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Journal of Personality Assessment

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An Assessment of the Myers-Briggs Type

Indicator
Marcia Carlyn
Published online: 10 Jun 2010.

To cite this article: Marcia Carlyn (1977) An Assessment of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, Journal of
Personality Assessment, 41:5, 461-473, DOI: 10.1207/s15327752jpa4105_2

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. The . We1.s-Brjggs Type indicator :s

<.n Car! .Jn.t.,g's theory ( i $ 2 .i 1956)
.
r:~at ap~a!-enrl;c:sfidox: -vzr;atiuc :.c
haman bahavio: acirral!:!' quite s:dt.I.ly
afid c~nsisrer~:, i3 ;ert;iir: basic dice:-
ences :n the wav people 3pproac.h life.
Tile underiyiiig assnmptior: is (LI22r every
peTs,?s; !;zb a r.:::.krzi preference for cne or
the other p o x i;n ex!: c.f f : w I:-dices.
a x l a g o a s to a r:arurhl preferext. io:
r:gh:- cr ;eft-!1;:ndedness.
The E-I indt.x was designtd ro rrreasxe
:he ;se:s::nys preferred oricntstion to life.
Eitmwrtecr' rypei arc regsrded as being
or:?r;:ed primar:i\i 13 the i?u:er wcrid c:f
dbjects. pcopiti, and action. havng 2
tendent) :i: get cx~gi?:cp \\:ir:'i whareve:
is h a p p e c i q x o u n d them. 6!:trmerred
rvpe.: hs1.e ;i x o r e inward c r i e ~ t a t i o n2nd
r w d r c j der.;zbi 'rherxseives i!cm the worid
a:aund i 5 e x .
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Many researchers have icvestigated ?he

reistive it~dependence c d the four scale
s f :he Myers-Brjggs Type Indicaror by
co:npu:ii;g krercorrebrioris berween the
scaIes. i n some cases, MBTI scores were
treareci as dicIiot~m3u':type categories
and in oCk: cases, MBTl scores were
regarded as conti~mousdata. A summary
of in!eriorreia tron studies using Form F
of rhz I:l$icator with a&!i samples is
3rese:;icd beicw.
bnterc~~t.rc.hkir~s of
Qpe-Cu:egorj: Scares
The rei~tjve independence oi' :lie
dkhoronzim MBTI type caregeries w s
examined in studies by Srricker amd Ross
(1963) and Webb (1964). 111 both of
these experirnenrs. phi zoefficients were
zsed to estima:r rhe irrtt-rcorreiatm:i
among type categories, a statistical pro-
celirrre which s likely ro unde:ss:imare
actual correia:iocs. The results of these
~:.~idiesare shown in Table i 2nd :eves! a
Delermirlirlg xxitingoas scores wih'ilh .,l,&';cani
nil ,-? correlariori between the S-N
the M:rers-Briggs Type Indicator is a more caregory and the J-P calegorl; So: each
cornpiex procedare thzn determining sample, indiczting Ih.ar sensors tend to be
type-cztegory scores. Fur each of the k>ur judgirig, types zr;d ictuifors rend to be
scdes, the difference between
. . ihe. person's pcrceprze types. The E-l, S-5. and T-F
TWO numerical scores is caicaiated and nndjces q q x i r t c b"fai:!y i~dependenrof
then rrsnsforrned icr CJ one C O E L ~ ~ U O U Seach other. lending support to J u ~ g ' s
score ilsi:ig &e ---.
r - = . described
~ in~the ~ ~ arc~actually orliy three
theory ~rha: there
&[ac-dal (wrers, 1962, gp. 8-10). Faur typoiogicai dirnensio~s: axtrricers~on-
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E~tersorrelat~ons
Tabie 1
cf MBTE Type Categor les

MBTl Type Categories

 Tabie 3
lnter correla ~nonsof @ont:nuous METI! Scores

METI Scales
Sample

403 Srudents a t Ohso Stare

CSchLmdt& Fren. Note 3 )
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422 Freshmen at Emory

