Siege of Biha

This article is about a battle fought in 199295. For the nent. Under his command the Croatian HVO units were
battle fought in 1592, see Siege of Biha (1592). a component of the Army of Republic Bosnia and Herze-
govina.
The Siege of Biha was a three-year-long siege of the
northwestern Bosnian town of Biha by the Army of the
Republika Srpska, the Army of the Republic of Ser-
bian Krajina and Bosniak dissenters led by the Bosniak
politician Fikret Abdi during the 1992-95 Bosnian
War.[8][9][10] The siege lasted for three years, from June
1992 until 45 August 1995, when Operation Storm
ended it after the Croatian Army (HV) overran the rebel
Serbs in Croatia and northwest of the besieged town. War presidency of the Biha area during one meeting in Cazin
(July 1992)
The Research and Documentation Center in Sarajevo es-
tablished that the communities that were under siege A shell red from Serb positions in the hill exploded in the
Biha, Bosanska Krupa, Cazin and Velika Kladua had town centre on 11 August 1992, next to a building con-
4,856 killed or missing persons from 1991 to 1995.[7] verted into a shelter for Bosniak women and children. It
killed ve people, including three children, and wounded
24. Eight people needed amputations. The director of
the towns hospital said that all of the casualties were big
1 Timeline operations. The inhabitants of Biha, armed with little
except old ries, had no means of retaliating. Instead, as
1.1 1992 on every day since 12 June, when the Army of the Repub-
lika Srpska rst began to bombard Biha, people simply
After the secessionist Serb Republic of Serbian Krajina did their best to carry away the wounded and clear up the
was proclaimed in 1991 on the west, the inhabitants of Bi- wreckage. A secretary said it took hours to wash away
ha were prevented from crossing into that territory. Ad- the blood. Almost every day, the Serbs sent red more
ditionally, after Bosnian Serbs proclaimed the Republika shells, some in the morning, some in the afternoon, and
Srpska in 1992 on the east, the communities of Biha, some at night. On one day in August, shelling lasted from
[11]
Bosanska Krupa, Cazin and Velika Kladua found them- 6.40 pm until well after midnight.
selves surrounded on both sides. The two Serbian armies The region had a mainly Bosniak population and, since
cooperated in order to capture the Bosniak pocket in the the outbreak of armed conict, had received some 35,000
middle of them. It was blockaded and bombarded by the displaced persons, most of them coming from Serb con-
Serbian forces starting on 12 June 1992. As a conse- trolled areas around Banja Luka and Sanski Most in the
quence, the residents of Biha were forced to live in shel- summer of 1992. In return, most of the Serbs, some
ters, without electricity or a water supply, receiving only 12,000 before the war, left Biha for Banja Luka at the
limited food-relief. Hunger would occasionally break same time.[12][13]
out.[1] The Biha county declared a state of emergency
and formed its own resistance army, the V Corps.
Although he did not have any military education, 1.2 1993
Tomislav Dretar, an ethnic Croat, organized the defense
of Croats in the Biha area, became the president of the The designation of Srebrenica as a safe area was extended
Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) of Biha, established on 6 May 1993 to include ve other Bosnian towns: Sara-
the Croatian Defense Council (HVO) of Biha and the jevo, Tuzla, epa, Gorade and Biha. The Bosnian Pres-
Biha area on 28 July 1992 in the village of mrekovac in ident, Alija Izetbegovi, dismissed the concept. He said
the municipality of Velika Kladua and become the First the havens would become death traps, where refugees,
President and Military Commander as an ocer with the thinking they were safe, would instead become easy tar-
title of Colonel. The Croatian units numbered a total of gets for Bosnian Serb forces.[14]
1,200 men organized as smaller units within the Fifth Bi- Biha had few food convoys throughout the three years,
ha Corps as an autonomous Croatian military compo- with only the occasional airlift reaching the towns inhabi-

