb (cytosine) Ges BDivwmj (uracil)|
(ii) wcDwib (Purine) t `yB ejq wewk ev `ywU Amg wis wewk viKK ejv nq wcDwib| Gi mvaviY msKZ
nj C5H4N4 wbDwKK AvwmW `yB cKvi wcDwib viK _vK, h_v-AvwWwbb (adenine) Ges Myqvwbb
(guanine)|
wkv_xi KvR: wbDwKK GwmW Kx?
3| dmdvwiK AvwmW (Phosphoric acid) : wbDwKK AvwmWi GKwU AbZg Dcv`vb nj dmdvwiK AvwmW| Gi
AvYweK msKZ H3PO4 |
wbDwKImvBW (Nucleoside) : GK AYy bvBUvRb viK I GK AYy cUvR kyMvi hy nq MwVZ MvBKvmvBW
hMK ejv nq wbDwKImvBW| viK cvBwiwgwWb nj ZvK ejv nq cvBwiwgwWb wbDwKImvBW, Avi viK wcDwib
nj ZvK ejv nq wcDwib wbDwKImvBW| cvBwiwgwWb wbDwKImvBW viKi 1bs bvBUvRb kyMvii 1bs Kvebi
nvBWwj g~jKi mv_ MvBKvmvBW eb hy _vK| wKy wcDwib wbDwKImvBW viKi 9bs bvBUvRb (1bs bq)
kyMvii 1bs Kvebi nvBWwj g~jKi mv_ MvBKvmvBW eb hy _vK|
wbDwKIUvBU (Nucleotide) : GK AYy wbDwKImvBW-Gi mv_ GK AYy dmdU hy nq MVb Ki GK AYy
wbDwKIUvBU| Abfve ejv hvq, wbDwKImvBWi dmdU Gvi nj wbDwKIUvBW| wbDwKK AvwmWK Av`weklY
Kij cvIqv hvq KZKjv wbDwKIUvBW GKK| KvRB ejv hvq, wbDwKIUvBW nj wbDwKK AvwmWi MvVwbK GKK|
GK AYy bvBUvRb MwVZ viK, GK AYy cUvR kyMvi Ges GK AYy dmdU hy nq MwVZ hMi bvg
wbDwKIUvBW| kyMvi Gi 5bs Kvebi mv_ dmdU hy nq|
wewfb cKvi wbDwKIUvBW :
kyMvi ivBevR nj :
AvwWbvwmb gbvdmdU = AMP = AvwWwbb wbDwKIUvBW (AvwWwbwjK AvwmW)
Myqvbvwmb gbvdmdU = GMP = Myqvwbb wbDwKIUvBW (MyqvwbwjK AvwmW)
mvBwUwWb gbvdmdU = CMP = mvBUvwmb wbDwKIUvBW (mvBwUwWwjK AvwmW)
BDwiwWb gbvdmdU = UMP = BDivwmj wbDwKIUvBW (BDwiwWwjK AvwmW)
kyMvi wWAwivBevR nj :
wWAw AvwWbvwmb gbvdmdU = dAMP = AvwWwbb wWAwwbDwKIUvBW (wWAw AvwWwbwjK AvwmW)
wWAw Myqvbvwmb gbvdmdU = dGMP = Myqvwbb wWAwwbDwKIUvBW (wWAw MyqvwbwjK AvwmW)
wWAw mvBwUwWb gbvdmdU = dCMP = mvBUvwmb wWAwwbDwKIUvBW (wWAw mvBwUwWwjK AvwmW)
wWAw _vBwgwWb gbvdmdU = dTMP = _vBwgb wWAwwbDwKIUvBW (wWAw _vBwgwWwjK AvwmW)
A_vr viKi (ev wbDwKImvBWi) bvgvbymvi wbDwKIUvBWi bvgKiY Kiv nq|
34
KvR : wbDwKIUvBWMyjv DNA I RNA Zwii g~j KvVvgv MVb Ki| GQvov gaeZx wecvK (NAD+ Ges
NADP+), cvwUb msklY (GTP), kmb (ATP), dmdvwjwcW msklY (CTP) wekl f~wgKv cvjb Ki|
WvBwbDwKIUvBW (Dinucleotide) : GKwU wbDwKIUvBW hLb AviKwU wbDwKIUvBWi mv_ dmdv-WvBGvi
ebxi mvnvh hy nq ZLb ZvK WvBwbDwKIUvBW ej| 1g wbDwKIUvBWi cUvR kyMvii 5bs Kvebi mv_
Ges 2q wbDwKIUvBWi cUvR kyMvii 3bs Kvebi mv_ dmdU WvB Gvi ebviv hy nq dj WvB
wbDwKIUvBW MwVZ nq|
cwjwbDwKIUvBW (Polynucleotide) : AbKMyjv wbDwKIUvBW 5 - 3 AYygyLx nq cici dmdvWvBGvi ebxi
mvnvh hy nq GKwU j^v iwLK kLji mw Ki, ZLb ZvK cwjwbDwKIUvBW ej| cwjwbDwKIUvBW GKwU
PBb-Gi gZ MVb mw Ki| GB PBb-G dmdU AYy GKw`K cUvR kyMvi (ivBevR A_ev
wW-AwivBevR)-Gi 5bs Kvebi mv_ hy _vK Ges Aciw`K cvki cUvR kyMvi-Gi 3bs Kvebi mv_ hy
_vK| DNA AYyi cwZwU GKK nwj GKwU cwjwbDwKIUvBW PBb|
wbDwKK AvwmWi cKvi : wbDwKK AvwmW we`gvb cUvR kyMviwU ivBevR, bv wWAwivBevR Zvi Dci wfw
Ki wbDwKK AvwmWK `yB fvM fvM Kiv nqQ; h_v (1) wWAwivBevwbDwKK AvwmW ev DNA Ges (2)
ivBevwbDwKK AvwmW ev RNA |
wkv_xì `jxq KvR:
Mc-G Mc-we
wbDwKK GwmW ejZ Kx eyS? wbDwKK GwmWi Dcv`vbjv eYbv Ki|
wWAwivBevwbDwKK AvwmW (Deoxyribonucleic acid) (DNA)
wWAwivBevwbDwKK AvwmW Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) : mRxe Kvl

AewZ ^cRbbkxj, cwiewZ mg, wewfb cKvi RweK KvRi wbqK Ges
eskMZ ewki aviK I evnK wbDwKK AvwmWK DNA ev wW-AwivBevwbDwKK
AvwmW ej|
weZwZ : KqK cKvi fvBivm eZxZ mKj cKvi mRxe KvlB DNA we`gvb| DNA cavbZ wbDwKqvmi ga weklZ
Kvgvmvgi ga AewZ| GQvov Kvli wewfb AvYy h_v-gvBUvKwqv, cvwW, mwUIj cfwZi gaI DNA DcwZ
_vK| DNA Gi cwigvY Picogram msc Pg bvgK GKK w`q cKvk Kiv nq| Pg = 10-12 gram.
Avwevi : 1868 mvj Miescher c_g DNA Avwevi Kib| wZwb GK wbDwKb (nuclein) AvLv w`qwQjb|
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cieZxKvj Levene (1910) Ges Shoenheimer, Mirsky and Ris (1938)-Gi wKQy gwjK MelYv Qvov
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ir.
DNA-i MVb mK wevbxì aviYv wQj bv| DNA-i MVb mK my aviYv cvIqv hvq IqvUmb I wKK
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(James Watson & Francis Crick, 1953)-Gi Avwevii gvag|

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DNA-i fZ ag : DNA-i AvYweK IRb 106 _K 109 Gi ga| 10000 C Zvcgvvq DNA AYy fM `ywU
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AYy MVb Ki| AwZ eMywb (ev AvjUv fvqvjU, UV) AvjvKiwk kvlYi gZv AZ ewk|
w
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35
Rxewevb : c_g c
fZ MVb : J.D. Watson I F. Crick 1953 mvj DNA Abym~i h MvVwbK gWj c`vb Kib Zv Wej nwj
(double helix) ev Rvo Kzjx bvg cwiwPZ Ges GB gWj cvei Rb Zviv 1963 mvj wevbx Wilkins mn
IqvUmb I wKK bvej cyivi cvb|
wkv_xi KvR: DNA Kx?
P
5 2 3
4 S1 A T 1 S4
3 2 5 P
G C S
S
P
P
34 A0
C G S
S
P
P
T A S
S
P
P
A T S
S
P
wP : DNA Wej nwj (IqvUmb-wKK gWj)

