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SYNTHESES OF SOAP AND DETERGENT

Adolfo, Angela Nicole G., Alcaraz Frances Jillian Kaye F., Aliman, Stephanie T., Astor, Jashmin
D., Bauzon, Franchesca D., Cabral, Danica Rose G.

Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy


University of Santo Tomas

ABSTRACT

The synthesis of soap and detergent is an experiment detailing the process of creating
soap and detergent. Soap, by chemical definition, refers to a cleaning agent that is a mixture of
sodium salts of various naturally occurring fatty acids. Detergents, on the other hand, are
structurally similar to soaps but differ in terms of water-solubility. The cleaning action of both
soaps and detergents results from their ability to emulsify or disperse water-insoluble materials
and hold them in suspension in water. In the experiment, soap and detergent are synthesized and
later compared their solubility in hard water. Soap is synthesized by usage of solutions and
solvents such as NaOH, coconut oil, cold saturated NaCl solution. Detergent is synthesized by
means of solutions such as dodecanol, H2SO4, NaOH, and a detergent sample.

INTRODUCTION combine with the alkali to form crude soap


and is confirmed in the method of
Soap is a salt of a compound known
saponification.
as a fatty acid. A soap molecule consists of
a long hydrocarbon chain (with 12 to 18
carbon atoms) with a carboxylic acid group
on one end which is ionic bonded to a metal
ion, usually a sodium or potassium. A soap
serves as a surfactant in conjunction to
water. Soaps for cleansing are obtained by
treating vegetable or animal oils and fats with
a strongly alkaline solution. Fats are first Figure 1. Condensed Structural and
hydrolyzed into free fatty acids, which then Skeletal Formula of Soap
As seen from the Figure above the By adding oil, the water is polar. The
fatty acid usually contains 12 to 18 carbon water and oil has a bi-polar reactivity and
atoms, this formula consists of 16 carbon water will mix through suspension of oil in
atoms. Solid soaps usually consist of sodium soap as soap is to water. The micelles tail
salts of fatty acids whereas liquid soaps may extend or become highly branched for
usually are potassium salts of fatty acids. as long as it still dissolves in non-polar
Soap consists of a polar end and a non-polar substances like oil. This function of soap is
end. Soaps are called amphipathic molecule attributed to micelles which have coats of
due to this dual nature. In this case, sodium polar carboxylate groups on the outside,
salts were used for the experiment. encasing a hydrophobic pocket that can
surround any grease particles.
Glycerol (glycerine) is liberated and
is either leftin or washed out and recovered METHODOLOGY
as a useful by-product, depending on the
A. Preparation of Soap
process employed.
First, a mixture of 30 mL of 6M
NaOH and 50 mL water was prepared. The
As done in the experiment, the best
mixture was transferred into a 500 mL beaker
and common way of creating soap is through
and heated over a low flame with frequent
the cold process method. The common
stirring. 15 mL of coconut oil was added in
product of this modern homemade soap
portions to the mixture and it was heated for
production is the "Lye". The rationale behind
15-20 minutes with frequent stirring to
the oil or grease is removed when the
replace the water lost by evaporation. Then,
garment stained with oil is dictated by the
the test for complete saponification was done
like dissolves like principle. Micelles
by adding a drop of mixture to 1 mL of water.
explains this function in a diagram.
When the saponification was complete, the
mixture was stirred until it became
homogeneous. The hot solution was poured
into a 50 mL cold, saturated solution of NaCl.
The precipitated soap was filtered through a
cheesecloth and the collected soap was
washed twice with 5 mL portions of ice-cold

Figure 2. A Micelle water. Then, the soap was placed in a large


evaporating dish and 10-20 mL of water was
added to completely dissolve the soap. It was RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
evaporated until a jelly consistency was The following results are observed
seen. The soap was cooled partially and during the performed experiment.
poured into a molder.
Table 1 - Properties of Soap & Detergent

B. Extraction of Glycerol SOAP DETERGENT


The filtrate collected from the previous
Color & White Gelatin White Amorphous
procedure was neutralized with diluted HCl.
Appearance
It was evaporated to a small volume or to a
syrupy consistency and it was allowed to Solubility in Insoluble Soluble

cool. Then, the residue was extracted with 10 1% CaCl2

mL of 95% ethanol and it was filtered. The Solubility in Insoluble Soluble


alcoholic extract was evaporated in a water 1% MgCl2

bath.
Emulsifying Slightly Emulsified Slightly Emulsified
Ability (less suds) (less suds)
C. Test for Glycerol
To the residue containing the Table 1 shows that detergent and

glycerol, a pinch of powdered potassium soap are color white solid in appearance.

bisulfate was added. It was heated over a This is because of their chemical nature;

high flame and the odor was observed. soaps are alkaline salts, and detergents are
sodium dodecyl sulfate.

