Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
&
Emerging Sciences
Mechanical Engineering
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
BY
Engr.M Irfan Khan
Lecture # 4
1
Lecture-4
2
ME-2013
We will study today
Refrigerants
Types
Coding
Properties
etc 4
What is Refrigerant ???
Refrigerants are well known as the uids
absorbing heat during evaporation
From Lecture 3
Arefrigerantis a substance or mixture, usually
auid, used in aheat pump and refrigeration
cycle. In most cycles it undergoesphase
transitionsfrom aliquidto agasand back again.
A refrigerant is a primary working uid used to
produce refrigeration in a refrigeration system. All
refrigerants extract heat at low temperature and
low pressure during evaporation and reject heat
at high temperature and pressure during
condensation.[Wang, S.K. and Lavan, Z. Air-
Conditioning and Refrigeration (CRC, 1999)]
5
Let Us also understand two other terms
Cooling Media: A cooling medium is the working uid cooled
by the refrigerant to transport the cooling effect between a
central plant and remote cooling units and terminals.
In a large, centralized system, it is often more economical to
use a coolant medium (Secondary Refrigerant) that can be
pumped to remote locations where cooling is required.
Chilled water, brine, and glycol are used as cooling media in
many refrigeration systems. The cooling medium is often
called a secondary refrigerant, because it obviates extensive
circulation of the primary refrigerant.
6
Let Us also understand two other terms
7
Classication of Refrigerants
Hydrobromouorocarbons (HBFCs)
are the compounds that consist of
Hydrogen, Bromine, Fluorine and
Carbon.
11
Classication of Refrigerants (Inorganic Compounds)
12
Classication of Refrigerants (Azeotropic Mixtures)
15
CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS
(CFCS)
CFCs refers to family of refrigerants containing Chlorine,
Fluorine, and Carbon
A thing to remember about CFCs
Since they contain NO hydrogen, CFCs are chemically very
stable, even when released into the atmosphere, these are
found to be long-lived in the atmosphere.
Because of this tendency
In the lower atmosphere, the CFC molecules absorb
infrared radiation and contribute to atmospheric warming.
Once in the upper atmosphere, the CFC molecule breaks
down to release chlorine that destroys ozone and
consequently damages the atmospheric ozone layer.
16
WHAT IS OZONE???
Ozone found high up in the
atmosphere, called stratospheric
ozone; 15-40 km above earth
surface, helps lter out damaging
ultraviolet radiation from the sun.
The ozone layer acts like a giant
sunshade that shields the earth from
the sun's harmful ultraviolet
radiation.
CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS
(CFCS)
Prior to the environmental issues of ozone
layer depletion, the most widely used CFC
refrigerants were: R11, R12, R113, R114,
R115.
Of these, R11 was primarily used with
centrifugal compressors in air conditioning
applications and R12 was used primarily in
small capacity refrigeration and cold
storage applications.
The manufacture of CFC refrigerants was
discontinued after December 31, 1995.
HYDROCHLORO-
FLUOROCARBONS (HCFCS)
Researchers found that by modifying
the chemical compound of CFCs by
substituting a Hydrogen atom for one
or more of the Chlorine or Fluorine
atoms resulted in a signicant
reduction in the life of the molecule
and, thus, reduced the negative
environmental impact it may have.
19
HYDROCHLORO-FLUOROCARBONS
(HCFCS) CONT
These refrigerants decompose when released in the
lower atmosphere so very little ever reaches the ozone
layer.
HCFCs, therefore, have a lower ozone-depletion
potential.
The most widely used HCFC refrigerants are: R22 and
R 123.
R-22 nds its use in most residential and small
commercial air conditioning systems whereas R 123
has wide applications in low pressure centrifugal
chillers.
HCFC production for use in new equipment in
developed countries is mandated to cease in year
2020 with total halt to manufacturing and importing
mandated by year 2030.
HYDROFLUOROCARBON (HFC)
24
Naming Conventions for CFCs, HCFCs
& Halons
(Class Assignment)
Expl 1: R 22
Expl 2: R12
You have to nd the molecular
formula
25
Naming Conventions for CFCs, HCFCs
& Halons
Examples
R 134 a
What is the meaning of a ???
(letter a stands for isomer, e.g.
molecules having same chemical
composition but different atomic
arrangement, e.g. R134 and R134a)
26
Naming Conventions for CFCs, HCFCs
& Halons
Examples
27
Naming Conventions for Inorganic
Refrigerants
28
Naming Conventions for Mixtures
29
Naming Conventions for Mixtures
http://www.swep.net/refrigerant-handbook/5.-
refrigerants/sd6/
30
Naming Conventions for HCs
31
Application of Refrigerants
32
Application of Refrigerants
33
Application of Refrigerants
34
Color Codes for Refrigerants
35
Color Codes for Refrigerants
You have only 5 Seconds to search R-12 Cylinder
36
Ok Jiiii !!! Till now we have Done the
following
Dened Refrigerant, Cooling
Media, Absorbing media.
We have discussed the
Classication of the Refrigerants.
We have learnt how to decode the
Refrigerant name.
We have discussed the uses of
main refrigerants and their
possible replacements
We had a look at the cylinder color
pattern scheme
37
Refrigerant selection criteria:
38
Refrigerant selection criteria:
Thermodynamic and thermo-physical properties:
39
Refrigerant selection criteria:
Thermodynamic and thermo-physical properties:
42
Refrigerant selection criteria:
Environmental and safety properties:
Chemical stability:
Toxicity:
Total Equivalent
Warming Index
(TEWI):
Dilelectric strength:
Study by your self.
44
Refrigerant selection criteria:
Economic properties:
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
The
End 55