P = dmdU, = kyMvi, A = AvwWwbb, T = _vBwgb,
G = qvwbb C = mvBUvwmb, (=, =) nvBWvRb e| wP : DNA Wej nwj
DNA Wej nwj Gi MvVwbK ewk : IqvUmb I wKK c` DNA Gi Wej nwj Gi ewkwj njv- DNA
mvaviYZ 2 nwjhy Ges cwZwU nwj GKwU cwjwbDwKqvUvBW kLj| DNA webvm Nyivbv wmuwoi gZ| wmuwoi
gZ cuvPvbv m~ 2wU GKwU KvwbK gaAK wNi _vK|nwj `yBwU cvbvwgK cwZZ cii KzwjZ _vK|
Kzjb WvbgyLx| wmuwoi `yB w`Ki dg Zix nq kyMvi I dmdUi chvqKwgK mshywi gvag| `yB w`Ki dgi
gvSLvb cwZwU dg Zix nq GKRvov bvBUvRbvm em w`q| bvBUvRb em wj nj (i) AvwWwbb (A) ; (ii)
qvwbb (G); (iii) _vBwgb (T); (iv) mvBUvwmb (C)| AvwWwbb (A) me mgq _vBwgbi (T) mv_ Ges qvwbb
(G) me mgq mvBUvwmbi (C) Gi mv_ Rvo Zix Ki|
`ywU bvBUvRb em nvBWvRb e viv hy _vK| GK dgi qvwbb (G) Aci cvk mvBUvwmbi mv_ 3wU
nvBWvRb e viv hy nq (G C)| GK dgi AvwWwbb Aci cvki dgi _vBwgbi mv_ `ywU nvBWvRb e
viv mshy _vK (A = T)| nwj Gi evm 2nm| `N wewfb nZ cvi| nwj cwZ cuvP 10wU viK Rvo
_vK| 3.4nm ci ci GKKwU cuvP MwVZ nq| (10=3.4nm) Ges cZK viK Rvo cii _K .34nm
`~iZ Aevb Ki| cwZwU cuvP _vK cvq 25wU nvBWvRb e| nwj N~Ybi dj `yBwU Amgvb LuvRi mw nq|
GKwU msKxY AMfxi LuvR hvi evm 12 nm I AbwU PIov Mfxi LuvR hvi evm 22 nm| (K) GK AYy
wW-AwivBevR kyMvi (L) GKwU dmdU (M) 1 AYy bvBUvRb em (wcDwib ev cvBwiwgW) _vK| viKMyjv
nwji Ag~Lx Ges kKiv dmdU ebx ewngyLx _vK| DNA double nwj 2wU wecixZgyLx m~ wbq MwVZ|
GKwU 5 - 3 Ges AciwU 3 - 5 gyLx|
36
DNA-Gi ivmvqwbK MVb (Chemical structure of DNA) t h me ivmvqwbK c`v_ wbq DNA MwVZ m me
ivmvqwbK c`v_B nj DNA-Gi ivmvqwbK MVb Dcv`vb| GK L DNA-K Av`weklY Kij cvIqv hvq dmdvwiK
AvwmW I wbDwKImvBW| wbDwKImvBWK weklY Kij cvIqv hvq bvBUvRb viK Ges wWAwivBevR kyMvi|
bvBUvRb NwUZ viKmg~nK weklY Kij cvIqv hvq AvwWwbb, Myqvwbb, _vBwgb I mvBUvwmb bvgK viK
(bvBUvRb em)| KvRB (wWAwivBivwbDwKK AvwmW)-Gi ivmvqwbK MVb Dcv`vb nj (1) cuvP Kvebwewk
wWAwivBevR kyMvi, (2) dmdvwiK AvwmW (GKwU dmdU) Ges (3) GKwU bvBUvRb viK| viKwU mvBUvwmb
ev _vBwgb bvgK cvBwiwgwWb wKsev AvwWwbb ev Myqvwbb bvgK wcDwib nZ cvi| wKy KLbI BDivwmj bvgK
cvBwiwgwWb _vKe bv| AvWwbb I MyqvwbbK ejv nq wcDwib (Purine) Ges mvBUvwmb I _vBwgbK ej
cvBwiwgwWb (Pyrimidine)| ivmvqwbK c`v_Myjv wKfve mwZ _K DNA m~ MVb Ki m mK IqvUmb I
wKK 1953 mvj GKwU gWj c`vb Kib| GwU njv DNAWvej nwj gWj Ges cvei Rb Zuviv 1963 mvj
AviK wevbx, DBjwK-mn bvej cyivi jvf Kib|
DNA Abywjcb cwKqv t h cwKqvq DNA Wej nwji viK Rvo Lyj wMq cZK m~ GKwU QuvP wnme KvR
Ki AweKj AviKwU DNA AYym~i mw Ki ZvK DNA Abywjcb ej| Kvl wefvRbi mgq Kvgvmvgi
wefvRb cKZc DNA AYyi Abywjcb Gi Dci wbfikxj| DNA Abywjcb mvaviYZ Aa iYkxj cwZZ
mb nq| h Abywjcb cwKqvq m AcZ Wej nwji 1wU gvZm~ I AbwU bZzb AcZ DNA m~ wbq MwVZ
_vK ZvK AaiYkxj DNA Abywjcb ej| DNA Abywjcb cwKqvwU AwZ`Z AwewQbfve mb nq GZ wek
aibi cvwUb I e GbRvBg AskMnY Ki| DNA Abywjcbi mv_ m GbRvBg cvwUb I Zvi
Dcv`vbMyjvK GK DNA Replicase msc Replisome ej|
wkv_xi KvR: DNA Gi ivmvqwbK MVb Kx Kx Dcv`vb _vK?
DNA Abywjcb wbwjwLZ avci gvag mb nq t

1| Drcwj kbvKib t Abywjcbi kyiZ DNA AYyi wewfb
vb Wvej nwj Lyj wMq eyèy` AvKwZ aviY Ki| m
eyèy`K Replication Origin ev msc Iwi (Ori)
ej| cwZwU Iwi cvq 300 wbDwKIUvBW mgw^Z| wP : DNA Abywjcb cwKqv (m~Pbv)
2| gvZ DNA wm~i cuvP Lyj hvIqv Ges nvBWvRb eb Gi wejvc mvab t DNA Gi RvoKzjxi GKvski
cuvP Lyj hvIqvq H Aski wcDwib I cvBwiwgwWbi viKwj eRvo Aevq cwZZ nq| cuvP Lyj hvevi mgq
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wcDwib I cvBwiwgwWb viKi mshvM mvabKvix nvBWvRb eb f hvq| ZLb _K Y AvKwZ `Lvq|
eb
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Y AvKwZi AskK Replication fork ev Abywjcb wwefw ej| dj DNA AYyi GKvsk cii _K
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c_K nq co Ges cwZwU nwj QuvP wnmve KvhKix nq|

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3| Wej nwji cuvP gy Ask c_K Ki ivLv t DNA nwji GKwU GKwU Ki bvBUvRb viK Rvo gy
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Ki GwMq wbq hvIqvi mgq cQb dj hvIqv gy viKMyjv hb cybivq hy bv nZ cvi mRb H Ask
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GK aibi cvwUb hy nZAny

