Varberg, Calculus 9e

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 Chapter 12

Derivatives for Functions of Two

or More Variables

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 Section 12.1

Functions of Two or More Variables

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Function of Two or More Variables

Real-valued function of two real variables, the is a

function f the assigns to each ordered pair (x,y) in
some set D of the plane a (unique) real number f(x,y).
Examples are

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Function of Two or More Variables

The set D is called the domain , the set of all points

(x,y) in the plane for which the function rule makes
sense and gives a real number value.
The range of a function is its set of values. If z =
f(x,y), we call x an y the independent variables and z
the dependent variable.

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Level Curves
The projection of the curve on the xy-plane is called a
level curve, and a collection of such curves is a
contour plot or a contour map.

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Computer Graphs and Level Curves

In Figures 15 through 19, we have drawn five more

surfaces

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Section 12.2

Partial Derivatives

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Partial Derivatives
Suppose that f is a function of two variables x and y.
If y is held constant, say y = y0, then f(x,y0) is a
function of the single variable x. Its derivative at x =
x0 is called the partial derivative of f with respect to
x at (x0, y0)

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Partial Derivatives

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Geometric an Physical Interpretations

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Higher Partial Derivatives

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Higher Partial Derivatives
Partial derivatives of the third and higher orders are
defined analogously, and the notation for them is
similar.

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More Than Two Variables

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Section 12.3

Limits and Continuity

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Limits

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Limits

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Continuity at a Point

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Section 12.4

Differentiability

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Differentiability
A function f is locally linear at a if there is a constant m such
that

where(h) is a function satisfying lim ( h) 0

h 0

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Differentiability

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Differentiability

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Differentiability

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Rules for Gradients

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Continuity versus Differentiability

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The Gradient Field
The gradient f associates with each point p in the domain
of f a vector f ( p ) . The set of all these vectors is called the
gradient field for f.

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 Section 12.5

Directional Derivatives and Gradients

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Directional Derivative

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Connection with the Gradient

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Maximum Rate of Change

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Level Curves and Gradients

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Section 12.6

The Chain Rule

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First Version

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Second Version

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Implicit Function

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 Section 12.7

Tangent Planes and Approximations

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Tangent Planes

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Differentials and Approximations

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Differentials and Approximations

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Section 12.8

Maxima and Minima

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Maxima and Minima

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Where Do Extreme Values Occurs?

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Sufficient Conditions of Extrema

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 Section 12.9

The Method of Lagrange Multipliers

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Geometric Interpretation of the Method

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End of Chapter 12

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