Chapter 5 SURFACE LOADING OF A FINITE LAYER UNDERLAIN BY A RIGID BASE 5.1 Loading on an Infinite Strip 5.1 UNEFORM VERTICAL LOADING (Fig.5.1) F1G.5.1 Influence factors for the vertical displacenent og and the horizontal displacenent p5 beneath the edge of the strip, obtained by Poulos (1967), are Show in Figs. 5-2 snd 5.5, Influence factors for the vertical stress og, bulk stress @ and shear stress tgp beneath the edge are shown in Figs. 5.4 and 5.5, for four values of v. The interface between the layer and the base is rough ("adhesive"). ‘The horizontal stresses cz and oy may be evaluated as follows: 4% a 6D a = vle,t0,) 6D ee oy Ft Pree SS Or 62 03 04 Og ° 23 1s 10 os 0 % y % ¥10,5.3 strip curves for p,.104 Frurne raver +! 1-3 Hos : ° ~ ; | ol * |) of V + °o ei of 03 04 05 o4 Os ae 88 vs po 08 Fm 0, eo % 7 5.4 Seip curves foro. v0. RGS.5 Strip curves foro WO.2. eS : Ss : Vv me ty Banas ome od °. See | of of se 0 OF 03 0a 05 oa Os = Pe jo ose ‘3 i % ms Pos os ~~ e ¥1G.5.6 Strip curves for o,. v0.4, ¥1G.5.7. “stetp curves for ¢,. W0.5.UNTFORN LOADING OF STRIP 205 : LT * 7 | : es ‘ot + al ° on 1 on eaten 4 Mare oa pet of 1 7 im 0 or 02 05 04 OF 38 % ¥IG.5.9 strip curves for ©. va0.2 50; bt oa_03 04 os % 2 1 10 05 0 % 2 1s 10 os 0 Me ¥1G.5.10 strip curves for 8. W0.4. FIG.5e11 strip curves for @, V0.5.106 nit am , o f ow heh ‘Ree | ieee 1 ox] ° os} ne i * * — 7 o3| 2H] aa oO: S: ‘| EZ, : Sor OF 03 O4 05 0 OF 02 03 04 O85 Boe ae ooo 5? St wae or % % re. care Hy Tt tg mom gy HO 1 4 T val sa won | A eee j Oo “ 4 : To / of Sem Sie Tae ool L y0# ; oot tke va a | |__| Sonor of 03 04 OF 2 15 10 08 0 on oor 0203 04 OF +s os 0 oPTRIANGULAR LoxDING Ow staxP Ueshita and Meyethof (1968) have also obtained influence factors for .9, beneath the edge of the strip, considering both @ rough rigid baze (adhesive interface) and a seooth rigid base (smooth interface). These influence factors, reproduced in Fig. 5.16, show that the effect of the interface is considerable for v0.5 but alnost negligible for v=). Dislocement. hance VOW. Ie 1020304 o6 PIG.5.26 Dieplacenent factors for edge of strip (Veshite and Meyerhof, 1968). 5.1.2. TRIANGILAR VERTICAL LOADING Solutions for the stresses within the layer have (Fig.5.17) been obtained by Giroud and Natissee (1972). Some Solutions for Oz,dz and tz, beneath the contre and edge of the loading ure shown in Figs.5.18 to 5.20 for v=0.3. Giroud (1970) expresses the vertical surface dis- placenent as ves G3) Values of ry are plotted in Figs. 5.21 to 5.25 for five values of V. ‘The solutions for triangular loading may be superposed to determine solutions for "eabankaent” or trapezoidal loading. ough Mba Base ¥16.5.17Hever ‘oneyaen pur “(zest ‘eeeeyaen pue pros} %y ssoxe T rrarze raver 4 208{TRIANGULAR LOADING OW STRIP 309 ¥1G,5.20 Shear stress t., beneath edge (Giroud and Watissee, 1972), F1G.5.21 bisplacement factor ry V0. Gixoud, 1970) . =i 716.522 Displacement factor ry. 0.2. (Giroud, 1970).FIUITE ravER : 1716.5.23. Displacenent factor fy. YO. H ‘Gteoudy 1570. wt : y} s| 20] ¥1G.5.24 Displacement factor r,. VeO.4. ba ‘Gtzoua, 1970), a " Bo" veo ' oe : ° os rT 170.$.28 plaplacenent factor ty. 0: - Zam Giroua, 1970). 0 +3 2 aof—t(CIRCULAR AREA 5.2 Loading on a Circular Area (Fig. 5.26) For four values of /a and three values of v (0.15, 0.80 and 0.45) Milovic (1970) has tabulated Solutions for the stresses and displacenents beneath the the centre (x/a = 0), (#/a= 0.5), and the edge (r/a= 1) for the case of uniform vertical loading. Solutions for oz and Op beneath the centre and edge, and tpg Seneath the edge, are shown in Figs. 5.27 to §.31 for v= 0.50. aun Bee oo yi03 2 ¥IG.5.29 G, beneath centre (etiovie, 1970). +0 soo ¥1G.5.27 0, beneath centre (Milovic, 1970) o, Denaath age (Htlovie, 1970).2 (FINITE ZAYER