_vK|
kind of e-book & Software : www.tanbircox.blogspot.com
37
Rxewevb : c_g c
5' 3'
TA
TA
CC
TA
AT
TA
CC
TA
A
T C
G G
G T
C
C A
G bZzb my bZzb my
A
C
cyivZb my cyivZb my cyivZb my
CC AT
3' 5'
bZzb my CC
AT
TA
CC
TA
bZzb my
TA CC
TA 5'
TA AT
CC 3'
3'
5'
wP : 1.19 : DNA AYyi Abywjcb cwKqv
GB cvwUbMyjvK Single stranded binding Protein msc SSBP ej| GKKwU SSBP cvq 10wU
wbDwKIUvBW viK Ryo Aevb Ki| Dci AviKwU Ki cwic~iK m~ Zix Kivi Rb QuvPi gZv KvR Ki|
bZzb AYy Zixi Dk mKj Dcv`vb A_vr viK, wPwb (wW-AwivBevR) I dmdU wbDwKqvmi gaB
DcwZ _vK Ges h_vmgq h_vvb Gm cuQ| DNA Polymerase Ges Mg++ Avqbi DcwwZZ
bvBUvRbvm vi, wW-AwivBevR kyMvi Ges dmdU mg^q MwVZ bZzb wbDwKIUvBWwj gvZm~i webvm
Abyhvqx Gì wecixZ mwZ nZ _vK|
4| m~iK mw t cuvP Lyj hvIqv cwZwU DNA m~ Zvì Dci AviKwU Ki cwic~iK m~ Zwi Kivi Rb QuvPi
gZv KvR Ki| bZzb AYy Zixi Dk mKj Dcv`vb A_vr viK, wPwb (wW-AwivBevR) I dmdU
wbDwKqvmi gaB DcwZ _vK Ges h_vmgq h_vvb Gm cuQ| DNA Polymerase Ges Mg++
Avqbi DcwwZZ bvBUvRbvm vi, wW-AwivBevR Mvi Ges dmdU mg^q MwVb bZzb
wbDwKIUvBWwj gvZm~i webvm Abyhvqx Zvì wecixZ mwZ nZ _vK|
5| QuvPi emi AbyKg Abyhvqx m~iK emi webvm t bZzb m m~ `yBwUZ QuvPi emi AbyKg Abymvi m~iK
emwj web nZ _vK| A_vr QuvP hw` AvwWwbb (A) _vK Ze Gi wecixZ m bZzb m~wUZ _vBwgb (T)
mshvwRZ nq| Abyicfve wZxq QuvP mvBUvwmb (C) _vKj Zvi wecixZ m bZzb m~ m~iK em wnmve
qvwbb (G) mshvwRZ nq| DNA Polymerase GbRvBg memgq wbDwKIUvBWK ewaz bZzb nwj Gi H
cv hy Ki| bZzb nwj me mgq 5 - 3 AwfgyL ew cvq|
6| nvBWvRb ebxi mw t QuvP `yBwUi mv_ bZzb m~ `yBwUi viK webvm m~Y nj cybivq H eb Gi Avwefve
NU| `ywU wbDwKIUvBW Gi gaKvi LvwjvbwU jvBMR GbRvBg Gi mvnvh Rvov jvM| Gfve GKwU DNA
AYy _K 2wU DNA AYyi mw nq| DNA Abywjcbi dj m cwZwU bZzb Wej nwj G GKwU cyivZb
nwj _K hvq|
38
GB aibi AbywjcbK AaiYkxj Abywjcb ej| z`vKvi DNA Abywjcb cwKqvwU DNA kLji GK cv
nq Kgv^q Aci cv wMq kl nq| wK en`vKvi DNA AYyZ Abywjcb cwKqvwU GKB mv_ wewfb vb
i nIqvi dj DNA AYyi Abywjcb Zivw^Z nq|
wkv_xi KvR: DNA Abywjcbi avcmg~n Kx Kx?
DNA Abywjcbi MyiZ t Rxe RMZ DNA Abywjcbi MyiZ Acwimxg| Kvl wefvRb Ges MvwgU mwi Rb
DNA Abywjcb AZvekK|
DNA Gi RweK Zvrch t DNA eskMwZ ewki aviK I evnK| wbewYZ KviYjvi Rb DNA K eskMwZi
aviK I evnK ejv nq|
1| DNA vivB Kvli wefvRbi mgq GK wbf~j cwZwjwc mw nq|
2| DNA eskMwZi mKj cKvi RweK msKZ enb Kivi gZv ivL|
3| Kvb Rxei mKj Kvl h Kvb aibi RweK msKZ Gi ciK nQ DNA|
4| DNA Kvli Rb wbw` aibi cvwUb msklY Ki|
5| DNA Gi MVb AZ vqx Ges wekl Kvb KviY Qvov (wgDUkb) Gi Kvb cwieZb nq bv|
6| Kvb KviY DNA AYyi MVb Kvb cwieZb nj cwiewi De nq| cwiewB nQ Awfewi g~j Dcv`vb|
7| DNA wRb mg~ni aviK| GB wRbi gvagB Rxei ewk cKvwkZ nq Ges Zv GK Rby _K Aci RbyZ
vbvwiZ nq|
8| wRb cKvk cvq RNA Zixi gvag Ges RNA Zix nq DNA _K|
9| Kvl h me cvwUb Zix nq Gi mieivn Ki DNA| mskwlZ cvwUbB Rxei wdbvUvBc cKvki Rb `vqx|
dzji is, Dwì DPZv cfwZ|
10| DNA Gi Abywjcbi gvag cwZic mwi RbB Kvb Rxei, Dwì RvwZmv eRvq _vK|
DNA-Gi KvR (Functions of the DNA) t Kvgvmvgi MvVwbK Dcv`vb wnme KvR Ki| eskMwZi
AvYweK wfw wnme KvR Ki| Rxei mKj ewk aviY Ki Ges wbqb Ki| Rxei ewkmg~n eskciivq
Aatb cRb vbvi Ki| Rxei hveZxq ewki cKvk NUvq| Rxei mKj kvixiZvwK I RweK KvR-Kgi
wbqK wnme KvR Ki| Rxei cwiewi (mutation)-wfw wnme KvR Ki| DNA Ges Gi nwj Kvb
Ask MvjhvM `Lv w`j Zv givgZ Ki wbZ mg| GUv eZgvb wUwfZ eeZ wigvU KUvji gZ|
ks
wkv_xì `jxq KvR:

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DNA AYyi fZ MVb Kgb?

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DNA AYyi ivmvqwbK MVb Kx Kx Dcv`vb _vK?

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wkv_xi evwoi KvR: DNA Wvej nwji wPwZ wP AsKb Ki Avbe|

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DNA Abywjcb Gi avc I Gi iZ eYbv Ki|

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w
w
w
39
Rxewevb : c_g c
ivBevwbDwKK AvwmW Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
ivBevwbDwKK AvwmW Ribonucleic acid (RNA) : h wbDwKK AvwmW Gi cwjwbDwKIUvBWi gbvgvi GKK
jvZ MvVwbK Dcv`vb wnmve ivBevR kyMvi Ges AbZg em wnmve BDivwmj (_vBwgb _vK bv) _vK ZvK
ivBevwbDwKK AvwmW ev RNA ej|
wP : 1.20 : RNA MVb

Aevb (wevi) : mKj RxeKvl RNA _vK| mvBUvcvRg, wbDwKqvm, Kvgvmvg, ivBevmvg, gvBUvKwqv I
cvwW RNA weZZ| evKUwiqv KvlI RNA cvIqv hvh| wKQy fvBivmi eskMwZ Dcv`vb wnmveI GwU
DcwZ _vK| AwaKvsk Dw` fvBivm RNA RbwUK c`v_i~c KvR Ki| mvaviYZ Kvli kZKiv 90 fvM
RNA _vK mvBUvcvRg, evwKUv wbDwKqvm| mvBUvcvRg RNA gy Aevq Ges ivBevmvgI RNA _vK|
DNA Gi mnhvMx wnmve Kvgvmvg RNA _vK|
MVb : RNA GKwU GKm~K wbDwKK acid GwU MwVZ nq (1) ivBevR kyMvi (5-c wewk)
(2) bvBUvRbvm viK:
AvwWbb A BDivwmj U
wcDwib cvBwiwgwWb
qvwbb G mvBUvwmb C
(3) dmdwiK AvwmWdj ay Pviaibi wbDwKIUvBW Zix nZ cvi| h_vdmdwiK acid + kyMvi + AvwWwbb,
dmdwiK acid + kyMvi + qvwbb, dmdwiK acid + kyMvi + BDivwmj, dmdwiK acid + kyMvi + mvBUvwmb
RNA AYy GKm~ wewk cwjwbDwKIUvBW| m~wU GKm~ njI KLbI KLbI GB `xN m~wU Kvb Kvb RvqMvq fuvR
nIqvi dj wm~hy `Lvq| Ze me RvqMvq fuvR nq bv ej m~Y RNA AYywU KLbI wm~hy Aevq _vK bv|
wkv_xi KvR: RNA Kx? wK wK wbq MwVZ?
RNA AYym~i AvKvi I msLv : RNA m~i `N wbfi Ki wbDwKIUvBWi msLvi Dci| z`Zi RNA m~
22wU (gvBKv RNA) Ges eo AYyZ 10,000 wbDwKIUvBW (mRNA) _vKZ cvi| GKwU Kvl KqKkZ _K
KqK nvRvi ch RNA AYy _vKZ cvi| GB msLv wbfi Ki cRvwZ, Kvli ewk I KgKvi Dci|
RNA Gi ewk : AmsL cwjwbDwKIUvBW mg^q RNA MwVZ nq| RNA GKK nwj hy| ewZKg t
wiIfvBivm| GwU bvBUvRb hy viK, ivBevR kyMvi I dmdU mg^q MwVZ| bvBUvRb MwVZ viKMyjv
njv AvwWwbb, Myqvwbb, BDivwmj I mvBUvwmj| RNA Kvl mvBUvcvRg wewfb mvBUvcvRwgK AMvYyZ Ges
wbDwKqvm eZgvb _vK|
40
RNA Gi cKvif` t RNA mvaviYZ cvwUb mskli KvR AskMnY KijI Kvb Kvb Rxe RNA eskMwZi
PwievnK wnmveI KvhKix nq| KvRB RNA K mvaviYZ 2 fvM fvM Kiv nq, h_v
(1) RbwUK RNA (Genetic RNA) ; (2) bb RbwUK RNA (Non genetic RNA) ;
1| RbwUK RNA (Genetic RNA) t AwaKvsk Dw` fvBivm eskMwZi ewkvejxi evnK wnmve RNA
KvhKix f~wgKv cvjb Ki| GB aibi RNA K Genetic RNA bvg AvLvwqZ Kiv nq| AwaKvsk
evKUwiIdvR DNA Gi cwieZ RNA AYyB eskMwZi evnK wnmve KvhKix nq| D`vniY t TMV ev
UvevKv gvRvBK fvBivm|
RbwUK RNA GKm~K A_ev wm~K nZ cvi| wm~K RNA AYyZ em Rvoi webvm DNA AYyi em
Rvoi Abyic Ze em Rvowj t
A ---- U G ----- C
2| bb RbwUK RNA (Non genetic RNA) t AwaKvsk Rxe RNA h_ cwigvY DcwZ _vKv mI eskMwZi
evnK wnmve KvhKix f~wgKv DNA vivB mb nq| mB RNA K bb RbwUK RNA ej| GB cKvi bb
RbwUK RNA AYy DNA AYyi QuvP _K mw nq| Kvb Kvl RNA AYyi msLv wbw` bq| Kvb Kvl cywi
Dci wbfi Ki RNA AYyi msLvi nvm ew NU _vK| bb RbwUK RNA K 3wU kYxZ fvM Kiv hvq| h_v
(i) evZven RNA (mRNA) (ii) ivBevmvgvj RNA (rRNA) (iii) Uvdvi RNA (tRNA)
(i) evZven RNA (mRNA) t h me RNA wRbi msKZ Abyhvqx cvwUb mskli QuvP wnmve KvhKi nq
wbw` amino acid AbyKg evQvB Ki, mB cKvi RNA K evZven RNA (mRNA) ej| DNA AYyi
KvQ _K evZv msMn Ki cvwUb mskli QuvP wnmve KvhKix nq|
mRNA
5- wjWvi KvwWs Aj 3- UBjvi
wP: evZven RNA (MRNA) Gi MVb
BDKvwiIwUK Kvl m RNA wbDwKqvmi wbDwKq DNA _K UvwKckbi gvag mw nq| GKwU
Kvli mgy`q RNA Gi GwU GKwU z` fMvsk (mvaviYZ kZKiv 5 fvM nZ 10 fvM) Giv Kvli
mvBUvcvRg Aevb Ki| h viK msKZi gvag m RNA wekl AvgvBbv AvwWK wPwZ Ki GK
Genetic KvW ej| mRNA j^v PBbi gZ| mRNA Gi 5 cvi KqKwU em KvWbwenxb, GB
cvK 5 wjWvi (5 Leader) ej| Avevi 3 cvi KqKwU em KvWbwenxb, GB cvK 3 UBjvi (3
ks
oo
trailer) ej| gvSLvbi AskK KvwWs Ask ej (coding region) ej| cici 3wU em wgj 1wU
eb
ir.
KvWb nq| GKwU mRNA AYyZ Mo 1,000 wU wbDwKIUvBW _vK| m RNA AYy AZ Yvqx| GKwU
nb
/ta
mRNA AYy mvaviYZ GK aibi cvwUb Zwi Ki Ges KvR kl wejxb nq hvq| Gì AvqyKvj gv
om
.c
KqK wgwbU| mRNA AYyi AvYweK IRb 5 j _K 20 j|

