Lateral Load Resisting Systems

IITGN Short Course

Gregory MacRae

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Many slides from 2009 Myanmar Slides of Profs Jain and Rai
 Lateral Loads

Wind Earthquake
Lateral Load Resisting Systems

Rai, Murty and Jain

 Lateral Load Resisting Elements

Vertical Elements
Moment-Resisting Frames
Walls
Bearing walls / Shear Walls / Structural Walls
Gravity Frame + Walls
Dual System (Frame + Wall)
Vertical Truss
Tube System
Bundled-Tube System
Floor/Diaphragm
Foundation various types
Rai, Murty and Jain
Vertical Elements
 Building Structures
Structural Systems

Frame with Concrete Concrete Moment Steel Braced Frame

Shear Walls Resisting Frame

Concrete Frame with

Shear Walls Rai, Murty and Jain
 Building Structures

Structural Systems

Rai, Murty and Jain

 Evolution of Systems
Vertical Elements
Moment-Resisting Frames
Walls (Bearing walls / Shear Walls / Structural Walls)
Gravity Frame + Walls
Dual System (Frame + Wall)
Vertical Truss
Tube System
Bundled-Tube System

Rai,
Murty
and
Jain
U.S. Buildings, Zones 3 and 4

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Sudhir K Jain
Lateral Load Resisting Elements

Bearing/Shear Wall System

Variations in LFRS Selection among seismic countries, Zones 3 and 4

Countries CHILE, US, PERU, COLOMBIA, MEXICO
Lateral Load Resisting Elements

Building Frame /Shear Wall System

Variations in LFRS Selection among seismic countries, Zones 3 and 4

Countries CHILE, US, PERU, COLOMBIA, MEXICO
Lateral Load Resisting Elements

Moment Resisting Frame System

Variations in LFRS Selection among seismic countries, Zones 3 and 4

Countries CHILE, US, PERU, COLOMBIA, MEXICO
Lateral Load Resisting Elements

Wall/Frame Dual System

Variations in LFRS Selection among seismic countries, Zones 3 and 4

Countries CHILE, US, PERU, COLOMBIA, MEXICO
 Lateral Load Resisting Elements
Countries CHILE, US, PERU, COLOMBIA, MEXICO

Bearing/Shear Wall Building Frame/Shear Wall

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 Lateral Load Resisting Elements
Countries CHILE, US, PERU, COLOMBIA, MEXICO

Moment-Resisting Frame Wall/Frame Dual Frame

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 STRUCTURAL FORMS

Approximate Analysis of:

- Moment Frames
- Walls

Approximate analysis allows to get a simple

estimate of member sizes and to check the
magnitude of computer analysis results

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 Moment Resisting Frame

Components P P/2 P/2

Beams
h
Columns
Joints Ph / 2 Ph / 2
Ph / 2 Ph / 2

Joints: Most frames have joints where the angle

between the connecting members in maintained,
i.e., rigid joints.

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 Moment Resisting Frame

BMD

Frame with rigid joints and with very flexible beams.

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 Moment Resisting Frame

Deflected shape due to Deflected shape due to Deflected shape due to

flexural deformation of flexural deformation of flexural deformation of
columns columns and beams. columns and beams, axial
deformation of columns.

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 Moment Resisting Frame

BMD

Frame with rigid joints and with infinitely rigid beams

For such a frame with
different flexibility beams,
what is the range of column
base moments? 20
Sudhir K Jain
 Moment Resisting Frame

0.5Lbeam Lbeam

htop
0.7htop

hmid 0.5hmid
hmid
0.5hmid

hbot
0.7hbot

Moment Pattern Hinges (locations of zero

Under Lateral Forces moment) Midpoints of Beams

Aseismic Design Analysis of Buildings, by Kiyoshi Muto; Maruzen Company, Ltd.,

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Tokyo, 1974 xiv q-361 pp.
 Moment Resisting Frame