F1G.5.31 t,, beneath edge (tilovie, 1970). For other cases, stresses and displacements beneath the centre of a uniformly loaded circular area nay conveniently be obtained fron the sector ‘curves described in Section 5.4 and shown in Figs. _ 5.52 to 5.75. The use of the sector method is, described in Section 1.7.5. Influence factors for the vertical displaconent bg beneath the centre of the circle have been obtair ed by Ueshita and Meyerhof (1968) for both a rough underlying base (adhesive interface) and a smooth interface, These factors are shown in Fig.5.52. Approximate values of the influence factor for vertical displacenent at the edge of the circular ‘area have been quoted by Harr (1966) and are shovn in Table 5.1 for both an "adhesive interface" and a “sooth interface”. For various points within the loaded area, Milovie (1970) has obtained solution for the vertical surface displacenent, and these are shown in Table 5.2. These results are for an adhesive interface. TABLE 5.2 INFLUENCE FACTORS FOR VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT AT ‘EDGE OF CIRCULAR AREA (Egorov, 1958) Je ‘SMOOTH ADHESIVE A/a INTERFACE INTERFACE ULV) (v0.5 only) @Sauane2s Seesseese Edge displacenent = Beattev Tg z TABLE 5.2 INFLUENCE FACTORS Jp FOR VERTICAL SURFACE DISPLACEMENT WITHIN CIRCULAR AREA (After Milovie, 1970) 2 6 8 10 0.458 0.441 0.408 0.348 0.208 01674 0.645 0.593 0.509 0.348, 01800 0.768 0.710 0.619 0.463, 0.827 0.794 0.736 0.646 0.501 0.597 0.392 0.379 0.351 0.301 0.173 01613 0.604 0.578 0.531 0.456 0.305 0.740 0.732 0.703 0.651 0.568 0.420 0.770 0.762 0.783 0.681 0.597 0.458 0.278 0.276 0.267 0.250 0.213 0.109 0.489 0.482 0.461 0.422 0.561 0.229 0.612 0.608 0-585 9.541 0.472 0.340 0.637 0.635 0.612 0.568 0.499 0.374RECTANGULAR AREA 5.3 Loading on a Rectangular Area 5.3.1 ROUGH RIGID BASE (Fig.5.53) 716.5.33, For uniform vertical loading p/unit area, 2 smooth rectangular area and a rough (adhesive) inter- face, between the layer and the base, Burnister (0956) has evaluated the vertical stress Cz beneath the commer of the rectangle at various depths in the layer for v0.4. ‘These results are shown in Figures 5.34 to 5.38. The value of v has little Anfluence ‘on these vertical stresses, expecially near the top of the layer. ¥IG.5.36 Durmister layer theory. a3 20 > 0.5.32 bieplacenent factor for sg contre of crete (ues and SX fyerbots, 1968+ 4g 8 eg i ee | | ero sf |) L| a eee So oo ne by BE 200.28, Vaud. (Burmister,Pruree Laver ne “igs6t, ‘Z0387eIa) *y°O=n “yp"OHe ae aouxoo yavouoq “9 “Axooys tekeT ZeasTEME SE“s"DIa 4% seu a0us [RECTANGUZAR AREA Fee screeners eres peat eee ents ee aioe psec eae Seton eect acaeg ee om eo 5% one eo 1 z “Je TE ee te ) Ek: (fie) je ee 7) Z ° Poe f 7, : ; : 4 : 7 e: : Lie Toe: L : . = ; = L as H Ty LLL 5 HPP REARS! HR Pact Cae LEE Leet " HAR a es WHA Pa WAT rey 7 ee H Ae [ahs seus Frere raver Influence factors for the vertical displacement of the comer of a rectangle loaded with a uniform vertical stress p per unit area have been presented by Ueshita and Meyerhof (1968) for a rough rigid base (adhesive interface). These influence factors Ing are shown in Figures $.39 to S.44 for 6 values of "V. The actual displacenent is given by PBL (8.4) °, Influence factors for both vertical and horizon tal surface displacenents at. the comer of a rectangle have been presented by Davis and Taylor (1962) for a rough rigid underlying base, Both tmiform vertical loading gz per unit area and horizontal loadings ae and Gy per mit ares, have been considered: Referring to the key diagran in Figure S.45(), for comer 1, i.e, the corner contained in the posit- ive sy quadrant, displacenents are expressed as, ee EB awt,; ves (8-8) om fam, tam, jv nest meg, 4,9 are any of wee For example, for vertical displacement