ok
bo
ce
.fa
wkv_xi KvR: RNA KZ cKvi I wK wK?

w
w
w

41
Rxewevb : c_g c
RNA AYyi KvR t (i) wbw` cvwUb msklYi evZv wbDwKqvm _K mvBUvcvRg enb Ki Ges ivBevmvg I t
RNA Gi mnvqZvq wbw` amino acid AbyKgi kLj Zwi Ki|
(ii) ivBevmvgvj RNA (rRNA) t h me RNA ivBevmvgi cavb MvVwbK Dcv`vb wnmve
KvR Ki, ZvK ivBevmvg RNA (rRNA) ej| ivBevmvgvj wRb _K Gì msklY
NU| Kvb Kvli mgy`q RNA AYyi kZKiv 80 90 fvM ivBevmvgvj RNA
(r-RNA) Giv mevcv vqx Ges AèYxq| ivBevmvgi MVb cKwZ Abyhvqx r-RNA I
wewfb aibi nZ cvi| wP : rRNA
KvR t ivBevmvg bvgK Kvl AvYy mwZ Ae`vb ivL hvi gvag Kvl cvwUb mskwlZ nq| mvcwZK Kvj
cKvwkZ nqQ h, ivBevmvgvj RNA cvwUbi mv_ hy nq ivBevwbDwKIcvwUb KYv (ribonuclco protein
particle) MVb Ki|
Avwgbv AvwmW A
(iii) Uvdvi RNA (tRNA) t h me RNA RbwUK KvW mshyw vb C
Abyhvqx GKKwU amino acid K mRNA AYyZ C 3
5
vbvwiZ Ki cvwUb mskl mvnvh Ki ZvK Uvdvi T duvm
D du v m
RNA (tRNA) ej| wbDwKqvmi wfZi tRNA Zix
nq| cZK Kvl cvq 31 42 aibi tRNA _vK|
cwZwU tRNA Z gvUvgvwU 90wU wbDwKqvUvBW _vK|
cv_wgKfve cwZwU t RNA GKm~K Ges j^v PBbi gZ
_vK wK cieZxZ GwU fuvR nq hvq Ges wewfb em Gi ga
Rvovi mw nq cwZwU RNA Z GKvwaK duvm (loop) mw
Ki| mePq iZc~Y duvm (loop) nj AvwUKvWb duvm hv AvwUKvWb
mRNA Gi KvWb Gi mv_ gyL gyL em hZ cvi| wP : 1.21 : tRNA Gi MVb|
tRNA Gi 3 cv GKm~K Ges memgq CCA avivq em mwZ _vK| GLvb amino acid mshy nq| duvm
Aevq memgqB AvwUKvWb duvm I Avwgbv AvwmW mvBU wecixZ Aevb _vK| 3wU em wbq AvwUKvWb mw
nq| tRNA Gi Avqyvj gv KqKw`b|
tRNA Gi KvR t cvwUb msklYi mgq RbwUK KvW Abyhvqx amino acid K mRNA AYyZ vbvi Kiv|
GB 3 cKvi RNA Qvov AviI GK cKvi RNA mvb cvIqv wMqQ| GB cKvi RNA Gi bvg gvBbi RNA|
Minor RNA mvBUvcvRgxq RNA (sc RNA) I wbDwKq RNA (sn RNA) bvg wKQy z` RNA iqQ hviv
Kvl wewfb cvwUbi mv_ hy nq GbRvBgi KvVvgv `vb Ki| GB RvZxq wKQy RNA-i ga GbRvBgi ewk
_vKvq GjvK ivBevRvBg (ribozyme) bvg AwfwnZ Kiv nq| hgb ivBevwbDwKqcvwUb|
KvR t KqK aibi GbRvBgi KvVvgv `vb Kiv Ges GbRvBg wnmve KvR Kiv|
wkv_xì `jxq KvR:
Mc-G Mc-we
RNA Gi cKvif`wj Kx Kx? mRNA, rRNA, tRNA AYyi MVb I KvRjv Kx Kx?
wkv_xi evwoi KvR: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA AYyi wPwZ wP AsKb Ki Avbe|
42
UvwKckb
Rxei wm~K DNA _K GKm~K mRNA mskl nIqvi cwKqvK UvwKckb ej| GB cwKqvq wm~K DNA
AYyi RbwUK Z_ GK m~K mRNA Z vbvwiZ nq| GB cwKqvq RNA Gi Z_ weklZ: mRNA Gi
eskMZxq evZvmg~n ev eskMZxq msKZmg~n (Genetic code) enb Ki Ges GB me eskMZxq Z_ eenvi Ki|
wewfb GbRvBgi mvnvh ivBevmvg cvwUb mskwlZ nq| cieZxZ GBme cvwUbi g~jZ: GbRBgi mvnvh
Rxei wdbvUvBci cKvk wbqwZ nq|
cwKqv : c_g wm~K DNA AYyi wbw` vbi nvBWvRb
ebxjv DNA wbfikxj RNA cwjgviR GbRvBgi cfve
f m~ `yBwU c_K nq hvq| c_K nq hvIqv m~ `yBwUi ga GKwU
m~ Template ev QuvPi bvq KvR Ki I mRNA Zwi Ki|
mRNA Zwi nIqvi ci Giv wbDwKqvi ggebi ic` w`q ei
nq mvBmvcvRg Avm Ges Mg++ Avqbi DcwwZZ
ivBevRvgi mv_ hy nq| DNA nZ mRNA Zwi mb nIqvi
ci bbm KvWi mvnvh UvwKckb cwKqv mgv nq|
wRbi ewn:cKvk UvwKckb Acwinvh avc| DNA wbfi RNA
cwjgviR (DNA dependent RNA polymerase) GbRvBgi wP : UvwKckb cwKqv
mvnvh DNA _K msiYkxj cwZZ mRNA UvKvBf ev Kwc nq|
E.coli evKUwiqvq RxweZ Aevq (in vivo) UvwwKckb cwqvq 1555wU ch em Ges GB evKUwiqvq Kwg
Aevq (in vitor) 100wU ch em cwZ mK Kwc nq|
wiI fvBivm (my gvbyli cwicvK I kvmbvjxZ GB fvBivm _vK) Gi wRbvg MwVZ nq ^Zfve| double
strand RNA L viv msKwgZ Kvl cwZwU L _K fvBivmi RNA wbfi RNA cwjgviR GbRvBg I Gi
cfve GK m~K mRNA Drcb nq| GB mRNA Gi AYyjv mivmwi QuvP wnme eeZ nq fvBivmi
cwjccUvBW AYymg~n Drcb Ki|
UvwKckb GKK KqKwU Ask wef| h_v- 1. cvgvUvi (Promoter), 2. cvi vb / cvi we`y (start point)
3. P~ovKvix vb (Terminator site)|
Promoter G RNA cwjgviR GbRvBg mshy nq| cvi vb _K RNA Uvwckb i nq I P~ovKvix vb wMq
ks
kl nq| cvi we`y GKwU gv em MVb Ki, Ab AskjvZ GKvwaK em _vK|

