government borrowing

Money borrowed by the government through issuance of securities, bonds and bills. The
government borrows money to make up the difference between revenues and expenditures.
The money comes from lenders within the country and from foreign lenders.

How Does Government borrowing affect corporate financing and investment

When a government's tax revenues are insufficient to pay for a given level of state spending
then a nation must borrow to make up the difference, this is a budget deficit. Governments
often find that they have to borrow to finance their spending

Causes of a rising budget (fiscal Deficit)

Recession causing rising employment

Decrease in consumer spending, falling profits leading to less tax revenue
 Increase in economic inactivity leading to rise in welfare benefit spending
Deliberate use of fiscal stimulus by a government to boost aggregate demand
Increase in interest rates on debt leading to a rise in debt service costs
Demographioc factors causing state pensions to rise
Deliberate attempts to increase spending on public service

Not all countries and groups of countries run budget deficits, there are many both from
the richer advanced groupings and fast-growing developing nations who have been
running budget surpluses in recent years.

Fiscal balances for selected groupings of countries

(-) Indicates a budget deficit, a +ve value shows a budget surplus
Country Group Name 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Major advanced economies (G7) -4.5 -10.0 -8.7 -7.7 -6.8
Euro area -2.1 -6.4 -6.3 -4.1 -3.2
Developing Asia -1.7 -4.2 -3.5 -2.6 -2.6
Latin America and the Caribbean -0.9 -3.9 -3.0 -2.6 -2.3
Emerging and developing economies 1.0 -4.0 -2.8 -1.1 -1.0
Sub-Saharan Africa 2.0 -5.3 -3.8 -1.4 -0.7
Commonwealth of Independent States 4.2 -5.1 -2.6 2.0 0.9
Newly industrialized Asian economies 1.0 -1.1 1.1 1.6 1.0
Middle East and North Africa 13.4 -0.6 2.0 6.1 6.9
Source: IMF World Economic Outlook, April 2012

Most of the member nations of the Group of 7 have seen a significant rise in
government borrowing and higher levels of debt.

A number of newly industrialized Asian countries run budget surpluses as do the

oil and gas rich nations of the Middle East
 UK National (Government) Debt

Fiscal austerity under the 2010-2015 Coalition Government

The UK coalition government has a deficit-reduction policy with the emphasis on cutting
government spending in some areas in real terms and a series of direct and indirect tax
increases:

Key policies for deficit reduction:

Rise in VAT to 20%

Rise in employee national insurance contributions

Deep cuts in real government spending e.g. for local authorities

Welfare caps including 26k pa cap on welfare for each family

Some taxes have been cut

A series of cuts to corporation tax - down to 20% in 2015

 Freezing of fuel duties (meaning a cut in real terms)

Increases in the real value of the income tax free allowance

Freezing of council tax (so that council tax falls in real terms)

The UK government also helped by lower interest rates on newly issued debt. 10 year
bond yields fell to a record low of 1.4% in January 2015.

Government spending and taxation in the UK economy

New fiscal rule (July 2015 Budget)

The governments fiscal rules are to be revised to include a target for a budget surplus
by 2019/20 and for all subsequent years when in normal times. The economy will be
viewed as being in normal times if real annual growth is above 1%.
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Bangladesh Government Last Previous Highest Lowest Unit

Government Debt to GDP 27.30 29.10 50.00 27.30 percent [+]
Government Budget -4.70 -3.10 -1.30 -4.70 percent of GDP [+]
Government Budget Value -70623.00 -69490.00 -6697.00 -70623.00 BDT Billion [+]
Government Spending 823.97 702.09 823.97 115.31 BDT Billion [+]
Government Revenues 169045.00 146732.00 169045.00 15008.00 BDT Billion [+]
Fiscal Expenditure 239668.00 216222.00 239668.00 22013.00 BDT Billion [+]
Government Spending To GDP 16.60 16.01 16.60 12.16 percent [+]
Credit Rating 40.00 [+]
Military Expenditure 2517.80 2374.00 2517.80 640.60 USD Million [+]
Bangladesh Government Debt to GDP Notes
Generally, Government debt as a percent of GDP is used by investors to measure a country ability to
make future payments on its debt, thus affecting the country borrowing costs and government bond
yields. This page provides - Bangladesh Government Debt To GDP - actual values, historical data,
forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news. Bangladesh Government Debt to GDP -
actual data, historical chart and calendar of releases - was last updated on November of 2016.