(Webb. 196;)
591 Malt. Freshmen zr Brow:?
(Myers, 1962)
380 M a e Freshmen zt E.L.L.
6 t r a c k r & Ross, 1963)
225 Mde Freshmen ar Weskyan
(S~mckeret a..f 965)
201 Male Freshmen d Galtech
iStracker e i 21.. 1965)
102 Male Freshmen a t k n c e t o r
(Msd~sonet ~ .Sate
, 2)
240 Female- Freskmm a t
Pembroke (Myers, 1962)
I84 Fernczle Fresher: b t L.H.U.
(Strrcker 8 Ross. 19031
300 Female PreSerwce S,'=COII-
dak-y Teachers (Richek, 1969)
65 Fernaie Pre-Senwe EIemen-
tary Teachers (kchek. 1969)
70 Maie PreService Teachers
(Rrrchek, 1969)
 Lrjir?i?~d c~fT S ~ S ~
P?~L;I,'
qffT~pKa+t-'p.y.l Scores
A .ia:ie[y c;f s;.;isr&l pro~zdnresi1al.e
be-c use? measure :he i:jtercd consls:-
e c q of the dkImtomcus type carepries
cif rhe M!;ers-Brigs Tlye Indxatar. One
>ppr:)xkh. repo:ted by Srncker 2nd ROSS
( 1 06-3,) 2112 ;{!ebb ( 19641, iral: beer! 10
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~ : 3 ~ p ; joe;:r-bo:lnd
l;~ es;imaIes c:. re;;-..
ah&:\. wirt Gc~tman'sprocednres. but
s:jsh ex:irnarer sre no? very iiiformztive
Hithoaf iorrespdnd~ngi l p p e ~ - b ~ ~esri- nd
~ns;.:.. !\no:hf: apprca&, regorted by
Mvers ( 1 9b2. p. 2 0 % ) a d LYesb (1 953).
ha3 becc :o esrirna;. sprir-half reii:bili:ies
. . "
by c&arxr:r;p phi correianan coeffici~.nts
s r ; i appiying the Spe~rman-Brciwr;pxp!--
e q r fc:rmuiri. The pir coefficienr. how-
e\.er. is likeiv ti? c:~deres:irr,a!e the sell-
abzi?:, of 3 par:jc.~!a: type ;arepry.
& & ' s s " ' r~tijmmen&tio:: (I 962. p ~ ,
3CJ3-2Qb) is to estknzfe spiir-b:&' :eiiabd-
ities by c.alcuir;:ing
--. .
- terrachoric correia::or:
coc.iixier..ts ar?d 2pplyir:g rhr Spearman-
BTDWEpi~i?hfc!, ~ ; ) T : I X ~ . This approa~h
. .
:.ic.ias
" 5
higher reiisbiilties. for ir assumes
2ddit:~naiigfc~ma:jon: that rh: iI:l&r[!;-
irig seem!: x e nxma!i:\ cilstribured a m m
each index. Reiiabili~yestimates based o;i
tetuchori; r's lvilj probzbjy be too high,
I:c.wrver: hscanse the :etr:shoric co:reik-
tic11 depends :>c a strict nssumprion of
normcll;rv (S:mxk\:. 19.24. p. I 31'). and
d x

fi$q:.ieoc>. ciistribn:ioni i:? Indiczr c?r

scores 2:. generally nc,; no:mai.
I;o- parricul:: sr:yLpi?.x;~.] :):D+
caregory :eli~b'3ries 22;: be expected
fail siimeahere brrween eztixaies cierliied
with p h :.oclf~~.ie:!ls and es::n:ares be-
rived wlrh :e:ziihoric coefficie~ts. Kt.-.
searchers ?stima;ing ?he reliabilit! oi' the
t .v.w carqciries (Hofi'xan. 1.354: Mysrs:
1963,2 . 2l)b; Webb. i964) have :epor.:d
phi coefficienrs ranging f r i m "55 ro .65
(E-I). .54 t i 7 ,73 (S-X.:\i.. ito .75 (T-F'),
i
and .5S tc, '84 /J-P'). Terrac;lzoric ~oefi-i-
.
cients h x e betc reporred rringlng ::.am
n