oo
eb
ir.
wkv_xì `jxq KvR:

nb
/ta
Mc-G Mc-we
om
UvwKckb Kx?
.c
UvwKckb cwKqv wKfve NU?

ok
bo
ce
wkv_xi evwoi KvR: UvwKckb cwKqv wKfve NU eYbv Ki wjL Avbe|

.fa
w
w
w

43
Rxewevb : c_g c
Uvjkb
mRNA Z we`gvb eskMwZ msKZmg~nK wfw Ki cvwUb AYyi msklY cwKqvi bvg Uvjkb| Replication
I Transcription Gi ci wRbi ewn:cKvk AZ iZc~Y welq| Avw`Kvlx Rxe UvwKckb Ges Uvjkb
cwqv GKB mv_ mb nq| wK cKZ Kvlx Rxe GB `ywUi ga mgqi eeavb _vK|
UvwKckb
Uvjkb
cvwUb
wP : Uvjkb cwKqv
Uvjkb cwKqvi Rb wbv DcKiYMjv cqvRb: i) mRNA ii) wewfb cKvi amino acid iii) tRNA, iv)
ccUvBW ebx mwKvix, cvwUb msklY AviKvix I P~ovKvix cfwZ GbRvBg, v) kw mieivnKvix è hgb-
ATP, GTP, vi) KZjv coenzyme ev cofactor.
c_g DNA Gi Ask weklK QuvP wnme eenvi Ki mRNA wmUR viv mRNA Ges tRNA mg~ni
UvwKckb NU Ges Gjv mvBUvcvRg cQ| ivBevmvgi mv_ mRNA mshy nq| GLvb tRNA GKwU
GKwU Ki amino acid AYy ivBevmvg AewZ mRNA Gi KvQ Avb I mRNA mv_ hy Ki gy nq|
Gfve mRNA Z AmsL amino acid AYy mshy nq hLb cvwUb AYy Zix nq ZLb ivBevRvg Gi mRNA
_K cvwUb AYy gy nq Kvli mvBUvcvRg gy nq|
cieZxZ Release factor cwjccUvBW ksLj gy Ki| DNA nZ RNA Ges RNA _K cvwUb Drcb nq|
A_vr eskvbymZ msev` GKgyLx hv DNA _K RNA nq cvwUb AwfgyLx hvq|
cvwUb msklY cwKqv :
AmsL amino acid cwjccUvBW e Gi gvag hy nq cvwUb AYy MVb Ki| GB cvwUb msklY DNA Z_v
wRb vivB cwiPvwjZ nq| h DNA AbycwZ _vK m RbwUK RNA cvwUb mskl wbqY Ki|
cvwUb msklYKvj ivBevmvgi DcGKK `ywU (30+50=70S I 60+40=80S) hy nq ivBevmvg MVb mb
Ki| cwZevi GKwU KvWb GKwU cwjccUvBW cZ Ki| c_g KvWb A_KiYi ci A_vr cwVZ nj
ivBevmvgwU mi hvq Ges mB vb Aci GKwU ivBevmvg hy nq| Gfve mRNA Gi mv_ GKvwaK ivBevmvg
hy _vKvq GB AevK cwjivBevmvg ej|
cwjccvBW PBb mskl Kvl ivBevmvgi DcGKK `ywU cybivq wekwlZ nq|
amino GwmWjv Kejgv mwq Aevq tRNA Gi mv_ mshy nq| mwq amino acid AvgvBbv AvmvBj
wmUUR GbRvBgi cfve tRNA Gi mv_ hy nq AvgvBbv AvmvBj tRNA hM I AMP Drcb Ki|
GB tRNA cvi ivBevR myMvi Gi OH Mc Gi mv_ GgvBbv GwmWi Kvevwj Mc (COOH)
KvfvjU bond Gi gvag hy nq|
44
cvwUb msklY cwKqv

AvgvBbv GwmWjv AvgvBbv GwmW wmUR GbRvBgi DcwwZZ ATP Gi mv_ hy nq| ivBevRvgi
A-site (Amino acyl site) I P site (Peptidyl site) bvgK 2wU vb _vK| mRNA Gi c_g msKZ AUG
ivBevmvgi A site G Aevb Ki| Gi mv_ mshy nq UAC AvwUKvWb hv wgw_Iwbb enbKvix tRNA|
cieZxZ GB tRNA A site nZ P site G 5 cvi w`K mi Avm I cieZx AvgvBbv GwmWi (fvwjb) KvWb
(GUU) A site G cuQvq| fvwjbi tRNA Gi AvwUKvWb CAA Gi mv_ GUU Gi mshvM mvwaZ nq|
ccwUwWj UvdviR GbRvBgi cfve cvkvcvwk `ywU amino acid Gi ccUvBW ebxi gvag WvBccUvBW MVb
Ki I cieZxZ tRNA amino acid gy nq ivBevRvg ZvM Ki| mRNA 5 cvi w`K 3 Ni mi Avm|
A vbi WvBccUvBW hy tRNA P vb vbvwiZ nq| cieZxZ bZzb amino acid enbKvix tRNA A- site
G mshy nq|
GBfve GKwU GKwU Ki amino acid mshy nq cwjccUvBW PBb MVb mb nIqvi ci Terminating code
cwjccUvBW PBb Gi mgvw wb`k Ki| Gi cfve tRNA Gi mv_ hy cwjccUvBW PBbwU P site _K
Avjv`v nq hvq I ci cwjccUvBW e gy nq tRNA c_K nq hvq| cwjccUvBU PBb cieZxZ icvii
gvag cvwUb AYy Zix nIqvi ci Zv Kvli mvBUvcvRg gy nq|
gy tRNA mvBUvcvRg bZzb AvgvBbv GwmWi mv_ hy nq ivBevmvg Gm Abvb cvwUb ZwiZ AskMnY
Ki|
wkv_xì `jxq KvR: wKfve cvwUb Zwi nq?

wkv_xi evwoi KvR: Uvjkb cwKqv wKfve NU eYbv Ki wjL Avbe|
wRb (Gene)
ks
wRb (Gene) : Kvgvmvgi jvKvm AewZ DNA ev RNA AYyi mywbw` wmKzq hv Rxei GKwU wbw` KvhKi
oo
eb
msKZ Ave (encode) Ki Ges cvwUb wnme AvZcKvk Ki ewki weKvk NUvq ZvK wRb ej| AvaywbK
ir.
nb
msvbyhvqx, wRb nQ DNA AYyi Askwekl hv GKwU RNA AYy ev cwjccUvBW Drcv`bi msKZ enb I cKvk
/ta
om
Kivi gZv ivL|

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ok
Rxei me `k I A`kgvb ewk wRb wbqY Ki| nvgvjvMvm Kvgvmvg Rvovq Rvovq wRb Aevb Ki|
bo
ce
1940 `kK Rvbv hvq h, wRb Kvgvmvg AewZ| hme Pwi esk ciivq mvwiZ nq Zvì cZKwU GKKwU
.fa
w
w
Avjv`v wRb w`q wbqwZ nq| wRbi ivmvqwbK eyi bvg DNA|
w