1
2 1 TIMELINE

tants. The wreckage of the bombing lay all around. Sand-

bags were piled high against houses and bunkers were dot-
ted on street corners. Almost half of the population was
drafted into the Army to defend the area. Cars almost
disappeared from the streets of what was once a relatively
prosperous community. There was nowhere to go and lit-
tle fuel. The post oce was piled high with sandbags.
Almost every telephone line had been cut since 1991.[8]
The deployment of UN troops in the area did not help:
Serbian forces inside the UN-protected zone in Croatia
hijacked an aid convoy heading for Biha in April 1993.
UN refugee ocials stood by helplessly as the Serbs made
o with 19 tons of food, mainly ready-to-eat meals, and
distributed the food to Croatian Serbs civilians.[15] Mar- Bosanska Krupa after the war
cus Tanner cynically commented how the Serbs from the
'UN protected' Krajina were shelling Biha, a 'UN safe
area'.[15]
to surrender. They later amended this with a new oer
The Biha area, which contained 170,000 people, had for Bosnian-Muslim troops to surrender to Fikret Abdi's
been denied support from UN aid convoys since May forces. But the mayor of Biha, Hamdija Kabiljagi, re-
1993.[16] By 1993, the enclave hosted 61,000 displaced jected the surrender, saying it would be the signal for
or refugees from other parts of Bosnia, amounting to 27 mass slaughter by the Serbs. Biha's citizens then pro-
percent of its entire population.[17] The entire Biha area ceeded to blockade the streets with trees and burned out
had only one hospital that had exhausted the last of its cars.[19]
food and medical reserves by December 1994, so that
the feeding of the sick and wounded, more than 900 pa- Michael Williams, a spokesman for the United Nations
tients, was limited to one meal per day. Treatment was peacekeeping force, said that the village of Vedro Polje
given only to the most desperate cases whereas opera- west of Biha had fallen to a Croatian Serb unit in late
tions were being performed under local anesthesia. In this November 1994. Williams added that heavy tank and
situation, without the necessary food and medicines, in- artillery re against the town of Velika Kladua in the
fectious diseases were spreading- tuberculosis, intestinal north of the Biha enclave was coming from the Croa-
diseases, hepatitis, vitamin A deciency. The hospital tian Serbs. Moreover, Western military analysts said that
was no longer in a position to help the inhabitants of the among the impressive array of Bosnian-Serb surface-to-
area.[18] air missile systems that surrounded the Biha pocket on
Croatian territory, there was a modernized SAM-2 sys-
The enclave was additionally weakened when rebel tem whose degree of sophistication suggested that it was
Bosniak forces led by Fikret Abdi joined the Serbs in the probably brought there recently from Belgrade.[20]
ghting and created the Autonomous Province of West-
ern Bosnia in the north. Since Operation Deny Flight did not allow ghter jets to
be used in Bosnia, the Army of the Republika Srpska
took advantage of the ban by outsourcing air strikes to
the Army of Srpska Krajina: they launched air strikes
1.3 1994 with aircraft based at a former Yugoslav Peoples Army
(JNA) military airport in Udbina, south of Biha, located
Main article: Operation Spider in Croatian territory that was at the time controlled by the
The territory of Western Bosnia was seized by the Republic of Serbian Krajina. The Serb aircraft dropped
Bosnian government troops in 1994, but they were ex- napalm and cluster bombs. Although most of the ord-
pelled later that year with the signicant help of the Serbs, nance came from old, unreliable stocks and failed to ex-
and the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia was re- plode, the attacks were a clear violation of the no-y zone.
established. NATO immediately looked for ways to respond, but its
By 27 November 1994, advancing Serb forces took forces were not permitted to carry out operations in Croa-
around a third of the zone. Fighting raged less than 500 tian airspace, and due to Biha's proximity to the border,
yards from the Biha hospital and moved closer to the Serb aircraft could attack into Bosnia, then cross back
headquarters of the Bosnian Fifth Corps. However, the into Croatia before being intercepted.[21] As such, NATO
UN Security Council had failed to reach agreement on was powerless to stop the incursions. In recognition of
a draft statement that would condemn the Serbs shelling the situation, the Security Council passed Resolution 958,
of and entry into Biha and call for their withdrawal.[19] which allowed NATO aircraft to operate in Croatia. Un-
The US plan to relieve the city was rejected by France der the cool leadership of the UNHCR Director of Lo-
and Britain. Bosnian-Serb forces rst set a deadline of gistics Operations, Peter Walsh, the refugee agency man-
19.00 GMT on 26 November for the towns defenders aged to breach the blockade in December 1994 and get
 3

