Topology: Handwritten Notes
by
Tahir Mehmood
Partial Contents
These are the handwritten notes. These notes are lecture delivered by Mr. Tahir Mehmood.
1. Metric space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
2. Minkowskis inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
3. Open set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4. Closed ball . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5. Closed set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6. Bounded set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7. Limit point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
8. Closure of a set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
9. Convergence in metric space and complete
metric space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
10. Cauchy sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
11. Bounded sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
12. Nested interval property or Cantors inter-
section theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
13. Continuous function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
14. Topological spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
15. Metric topology, cofinite topology . . . . . . 39
16. Open set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
17. Closed set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
18. Closure of a set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
19. Neighbourhood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
20. Interior point, exterior point . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
21. Boundary point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
22. Limit point (with respect to topology) . . 52
23. Isolated point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
24. Dense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
25. Separable set; Countable set . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
26. Base of topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
27. Neighbourhood base or local base or base at
a point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
28. Open cover; Lindelof space . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
1
29. Lindelof theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
30. Relative topology, subspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
31. Separation axioms; T0 -space . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
32. T1 -space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
33. Subbase; Generation of topologies . . . . . . 92
34. T2 -space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
35. Continuous function (with respect to topolo-
gies) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
36. Product topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
37. Convergence of sequence in topological
spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
38. Regular space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
39. Completely regular space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
40. Compactness in topological spaces . . . . . 125
41. Homeomorphism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
42. Countably compact space . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
43. Bolzano Weierstrass property . . . . . . . . . . 145
44. Lebesgue number; Big set; Lebesgue covery
lemma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
45. net; Totally bounded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
46. Connected spaces; Disconnected . . . . . . . 157
47. Component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
48. Totally disconnected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
49. Separated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
50. Normed spaced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
51. Uniformly continuous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
52. Closed unit ball; Convex set . . . . . . . . . . . 190
53. Vector space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
54. Linear combination; Spanning set; Linearly
independent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
55. Linearly dependent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
56. Linearly independent lemma . . . . . . . . . . 194
 57. Finite dimensional; Subspace . . . . . . . . . . 197
58. Equivalent norms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
59. Banach space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
60. Reiz Lemma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
61. Hilbert spaces; Inner product spaces . . . 224
62. Polarization identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
63. Cauchy Schewarz inequality . . . . . . . . . . . 229
64. Appalonius identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
65. Hilbert space; Pythagorian theorem . . . 233
66. Minimizing vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
67. Direct sum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
68. Orthogonal set; Orthonormal set . . . . . . 242
69. Bessels inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
70. Total orthonormal sets (definition); Parse-
vels equality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
71. Linear Operator; The Kernel or Null space
of a linear operator; Continuous linear oper-
ator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
72. Bounded linear operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249
73. Norm of a bounded lienar operator . . . . 252
74. Linear functionals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

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