45
Rxewevb : c_g c
A
T
C
G
(K) gvbe`n (L) Kvl, KvlK` (M) Kvgvmvg (N) w-m~vKvi wWGbG (O) wWGbG gvbe eskai
I Kvgvmvg
wP : wRbi MVb
gj 1866 mvj gUikyuwUi wRbZvwK MelYvKvj eskMwZi aviK I evnKi~c h dvii K_v DjL KiwQjb,
mwU AvR wRb i~c cwiwPZ nqQ| Rvnvbmb (Johansen) 1903 mvj wRb ki ceZb Kib| cZK Kvl
`ywU mgms (homologous) Kvgvmvg wRbMyjv `yB mU iwLKfve cici mwZ _vK| GKwU wRb
Kvgvmvgi hLvb Aevb Ki, ZvK jvKvm (locus) ej| 1900 wLv T.H. Morgan cgvY Kib h Kvb
GKwU wbw` wRb wbw` Kvgvmvgi wbw` vb Aevb Ki| H wbw` vbKB jvKvm ejv nq| wevbx Morgan
GKB Kvgvmvg AewZ wewfb wRbK wjsK wRb bvg AwfwnZ Kib| hvì GKmv_ jM _vKvi ceYZv AvQ
Ges wjsK wRbMyjv GK Rby _K cii RbyZ GKBmv_ hZ Pvq| gvqvwmm Kvl wefvRb KvgvmvgMyjvi
ga Kwms Ifvii dj wjR Mci cybtwebvm nq A_vr gvZ I wcZ Kvgvmvgi mshvM wRbi ^Z webvm
bZzb ewkmb Kvgvmvg Zwi nq| wRbB eskMwZi wbqK| mvaviYZ GKwU ewki Rb GKwU wbavwiZ wRb
_vK| Kvb Kvb GKvwaK wRb wgwjZfve GKwU ewk cKvk mnvqZv Ki|
wRbi ewk t (1) ^wefvRb (2) Ab c`v_i mw (3) wgDUkb|
GKwU wRb me mgq gvZ wRb _K Zwi nq| cwZwU wRb ^wefvRbi gvag Abyi~c wRbi mw Ki| DNA-i Ask
wRb| DNA ^wefvRbi gvag bZzb DNA m~ MVb Ki| DNA-i ^wefvRbi mgq H m~~i ga wjwce
evZvI h_vh_fve bZzb DNA-Z hvq ej GK Rby _K cii RbyZ DNA-i MVb mvaviYZ AcwiewZZ _vK|
GK Rby _K cii RbyZ wRb AcwiewZZ _vK| Gi djB mvb wcZvgvZvi mv_ mv`kc~Y nq|
DNA AYyZ h wRb Ask iqQ Zvì cZKi wfb wfb viK msLv I viK AbyKg (sequence) iqQ|
Gme viK AbyKg wekl wekl A_evaK msKZ wbwnZ _vK| G ch Rvbv z`Zg wRb 75wU wbDwKIUvBW I
eng wRb cvq 40,000wU wbDwKIUvBW msLv wnmve Kiv nqQ| DNA AYyi `Ni Dci wbfi Ki mLvb KqwU
wRb _vKZ cvi Zv Abygvb Kiv hvq| DNA AYym~ wRb AvKwZZ cici mwZ wKy Kvbv cKvi evwnK
MVbvKwZZ wef bq| GKwU wRb DNA m~i Kv_v _K kyi nq Kv_vq kl nqQ ZvI AvKwZMZfve wPwZ
bq wKy wbDwKIUvBW AbyKg mywbw`| cZKwU wRbi wbw` DNA Ask iqQ|
wRbi h Ask cvwUb mwi Rb msKZ enb Ki, ZvK KvwWs Ask (coding region) ej| wjWvi-Ask wRbi
KvwWs Ask _K cvq 10wU wbDwKIUvBW `~iZ AewZ| KvwWs-Ask Qvwoq ewaZ klvsk AewZ wRbi AskK
wbevn (down stream) ej| KvwWs Ask cvi nq wbevni h wKQyUv Ask RNA-i Abywjcb NUvq, ZvK
AbyMvwgK-Ask (trailor region) ej|
wRbMyjv mvaviY wbqg DNA Abym~i GK cv _K Aci cv ch c_K I iwLKfve cici mvRvbv _vK Ges
^Zfve msKZ e Ki| Ze wKQy wRb MyQe nq cvkvcvwk Aevb Ki Ges h_fve KvR Ki| MyQvKvi
AewZ wRbMyjv hLb GKKfve AbywjwcZ nq I KvR Ki ZLb GK AciY (operon) ej|
46
GKwU MvVwbK wRb (structrual gene) Gi mv_ PvjK (operator) I DxcK (promoter) wRb wbq mwwjZfve
KvR Ki| G wZb cKvi wRbK GK mv_ operon (Acib) ej| h wRb AcibK wbqY Ki ZvK wbqK wRb
(regulator gene) ejv nq|
myKw`K Kvli Kvgvmvg wRbi wKqvKkj AcvKZ RwUj| GB Kvgvmvgi BDKvgvwUb Aski wRb
wKqvkxj nq, nUivKvgvwUb Aski wRb wKqvkxj nq bv| h wRb _K cvwUb msklYi msKZ (mRNA) e
Ki ZvK vKPvivj wRb (Structrual gene) ej| wRbi ga h bbKvwWs-Ask _vK, ZvK BbUb (intron)
Ges KvwWs-AskK Gb (exon) ej|
wRb nQ Rxei mKj ewki Avavi| Crik (1956) DNA
Gi mUvj WMgv (Central Dogma) Abyhvqx wRbi Transcription
ewk hfve Zzj aiv nqQ Zv nQ (1) DNA mRNA nucleus
Abywjcbi (Replication) gvag Zvi AweKj
AvKwZ msklY Ki wefvRb cwKqvK GwMq bq| ribosome Phenotype
dj wRbi MVb Azb _K eskciivq mvwiZ mRNA Translation
nq| (2) DNA AYyi h h Ask wbq wRb MwVZ Kej
m me Ask e nj mLvb GKwU msKZ evnK m~ protein
QuvP wnme AskMnY Ki| wP : 1.22 : Central Dogma -i cwijL
m Aski viKi cvVKg Abyhvqx Abywjcb (transcription) NU RNA mw nq| GLvb cavbZ rRNA, tRNA
I mRNA mw nq| (3) m RNA Myjv ZLb A_KiYi (translation) Rb Zrci nq| vKPvivj wRbi
msKZ enbKvix Ask h viK iqQ Zvi cvVKg Abyhvqx mRNA AYym~ mwZ nq| mRNA ZLb rRNA
(hv ivBevmvg MVb Ki) I tRNA AYyi mnvqZvq KvwWs Aski cvVKg Abyhvqx A_KiY Ki| A_KiY kl h
Dcv`vb m nq Zv nQ cvwUb| (4) m cvwUb Zvi AvKwZ-cKwZ (Avwgbv AvwmW AbyKg I msLv) Abyhvqx
Kvli MVb, wecvK, cRbb, ew BZvw` hveZxq RewbK KvR-Kg cZ I civfve wbqY I mv`b Ki
GKwU Rxei `nwP dzwUq Zvj hvK wdbvUvBc (phenotype) ej| m cvwUbi wKQy wekl AYy GbRvBg
wnme mwKq nq wecvK wKqv wbqY Ki|
DNA AYyZ wRbMyjv cqvRb mwKq I AcqvRb wbwq _vK| wRbi G mwKq I wbwq _vKv AevK wRbi
Ad I Ab (Off and On) Aev ej hv GbRvBg cwKqvi mM RwoZ| Avevi wKQy wRb iqQ hviv KLbI
wbwq Aevq bv _K Kvli AwZ cqvRbxq cvwUb, Z_v GbRvBg mw Ki cwZwbqZ wecvK wKqv mPj ivL|
h me wRb KLbI e bv _K cwZwbqZ Kvbv GbRvBg ev cvwUb mw Ki ZvK nvDR wKwcs (house keeping)
wRb ej| AwaKvsk (BDKvwiIU Rxe) wRbMyjv ^Z| GKKwU wRb ^Z cKwZi GbRvBg ev cvwUb Zwi
Ki _vK| G GbRvBgMyjv wecvK wKqvq GKKwU wewKqvq AskMnY Ki| wewfb wRb _K m GbRvBgMyjvi
mgw^Z mvgwMK wewKqv kl GKw`K hgwb wewKqvi aviv Pvjy _vK Zgwb Rxei mvgwMK ewk dzU DV Ges Zv
ks
vqx evwnK i~c jvf Ki hvK wdbvUvBc wnme wPwZ Kiv nq| wRb I GbRvBg mK AZ wbMyp I RwUj|
oo
eb
GKw`K wRb cZ wbqY GbRvBg msklY Ki RewbK wKqvKjvc wbqY Ki I cwizUb NUvq Zgwb Zvi
ir.
nb
wbR wbwqZv, mwKqZv I eskew (iwcKkb) NUvZI GbRvBg AskMnY Ki| A_vr wRb _K GbRvBgi mw
/ta
om
nq Avevi m GbRvBgi wKQy Ask wRbi KvhKjvcKI wbqY Ki|

