Assignment 09

Ductility of unconfined Beam and Column Sections

Explaning Graphs and Conclusions drawn

NADARAJAH VASANTHAPRAGASH
ST 118591
ADVANCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

CE72.52
DuctilityofUnconfinedBeamSections

BriefexplanationofConclusionsdrawn

1.Anincreaseintensionsteelcontentdecreasestheductility

Thatis,concretebecomesrelativelyweakashighamountoftensionsteelcarrymoreforceandthus,
leadingconcretetotakehighamountofcompressionforce.Sotobalancethishightensileforce,
concretemusttakewholecompression.Finally,concretefailsfirstandresultslowductility.

Incontrast,smallamountoftensionsteelleadstohighductilityasfailurebeginswithyieldingof
steel.Thatis,failureisfromsteeltoconcrete.

2.Anincreaseinthecompressionsteelcontentincreasestheductility

Thistimetheconcretecannotfailaloneuntilthesteelfailsinthecompressionzone.Nowthesteel
attopcanyieldincompressionandprovidesductility.

3.Anincreaseinthesteelyieldstrengthdecreasestheductility

Sameconceptofconclusion1canbeappliedhereaswell.Thatis,highstrengthsteelwillcarrymore
force.So,concretefailsfasterasithastobalancelargetension.Ductilityofthesectionisreduced
ultimately.Therefore,nohighstrengthsteelisallowedinseismicdesign.

4.Anincreaseintheconcretestrengthincreasestheductility

Becausetheconcreteantakemoreforcebeforecrushing.Thatis,steelbecomerelativelyweakthis
time.(Ifsteelfailsfirstductilityishigh,ifconcretefailsfirstductilityislow)

5.Anincreaseintheextremefiberconcretestrainatultimateincreasestheductilitybecauseu
Increased

Thisconclusionindicatestheresultofconfinement.ByconfinementStrainCapacitycanbeincreased
significantly.Straincapabilitycangouptomorethan10times(>0.03)thanthatofunconfined
concrete(0.003).

ExplanationofGraphsofUnconfinedBeamSections.

Thediagramsaboveshowthevariationofu/ywithTensionsteelratio()foragivenunconfined
beamsectionfordifferentcompressivestrengthsfc.Basicallyitisthevariationofductilitywith.
Theyalsodepictthevariationwiththecompressionsteeltotensionsteelratios.

Theseplotsweredrawnbasedonthederivedgoverningequationsforductilityatultimatestateasa
functionofsteelratiowithcertainassumptions(ParkandPaulay).Thefinalequationsareas
follows;

Atfirstyield:

c d (1 k )
u
y f y / Es a / 1

Atultimatestate:

(a)Compressionsteelyield

0.851 Es c f c' ' d '

1/ 2

u
1 ( ' ) ( ' ) 2 2
2
d
n n n

y
f y2 ( ' )

(b)Compressionsteeldoesnotyield

1/ 2
'd'

1 ( ' ) n ( ' ) 2 2
n 2 n
d

u 1 Es c
y
1/ 2
f y ' E f 2
' Es c 1d ' ' Es c f y
s c
'
y
'

1.7 f c 0.85 f cd 1.7 f c'

Fromaboveplots,itcanbeclearlyseenthatsignificantincreaseofductilitywiththereductionof
tensionsteelreinforcementfor/=0.Though,theplotsotherthanof/=0donotshow
muchdeviationwhiletheyonlycoveranarrowrangeof.

Asitwasmentionedearlierthegraphshavebeenplottedonlyintheregionswheretheassumptions
madeinderivingaboveequationsarevalid.Thusthecurveshavenotbeenplottedwherethe
maximumconcretecompressivestressatfirstyieldofthetensionsteelexceedsfcorwherethetop
steelyieldsintensionattheultimatemoment.Inthefirstcasethecurveisterminatedatitslow
righthandend.Andinthesecondthecurveisterminatedatitshighlefthandend.
DuctilityofUnconfinedColumnSections

ExplanationofGraphsofUnconfinedColumnSections

Figure1Strengthandductilityofacolumnsection.(a)Interactiondiagrams,(b)Curvatureductility

TheFigure1isallabouttheinfluenceoftheaxialloadonthecurvatureaswellasductilityofagiven
section.Theaxialloadinfluencesthecurvature;hencethereisnouniquemomentcurvaturecurve
foragivencolumnsection,unlikethecaseofagivenbeamsection.However,itispossibletoplot
thecombinationsofaxialloadPandmomentMwhichcausethesectiontoreachultimatecapacity
andthecurvaturecorrespondingtothosecombinations.

Figure1(a),plotsPagainstM(theinteractiondiagram)andPagainsthforacolumnsectionhaving
barsontwooppositefaces.Thedetailsofthesectionandtheassumedstressstraincurveforthe
concreteappearinthefigure.
Curve1ofthePMdiagramindicatesthecombinationsofPandMthatcausethecolumntoreach
theusefullimitofstrain(0.004fortheconcrete)withoutconfinement.Curve1inthePhdiagram
showsthecurvatureofthesectioncorrespondingtothecombinationsofPandMwhenthis
ultimateconditionisreached.

Curve2givesthecombinationsofP,Mandhcorrespondingtothepointsatwhichthetension
steelfirstreachestheyieldstrength.Curve2doesnotappearabovethebalancepointbecausethe
tensionsteeldoesnotreachtheyieldstrengthabovethatpoint.

BelowthebalancepointinthePMdiagram,curves1and2lieclosetogether,indicatinglittle
changeintheloadcapacityafteryielding.BelowthebalancepointinthePhdiagram,curves1and
2separate,andindicatetheamountofinelasticbendingdeformationthatoccursonceyieldinghas
started.

Theratiou/yobtainedfromthesetwocurvesfortheunconfinedsectionisplottedagainstthe
columnloadratioP/PoinFigure1(b),wherePoistheaxialloadstrengthofthecolumnwhenno
bendingispresent.Atthebalancedpoint,P/Po=0.3(nearly)forthissection.

Itisevidentthattheductilityofthesectionissignificantlyreducedbythepresenceofaxialload.

Reference
ReinforcedconcretestructuresbyRParkandTPaulay