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1. Compounds that contain the element carbon are called carbon compounds
2. carbon compounds can be divided into two major group
a) organic compound carbohydrates, lipid, proteins, alcohol, carboxylic acids etc
b) inorganic compounds carbonate ions, carbon dioxide gas, cyanide ions, carbides ( C 4
).
HYRDOCARBON, Hc
1. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain the element carbon and hydrogen
only.
2. All the carbon hydrogen elements are bonded via covalent bonds, either
a) single covalent bond or
Methane chloroethane
b) double covalent bond
ALKANE
1. it is a saturated hydrocarbon .
i. 1 carbon methyl
a) ISOMERISM of ALKANE
1. Isomerism is the existence of two or more molecules with the same molecular formula.
2. It is also can be said that isomerism is a phenomenon where the compounds has a same
molecular formula but different structural formula.
ft)
b) Halogenation
With chlorine
With bromine
fu)
c) Cracking
fv)
fw) COMBUSTION
1. all alkane burn in excess oxygen ( complete combustion ) to produce CO2 and H2O
gd) HALOGENATION
1. Halogen : Cl2, Br2
2. Alkanes reacts with Halogens ( X2 ) when the mixture is exposed to ultraviolet light /
sunlight or when heated to high temperatures ( 200C 400 C ).
ge)
3. This reaction is known as substitution reaction
gf) CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl Chloromethane
gg) CH3Cl + Cl2 CH2Cl2 + HCl dichloromethane
gh) CH2Cl2 + Cl2 CHCl3 + HCl trichloromethane
( chloroform )
gi) CHCl3 + Cl2 CCl4 + HCl tetrachloromethane
gj)
gu) ALKENES
5. It is an unsaturated hydrocarbon
gv) due to the existence of one double covalent bond between carbon atoms .
6. General formula : CnH2n where n = ,2,3 ..
7. The functional group : double covalent bond
gw)
Nomenclature
3. For straight chain of alkanes
a) Steps for aliphatic chain :
gy) First step
identify the number of carbon atoms in the longest chain which contain double
covalent bond .
choose the correct prefixes
gz) second step
start numbering the carbon atoms from the end that is nearest to the double
covalent bond.
ha) Third step
identify the position of the double covalent bond.
add the double bonds position number together with the suffix ene at the end of
the prefixes
hb)
hc)
hd)
he)Steps for branched aliphatic chain
4. The first 3 steps are the same
hf) Fourth step identify the branch /es [subsituents]
hg) name the branch /es
hh) arrange the branches if more than one in alphabetical
order in
hi) front of its main name.
i. 1 carbon methyl
v. Fluorine fluoro
hn)
ho)
hp)
hq)
hr)
hs)
ht)
hu)
hv)
hw)
mx) COMBUSTION
nk) H H H H
nl) H C=C H + HH H CC H
nm) H H
nn) Ethene Ethane
no)
this process is mainly used in the industry to produce margarine from vegetable oils
b) Halogenation
When alkene is passed into liquid bromine, the brown colour of bromine is
decolourised immediately and a colourless liquid is formed.
this reaction can be used to identify unsaturated hydrocarbon from saturated one
( alkane & alkene)
np) H H H H
nq) H C=C H + Br Br H CC H
nr) Br Br
ns) Ethene
1,2dibromoethane
nt)
c) Hydrogen halides
all alkenes react at room temperature with hydrogen halides and produces
halogenaklanes or haloaklanes .
examples of hydrogen halides: HCl, HBr, HI
nu)
nv)
nw)
nx) H H H H
ny) HC=CH + H Cl H C C H
nz) H Cl
oa) Ethene chloroethane
ob)
d) Hydration
aklenes do not react with water under normal condition
when a mixture of ethane and steam is passed over phosphoric (V) acid, H 3PO4 as
a catalyst at 300C and at a pressure of 60 atm, ethanol can be produced.
oc) H H H H
od) H C=C H + H OH H CC H
oe) H OH
of) Ethene steam ethanol
og)
e) acidified KMnO4
When alkenes reacts with acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution , the purple
colour of potassium manganate (VII) is decolourised immediately and an organic
compound called diol is formed.
diol is a saturated alcohol with two hydroxyl ( OH) groups
oh) H H H H
oi) HC = CH + H2O + [O] HC CH
oj) HO OH
ok) Ethene ethane 1,2
diol
ol)
om)
on)
oo)
f) Polymerization of alkene
type of polymerization : addition
Ethene polyethene
Temperature : 200C and pressure 1200 atm
op)
oq)
or)
os)
ot)
ou) Alcohols
1. Alcohols are organic compounds that contain minimum one hydroxyl (OH ) as the
functional group.