Shears on Different Lateral Forces Lateral Shears

Columns
Exterior Columns Assumed to Carry One Half Shears of Internal Columns

Aseismic Design Analysis of Buildings, by Kiyoshi Muto; Maruzen Company, Ltd.,

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Tokyo, 1974 xiv q-361 pp.
 Moment Resisting Frame

20kN 40kN 40kN 20kN 120kN

40kN 80kN 80kN 40kN

240kN

Shears on Different Columns Lateral Forces Lateral Shears

Exterior Columns Assumed to Carry One Half Shears of Internal Columns

Example: If the storey shear at the top level is 120kN say, then the shear force on
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an internal column in 20kN, and on an external column is 40kN.
 Moment Resisting Frame

6kN Example:
Top right beam shear is found by
20kN 40kN 40kN 20kN considering a free body. The beam
axial force is first computed from .
horizontal equilibrium as 20kN. Then,
by taking moments about the column
40kN 80kN 80kN 40kN mid-height, the beam shear is
20kNx0.3*3.6m /(0.5x7.2m)= 6kN.

0.5 x 7.2m
20kN
Shears on Different Members 0.3 x 3.6m
6kN
20kN

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 Moment Resisting Frame

6kN 21.6kNm
Example:
20kN 40kN 40kN 20kN The beam moment demand is therefore
0.5 x 7.2m * 6kN = 21.6kNm due to
earthquake loads. This can be
combined with gravity loads for design.
40kN 80kN 80kN 40kN

21.6kNm
0.5 x 7.2m
20kN
Forces on Different Members 0.3 x 3.6m
6kN
20kN

A similar process may be used to obtain all moments, shears and axial forces throughout
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the frame.
 Moment Resisting Frame

Seismic axial forces in columns

are generally small in the internal
columns since the shears in the
beams either side of the column
tend to cancel out. They are
generally greater in the external
columns

Forces on Different Members

 Degree of Freedom in 2-D Frame

Degrees of freedom (3 per joint) Degrees of freedom after

neglecting axial deformations
(one per joint +one per floor)

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Degree of Freedom in 3-D Frame

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 Moment Resisting Frame

x
Plan of a three-storey building having three two-bay frame in the
y-direction, and by two four-bay frames in the x-direction
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 Moment Resisting Frame

Plan of a three-storey building having three two-bay frame in

the y-direction, and by two four-bay frames in the x-direction
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 Walls

Bearing wall / structural (shear) wall

Shear wall shear beam
Large width-to-thickness ratio; else like a column
Height-to-width
small ( 1) Mainly shear deformations
large ( 4) Mainly flexural deformations
in-between Shear and flexural deformation
Foundation
rigid body rotation

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 Walls

Wall with Shear Wall with Flexural Wall with both

Deformation Deformation Shear and Flexural
Deformation

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 Example
Stiffness due to point load at the top
0.15m thick
0.4m
14m
3.6m
0.4m 0.4m

4m

Wall Section
Area = 860,000 mm2
Shear Area = 540,000 mm2 (= 0.15m x 3.6m)
Moment of Inertia = 1.867 1012 mm4
E = 25,500 MPa
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G = 10,500 MPa Sudhir K Jain/MacRae
 Example

3 3
WH W 14000 6
flexure 12
19 .6 10 W mm
3EI 3 25,000 1.867 10
WH W 14000
shear 2.46 10 6 W mm
As G 540,000 10,500

Total Deflection = -6 W mm
flexure + shear = 22.1X10
W
k wall 45,320 N mm 45,320 kN m
22.1 10 6W

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MacRae/Sudhir K Jain
 Rocking of Footing

Footing
Shear wall
4m

8m

Winklers Foundation

M k(x ). 4dx
Sub grade modulus for some soils
k 30,000kN / m3
x

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 Rocking of Footing

Rocking stiffness of footing

Rocking moment M causes rotation
Restoring moment
4
M 4m k x x dx 5.12 106 kNm
4

Rocking stiffness of footing

M
5.12 106 kNm / rad

Horizontal load W acting 14m above

Moment applied on footing = 14W kNm

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 Rocking of Footing
Rotation of footing

Rocking governs deflections and stiffness!!!