.c
ok
wkv_xì `jxq KvR:

bo
ce
Mc-G Mc-we
.fa
wRbi ewkjv Kx Kx? wRb Kxfve ewki cKvk NUvq?

w
w
w

47
Rxewevb : c_g c
RbwUK KvW
RbwUK KvW : m-RNA Gi wZbwU vi wgj GKwU KvWb nq hv cvwUb msklYi m~Pbv, mgvcb I 20wU
GgvBbv GwmWi h Kvbv GKwUK mywb`k Ki| Kvli wbDwKqvm DcwZ DNA vivB Kvli mvBUvcvRg
KLb Kvb cvwUb Zix ne Zv wbqwZ nq|
m-RNA
AvwUKvWb
KvWb KvWb KvWb KvWb
KvWb
wP : RbwUK KvW
DNA GB wbqYwU m-RNA Gi gvagB Ki _vK| Avi DNA KZK cwiZ msev` m-RNA Gi viK
mg~ni ga ai ivL Ges cvwUb msklYi mgq wK cKvi cvwUb mskwlZ ne Zv Gi wZbwU viKK GKwU k
wnmve eenvi Ki evZvwU mieivn Ki| hgb cvwUb msklYi m~Pbv AUG, mgvcwb UAA, UAG I UGA
Ges UUU-wdbvBj Gjvbxb, CUA wjDwmb, GUA fvwjb BZvw` GgvBbv GwmW wb`k Ki|
RbwUK KvWi ewk: RbwUK KvW Zqvwi cKwZi nq (triplet in nature) A_vr cwZ wZbwU wbDwKIUvBWi
mywbw` mg^q GKwU KvWb nq| KvW Kgv wenxb (commaless) KvW KLbB Ifvijc Ki bv (non
overlapping)| KvW wWRYviU aibi nq, A_vr GKvwaK KvWb GKwU GvgvBbv GwmWK (gw_Iwbb I
wUcUvdb) Qvov wb`k KwiZ cvi| 64% KvWbi ga 61wU KvhKi KviY Giv Kvb bv Kvbv GgvBbv
GwmWK wb`k Ki, evKx wZbwU UAA, UGA I UAG KvhKi bq| AUG cvwUb msklYi m~Pbv I
UAA, UGA Ges UAG cvwUb msklYi mgvcwb wb`k Ki| RbwUK KvW cvq wekRbxb
(universal) A_vr `yGKwU wmg Qvov cvq mKj B KvWi aib GKB aiYi|
m KvW, wmMbvj KvWb I GwUKvWb : h mKj KvWbjv Avwgbv GwmWi msklYK mivmwi
wbqY Ki ZvìK m KvWb ej| 64wU KvWbi ga 20wU Avwgbv GwmW msklYi Rb 61wU m
KvWb we`gvb| hme KvWjv cvwUb msklYi mgq Avwgbv GwmW Z_v cwjccUvBW PBb
msklYi i ev e Kivi wb`k c`vb Ki, ZvìK wmMbvj KvWb ej| wmMbvj KvWbjv `yB
cKvi| h_v:
1. m~PbvKvix KvWb (Start or Initiation codon) : h KvWbwU cvwUb msklYi mgq Avwgbv GwmW
Z_v cwjccUvBW PBb msklYi i Kivi msKZ c`vb Ki, ZvK m~PbvKvix KvWb ej| hgb-
AUG GKwU m~PbvKvix KvWb|
48
2. mgvcbx KvWb (Stop ev Termination coden) : hme KvWb cvwUb msklYi mgq Avwgbv
GwmW Z_v cwjccUvBW PBb msklYi e Kiv wb`k ev msKZ c`vb Ki, ZvìK mgvcbx KvWb
ej| mgvcbx KvWb 3wU; h_v UAA, UAG Ges UGA| Giv Kvb Avwgbv GwmW msklY mivmwi
Kvbv f~wgKv cvjb Ki bv, GRb GK bb-m KvWb ej|
GwUKvWb (Anit-codon) : cvwUb msklYi mgq DNA KZK cwiZ msev` mRNA Zvi wbR^
wZbwU bvBUvRb emi ga aviY Ki KvWb Zwi Ki| Zvici GwU wbDwKqvm _K ei nq Avm Ges
tRNA KZK cwievwnZ nq ivBevRvg Pj Avm| G mgq mRNA KZK AvbxZ msevì cvV Dvi
Kivi Rb tRNA Gi emmg~n mRNA emmg~ni mv_ h wekl webm Zwi Ki ZvK GwUKvWb
ej| GwU KvWbjv mvaviYZ 3 - 5 KviY KvWbjv 5 - 3 | Kvbv GKwU Rxe GwUKvWbi msLv
mgmgqB KvWbi msLvi ewk nq _vK| dj GwUKvWbjvK GKvwaK KvWbi mv_ Rvo MVb
KiZ nq| hgb AUG 5 - 3 KvWbi GwUKvW nj UAC 3 - 5 |
wkv_xì `jxq KvR:

Mc-G Mc-we
wRb I RbwUK KvW Kx? wRb I RbwUK KvW wK KvR jvM|
wkv_xi evwoi KvR: RbwUK KvWi MVb cwqv eYbv Ki wjL Avbe|
eskMZxq e wnme RNAGi Ae`vb
eskMZxq e wnme RNA Gi Ae`vb ev RNA-Gi f~wgKv t RNA eskMwZi ivmvqwbK ey wnme KvR Ki|
RNA I GbRvBg wRb KZK Zwi nq| Giv Rxei AwaKvsk RweK wKqv wbqY Ki| Gmei wbqY wRb KvhKix
f~wgKv cvjb Ki _vK| eskMwZ ey wnme RNA-i wekl f~wgKv iqQ| KviY, DNA AYyZ AewZ wRb hLb
Kvbv Pwi ev ewk cKvk Ki ZLb Zv c_g RNA AYyZ e Ki| m RNA AYy wRbi cwZwe^ î~c mwKq
nq| RNA AYymgw ZLb mywbqwZ Re ivmvqwbK cwZZ (transcription) cvwUb Zwi Ki hv cieZxZ
Rxei eskMwZ ewkK dzwUq Zvj|
ks
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nb
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49
Rxewevb : c_g c
Key words wfwK mvi msc
Kvl : cvRgv c`vewZ Ges wbDwKqvm wbqwZ GKL mvBUvcvRgK Kvl ej|
Kvl we`v : Rxewevbi h kvLvq Kvli c`vw_K ev fZ I ivmvqwbK MVb, RweK Kvhvewj, weKvk,
cwiziY, Kvl AvYyi MVb Ges wefvRb viv c~eZb Kvl _K bZzb Kvli Drcw cfwZ A_vr GK K_vq,
Kvl mK MelYv I chvjvPbv Kiv nq ZvK Kvlwe`v ev Cytology ejv nq|
cvRgvWmgvUv (plasmodesmata): cvkvcvwk _vKv `ywU Kvli ga Kvl cvPxii K~c Ask mvBUvcvR-
gi hvMm~ iPbvi vbK cvRgvWmgvUv (plasmodesmata) ej|
wjcvcvwUb : wjwcW Ges cvwUbi mg^qi MwVZ cvwUbK wjcvcvwUb ej|
BDKvgvwUb : wbDwKqvmK iwZ Kij h AskwU nvjKv is aviY Ki ZvK BDKvgvwUb Aj ej|
nUvivKvgvwUb : wbDwKqvmK iwZ Kij h AskwU Mvp is aviY Ki ZvK nUvivKvgvwUb Aj ej|
RbwUK KvW : m-RNA Gi wZbwU vi wgj GKwU KvWb nq hv cvwUb msklYi m~Pbv, mgvcb I 20wU
GgvBbv GwmWi h Kvbv GKwUK mywb`k Ki|
wbDwKImvBW : GK AYy bvBUvRb viK I GK AYy cUvR kyMvi hy nq MwVZ MvBKvmvBW hMK ejv
nq wbDwKImvBW|
wbDwKIUvBU : GK AYy wbDwKImvBW-Gi mv_ GK AYy dmdU hy nq MVb Ki GK AYy wbDwKIUvBU|
UvwKckb : Rxei wm~K DNA _K GKm~K mRNA mskl nIqvi cwKqvK UvwKckb ej| GB
cwKqvq wm~K DNA AYyi RbwUK Z_ GK m~K mRNA Z vbvwiZ nq|
Uvjkb : mRNA Z we`gvb eskMwZ msKZmg~nK wfw Ki cvwUb AYyi msklY cwKqvi bvg Uvjk-
b|
50
ewbevPwb ck
1| Dw` Kvl mYvKiYi AvYy KvbwU?
K. wbDwKqvm L. gvBUvKwqv M. Kvivcv N. ivBevmvg
2| cvwbk~b Aevq wbwq _vK KvbwU?
K. mvBUvcvRg L. wbDwKqvm M. cvUvcvRg N. GvcvRwgK iwUKzjvg
3| cvwYKvl Kvb AvYyi cwigvY ewk _vK?
K. ivBevmvg L. jvBmvmvg M. gvBUvKwqv N. MjwM e
4| Dw` I cvYx Dfq KvlB cvIqv hvq
i. wbDwKqvm I KvlwSjx
ii. gvBUvKwqv I gvBKvwfjvB
iii. KvlcvPxi I KvlwSjx
Dcii Z_i AvjvK wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i L. i, ii M. ii, iii N. i, ii, iii
5| RbwUK KvW Kq viK hy?
K. 1 L. 2 M. 3 N. 4
6| Kvb AvYywU Uvjkvb Gi mv_ mKhy-
K. gmvmvg L. jvBmvmvg M. ivBevmvg N. mUvmvg
7| cvKvwiIwUK ivBevmvg Kvb cKwZi?
K. 50 s L. 70 s M. 80 s N. 100 s
8| Kvivcv h me eYKwYKv _vK-
K. Kvivwdj L. Rvvwdj M. KvivwUb N. Dcii mejv
mRbkxj ck
1| wdwb LvIqvi mgq ieji wdwbi evwUZ gv GKwU wgw w`j| wdwbi evwUi gvSLvb wdwbZ fvmgvb GB wgw
ieji KvQ Zvi cvwYwevb eBq cov GKwU Kvlxq Dcv`vbi K_v gb Kwiq w`j| Zvi AviI gb nj GB
ks
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Dcv`vbwU AvRKi Rxe cvPyhZvi Rb `vqx|