100 tonnes of valuable food aid into the pocket. This was from Bosnia and Croatia, which normalized the lives of
a dicult task hampered by persistent small arms and ar- the people living there.
tillery re as well as unnecessary freedom of movement
violations. The aid was delivered to Cazin for distribution
throughout the region. 3 Legal proceedings
The United Nations Security Council Resolution 959 ex-
pressed concern about the escalation in recent ghting in 3.1 International Tribunal
the Biha pocket and the ow of refugees and displaced
persons resulting from it and condemned the violation The ICTY indicted Slobodan Miloevi for participat-
of the international border between the Republic of Croa- ing in a joint criminal enterprise, on the grounds that
tia and the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and de- he planned, instigated, ordered, committed or otherwise
mands that all parties and others concerned, and in par- aided and abetted the planning, preparation or execution
ticular the so-called Krajina Serb forces, fully respect the of persecutions of non-Serbs, principally Bosnian Mus-
border and refrain from hostile acts across it.[22] lims and Bosnian Croats and aided and abetted the plan-
ning, preparation or execution of the extermination, mur-
der and wilful killings of non-Serbs, principally Bosnian
1.4 1995 Muslims and Bosnian Croats, among them within the
territories of Biha.[26]
The enclave came under heavy tank and mortar re again
on 23 July 1995 in what UN ocials described as the General Ratko Mladi was also indicted on the grounds
most serious ghting in Bosnia in months. Thousands ofthat he planned, instigated, ordered, committed or other-
wise aided and abetted the planning, preparation or exe-
rebel troops, backed by 100 tanks, attacked the Bosnian-
Muslim forces there.[9] cution of the persecution of the Bosnian Muslim, Bosnian
Croat or other non-Serb populations, among them in
The United Nations General Assembly also addressed the Biha-Ripa.[27]
issue:

Military exercise activities intensied after

the Bosnian Army 5th Corps
engaged Serbian troops in western Bosnia
(Biha region). At the same time,
"SVK" started with large-scale prepara-
tions for oensive actions in the western Bosnia
theatre of operations.... In September 1994,
700 to 800 volunteers from Serbia were trained
in the Slunj area for combat action in western
Bosnia.[23]
United Nations General Assembly on
the situation in the occupied territories of
Croatia
2 End of siege
After the fall of the Srebrenica and epa enclaves in east-
ern Bosnia in July 1995, Croatia started massing soldiers
near Serb positions outside the enclave as Serb forces with
tanks and artillery bombarded the Bosnian governments
lines. The goal was to prevent the fall of the Biha en-
clave. Likewise, the Croatian and Bosnian leaderships
signed a mutual defence treatythe Split Agreement.[24]
The siege ended with Operation Storm on 45 August
1995 conjoined with Bosnian forces under General Atif
Dudakovi.[1] Dudakovi said: We needed Operation
Storm as much as Croatia did.[25] After the end of siege,
food supplies and medical aid started arriving in the area
3.2 Domestic trials
The government of Bosnia-Herzegovina charged Fikret
Abdi with the deaths of 121 civilians, three POWs and
the wounding of 400 civilians in the Biha region.[28]
Croatian authorities arrested him and put him on trial.
In 2002, he was sentenced to 20 years in prison for war
crimes committed in the area of the Biha pocket.[29]
In 2005, the Croatian Supreme Court reduced his sen-
tence to 15 years.[30] After having served ten years of
his fteen-year sentence, Abdi was released on 9 March
2012 and upon leaving prison he was greeted by 3,000 of
his supporters.[31]
In 2012, the Biha Cantonal court sentenced ve former
soldiers of the VRS to a total of 56,5 years in prison for
murdering 25 Bosniak civilians in the villages of Duljci
and Oraac in September 1992.[32]
4 References
[1] After Long Siege, Bosnians Relish 'First Day of Free-
dom'". The New York Times. 9 August 1995. Retrieved
25 January 2010.
[2] Tom Hundley (30 July 1995). Croatia, Serbia Face O
At Bihac. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
[3] Gow 2003, p. 131
[4] Escalation Feared As Croats Advance. Orlando Sen-
tinel. 29 July 1995. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
4 6
[5] Michael R. Gordon (30 November 1994). Conict in the
Balkans: Croats Warn Of Wider War if Biha Falls. The
New York Times. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
[6] Ramet 2006, p. 451
[7] IDC: Pounje victim statistics. Retrieved 22 October
2010.
[8] Weary Bihac cries with joy as siege ends. The Indepen-
dent. 9 August 1995. Retrieved 25 January 2010.
[9] Tracy Wilkinson (25 July 1995). Bosnia Enclave of Bi-
hac Faces 3-Way Siege. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved
22 October 2010.
[10] Roger Cohen (2 December 1994). CONFLICT IN THE
BALKANS: IN CROATIA; Balkan War May Spread Into
Croatia. New York Times. Retrieved 13 October 2010.
[11] Tony Barber (12 August 1992). Defenceless Muslims
face the nal agony: Tony Barber witnesses the relentless
demolition of Bihac by Serbian guns. The Independent.
Retrieved 23 October 2010.
[12] Mike O'Connor (19 October 1995). Besieged Now by
Cold and Hunger. The New York Times. Retrieved 18
February 2013.
[13] Central and southwest Bosnia- Herzegovina: civilian
population trapped in a cycle of violence. Amnesty In-
ternational. January 1994. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
[14] 1993: UN makes Srebrenica 'safe haven'". BBC News.
16 April 2005. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
[15] Marcus Tanner (29 April 1993). Bosnia: Bihac shelling
destroys UN peace-keeping role: Serbs from 'protected'
Krajina step up attacks on Bosnia. The Independent. Re-
trieved 25 January 2010.
[16] Art Pine (24 November 1994). NATO Hits Serb Mis-
siles; Siege of Bihac Grows. Los Angeles Times. Re-
trieved 22 October 2010.
[17] Mann, Jonathan; Drucker, Ernest; Tarantola, Daniel; Mc-
Cabe, Mary Pat (1994). Bosnia: The War Against Public
Health (PDF). Medicine & Global Survival. p. 4.
[18] Bekir Tatlic (26 December 1994). In Bihac, a Hospital
Under Siege: Medicine and food are almost gone for 900
patients trapped in a Serb chokehold. Los Angeles Times.
Retrieved 22 October 2010.
[19] Emma Daly (27 November 1994). Bihac fears mas-
sacre. The Independent. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
[20] Roger Cohen (28 October 1994). Hard-Fought Ground.
New York Times. Retrieved 13 October 2010.
[21] Sudetic, Chuck (19 November 1994). Napalm and Clus-
ter Bombs Dropped on Bosnian Town. The New York
Times. Retrieved 28 April 2009.
[22] UN Security Council, 3462nd Meeting, Resolution
S/RES/959. United Nations Security Council. 19
November 1994. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
EXTERNAL LINKS
[23] United Nations General Assembly on the situation in
the occupied territories of Croatia, A/50/72, S/1995/82
(PDF). United Nations General Assembly. 26 January
1995. Retrieved January 21, 2011.
[24] Tony Barber (28 October 1995). Croats ready to hurl
troops into battle of Bihac. The Independent. Retrieved
13 October 2010.
[25] interview with General Atif Dudakovic (15 September
2006). We needed Operation Storm as much as Croa-
tia did. Bosnia Report i. Retrieved 30 September 2007.
[26] The Prosecutor of the Tribunal against Slobodan Milose-
vic Indictment (p. 33, 36)". ICTY. 22 November 2001.
Retrieved 4 November 2010.
[27] The Prosecutor of the Tribunal against Ratko Mladic- In-
dictment (p. 36)" (PDF). ICTY. October 2002. Retrieved
4 November 2010.
[28] Bosnia candidate jailed for war crimes. BBC News. 31
July 2002. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
[29] Concerns Pertaining to the Judiciary. Human Rights
Watch. October 2004.
[30] Background Report: Domestic War Crime Trials 2005
(page 23)" (PDF). Organization for Security and Co-
operation in Europe mission in Croatia. 13 September
2006.
[31] Abdi puten iz zatvora. B92. 9 March 2012. Retrieved
16 February 2013.
[32] Five Men Sentenced for Orasac Murders. Balkan In-
sight. 5 February 2012.
5 Books
Gow, James (2003). The Serbian Project and Its
Adversaries: A Strategy of War Crimes. McGill-
Queens Press. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
Ramet, Sabrina P. (2006). The Three Yugoslavias:
State-Building And Legitimation, 1918-2005. Indi-
ana University Press. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
6 External links
French video footage of Biha in 1992 at Ina.fr
Coordinates: 4449N 1552E / 44.817N 15.867E
 5

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