14W
2.73 10 6W radians
5.12 106
Wall displacement at roof level
rocking 2.73 10 6 W 14 3.83 10 5W m
Total deflection

It must be considered
total rocking flexure shear
5 8
3.83X 10 W m 2.21X 10 W m
5
3.83X 10 W m
Wall stiffness W
k wall 5
26,110kN / m
3.83X 10 W 37
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 Shear Wall with Openings
Issues
Stiffness calculations

Force resultants/stresses

Detailing

Stiffness

Small Opening Large Opening

Ignore reduction in lateral Behaves as two walls connected
stiffness due to opening with a coupling beam
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 Shear Wall with Openings Issues

beam
Imaginary
beam
Wall beam
Shear panels

Column beam
Analysis Column
Model

I= I=
Column
Ib

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 Example

Beam size 200 X 1100

0.15m thick
14m 0.4m Section AA
A A 0.4m
B B Section BB

Opening
4m 3m 6m

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 Wall-Frame Systems

How does a moment-resisting frame deform?

Say, frame is generally uniform (with height)
Storey stiffness same
Storey Shear Storey Displacement
1000 deformation Profile
1000 5 20
1000 5 15
1000 5 10
1000 5 5

1000
400 1000 5 28.25
100 1400 7 23.25
50 1500 7.5 16.25
1550 7.75 7.75
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 Wall-Frame Systems
How does a wall structure deform?
The deflected shape is
Straight line for point load at top
Approximately a quarter cycle of sine function in case of earthquake
force.

Deformation:
Cantilever beam Frame
(flexural beam; ignoring shear deformation)
::Large inter-storey Zero Slope :: Small inter-storey
displacement displacement

Zero Slope
:: Small inter-storey
displacement Large inter-storey
What happens, if we combine the two? displacement
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 Wall-Frame Interaction

Building has walls and frames which shear lateral loads

Extreme 1 ::
Walls too rigid compared to frames
Frames deform as per walls

Extreme 2 ::
Frames too rigid
Walls deform as per frames

Walls and frames comparable ::

Interaction through floor diaphragm

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 Wall-Frame Interaction

Interacting Forces

tension
Combine
compression

Rigid Frame Shear Wall Combine Deformations

Shear Mode Bending Mode

Deformation Deformation

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 Wall-Frame Interaction

Walls :: flexural deformations

Buildings must be designed
Frames :: deformations are to carry interaction forces
like shear beam

This can be considered

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in analysis Sudhir K Jain
 Other Systems
Tube Systems Bundled Tube
A B
1

2
Shear lag Variation in axial
A Compression Columns B force
in columns

Tension Columns
Plan Force Plan 46
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Horizontal Elements

Rai, Murty and Jain

 Slabs:
Cast In Situ (Common in India)

Precast:
E.g. Post-tensioned
(with topping)

Cold-Formed Steel Deck

jpcarrara.com
http://www.formstress.co.nz/products/ribtimber.html#construction
 Reinforced Concrete Cast-in-Situ Slabs
The slab is subject to horizontal load.

t
b

Moment of inertial for bending in its own plane

tb3
I ( Very large quantity!!)
12

Floor is stiff for bending deformation in its own plane.

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 Floor Diaphragm Action
L L
k k/2 k Plan of a one-storey building
b with shear walls

Springs represent lateral

stiffness walls / frames

t = floor thickness; width of the beam representing floor diaphragm

b = floor width; depth of the beam representing floor diaphragm
L = span of the beam representing floor diaphragm 50
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 Floor Diaphragm Action

Lateral earthquake force, EL

Beam representing
floor diaphragm
Ibeam = tb3/12

K K/2 K

Vertical load analogy for floor diaphragm action

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In-plane versus out-of-plane deformation of floor

In Plane Force Out of Plane Force

In Plane Deformation of Out of Plane Deformation

Floor of Floor
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 Floor Deformations

In-Plane Floor Deformation Out of Plane Floor Deformation

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Foundations
See Prashant Presentation
Thank you!!

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