eb
ir.
K. Kvl Kx?
nb
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L. gvBUvKwqvK Kvli kwNi ejv nq Kb?

.c
ok
M. ieji cheYKZ Kvlxq Dcv`vbwUi ivmvqwbK MVb eYbv Ki|

bo
ce
N. ieji Kb gb nj DwjwLZ Dcv`vbwU Rxe cvPzhZvi Rb `vqx?- weklY Ki|

.fa
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51
Rxewevb : c_g c
2| mvwbi PvL Rvov AvUK AvQ wWKfvwi evsjv Pvbj Pjgvb GKwU Abyvb| m `Lj cvPuvbv wmwoi gZ
GKwU e, hv GK m~vKvi ev wm~Kvi MVb wewk ewP hv Avgvì RMrK KiQ ewPgq|
K. wbDwKIUvBW Kx?
L. ivBevmvgK cvwUbi dvwi ejv nq Kb?
M. mvwbi `Lv Dcv`vb `ywUi ga MVbMZ I KvhMZ cv_K wbYq Ki|
N. DxcK DwjwLZ e 2wUi mv_ ewPgq RxeRMZi mK weklY Ki|
3| wPwU cheY Ki Ges ckjvi Di `vI:

TA
TA
CC
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AT
TA
CC
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A
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G G
G T
C
C A
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CC AT
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wP- A
K. Kvlxq AvYy Kx?
L. evKUwiqvK Avw` Kvl ejv nq Kb?
M. wP A Gi cwqvwU eYbv Ki|
N. DxcKi cwqvwU bv NUj RxeRMZi Kxic Aev ne ej Zzwg gb Ki|- weklY Ki|
4| wPwU cheY Ki Ges ckjvi Di `vI:
K. ivBevRvg K Avwevi Kib?

L. jvBmvRgK AvZNvZx _wjKv ejv nq Kb?
M. wP A I B Gi ga KvhMZ mKi wbfikxjZv DjL Ki|
N. A Gi KvhKjvc evwZiK Pjgvb Rxe RMr Kbvnxb - g~jvqb Ki|
52

Biology 1st Paper Book

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Biology 1st Paper Book

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Rxewevb

GB Aavqi cavb kmg~n (Key Words)

Dw` Kvl Dw` Kvl Dw` Kvl cvwYKvl cvwYKvl

cvUvcvRg wbq MwVZ Ges c~eZb Kvl _K m|

Any kind of e-book & Software : www.tanbircox.blogspot.com

wP : Avw` Kvl wP : cKZ Kvl

wP : wewfb AvKwZi Dw`Kvl wP : wewfb AvKwZi cvwYKvl

1 gvBKvwgUvi (m) = 1 gvBKvb () = 0.001 wgwjwgUvi (mm)

1 bvbvwgUvi (nm) = 0.001 gvBKvwgUvi (m) = 10 Avsg ()

wkv_xi KvR: wewfb AvKwZi Kvli bvg wjL|

Any kind of e-book & Software : www.tanbircox.blogspot.com

Kvli msMVb (Structure of Cell)

Dw` Kvli msMVb (Structure of Plant Cell) :

wP : 1.1 Bjb AYyexYh ` GKwU Av`k Dw`Kvli MVb

wkv_xi KvR: Dw`Kvli KvlAvYywji bvg ej|

(i) wbDwKqwSjx (wbDwKqvi

wkv_x`i `jxq KvR:

cvwYKvli msMVb (Structure of Animal Cell) :

A.KvlwSjx ev cvRgv ggeb B.cvUvcvRg

i.mvBUvmj ii. Kvlxq AvYy iii. Kvlxq Ro c`v_

2. GvcvRwgK iwUKzjvg 8. fwmKj

3. MjwM ewW 9. mwUIj

4. jvBmvmvg 10. gvBvwdjvgUm

5. ivBevmvg 11. gvBvwUDweDjm

Any kind of e-book & Software : www.tanbircox.blogspot.com

wP t 1.2 GKwU Av`k cvwYKvl (Bjb AYyexY h `)

wkv_x`i `jxq KvR:

wkv_xi KvR: Kvl cvPxi Kx? wcU Kx?

(glycoproteins)| nwgmjyjvR- G xylans, arabans, galactans BZvw` _vK|

Any kind of e-book & Software : www.tanbircox.blogspot.com

KvlwSjx ev cvRgv ggeb (Cell membrane or Plasma membrane)

wP : 1.4 Kvl wSjxi dzBW gvRvBK gWj

wkv_xi KvR: dzBW gvRvBK gWj bvgKiYi KviY Kx?

Any kind of e-book & Software : www.tanbircox.blogspot.com

wkv_xi `jxq KvR: dzBW gvRvBK gWji MVb I KvRjv Kx Kx?

(a) i (b) evnK cvwUb

gvbyli wW^Kvl wcbvmvg mw nq|

3| dvMvmvg (Phagosome) : KvlwSjx _K m I wePzZ Ges MnxZ KwVb e mn AveiYxe mvBUvcvRgxq

nq| hgb- kZ KwYKv dvMvmvBUvwmm cwqvq RxevYy fY Ki|

Any kind of e-book & Software : www.tanbircox.blogspot.com

wewfb Re I ARe AYy fvmgvb ev `exf~Z Aevq _vK|

mvBUvmjK NbZ Abyhvqx `yfvM fvM Kiv hvq| h_v:

aviY Ki| Any kind of e-book & Software : www.tanbircox.blogspot.com

wP : 1.7 : ivBevmvgi MVb

Any kind of e-book & Software : www.tanbircox.blogspot.com

MjwM e (Golgi body)

wP : 1.9 : jvBmvmvgi MVb

wkv_x`i `jxq KvR:

wP : 1.10 : mwUIji MVb

GvcvRwgK RvwjKv (Endoplasmic reticulum)

mec_g Kvl Gi DcwwZ j Kib|

wmviwb fwmKj wUDweDj

wP : 1.12 : gvBUvKwqvi MVb

wkv_xi KvR: gvBUvKwqv Kx? K Avwevi Kib?

Any kind of e-book & Software : www.tanbircox.blogspot.com

wkv_xi KvR: Kvivcv Kx?

wP: 1.13 : Kvivcvi MVb

Ges DNA I RNA| GLvb mvjvKmsklYi Kjwfb PK mb& nq|

Any kind of e-book & Software : www.tanbircox.blogspot.com

wkv_x`i `jxq KvR:

wkv_xi KvR: wbDwKqvm Kx?

wcbvmvBwUK dvvi gZ dvv wQ`c_ mvBUvcvRg ei nq Avm|

KvR : wbDwKqvmK iYveY Ki| wbDwKIcvRg, wbDwKIjvm I KvgvmvgK mvBUvcvRg _K c_K Ki

Any kind of e-book & Software : www.tanbircox.blogspot.com