PC Development Timeline

PC Hardware
Star (GUI) PC/AT
q PC Development Timeline 8088 8H Apple II IBMs 1st PC Macintosh
q System Components
q System Types 1973 1976 1979 1983 1986

q PC Case
1972 1974 1977 1981 1984

q Power Supply
Micral Apple I 6800 Apple Lisa DeskPro
q Switches & Connectors 386

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PC Development Timeline System Components

Penryn
PS/2 486 P6 Pentium III Pentium 4 Microachitecture
Microprocessor
1988 1993 1997 2000 2006
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
1987 1989 1995 1999 2001 2008 central to all processing done by the computer
reads and writes data and instructions to and from storage
EISA P5 Pentium II 1 GHz P6 & NetBurst devices and performs calculations and other data processing
processors
K6 Core
AMD Duron Microachitecture
Port
physical connector that allows a cable from a peripheral
device to be attached to the computer

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 System Components System Components
Motherboard Processor
core of the system which controls all the devices serves as the brain or engine of the PC

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System Components System Components

Memory
Case
contains data which the processor is using at a given
frame that houses the system unit
time

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 System Components System Components

Power Supply Hard Disk Drives

source of electrical power of every pa
part in the PC secondary storage that is used when large amounts of
data have to be stored

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System Components System Components

Compact Disk/Digital Versatile Disk Drives Monitor

high-capacity removable-media, optical storage device video display which shows information
of the system

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 System Components System Components

Video Card Sound Card

controls the information displayed on the monitor enables the PC to generate complex and sophisticated
sounds

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System Components System Components

Keyboard Mouse
primary input device used to communicate with the PC pointing input device used to communicate with the PC

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 System Types System Types

Processor Data Bus Width

8088 8-bit

Data Bus 80186

80286
16-bit
16-bit

an electrical channel that transfers actual data within 80386SX 16-bit

80386DX 32-bit
the circuitry of a computer 80486/AMD-5x86 32-bit
Pentium/AMD-K6 64-bit
The number of lines in the bus used to pass data Pentium Pro/Celeron/II/III 64-bit
AMD Duron/Athlon/Athlon XP 64-bit
determines how much data can be passed in parallel at Pentium 4 64-bit

one time. Itanium

AMD Athlon 64
64-bit
64-bit

The number of lines depends on the type of processor Pentium 4 w/EM64T 64-bit
Pentium Dual Core 64-bit
and determines the number of bits in the data bus. Intel Core 2 64-bit
Celeron 64-bit
Core i3 64-bit
Core i5 64-bit
Core i7 64-bit

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System Types PC/XT and AT System Attributes

PC/XT and AT System Attributes
Two basic types of PC hardware based on the
motherboard host bus, or processor bus design and
width: System Attributes PC/XT Type AT Type

All x86 or x88 286 or higher

Supported processors

Processor modes real

1. 8-bit (PC/XT-class) systems Software supported 16-bit only
Real/Protected/Virtual Real
16- or 32-bit
PC stands for personal computer and XT stands for an extended PC. Bus slot width 8-bit 16/32/64-bit
ISA, E ISA, MCA, PC Card, Card Bus,
had an 8-bit 8088 processor and an 8-bit Industry Standard Slot type ISA only
Express Card, VL-Bus, PCI, PCI

Architecture (ISA) bus for system expansion Express, and AGP

Hardware interrupts 8 (6 usable) 16 (11 usable)

DMA channels 4 (3 usable) 8 (7 usable)

2. 16/32/64-bit (AT-class) systems Maximum RAM 1 MB

250 Kbps
16 MB/4 GB or more

250/300/500/1000 Kbps
AT stands for an advanced-technology PC Floppy controller speed

Standard boot drive

follow certain standards and basic design first set forth in the Keyboard interface
360 Kbps or 720 Kbps
Unidirectional
1.2 MB/1.44 MB/2.88 MB
Bidirectional
original IBM AT system CMOS memory/clock None standard MC146818-compatible

Serial port UART 8250B

16450/16550A or greater

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 PC Case Form Factors PC Case Form Factors
Form Factors
n refer to the shape and general physical layout of a
AT
component 1984, with a round hole at the back used for inserting
the DIN plug of old keyboards
Types:
AT
Baby-AT
LPX
ATX

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PC Case Form Factors PC Case Form Factors

Baby - AT LPX
scaled down model of AT Low Profile Extension Format
considered a space saver
contains a riser/daughter card where other cards can
be inserted parallel to the motherboard

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 PC Case Form Factors PC Case Functions

ATX
Housing
Advanced Technology Extended n The case usually makes room for the power supply unit, expansion
AT keyboard and metal plates were eliminated slots/bays, and I/O ports connected to the motherboard.

manufacturers use ports in a rectangular area at the

back of the system case Ventilation
n The case should be well ventilated and can be equipped with cooling fans

EMF Elimination and Grounding

n The case can keep internal components from generating EMF to a
minimum
n The case can also provide adequate grounding, causing immunity to static
electric discharges