Actual Previous Highest Lowest Dates Unit Frequency

27.30 29.10 50.00 27.30 1995 - 2015 percent Yearly

Last Previous Highest Lowest

WORLD

Japan 229.20 Dec/15 226 229 50.6 % Yearly

Greece 176.90 Dec/15 180 180 22.6 % Yearly

Lebanon 139.00 Dec/15 134 183 131 % Yearly

Italy 132.70 Dec/15 132 133 90.5 % Yearly

Portugal 129.00 Dec/15 130 130 50.3 % Yearly

Jamaica 128.40 Dec/15 133 212 70.5 % Yearly

Cape Verde 123.00 Dec/15 114 123 54.28 % Yearly

Cyprus 108.90 Dec/15 108 109 45.1 % Yearly

Belgium 106.00 Dec/15 106 133 74.1 % Yearly

Singapore 104.70 Dec/15 99.3 106 66.9 % Yearly

United States 104.17 Dec/15 103 122 31.7 % Yearly

Spain 99.20 Dec/15 99.3 99.3 16.6 % Yearly

Bhutan 98.90 Dec/15 101 101 36.9 % Yearly

France 96.10 Dec/15 95.3 96.1 20.7 % Yearly

Ireland 93.80 Dec/15 108 120 23.6 % Yearly

Canada 91.50 Dec/15 86.2 102 66.5 % Yearly

 Last Previous Highest Lowest
WORLD

Euro Area 90.70 Dec/15 92 92 64.9 % Yearly

United Kingdom 89.20 Dec/15 88.2 89.2 31.3 % Yearly

Jordan 89.00 Dec/14 86.68 220 60.24 % Yearly

Croatia 86.70 Dec/15 86.5 86.7 35.5 % Yearly

Austria 86.20 Dec/15 84.3 86.2 56.1 % Yearly

European Union 85.20 Dec/15 86.8 86.8 57.8 % Yearly

Egypt 85.00 Jun/15 90.5 102 73.3 % Yearly

Slovenia 83.20 Dec/15 81 83.2 18.3 % Yearly

Sudan 79.00 Dec/14 70.7 139 56.3 % Yearly

Ukraine 79.00 Dec/15 70 79 12.3 % Yearly

Mongolia 77.40 Dec/15 54.7 95.73 20.62 % Yearly

Zimbabwe 77.00 Dec/14 66.2 148 31.4 % Yearly

Bahamas 76.30 Dec/15 73.7 76.3 23.2 % Yearly

Sri Lanka 76.00 Dec/15 70.7 109 16.3 % Yearly

Hungary 75.30 Dec/15 76.2 84.5 51.7 % Yearly

Serbia 73.40 Dec/15 70.4 201 28.3 % Yearly

Albania 72.13 Dec/15 69.77 84.6 53.43 % Yearly

Germany 71.20 Dec/15 74.7 81 54.8 % Yearly

Iceland 68.50 Dec/15 82.5 95.1 23 % Yearly

Belize 68.30 Dec/15 65.5 87.1 31.4 % Yearly

Sao Tome and Principe 68.23 Dec/14 72.45 309 33.3 % Yearly

Ghana 67.60 Dec/14 55.64 125 26.2 % Yearly

India 67.20 Dec/15 66.2 84.2 66 % Yearly

Mauritania 66.90 Dec/14 65.6 280 60.8 % Yearly

Brazil 66.23 Dec/15 56.8 60.9 53.4 % Yearly

Netherlands 65.10 Dec/15 68.2 73.1 42.4 % Yearly

Israel 64.80 Dec/15 66.7 96.7 64.8 % Yearly

 Last Previous Highest Lowest
WORLD

Pakistan 64.80 Dec/15 65.1 87.9 56.4 % Yearly

El Salvador 64.16 Dec/15 62.63 64.16 32.99 % Yearly

Malta 63.90 Dec/15 67.1 72 34.4 % Yearly

Morocco 63.89 Dec/14 61.7 118 21.66 % Yearly

Finland 63.10 Dec/15 59.3 63.1 10.8 % Yearly

Costa Rica 62.11 Dec/15 58.96 62.11 36.57 % Yearly

Mauritius 61.60 Dec/15 60.1 63.7 48.4 % Yearly

Montenegro 61.40 Dec/15 53.97 56.84 27.5 % Yearly

Seychelles 60.00 Dec/15 65 87 49 % Yearly

Mozambique 55.40 Dec/14 46.9 138 37.5 % Yearly

Kyrgyzstan 55.20 Dec/15 46.7 122 43.8 % Yearly

Malaysia 54.00 Dec/15 52.7 80.74 31.8 % Yearly

Djibouti 53.70 Dec/14 48.1 67.8 46 % Yearly

Slovakia 52.90 Dec/15 53.9 55 21.7 % Yearly

