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HEARING
BEFORE THE
COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
ONE HUNDRED SIXTH CONGRESS
FIRST SESSION
No. 10640
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COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE
F. JAMES SENSENBRENNER, JR., Wisconsin, Chairman
SHERWOOD L. BOEHLERT, New York GEORGE E. BROWN, JR., California
LAMAR SMITH, Texas RALPH M. HALL, Texas
CONSTANCE A. MORELLA, Maryland BART GORDON, Tennessee
CURT WELDON, Pennsylvania JERRY F. COSTELLO, Illinois
DANA ROHRABACHER, California JAMES A. BARCIA, Michigan
JOE BARTON, Texas EDDIE BERNICE JOHNSON, Texas
KEN CALVERT, California LYNN C. WOOLSEY, California
NICK SMITH, Michigan LYNN N. RIVERS, Michigan
ROSCOE G. BARTLETT, Maryland ZOE LOFGREN, California
VERNON J. EHLERS, Michigan MICHAEL F. DOYLE, Pennsylvania
DAVE WELDON, Florida SHEILA JACKSON-LEE, Texas
GIL GUTKNECHT, Minnesota DEBBIE STABENOW, Michigan
THOMAS W. EWING, Illinois BOB ETHERIDGE, North Carolina
CHRIS CANNON, Utah NICK LAMPSON, Texas
KEVIN BRADY, Texas JOHN B. LARSON, Connecticut
MERRILL COOK, Utah MARK UDALL, Colorado
GEORGE R. NETHERCUTT, JR., Washington DAVID WU, Oregon
FRANK D. LUCAS, Oklahoma ANTHONY D. WEINER, New York
MARK GREEN, Wisconsin MICHAEL E. CAPUANO, Massachusetts
STEVEN T. KUYKENDALL, California BRIAN BAIRD, Washington
GARY G. MILLER, California JOSEPH M. HOEFFEL, Pennsylvania
JUDY BIGGERT, Illinois DENNIS MOORE, Kansas
MARSHALL MARK SANFORD, South
Carolina
JACK METCALF, Washington
(II)
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CONTENTS
(III)
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IV
Page
APPENDIX 3: MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD
Neil Gross and Otis Port, The Next Wave, Business Week, August 24
31, 1998 ................................................................................................................. 100
The Physics of Materials: How Science Improves Our Lives, Committee
on Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics, National Research
Council, 1997 ........................................................................................................ 104
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HEARING ON NANOTECHNOLOGY: THE STATE
OF NANO-SCIENCE AND ITS PROSPECTS
FOR THE NEXT DECADE
HOUSE
REPRESENTATIVES,
OF
COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE,
SUBCOMMITTEE ON BASIC RESEARCH,
Washington, DC.
The Subcommittee met, pursuant to notice, at 3:00 p.m., in Room
2318, Rayburn House Office Building, Hon. Nick Smith [Chairman
of the Subcommittee] presiding.
Chairman SMITH [presiding] The Science Subcommittee on Basic
Research will come to order for the purpose of a hearing on
nanotechnology and the state of nanoscience and its prospects for
the future decades.
Today the Subcommittee is meeting to review federal funding of
research into nanotechnology, to discuss the role of the Federal
Government in supporting nanoscience research, and to discuss the
economic implications of the scientific advances made in the field
of nanotechnology.
In Fiscal Year 1999, the Federal Government will spend approxi-
mately $230 million on nanotechnology research. Eighty percent of
the funding comes from the National Science Foundation, about
$90 million; the Department of Defense; the Department of Energy.
The remaining money comes from the National Institutes of
Health, the Department of Commerce, and NASA. In addition, the
private sector has shown interest in the field of nanotechnology.
And the question that this Subcommittee hopes to answer is how
much effort should the Federal Government be putting into tax-
payer funded research in this area?
According to testimony submitted by our panelists, scientists
have already learned a great deal about how to use
nanotechnology. The best example of this is todays biotechnology
industry. But, according to researchers, that is only the beginning.
Nanotechnology holds great promise for breakthroughs in health,
manufacturing, agriculture, energy, and national security. In fact,
some researchers state that over the next few decades,
nanotechnology will impact every aspect of our society.
Unfortunately, while progress has been made, the United States
does not dominate nanotechnology. A significant amount of re-
search is currently underway in Europe, especially Japan. In that
context, it seems to me it is appropriate that we cooperate and
keep abreast of the research being done in these other countries.
(1)
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It is our policy to have witnesses take the oath. If you would rise
and raise your right hand.
Do you solemnly swear that the testimony that you are about to
give is the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth?
Mr. WONG. Yes.
Mr. MCWHORTER. Yes.
Mr. SMALLEY. Yes.
Mr. MERKLE. Yes.
Chairman SMITH. Let the record indicate that all witnesses have
indicated in the affirmative. And we thank you very much.
And the spoken testimony we try to limit to 5 minutes. There is
a green, yellow, and red light on the little boxes in front of you.
But all testimony that you have presented to the Committee in
writing, without objection, will be entered into the record of this
hearing. And, hearing no objection, its so ordered.
Dr. Wong, if you would begin.
TESTIMONY OF EUGENE WONG, ASSISTANT DIRECTOR, ENGI-
NEERING DIRECTORATE, NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION,
ARLINGTON, VA; ACCOMPANIED BY PAUL J. MC WHORTER,
DEPUTY DIRECTOR, MICROSYSTEMS SCIENCE, TECH-
NOLOGY, AND COMPONENTS CENTER, SANDIA NATIONAL
LABORATORIES, ALBUQUERQUE, NM; RICHARD E. SMALLEY,
PH.D., THE GENE AND NORMAN HACKERMAN PROFESSOR
OF CHEMISTRY AND PROFESSOR OF PHYSICS, RICE UNIVER-
SITY, HOUSTON, TX; AND RALPH C. MERKLE, XEROX PALO
ALTO RESEARCH CENTER, PALO ALTO, CA
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and better. This has revolutionized all aspect of our lives from our
most advanced weapons systems to our toaster ovens.