2. Smaller size alcohols are usually colourless liquid at room temperature.
3. All alcohols are neutral
ov)
oy)
oz)
pa)
pb)
pc) Numb pd)Name pe)Mol pf) RMM pg)De ph)M pi) Solu
er of of ecu nsi P bility
carbo alcohol lar ty & in
pr)
pj) 1 pl) Methan pn)CH3 pp)32
qe)
qp)
pk)2
qs) ol
qu)Ethanol qw) OH pq)
qy) 46
increases
increases
Decreases
ps)
qf)
qt) 3
rd) qv)
rf) Propan C2HC53O
rh) H rj)qz)60
qq)
re)4
ro) -1-ol
rq) Butan- rs) 7COH
4H
rk)74
ru)
rp)5
rz) 1-ol
sb) Pentan- sd) 9COH
5H
rv)88
sf)
pv) pu) pt)
qh) qg)
sa)6
sk) sm) 1-ol H so) CnO
6H
sg)
sq) 102 qr)
sl) exan-1- 13 O sr)
sv)
sw) Nomenclature
1. The longest hydrocarbon chain that contain OH is determined
2. Parental name of the chain is based on the number of the carbon exist.
3. The letter e at the end of the corresponding alkane is replaced with ol
4. Number the carbon based on the end which is closer to the hydroxyl group OH.
5. Name any substitution that exist ( methyl , ethyl , prophyl , chloro , bromo, iodo etc )
6. Name of the substitution is arranged based on alphabetical order
sx)
sy)
sz) Methanol td) Ethanol te) Propanol tf) Butanol
ta)
tb)
tc)
tg) Pentanol tl) Hexanol tm)3-hexanol tn) Hex-2-ol
th)
ti)
tj)
tk)
to) 2-methyl tt) 2,2-dimethyl tu) 2,3-dimethyl tv) 2-chlorobutanol
propanol butanol butanol
tp)
tq)
tr)
ts)
tw) 3-iodo pentanol ub)2-bromohexanol uc) 2-bromo-3- ud)2-bromo-3-iodo
tx) chloro pentanol hexanol
ty)
tz)
ua)
ue)
uf)
uj)
uk) uo)
ul)
um)
un)
up)
uq)
ur)
uu)
uv)
uw)
ux)
va)
vk)
Acid
1. It is colourless liquid ( 10 C )
2. Oxidation agent , [O] : acidified KMnO4 & acidified Potassium dichromate ( VI), K2Cr2O7.
3. The mixture of ethanol, potassium dichromate (VI) solution and dilute sulphuric acid is
heated under reflux.
4. Heating under reflux will make sure all the ethanol will react completely with the oxidizing
agent solution.
wi)
wj) Preparation of ethanoic acid in Industry
1. Raw material used
a) Natural gas ( methane gas )
b) Petroleum
c) glucose
2. From petroleum, butane can be obtain via cracking process.
3. Then the Butane is oxidized into ethanoic acid.
Water out
Liebig
Condenser
Water in
Ethanoic acid
Ethanol +
K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4
Heat
wm)
wn)
4. Pure or dried ethanoic acid is known as glacial ethanoic acid because in cold
weather, the acid will freeze to form colourless crystal which look like ice.
5. Ethanoic acid is a weak acid because it undergoes partial ionization in water
wz)
6. Esterification will take place when a mixture of ethanoic acid and ethanol is heated
under reflux with the present of a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid as the
catalyst.
7. The product of the reaction will be ester and water
xa)
xb)CH3COOH ( l ) + CH3CH2OH CH3COOCH2CH3 ( l ) + H2O( l )
Odour :
Sweet, fruity odour
Colour :
Colourless
Solubility in water
Insoluble
Floats on the water surface