D. Behavior in Hard Water


An amount of 5 mL of soap solution
was placed in each of two test tubes. 2 mL of
1% CaCl2 was added into one soap-
containing tube and 2 mL of 1% MgCl2 in
another test tube. The contents of each test
tube was mixed several times and the
precipitation (very large, little, none) was
noted. Then, 4 drops of cooking oil was
added into each test tube. A cork stopper
was plugged and the mixture was shaken
vigorously. The emulsifying ability of soap in Figure 3. Saponification Reaction
each test tube was observed and recorded. Sequence
The sequence states that oil dissolved in their respective alkyl groups and
underwent alkaline hydrolysis in NaOH. It the ionic ends made the molecules soluble in
yielded soap and glycerol. Soap has sodium water.
salts that affects the appearance and
solubility in water. Hard water contains Ca2+
and Mg2+ ions, both insoluble in water, its
interaction with sodium salts yielded
insoluble solids due their different solubility.
The by-product glycerol, was observed by
heating the mixture and also by adding a
pinch amount of powdered potassium
bisulphate. The reaction produced a sweet,
butter-like odor due to the fatty acid present
in the mixture.

Figure 5. Filtered Soap

As seen from the figure above, the

Figure 4. Reaction Sequence for Detergent finished product of soap was obtained

Preparation through filtration of the made mixture of


water, Sodium Hydroxide, Coconut Oil, and
The reaction of dodecyl alcohol (cold) Sodium Chloride.
(dodecanol) and sulfuric acid formed dodecyl
sulfate and water. It was further converted to CONCLUSION

a sodium salt by hydrolysis with NaOH. The Through the Syntheses of Soap and
result yielded a sodium dodecyl sulfate salt, Detergent several aspects were
which notes to the appearance and solubility encountered. The first aspect observed from
in water. Detergents, when added to a 1% them was their color and appearance,
CaCl2 and 1%MgCl2, were more soluble than another aspect is their solubility with different
soap. Soaps and detergents both showed inorganic chemicals (Calcium Chloride and
emulsifying ability. The detergents produced Magnesium Chloride). And in this
more suds compared to soaps, the experiment, it has been observed that soap
emulsified products proved that the oil was is insoluble with both reagents and detergent
is the soluble. Giving an idea of their http://www.chymist.com/Soap%20and%20d
common use. Soaps are use as bath soap, etergent.pdf
and intended to last longer. Thats why they
Making Soaps and Detergents. (2016).
were considered as insoluble, but in the use
Retrieved from http://www.rsc.org/learn-
of soaps it could be said that they are
chemistry/resource/res00001746/making-
considered as very slightly soluble (with
soaps-and-
water). And as for detergents, that are used
detergents?cmpid=CMP00005261
in laundry; giving the fact that they have to be
freely soluble with water for the clothes to be
completely suspended or soaked in the
Books:
soapy liquid produced by the water and
detergent. One more aspect observed from Bathan, G.I., Bayquen, A.V., Crisostomo,
the soap and detergent were also through A.B.C., Cruz, C.T., de Guia, R.M., Farrow,
their emulsifying ability, projecting a similar F.L., Pea G.T., Sarile, A.S., Torres, P.C..
result, wherein both are contemplated to be (2014). Laboratory Manual in Organic
slightly emulsified. Chemistry Revised Edition. Quezon City,
Manila: C & E Publishing, Inc.
In this experiment, the members
have encountered the syntheses of soap and
detergent. Giving an accomplishment for the
first objective of the experiment. And through
the results from the experiment, the behavior
of soap and detergent in hard water have
been totally compared. Giving another
accomplishment to the second objective.
Concluding that the objectives have been
accomplished.

REFERENCES

Website:

Katz, D.A.. (2000). The Science of Soaps


and Detergents. Retrieved from

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