The global microelectronics industry has vectored ahead based on
a very simple metric: to make transistors smaller. As transistors
become smaller, they become faster. You can pack more of them on
the chip and chips are able to store and process more information.
To date, this has been the silicon revolution.
Today we stand on the verge of a second silicon revolution. The
metrics of the second silicon revolution will be different and more
important than simply continuing to pack more transistors onto a
chip. The metrics of the second silicon revolution will be the incor-
poration of new structures, microscopic machines, on the chip
alongside the transistors, creating a whole new generation of com-
puter chip, a chip that can not only think but sense, act, and com-
municate as well. These fully functional machines have feature
sizes smaller than human red blood cells. This new capability will
have as profound of an impact on our lives over the next 30 years
as microelectronics have over the past 30 years.
The second silicon revolution has begun and a variety of commer-
cial products exist today that contain micromachines. To fully real-
ize the potential of the second silicon revolution, however, certain
scientific hurdles must be overcome. In the 1800s, realization of
high-performance, traditional industrial machines required the de-
velopment of a fundamental understanding of the science of the
microdomain. Similarly, to effectively design, build, and operate
machines in the microdomain, we must have a fundamental under-
standing of the materials and surfaces in the nanodomain.
Nanotechnology and nanoscience will be the key elements of fully
achieving the vision of micromachines and microsystems. It will be
nanotechnology that will lead to new functions, better performance,
and higher reliability in micromachines and microsystems.
I have a very brief two-minute video I would like to show that
just describes the state-of-the-art of microtechnology to date. If you
could roll the video.
Chairman SMITH. We would note for the audience that we have
three screens: one in the middle and one in
[Video.]
Mr. MCWHORTER. This is a picture of the worlds smallest ma-
chine in operation. This is a transmission. For size comparison, the
gear teeth that you are looking at are the size of a red blood cell.
The gear itself is the size of a grain of pollen. This transmission
is used as part of a system to increase the force that you can get
out of the microdevices.
This is a rack and pinion system that we demonstrated. Again,
built at Sandia National Laboratories. This enables us to get large
linear displacements in the microdomain.
All of these devices are built using integrated circuit fabrication
technique and theyre batch fabricated tens of thousands at a time
on a six-inch silicon wafer. Bringing these technologies together, we
create this microscopic positionable mirror with large implications
for use in the global telecommunications infrastructure. You can
see it switching an optical lasar at a very fast rate.
This is a prototype safety mechanism for a nuclear weapon that
has been developed. The purpose of this is to work on researching
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porate level. If you look at major corporations, they are not pur-
suing this as aggressively as they might.
Chairman SMITH. The testimony from all of you, though, seems
to imply that the application is in reach in a lot of areas and, if
that is true, it seems like, somehow, theres a way to harness the
contribution, financial contribution, an effort of the private sector
as well. Does anybody have a reaction? Yes, Mr. McWhorter.
Mr. MCWHORTER. I think the private sector will invest and will
invest in a very large amount, but the issue with the private sector
is risk. And, you know, the key aspect of what the investment will
be is, you know, when will they see what the application is and
when will they see the risk being mitigated? And so I think with
a program like the NSF program thats being described, one of the
key roles that that does is it shows the direction and it mitigates
the risk so that you can free up and realize the private sector in-
vestment.
Chairman SMITH. Dr. Smalley, you have an answer.
Mr. SMALLEY. Well, theres a huge difference between the cir-
cumstance where you see a product in 2 to 3 years and one where
you imagine one in 10 years. In the current financial enterprise,
you can make a start-up for the first, but youd be a fool to make
a start-up with the second, unless youre in the biotech industry in
which case you may still be a fool.
Were certainly talking about the 10-year, 20-year time horizon.
And so, at the moment, this is primarily a responsibility of large
organizations in societies like our Federal Government. I believe
thats really the way it ought to be. I mean, I think that American
industry has evolved in a healthy way and that they are much bet-
ter about taking care of the short-term applications where they
need to get their profits. But that devolves upon universities and
federal laboratories much more the core responsibility for taking
care of a longer-distance view.
Chairman SMITH. Dr. Wong, how would we manage a multi-
agency nanoscience initiative? Should NSF be a lead agency? Have
you done any thought on this? Has there been any talk between
the agencies that are now working
Mr. WONG. The NSF has been the coordinator of a major inter-
agency effort for the last few years. Theres a very active working
group going on now chaired by NSF in this area. We are prepared
to play that role. Weve had a long history in it. We are absolutely
determined and devoted to this as a major strategic direction. Since
we are the primary funder of basic sciences and long-lead-time
projects, I think we are probably in a position to do that.
Chairman SMITH. How about our effort of being aware of the re-
search thats being accomplished in other countries? Do we have
theI notice we have cut way back on our science attaches even
in Japan. Do we have the proper effort to observe and keep abreast
of whats happening in other countries? Whoever can best answer
that.
Mr. SMALLEY. Well, as an active researcher in the field, the one
thing we do most of the time is worry about what other people are
doing. And so there is a tremendous amount of scrutiny and, for
that matter, collaboration with researchers in European and Japa-
nese laboratories. So that aspect, I think, is well in hand.
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