Kenya 52.80 Dec/15 49.8 78.3 42.8 % Yearly

Poland 51.30 Dec/15 50.5 56 36.5 % Yearly

Gambia 50.70 Dec/15 53 117 35.1 % Yearly

Fiji 50.60 Dec/14 51.4 56.2 33.69 % Yearly

Vietnam 50.50 Dec/14 54.98 54.98 31.9 % Yearly

South Africa 50.10 Dec/15 47.1 50.1 27.8 % Yearly

Yemen 49.95 Dec/13 51.7 51.8 27.2 % Yearly

Venezuela 49.80 Dec/13 45.9 71.9 26.3 % Yearly

Guyana 48.80 Dec/15 50.8 136 48.8 % Yearly

Argentina 48.40 Dec/15 48.6 166 33.3 % Yearly

Uruguay 47.80 Dec/15 42.7 96.1 30.6 % Yearly

Tunisia 47.50 Dec/14 44.38 69.9 40.2 % Yearly

Lesotho 45.80 Dec/14 37.7 88.66 36.9 % Yearly

 Last Previous Highest Lowest
WORLD

Dominican Republic 45.61 Dec/15 45.79 46.15 16.43 % Yearly

Trinidad and Tobago 45.60 Dec/15 40.9 58.84 13.18 % Yearly

Nicaragua 45.30 Dec/15 49.2 169 45.3 % Yearly

Philippines 45.05 Dec/15 45.4 74.9 45.05 % Yearly

Laos 44.48 Dec/14 38.66 81.7 33.61 % Yearly

Thailand 44.40 Dec/15 42.8 57.8 15.2 % Yearly

Senegal 44.20 Dec/15 35.2 72.6 17.7 % Yearly

Honduras 44.06 Dec/15 42.93 68.06 23.07 % Yearly

China 43.90 Dec/15 41.1 43.9 20.5 % Yearly

Sweden 43.40 Dec/15 44.8 72.4 36.8 % Yearly

Mexico 43.20 Dec/15 28.6 37.2 17.1 % Yearly

Georgia 43.10 Dec/15 35.7 43.62 21.55 % Yearly

Lithuania 42.70 Dec/15 40.7 42.7 11.5 % Yearly

Armenia 42.23 Dec/15 37.51 46.19 13.56 % Yearly

Bahrain 42.00 Dec/14 41.3 42 8.5 % Yearly

Central African Republic 41.83 Dec/14 50.57 97.4 30.5 % Yearly

Czech Republic 41.10 Dec/15 42.7 45.1 11.6 % Yearly

Denmark 40.20 Dec/15 44.8 58.1 27.3 % Yearly

Tanzania 39.90 Dec/13 39.5 66.6 31.1 % Yearly

Bolivia 39.70 Dec/15 33 80.4 32.5 % Yearly

Suriname 39.61 Dec/15 26.77 115 15.66 % Yearly

Panama 39.10 Dec/15 37.1 116 35 % Yearly

Macedonia 38.40 Dec/15 38.2 57.2 20.6 % Yearly

Romania 38.40 Dec/15 39.8 39.8 6.6 % Yearly

Colombia 38.00 Dec/14 35.8 45.6 23.3 % Yearly

Sierra Leone 37.65 Dec/14 36.9 247 34.96 % Yearly

Iraq 37.02 Dec/14 32.1 335 32.1 % Yearly

 Last Previous Highest Lowest
WORLD

Australia 36.80 Dec/15 34.1 36.8 9.7 % Yearly

Angola 36.50 Dec/15 34.7 110 21.4 % Yearly

Ivory Coast 36.41 Dec/14 39.92 84.2 29 % Yearly

Latvia 36.40 Dec/15 40.8 47.5 8.4 % Yearly

Niger 36.40 Dec/15 23.2 69.9 15.8 % Yearly

Tajikistan 35.90 Dec/15 28.34 112 28.34 % Yearly

Papua New Guinea 35.80 Dec/15 38.8 71.06 23.6 % Yearly

Qatar 35.80 Dec/15 31.7 74.4 8.9 % Yearly

South Korea 35.12 Dec/14 33.76 35.12 8.24 % Yearly

Madagascar 34.90 Dec/14 34 112 24.3 % Yearly

Uganda 34.70 Dec/14 33.26 84.4 22.1 % Yearly

Switzerland 34.40 Dec/15 34.7 51.6 25.1 % Yearly

Gabon 34.10 Dec/15 21.3 86.96 16.73 % Yearly

Namibia 34.00 Dec/15 24.6 34 14.22 % Quarterly

Republic of the Congo 34.00 Dec/14 32 270 22.89 % Yearly

Cambodia 33.88 Dec/14 33 43.1 27.76 % Yearly

Ecuador 33.10 Dec/15 32.5 85.5 16.4 % Yearly

Turkey 32.90 Dec/15 33.5 77.9 32.9 % Yearly