.70 !o . & l (E-I). .63 ti? .92 IS-N}. .66 ro

"90(T-FJ*x d .7h 10 . E 3 (.I-Pj. Es:m?.r.)[ed
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 Tabie 4
Test-Rerest Corrckatiori Coefliclez~tsfor Cont~nuousMBTf Szorcs
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141. M d e S t u d e ~ r at
s Howard
 coi!sidersbk evidence f:>r the instru-
ment's conkfit vdidrry. Srricker and Ross
(Note 5) also exaxined i t e n content,
co:iclilding that the S-N and T-F scaies
seem largeiy consisten! with their corres-
ponding concepiua! definitions. but. the
E-l 2nd .I-P
.."
scaies may neasure something
cjuiie c~rirelt;,: from rlie dimensims
p<~sm?aied by Myers in the MBT'I Manual.
The question has not beer: settled, but nr
wouid appear frcm an inspection of the
scorcd ifems that rhe E-E, S-N, and I - F
szaies are generaii), ccnsistcrit with the
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content cE lung's typoiogiccii theory.
Anorhe: t:),pe iif evidence Eo: content
vaiidiry was obtained by Bradway (i904.1
in a study i m u h h g 28 Sungian analysis.
The anaiysts were asked to classify tthem-
seives accordirig i c the E-I. S-X, and ?-F
type categories, and ccmparisorrs were
then made berween self-ryping and METI
rypkg. There wxs I O O % agreeinerit on E-I
dassifizatrsn, 65% agreement on S-N das-
sification. 6 15% 2agreemep:l on T-F classifi-
cation, acd 43%, agrea.me:lt or: ail lhree
s . E-I icdex thus proved to
i l z ~ e n s i.~ n.The
be r c m a r ~ a ~ l\:didy far the sample of
Jungian zfiaiysrs.
Additional evidence for contect valid-
it! has beer: obralned by ccirreiuticg
subjec:s' MBTI scores with their scores or,
t h e Gray-BT;$eelwrrghi Questiocnaire
(Gr3y & h7hec!wright. i 946), mother
inslrumen: designed ra identify J~ungiara
Types. The Gray-Wlheelwlghr is similar ta
the Indicator in that it uses continuo~is
scores ro assign s~rbjects +,G type cate-
gories, bat ir has n3 3-P scale.
Bradway's s:ady ( i 964) of 28 lungiac
anaiysts compared their. scores or! the two
instrumenrs. and fcsund that 96% of the
analysts ~ e c e x e dthe same E-I classifica-
tion with both tests, 95%; received the
same S N dass;Gclticn, 42% received the
sane 1-F classificatic?n, 2nd S4.Z ";received
identicai ciassificatio:is an ail three
dimensions with both tests. The propor-
tian of agreemfr!T between rhe tests was
.
sigr,i-. ..,.*. 4:
ir;a::~~y h i g h t h a would be expei-.
red by chance.
Stricker and Ross (1 964b) compared
conticuous scores received on :he Myers-
Briggs Type Indicatoi and rhe Cray-
Wheel~v.righ1.using a sample of 47 male
college s t u d e m . The two E-l scales ex-
