THEORIES POWER PLANT ENGINEERING

CHAPTER 6- INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE POWER PLANTS

ADRIANCEM

1. Internal combustion engines are built around a variety of thermodynamic

cycles.
2. An internal combustion engines have gaseous working mediums.
3. Inter combustion engines use the piston and cylinder to create a variable
volume chamber in which to work out the cycle.
4. ICE may either have a two or four-stroke cycle.
5. ICE have a cyclic rather than uniform power output.

BARCELONA - REPORTER

6. For a uniform output, it is necessary to have multiple cylinders and/or heavy

flywheels for steady delivery.
7. Engines using gaseous fuels are less frequently seen than the liquid fuel
types.
8. Liquid fuels are more readily transported than gaseous fuels.
9. Diesel engines are more important to the field of electric generation.
10.In stationary power plants, engines are direct-connected to generators of
relatively low speed.
11.For stationary power plants with speeds of about 200-1000 rpm necessitate a
large-diameter, salient-pole generator of rather short axial length.
12.The heavy, rugged slow-speed construction of stationary diesel engines is
productive of high reliability and, although costly, can be justified in central
station practice.
13.Gasoline engines use carburators to vaporize fuel and mix it with air in proper
proportions.
14.Diesel engines use high-pressure injection to introduce fuel to the chamber.
15.Diesel engines use the compression stroke to raise the pressure to about 36
Kg/cm2.

BOSCHI

16.The diesel is an excellent prime mover for electrical generation in capacities

of from 101 hp to 5070 hp.
17.The advantages of the diesel engines are low cost, no long warming-up
period and no standby losses, uniformly high efficiency of all sizes, simple
plant layout and no need of large water supply.
18.Engine installations may be divided into mobile and stationary.
19.Diesel can extract more work out of each unit than other engines.
20.In diesel engines, an increase of capacity increases the plant floor area and
cost nearly in the same proportion.

DE GUZMAN
 21.Large steam central stations have net thermal efficiencies nearly as high as
that of the diesel.
22.Diesel engines have high exhaust noises.
23.Real engines have cylinder cooling for mechanical reasons.
24.The outstanding characteristic of diesel engines is compression ignition.
25.It is possible to raise the air sufficiently in temperature, by polytropic
compression, to ignite hydrocarbon fuels.

DESPI

26.Control of ignition timing is obtained by injecting fuel into the air after the
compression.
27.Timing of combustion is accomplished by timing of fuel injection.
28.For diesel engines, atomization rather than carburetion is employed for
dispersal, and inexpensive low-volatile liquid fuel, such as petroleum
distillate, can be used in place of the gasoline of spark ignition engines.
29.The mechanical heart of the Diesel is the fuel injection system.
30.The mixing of air and fuel becomes more difficult the larger the cylinder and
the faster rotative speed.

EPE

31.High-speed engines are the small-bore automotive types.

32.Engines driving electrical generators have lower speeds and simple
combustion chambers.
33.Early diesel engines used air for fuel injection at about 70 Kg/cm 2.
34.The fuel injection system must pressurize, meter, and time the fuel.
35.It is possible to build the 2-cycle engine without valve gear.

FABIAN

36.Diesel engines are commonly rather large, the valves are correspondingly
large in diameter and are operated from a massive cam-shaft.
37.It is customary to design a line of engines on the basis of a fixed bore and
stroke, and to vary capacity by adding cylinders.
38.In-line arrangement is common, but increasingly the V-bank arrangement is
seen
39.The double-acting principle was adopted to obtain larger capacity than the
single-acting without much increase in over-all dimensions.
40.Governing is accomplished by control of the quantity of fuel oil spray.

GENELBRALDO

41.The governor speed control is derived from centrifugal flyweights whose

action is to vary the metering function of the injection system.
42.Governors are sensitive enough to permit exact load adjustment.
43.For electrical generation even the multicylinder engines must be equipped
with a heavy flywheel to prevent cyclic variation of speed.
 44.Atmospheric towers are long, narrow structures of considerable height placed
with the long axis normal to the prevailing wind.
45.Fuel measurement for acceptance tests are required to be made by direct
weighing.

LASA

46.An engine should therefore be as conservatively rated in speed and mean

effective pressure as the purchases can afford to use.
47.Crowding a high horsepower rating into a given engine lowers the cost per
horsepower and shortens the life of the engine.
48.Combustion in the Diesel engine cylinder begins theoretically at the instant
injection start and continues, at constant pressure, until injection ceases.
49.The distillate fuel used may be considered to have an average chemical
formula of C16H32.
50.Early fuel cutoff is necessary to good thermal efficiency, but early cutoff is
not possible with the ideal A:F ratio of 14.8.

LIM

51.Loss of power can be avoided by using a supercharger with the engine, driven
either mechanically from the crankshaft or by an exhaust gas turbine.
52.Combustion of Diesel fuel goes in two stages, first an ignition delay stage,
then a stage of inflammation of the air-fuel mixture.
53.Although the whole delay of period may be only microseconds long, its
characteristics of the engine, such as detonation, starting, products of
combustion, and smoothness of operation.
54.Injection must begin several degrees of crank angle before dead center.
55.Following ignition there is a rapid pressure rise during inflammation, the
extent of this being inversely to the delay period, for the longer the delay the
more fuel in the cylinder to be suddenly inflamed.