Guinea Bissau 32.20 Dec/15 30.8 210 21.4 % Yearly

Myanmar 32.04 Dec/15 29.73 216 29.73 % Yearly

Hong Kong 32.00 Dec/14 33.84 35.47 13.7 % Yearly

Norway 31.70 Dec/15 27.3 53.7 27.3 % Yearly

Taiwan 31.70 Dec/15 32.8 34.1 11.19 % Yearly

Zambia 31.00 Dec/14 28.8 278 28.8 % Yearly

Bosnia and Herzegovina 30.90 Dec/15 30.9 56.04 16.6 % Yearly

Syria 30.01 Dec/10 31.21 190 30.01 % Yearly

Guinea 29.50 Dec/15 23.5 113 20.81 % Yearly

 Last Previous Highest Lowest
WORLD

Bulgaria 29.30 May/16 29.2 77.6 13.2 % Monthly

Ethiopia 28.60 Dec/14 27.4 41.8 24.7 % Yearly

Burkina Faso 28.30 Dec/14 22.48 43.4 20.9 % Yearly

Rwanda 28.00 Dec/14 29.42 120 21.27 % Yearly

Moldova 27.50 Dec/15 24.5 159 19.27 % Yearly

Bangladesh 27.30 Dec/15 29.1 50 27.3 % Yearly

Belarus 27.30 Jun/16 25.7 27.3 1.3 % Quarterly

Indonesia 27.00 Dec/15 24.9 87.43 22.96 % Yearly

Haiti 26.45 Dec/15 26.61 60.88 11.81 % Yearly

Chad 25.70 Dec/15 28.6 61.9 23.1 % Yearly

Comoros 25.40 Dec/14 26.3 78.1 25.4 % Yearly

Nepal 25.40 Dec/15 28.3 69.5 25.4 % Yearly

Guatemala 24.73 Dec/15 25.07 50.45 20.04 % Yearly

New Zealand 24.60 Dec/16 25.1 54.8 4.4 % Yearly

Liberia 24.00 Dec/15 17.8 721 17.8 % Yearly

Eritrea 23.90 Dec/15 23.2 62.5 23.2 % Yearly

Kazakhstan 23.30 Dec/15 12.86 17.6 5.9 % Yearly

Peru 23.00 Dec/15 20.7 47.1 20.3 % Yearly

Botswana 22.70 Dec/15 22.8 25.9 5.98 % Yearly

Luxembourg 21.40 Dec/15 22.9 23.3 6.1 % Yearly

Benin 20.80 Dec/15 21.6 58.2 14.9 % Yearly

Togo 20.80 Dec/14 17.3 124 13.6 % Yearly

Maldives 20.40 Dec/15 24.3 47.35 20.4 % Yearly

Cameroon 19.90 Dec/14 13.4 131 9.3 % Yearly

Paraguay 19.70 Dec/15 17.6 67 10.9 % Yearly

Congo 19.69 Dec/14 18.88 182 18.88 % Yearly

Cayman Islands 18.50 Dec/15 19.3 24.5 7.5 % Yearly

 Last Previous Highest Lowest
WORLD

Malawi 18.00 Dec/14 25.5 120 14.6 % Yearly

Russia 17.70 Dec/15 16.3 99 6.5 % Yearly

Chile 17.50 Dec/15 12.8 31.4 3.9 % Yearly

Turkmenistan 17.40 Dec/14 20.79 64.41 2.42 % Yearly

Palestine 17.30 Dec/14 19 26.36 2.93 % Yearly

Cuba 17.10 Dec/12 20.2 21.1 14.8 % Yearly

Iran 16.36 Dec/15 15.76 22.67 8.93 % Yearly

Azerbaijan 16.00 Dec/14 13.75 24.4 7.3 % Yearly

United Arab Emirates 15.68 Dec/14 15.87 24.1 2.7 % Yearly

Burundi 15.20 Dec/15 14.9 225 14.9 % Yearly

Kosovo 13.58 Mar/16 12.98 13.58 5.51 % Quarterly

Nigeria 11.50 Dec/15 10.6 88 9.6 % Yearly

Uzbekistan 11.00 Dec/15 8.7 59.38 8.58 % Yearly

Swaziland 9.90 Dec/14 9.98 26.16 8.78 % Yearly

Estonia 9.70 Dec/15 10.4 10.4 3.7 % Yearly

Oman 9.20 Dec/15 4.8 38.57 4.1 % Yearly

Algeria 8.76 Dec/14 8.32 116 8.32 % Yearly

Kuwait 7.10 Dec/14 6.5 203 1.09 % Yearly

Afghanistan 6.60 Dec/13 6.7 184 6.6 % Yearly

Equatorial Guinea 6.40 Dec/15 6.6 326 0.8 % Yearly

Libya 6.10 Dec/14 6.8 21.2 5.9 % Yearly

Saudi Arabia 5.90 Dec/15 1.6 104 1.6 % Yearly

Brunei 2.30 Dec/14 2.2 2.3 0 % Yearly