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PC Power Supply PC Power Supply

provides all of the different voltages the computer Power Consumption Ratings
needs to operate properly
Voltage Devices Powered
converts the power received from a standard power
+3.3V
outlet, the alternating current (AC) and reduces it to a Chipsets, DIMMs, PCI/AGP cards, miscellaneous chips

voltage that the computer can handle, the direct current Disk drive logic, SIMM
+5V
(DC) s, PCI/AGP cards, ISA cards, voltage regulators,
miscellaneous chips
designed to give an efficient and inexpensive power +12V
Motors, voltage regulators (high output)
source, as well as it should generate a minimum amount
of heat

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 PC Power Supply PC Power Supply

PC/XT Form Factor

Form Factors
XT power supply had a double power output capability
can be installed in a PC system, thereby upgrading the power
Form Factors Yr. Introduced Connector Type
supply
ATX/ATX12V 1995 20/24-pin ATX/ATX12V

SFX/SFX12V/PS3 1997 20/24-pin ATX/ATX12V

EPS/EPS12V 1998 24-pin

TFX12V 2002 20/24-pin
CFX12V 2003 20/24-pin
LFX12V 2004 24-pin

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PC Power Supply PC Power Supply

AT/Desk Form Factor AT/Tower Form Factor

had a larger power supply and different form factor from PC/XT
a full-sized, AT-style desktop system which is running on its side
the power switch was built in to the side of the power supply while
in AT/Tower systems

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 PC Power Supply PC Power Supply

Baby-AT Form Factor

LPX Form Factor
shortened version of the full-sized AT form factor
also called PS/2, Slimline, or slim style
has a smaller packaging
used the same connectors as previous PC/XT and AT-based
standard power supply form factors
It became a de facto standard

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PC Power Supply PC Power Supply

ATX/ATX12V Form Factor SFX/SFX12V Form Factor (60mm fan)

uses the reverse-flow cooling design designed for use in small systems containing a limited amount of
it would cool the system more efficiently with only a single fan and hardware and upgradeability
it eliminates the need for a fan heatsink on the CPU

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 PC Power Supply PC Power Supply

SFX/SFX12V Form Factor (Standard - 80mm fan) SFX/SFX12V Form Factor (Rotated - 80mm fan)

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PC Power Supply PC Power Supply

SFX/SFX12V Form Factor (Low-profile - 40mm PS3 (SFX/SFX12V) Form Factor (80mm fan)
fan)

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 PC Power Supply PC Power Supply

EPS12V Form Factor TFX12V Form Factor

specifies the industry-standard power supply form factor for designed for small form factor (SFF) systems
standalone tower chassis servers used for computers housed in smaller cases than typical desktop
computers

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PC Power Supply PC Power Supply

CFX12V Form Factor LFX12V Form Factor

designed for mid-sized balanced technology extended (BTX) low profile form factor power supply designed for ultra small
systems form factor systems

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 Switches & Connectors Switches & Connectors
Switching Power Supplies
n convertthe 60-Hertz (Hz, or cycles per second) current to a 1. Front panel motherboard-controlled switch
much higher frequency, meaning more cycles per second when the system is off but plugged in, the power supply
n much smaller and lighter receives standby power
does not directly control power supply
Types: controlled by a signal received on the main power
n Front panel motherboard-controlled switch connector
n Front panel power supply AC switch
2. Front panel power supply AC switch
switchis located remotely, which is usually on the front
panel of the system
connected to the power supply using a four-wire cable

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Switches & Connectors Switches & Connectors

Two main sets of motherboard connectors Three motherboard power connectors

1. 20-pin main power connector
1. AT/LPX
n sufficient for systems requiring 251 watts or less
n used in PC, XT, AT, Baby-AT, and LPX motherboards
n has two main power connectors: P8 and P9 (sometimes 2. 6-pin auxiliary power connector
referred to as P1 and P2)
n allow additional power from the power supply to the motherboard.
2. ATX and ATX 12V n designed to handle up to 58 watts of power. This is obsolete in
modern systems

3. 4-pin +12 V power connector

n handle up to 192 watts of power to power-hungry motherboards

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 Switches & Connectors
Switches & Connectors
AT/LPX main P8/P9 power connectors P8/P9 proper orientation

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Switches & Connectors Switches & Connectors

ATX 20-pin connector ATX/NLX 20-pin connector

sufficient for systems requiring 251 watts or less

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 Switches & Connectors Switches & Connectors

ATX 2.02/2.03 & ATX12V 1.x auxiliary power 4-pin +12V power connector
connector handle up to 192 watts of power to power-hungry motherboards
allow additional power from the power supply to the
motherboard
designed to handle up to 58 watts of power

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Switches & Connectors Switches & Connectors

ATX12V 2.x 24-pin power connector Peripheral power connector

included a 24-pin main power connector and the 6-pin auxiliary also called the disk drive power connector
connector was eliminated can also be used in some systems to provide power to the
can handle 373 watts of power motherboard, video card, cooling fans, and other peripherals that
can use +5 V and +12 V power
can handle up to 187 watts of power

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 Switches & Connectors Switches & Connectors

Serial ATA power connector PCI Express x16 Graphics 150W power connector
used for Serial ATA drives provide at least 150 watts of direct power

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