LING

56.After inflammation, the incoming spray burns directly without lag.

57.As the fuel-air ratio increases there is a tendency to production of smoke from
unburned carbon.
58.After engine friction and accessory power needs have been satisfied, the net
power available at the engine shaft is the brake horsepower.
59.The brake horsepower is measured by a brake dynamometer.
60.Indicator power is difficult to measure directly on small Diesel with great
accuracy, because the volume of indicator lead through the cylinder head
appreciably lowers the normal compression ratio.

LOBITANA

61.A hypothetical pressure, known as brake mean effective pressure, bmep, can
be employed to show the magnitude of mean effective pressure.
 62.The true pressure, pmep, is higher compared to brake horsepower on account
of engine friction losses.
63.An advantage of the Diesel is its fairly constant efficiency over considerable
range of load and also, the achieved do not vary greatly with the size of the
engine.
64.Fuel-air mixture will not be the same for all cylinders unless the injection
mechanism is individually adjusted, using the exhaust temperature as guide.
65.The I.C. engine is almost a self-contained prime mover in that it requires very
few auxiliaries beyond those built onto the engine by the manufacturer.

MACALAM

66.It is a common practice to set the engine generator units in a power plant on
parallel center-lines.
67.As the average plant has two or more engines, the parallel arrangement
leads to a bulding of somewhat square shape.
68.The heavy reciprocating parts of the Diesel will cause objectionable vibration
unless sufficient foundation mass if provided.
69.Foundations of engines in the basements of hotels, and in similar locations
where any vibration transmitted from the foundation would be undesirable,
must have the foundations insulated from the rest of the building by
corkboard or vibration dampers.
70.Piping connections to the engine should be through short flexible sections.

OLORVIDA

71.Power station engines are always direct-connected to their generators,

usually close-coupled.
72.The standard engine-type generator has its own bearings and is connected by
flexible coupling to the engine shaft, outboard of the flywheel.
73.Thermometers and pyrometers are highly useful as an index to operation.
74.Pressure gauges are used on the injection air system to gauge both final and
interstage pressures.
75.Fuel oil day tanks are equipped with glass liquid level gauges and the main
storage tanks have a sounding opening so that the level, and thereby the
volume, of the oil in storage may be determined by a staff gauge.

PAQUIBULAN

76.Exposed tanks are set on concrete saddles and can have openings from the
bottom as well as the top.
77.The number and size of tanks are established from the plant size, capacity
factor, and delivery schedules.
78.Transfer pumps and the oil supply lines from storage to engines must have
sufficient capacity to be well in excess of the maximum rate of flow at full
plant capacity.
79.Relief valves are placed so as to prevent excessive pump pressures.
 80.Satisfactory operation of a fuel oil supply system is impossible unless the
designer and builder competently handle provisions for cleanliness, valving to
alternate lines during emergencies and insuring tight pipe joints in all suction
lines.

SAUT

81.Lubrication is especially important to the diesel engine because of the high

pressures and small clearances common in these engines.
82.Many engineers prefer to rough-clean the oil with simple screen type
strainers, and then ass the oil through high-speed centrifuges for ultimate
cleaning.
83.Lubricating oil replacement is no small item of Diesel engine operating cost.
84.The qualities of oiliness, film strength, and viscosity are produced by the
selection and processing of the mineral oil base.
85.A large Diesel engine requires considerable amount of air for combustion.

TORTUGO

86.An engine requires 0.056 to 0.084 m3 of air per min per HP developed.
87.The cycles of these engines must be externally motivated until the essentials
of fuel-air ignition are correlated and power ensues.
88.The temperatures existing inside the engines would disintegrate the film of
lubricating oil on the cylinder liners and otherwise render the engine
unserviceable by warping of valves, pistons, etc, were they not cooled by
circulating water and recirculating this water accounts for much of the plant
auxiliary equipment.
89.Water absorbs heat in the engine and releases it to raw water flowing in
another circuit, via heat exchanger.
90.The water in the primary, or engine, circuit must be free from impurities
which would form a scale on the inside of the water jackets.

VIRTUCIO

91.The atmosphere is a mixture of air and water vapour, in proportions by the

term humidity.
92.In evaporative cooling, water vapour carried by air is determine by
hygrometry, costumarily with wet and dry bulb thermometer such as the sling
psychrometer.
93.Verification of normal operating conditions is achieved mostly by watching
pressure and temperature instruments.
94.The diesel is an all-metal machine enclosing fiery gas without benefit of
refractory protection; hence its temperatures are most important.
95.From time to time the operating staff may wish to make tests of individual
elements of the plant for the purpose of determining their condition or
checking performance after some adjustments have been made.
YGNACIO

96.Performance testing includes the taking of many data, much of which is just
for the record and is not subsequently employed in calculations of efficiency
and heat balance.
97.Cooling loss is found by testing for quantity of cooling water flow and its rise
of temperature.
98.The degree of cooling action is limited by the vapor that can be absorbed
before the air reaches saturation humidity at its leaving temperature.
99.Atmospheric towers are long, narrow structures of considerable height placed
with the long axis normal to the prevailing wind.
100. The exhaust system must carry approximately 0.168-0.224m 3/min of
gases per hp developed, this volume being at the average exhaust
temperatures.