hibited a .79 csrreiation, the S-iL' scaies
showed a 3 8 correlarion, arid the T-F
scales showed a .6C csrreiation. .Ail three
correiations were sigcifica~i a t the "01
level, and lend srzpport !o Myers' conten-
PI^ thar '"balk tests are reflecting the
same basic reaiities; thzt is, the 3ungiar:
oppaskrs which both were designed to
reflecr" ( i36'2. p. 12).
F o u r studies have examined ;he Indi-
cc;:or's zhiiity to p:edic: choice of major
and success ir: cossge. GoIdschmid
(i 957). derived regression equations rc
forecast iclicge map: So: two sampies of
undergraduares. and found !hat the 1x5-
catt;r's scales had moderare predlcrive
validity. I:r another study, C m a r y (1966)
predicied that certair, specific persondiiy
types in his ssmpk of 13@3 enrering
freshmen would be more Ibeiy thzn
ether types rc! receive good grades and to
make spec:Gc curricuia choices during
their fr'resi~rnanyear. and the predlcrm:is
were subsrandated. Stricker et al. (1965)
condiic~ed a si=iiar study with three
smples of eriiering fiesbirren and conciu-
ded rhat the Indicator's scales had some
..~.rty io predict GPA and d r o p ~ tbut
'
,
tihis zbiiity varied considerably wirh the
narure of Ibe sample. They found that a
contingency measure combining ail four
type ca~egxiesgeneraliy had greater pre-
dictive vahdity thar! did the individual
scales,
Using 3 v s y small sample, S a n d e r s
(Note 6 i prediited rhe relative ilicelihood
that ! 3 Rockerelk: Theological Feiiows
would adjusr t s their role as divinity
students. The predictions, based an MBTI
sceres and a measure of "stra:~," were
recorded :? a letter in the fixm of a
rank-ordering of types. Results showed
that Eve of the first six st~ldentsil-. rank
order decide& tc? continue their theologi-
cal educatior: :he foilowing yea:, whc:eas
six of the last seven dropped out: a
findicg which is significant beyond the
L?j levei. Saunders' s a q i e was smail;
howeve:, and coctar~inaliag varizbies
may have ififhericed the results.
The studjes ared above suggest that
 myk-c :eporrs ti7 Iiie i l a ~ j .~. i 3 dengsn* I:?
t e m ~compe:irions ( k e ' a u i l e y h X.;::er.
?;cJ:e 3 ) . VoLatii~:laij\. ~ 5 . ~ p ~. e r c yx<lJ.t
jabs ii: $ybLl:I: 2 2 ~:.:;t;.r.:;-: iv;:h
others, sxi'h i s rliesmsn, ge:.socn.i dirt:-
tor. sr,-:,,:
.,l,, worke:, pnbhc :dmirriski;t;r.
0: sthrctic &r?(:i\r (Srri:i;sl. & Ross.
L964h~.
St;jdle!: :I?&ca;< t!lli: irltr::ver:ed :)-p-5
wo&d r::her r ~ ~ ~ Sefore
e t r :<ting and
the! eajcy workin sicns. The! s < c w
- (1: s ~ a i e sof sci:-siifficier;q &;:d y e
!;igh
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lared by 2s m , y e >0l1;;iry al-d

