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Strain
• Relating strains to displacements is a problem in geometry.
Kinematics
Learning objectives
• Understand the concept of strain.
2-1
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 2
Preliminary Definitions
• The total movement of a point with respect to a fixed reference coordi-
nates is called displacement.
2-2
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 2
Lf – Lo δ
ε av = ----------------- = ------
A B A B
Lo Lo
Lo
Lf
uB – uA
ε av = ------------------
xB – xA
2-3
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 2
C2.1 Due to the application of the forces in Fig. C2.1, the displace-
ment of the rigid plates in the x direction were observed as given below.
Determine the axial strains in rods in sections AB, BC, and CD.
u B = – 1.8 mm u C = 0.7 mm u D = 3.7 mm
x
F1 F2
F3
A B C D
F3
F1 F2
1.5 m 2.5 m 2m
Fig. C2.1
Printed from: http://www.me.mtu.edu/~mavable/MoM2nd.htm
2-4
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 2
(a) (b)
Wooden Bar with Masking Tape
A Wooden Bar with Masking Tape
A A1
γ
B π/2 C
B α C
Wooden Bar with Masking Tape Wooden Bar with Masking Tape
π
γ av = --- – α
2
• Decreases in the angle (α < π / 2) result in positive shear strain.
Increase in the angle (α > π / 2) result in negative shear strain
• rad
2-5
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 2
Lf – Lo D 2 D
ε = ----------------- = 1 + ⎛ ------⎞ + 2 ⎛ ------⎞ cos θ – 1 2.5
Lo ⎝L ⎠ ⎝L ⎠
o o
D cos θ
ε small = ---------------- 2.6
Lo
2-6
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 2
C
B
n.
A
3i
δA
Fig. C2.2
Printed from: http://www.me.mtu.edu/~mavable/MoM2nd.htm
2-7
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 2
110⬚
Fig. C2.3
Class Problem 1
Draw an approximate exaggerated deformed shape.
Using small strain approximation write equations relating δAP and δBP
to δP.
30°
75°
A
P
␦P ⫽ 0.25 mm
Printed from: http://www.me.mtu.edu/~mavable/MoM2nd.htm
2-8
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 2
Strain Components
y
Δu
ε xx = -------
Δv Δx
Δv
ε yy = -------
Δy Δy
Δx Δu x
Δw
Δz ε zz = --------
Δw Δz
z
y
Δu
Δu Δv
γ xy = ------- + -------
Δy Δy Δx
Δv x Δv Δu
⎛π ⎞
Δx γ yx = ------- + ------- = γ xy
⎝ --2- – γ xy⎠ Δx Δy
z
y
Δw Δv Δw
γ yz = ------- + --------
Δz Δy
Δy ⎛ π
--- – γ ⎞
Δw Δv
⎝ 2 yz⎠ x γ zy = -------- + ------- = γ yz
Δy Δz
Δz Δv
z
y
⎛π ⎞
Printed from: http://www.me.mtu.edu/~mavable/MoM2nd.htm
⎝ --2- – γ zx⎠
Δw Δu
γ zx = -------- + -------
Δx Δz
Δx x
Δz Δw Δu Δw
γ xz = ------- + -------- = γ zx
Δu
Δz Δx
z
2-9
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 2
Engineering Strain
ε xx γ xy γ xz
Engineering strain matrix γ yx ε yy γ yz
γ zx γ zy ε zz
ε xx γ xy 0
Plane strain matrix γ yx ε yy 0
0 0 0
Strain at a point
Δu ∂u
ε xx = lim ⎛ -------⎞ =
Δx → 0⎝ Δx⎠ ∂x
Δu Δv ∂u ∂v
γ xy = γ yx = lim ⎛ ------- + -------⎞ = +
Δx → 0 ⎝ Δy Δx ⎠ ∂ y ∂x
Δy → 0
∂v ∂v ∂w
ε yy = γ yz = γ zy = +
∂y ∂z ∂y
∂w ∂w ∂u
ε zz = γ zx = γ xz = +
∂z ∂x ∂z
2-10
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 2
y uA = 0 vA = 0
u B = 0.625μmm v B = – 0.3125μmm
0.0005 mm
C D
u C = – 0.500 μmm v C = – 0.5625 μmm
0.0005 mm
Fig. C2.4
Printed from: http://www.me.mtu.edu/~mavable/MoM2nd.htm
2-11
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 2
x
Printed from: http://www.me.mtu.edu/~mavable/MoM2nd.htm
2-12
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 2
y
y = f(x)
B
O A x
Fig. C2.6
Printed from: http://www.me.mtu.edu/~mavable/MoM2nd.htm
2-13