carefree :kin estr:i:-er:s r Myers. i 903.pp.
B5-R6:. Srrjiker & KXS. Kixe 5 : R335.
Soie 4). 021 ;ests c!f zp:~tuds. a b ~ t r ~ - c ~
reasocinp, re&r:g abil:;:;,, 2nd aes:he:ir
yajnes, :hc;. >alii\- sco:.e ~ ~ ~. ..~ p ; ~ : l t j ! .
L

iligker th3n :yerage c\f:;ers, i % 2 , pp. B3.

BS-129: 'rrjske: & Ross, i :?&b: Sr::ckzr
el ai.. 1965: \Vebb. i 5163: Sannd?:~. Sc\rs
4). li..t~cver:s 8s ;g:onp 3 : - ~ : i t t ? > c t ?:do
te:~r..ici~-sc.i~~;tiGc prL?fe;-ss!,-~;s 1:.:iC (>tiler
\.oca;jo~t: ii!:li.: a&t>V' To iic'I?~;
d o n e . such 3s rxathens:isi::n. e:igi~:w.
denris:. zsrist. ante:. s::ritcr. f2';rrn.r. cr
2arpen:or (Stricicer 5: Ross. ;964bi.
s-:V ;,,2fi$irb,v Rcs?zr:h ~ z l ~ j : ; L ~:bfL:;~ A
prcfcrence fa2 S C T I S ~ I : ~Ii2ds t ~ 9:;: intr':.e:t
in ~y112: solid pl< rcsi (\1&;isji+- &
Narte:.,, Xi\;? 8). Sc.n.;i;?s t::1:'. IL: be
3t':rac:ed :o pr;ctizJ yiicatj,nj. j u ~ hL~
basmess adrr.inisr:a:io~. saie.: affj'ji1e. txin- .
sgemsn r . bar~icirig: ~ c r e r i c z v meoxme .
fsrming, md p o x e w x k {Srricker B
Ross, I9tn45''j. Or-:: 0:' the firs: \fBTI
studies (,tar~e!-. I949.r reveaied rhsr s e x -
ing types were ~ u c :nore h iiksiy :o st:,
empjc.yed \::h a utilit>. iompZ;.i;> :ha?
were intsitivr rvpez. psrtii-&ri), i~: iobs
requi:icg .nechar,i<ai abii:;~. A h ;: grou?.
sensdr5 xss1:.i!y Score ex:remejy lligh on
:he Eaoncmic scsle of :he AVk illye:..
i%?: p... B3:. S x n d r r s . Note 41. Or: c:l;cr
pers;onsil:y :ilvenrnrie.: ?he), corisislc.:lti:\
2 laiue or; a::t:!oritv cil;& ;"."oii;.
and like]!- trs Se y2:ed 5,-f ~ c ~ ~ i i2s ,...
cooperative. p r a p n x :is. i n d ivilhp t L)
take diri.ctio:i (~Rass,S o r e 7,. In s ~ h a i i .
sensix~g types rspor: tk:;,.r they Ilk? ra
prciceed o:derly :<.w:rd vveli-&fi:~ed ec;:)~
snd rlie!, ;earn espe~i;;);: ii.eli v.i{il G:L&+
visn-.] zjds,, sLlch as fir:. ar-d :elc-,.lslon
(McCau!iey 6: Nar:t:-, Yo:. r'r. T!?esz
 3?0 .4n Assessmenr qf the ?(.flws-Briggs Tjpe Incficaior
find~ngssupport the theory thai sensors endurame (Myers. 1362. p. B4i. 'Fkey are
have a factual orientatiorl and a strong more i i ~ e i ythan feeling typgs to have a
need for order. positive sttikrie tcrward WOTK and good
Resezrch indicaies that intuitors like study habits (Myers, 1962, p. B4: Ross.
to use their mirids and have considerabie 1966; Strjckcr & Ross, 1964b: Sxicker &
toierance for cilmpiexi ty (Myers, 13611. Ross, Ncte 5; McCzulley & Natter, Sore
pp., .&5-B6: Madisor: st a:., Note 2: 8). In hi& s c h o i , t h i ~ k i a gtypes report
Str~clter & Ross, Note 5). As a group: that rfaey iearr: best from ?he lecture
they score high on the Aesthetic and approach and du wel! on exams {Mc-
Theoretical scaks of the AVL, and exce! Cauley .& Nzrter. Note 8 ) . As a group.
or: test3 of reading abiliry? concept mast- they score very high or: the TheoreticzI
ery. arithmetic reasoning, 2nd general scaie of the AVL. and excel or! rests of
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kiowjetdge (Myers. 1962. pp. B3, B8-BY: mechanical apt::ude (Myers, i 962. p. B3:
Stricker & Ross, i96G.b; Stricicer et a;., Saunders, No:? 4; McCaulley & Natrer.
1965; Webb, 1964: Madison et ai.. Nore Noie 81. They are generally attracted r o
2; Saunders; Note 4 : McCau2ey & Nait er, vocatiorts which require logicai :kinking,
Note 8). Compared wiih sensing types, s:~chas screntif~c~ technical, and bushess
intu:tors spend moye time each week or? professions (Stricker &L Ross, !964b).
non-required read&. and they prefer Feelixg typea appear io be extrernei);
teachers who give open-ended mstruc- inierested ir; human values arid inler-
tions and z h w them lo use their own personal reiaticnships. As a group, they
icitiative (McCarriley & Xatter, S o l e 8). score high on the Socid a& Religioris
[ntuitive % . y e sgmeriiilj' express a strong scales of the hi?: and their EFPS scores
rxed for autoriomy a d hzve a positive indicate strong needs Eo: nurturamce and
a r t h d e toward change (Myers, 1962, p. affiiiatic~(Myers, 1 3 6 2 . p ~B3-Bd;
. Sam-
134; Madison e? xi.. Note 2 ; . They are d m , K ~ t 4). e They are generally rnted by
more l i ~ e i ythan sessmg types to be rated faculty as "plezsanr," yet they repert
by facrrity as imaginative (Ross, Note 3, having more free-floating anxiety thafi
which is cmsistent with MacKinnon's thinking types (Myers, 1963, pp. BS-Bh;
Crndings (1966) that over ?@$, s f the Stricker & Ross, Note 4; Ross, N ~ t e7).
creative writers, architects. research In sckiool, feeling Types enjoy working on
scientists, and rnaihenz~iciansstudied at group projects and learn best in a setting
the Instirute of Persc~naiity Assessment Chat :s harrrrmious (McCauHey & Kstter,
2nd Research were :ntuitive types. intui- Note 8). They reud re be attracted to the
tion appears to be si~nmulatedby novelty helpi-ig professions, such as teaching?
and change. an& research indicates that preaching. counseiing. nursing, socizj
m e consequence m y be a high job work, and customer r e l a t m ~ s(Stricker &
turnover rate when in tu:r ors are placed in Ross, 1954b.i.
mechanical and cierical jobs jlaney, J-P 1;alrdily. Judging types are gener-
i949). They usualiy prefer professional ally rate2 as being responsible, industri-
vocatio:is which ailcw the= more xiton- ous, and steady workers (Ross. Note 7).
omy: such as psychologist,, architect, They tend lo have much b e m r study
artist, musician, m:nister, writer, chem- habits than perceptive Types, perhaps
ists. o: physicist (S'trjcker & Ross, because i-,f d e i r positive attitude t0wXd
t964b). These findings support the work (Myers. i962, py. B5. B8: Rjchek &
theory that intuitive types would rather B o w , BCPh8; Strlcker & Ross, 1964b). BE
consider the possibi1l:ies of a situation hi@ schoai,, judging rypes report ?ha?
than the practica! factrs. they u s d l y foilow a srudy schect.de.
T-F validity. Thinking types rend tc. be apportion their time each day, and are
objec~ive.analyticai, and Iogicd ir: n a k - scidom Pare ir: compieting assigr,menrs
ing decisions. Edwards Persorial Prefer- (hitcCauiley & Natter, Noie 8). As might
ence Schedde (EPPS ) scores ixiicate zhat be expected, dley generaliy get higher
:hinkers h v e strong needs for crder, grades than perceptive types. and tend to
aui onomy , dominance. achievement, and be "over-achievers" (Myers. 1962, pp.
 -;943: Webb. 196.5; McCsailey & \lt+-- .-,;
-
3 t . r - 8';. J ~ l , l ~ r i r ~ :iypes appe3; 1 ~ 3have :3
s:rmg need to! ordei. irk$-At. tc h s x
. ..
tilingsdecided arid ser:ied 6 Ross. Ighh:
3:fcC;a:riicy & 5;::er. Ni.ri. $), j&scsi&
indicates :I:;: C3et have 2 renzrkzhie
capsc:ry for zr:dwance a:ld wouid bc
.. ,
Inore ~ ~ e i : to . stick \v:h 1: j0b t!m
c!;.nge i&s (Lanc:~. LQ19). They are
gyc2Liy ;rrrac:ed >: : VOC~;JOIIZ re:pirmp
xan:inistrarjy? skcIs. pr;i:;Jiari:\ b2sin.s~-
o;ie~.:ted profess;ons (,S'~r~cker G; Koss.
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i 9o-321.
Research mpports the thecry Ih2:
p;.:cep:ia.< rypi..: are spi.:i:afi?o:j-, flzsi-
bit. m d open-minded. T h e y ~ s n z l l ?score
&..L:- $.-mm e ~ s ~ i r e3:s,. ::npiilsi\reness
. and
c s r e s s 3 s:l.o:lr r:i.ed far ::;!anam!
(Myers. l9t.l. pp. B I - B 4 : i\::.hb. I O G :
MLdisol-i 2~ $,. K<?te 2 Stri&er &- R- c'S>.
Nore 5). Or: rc.irs of abs:rac.r reasoning
cS Lit\, snd sclioianic aatitude. prceprive
*. .. .*
,k!>e.: ge:ie:aS>: acl be::?;- rh:in j u d g i r : ~
3

I::~cs., .h: the!. tend :P get lower grades

IE school (Myers. 1961, pp. 39-43:
st:i<kc: e~ 51.. :!><>5; ikpbh,, 15164; l f c -
Caziiey S: Nar:er. Nore 8). Per5rming
hclL>w c;pj.;it? be &je f d ?heir
:er:&r!cies ;ci roc-astxate. t o piazs
higher v:jue 92 ~ 1 ~3h d ~f w , 12 Se
; ~ r k2nd
ies!: wxpcririvs h:: judging types
@jYers. igh:. pp. J35-%6:Webb. 1%:;:
Ross. Yczte 7 : KcCauiiq & Xat:ei.. N.ii;e
81. Resesrch indicates that perceptive
types c:ljil!; cI;2:1ge. have s hi& :i.ierarice
fo! c ~ m p i e x i arid ~ ~ . rend ro be attracted
to s ~ i i h~:ofessions:2s w n t i : ~art. ~ , nnusic,
..
?s;,~chology. a x t u t e o t x e . and xhcrrising
(M!.c.rs. i~'rii2, p, B4; Stricker d Ross.
i 9 G h ; Webb? 'i9h-i; MsSism et 5..Note
2).
i'nlidir;~.i;," ?pe con.;biizatioirs. My? rs'
research i%u'i'te 9) with differer:: poprrla-
t j c . 3 ~;r!dica;es thst certau: rype combina-
:;ens r;re :~t:racted f c certak~i>eids. For
exampic: ST types predominzre in busi-
:less m d a d : ~ i n i s t r ~ r i o nSF
. rypes a x
artrsctsd lo sales ::id stmix professions.
NF types generally : x t i w n b ~ . r other
r y p a Si:: Fields invoking ccrmsehg o:
\i.~iting,and NT type!: :end to go intij
scie1:c.i. ~ E xJs e ~ r s h .I:: addiric?::, Miller's
sr;idg' i I % q o i 1 % ~S : E ~ P C I S , , M;;ers and
I)avis'?: stu* (Sotc j 31 fif : n e & c ~ istil-
3
McCa~dle>-.M, Ii, (,Fib)..\BE .'Ce~rs. F d
1976" ! [I). :-$. (,-l~&lablc f r c x the
C a t e r for A?piiations of Pq!.:hc:io_ricil
'I?pe. l441 ?X 6:h St., G ~ i n e s ~ i U H e .a .
32603 t .
Sfsdlson, P.. i\-iiifer. D. H..b, Sudrilfcrd. K .
B. T& Jfi.crs-Bi-:s,mr ~ . p r I?:di~-d:or iii
zccdcm!c couriselivp <Sra:lzr~ail R e s c s r ~ h
Report No. I 3 i v Pr:ncz:on. K.3.. Princeron
iirive:siry. Couxseling Service. 3uit 1963.
Sch!+;r. L. D.,& k ' r c ~ rB.
. R. Tlir q,:,'+-A:
qf' reacher-stiident sfwiiarrn. iil a?! eduL,u-
tiortd ski& course iCosperatlvt Rcsc2r:h
Project No. S-2171. Wsshingtcrn. U.C.. ITS.
Office of Educatios, :%S.
Saunders. D. R. El$iirri~,c bcori?zg o?;
exisrc~peof a ratjo~zclc i u w c e c he.
r.,lic.cn dip prsoi~ciin. ~.p:iko$:'es qt
Spmt!per crtd .i;t,!e !ETS RE b b d : . P:inx-
tor.. 3.3.: EJ~ca:lonai T e s c i q Ser\-i-- LC.
1960.
stXLKX.
' : L,I.. & R[N, J , -4 d ~ s ~ r i & ~o?vm d?
cw.+::niior~ qi'fize .l:i.rr.r-B~gpT ~ p /ci r J i r w
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RH 57-8). Princeton: N.J.: Educazion-
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