due to umifora horizontal loading in the y direction, Lamy 69 ay The solutions for Mex Myy and Mx are approximate only as they have been obtained by use of the Steinbrenner approximation (see Section 6.4.1). ‘The influence factors ams, Mig for comer 1 are plotted in Figures’ $.15 t0 8.48. It should also be noted that, because of the approximate treatment of ag, Myy and May, gMeyssnysn0, and sar aryyd- For corner 1, the total displacement in direction £ due to combined loading is given by a Beal + ByylD) + Ba Aaa Clee * Gyhty + Gates? se G&D. For the other three corners the displacezents ccan be obtained fron the displacement components peg) as follows: a[ + - + 3| = - 8) Pep S| mt hag # Pay = Aft) (5.80 a, + + - alee + : °, Pye) + Oyy(Z) = Dyglt) oo» (5.8) toe + + + - + Oe] 8) = = gf) = py (2) + 0,500)... (5.86) Another series of solutions have been presented by Milovie and Tournier (1971) who have evaluated stresses and displacements beneath the centre and corner of the rectangle. The stresses evaluated are defined as follows: (a) Uniform Vertical Loading p ses (698) ses 6.90) ses 6.9) ses (5-108) ses (G-10b) sss (5-200) Pe ateneetaclom emcee seria antes Tae oak en ee og SPEC iaHomce suet ia? eer norisonen Sonate eae imei aoa Se eNeapiertanciianagiencniemnee Pract deat atte we oe Seale tae percent peer eneeaese 2 lta Sa Tene ange Herm 2 bac foasing ane pivot hess ARECTANGULAR AREA 7 FIG.5.39 Digplacenent factors for comer of Fectangle. V=0.5. (Uashita and Meyerhof 1966). & “Me 2 Tnownest_ Factor 3 F1G.5.40 Displacerant factors for comer of Fectangle. v0.4. (ueshita and Heyernof ,1968). Tnewneas Factor "Ye FIG.5.41 Displacement factors for corner ‘of rectangle. \=0.3. (Ueshita and Meyerhof 1965).us riurre raven Diplcerent Inoence elute 50s 07 oe os ¥1G.5.42 Displacement factors for corner fof rectangle. v0.2. (Weshita end Meyernot, 1968), J Themes Factor FIG.5.43 Displacement factors for corer of rectangle. ve0.1. (Veshite and Heyerhof,1968), F1G.5.44 Displacement factors for corner ‘of rectangle. =O. (Ueshita and Meyerhot,1968). hit MareeRECTANGUIAR AREA 19 sine ot Syren oe ms reas moment ween oy %, TERT TE titHy om oa os OT er oa Bos a Bos Oh Om Bae te @ o FIG,5.45 Rectangle displacenent factors (Davis and Taylor, 1962). E seattemeccs 2 3 2g sasremmmet BR gp saesereme aa FIG.S.46 Rectangle displacenent factors (Davis and ‘Tayler, 1962).120 ‘FIUITE 1AYER f Falter reps FIG.5.47 Rectangle aieplacenent factore (ote that Py 70) (avis and Taylor, 1962). 2! Fates 5 eo ee a tay © FIG.5.49 Rectangle displacement factors (Davis and Taylor, 1962),[RECTANGULAR AREA TABLE 5.3 INFLUENCE VALUES Tgp, Tgp AND, °P “Ouitovie and Tournier, 1971) (fa) = 1.00 centre v= 0.15 v= 0.30 v= 0.65 § 8 Tey Tag Tap Tap Tes Top Tm 2 1.000 0.974 0.941 01837 0.682 0.565 o.478 0.738 01544 0.276 0.167 0.131 O17 1.0 BeBsbes 1,000 0.827 — 0.970 0.385 0.726 0.951 0.261 0.521, 0,802 0.061 0.462 -0.027 0.282 -0.025 0.200 -0.005 0.157 0.027 2.0 Beeesses 1.000 0.545 0:970 0.400 0.930 0.275 0:789 0.070, 0.452 -0.024 0.263 -0.025, “01018 20.011 -0:001 0.075 0.013 1.000 0.672 - 0:97 0.502 0.724 0.930 0.370 0.519 0.799 0.131 0.230 0.453 0,003. 0.052 0.264 -0.009 0.172 -0:008 0.124 0.000 0.098 0.011 0.073 0.031 3.0 1.000 0.555 = 1.000 0.684 01970 0.432 0.723 0.970 0.521 0.830 0.282 0.517 0.930 0.380 0.798 0.138 0.007, 02009 0009 0.007 0.004 0.002 0.000, 0.003 (032 0.006 oe - 0.625 0.725 0.476 0.517 5.0 0:031 0.001 0,027 0.005 0.005 0.027 0.012 Beeeeesebeshb8| Seeseeseesae FINITE LAYER TABLE 5.4 INFLUENCE VALUES Zapp Jap 90. Tes, *m “=P “(itovie “and Tournter, 1971) (G/B) = 2.00 Centre y= 0.15 v= 0.30 0.00 1.000 0.511 - 1.000 9.571 0:10 0.992 0.368 0.775 0.992 0.445 0:20 0.976 0.245 0.589 0.977 0.318 1.0 0.40 0.919 0.047 0.337 0.924 0.122 0:60 0.821 -0.006 0.253 0.827 0.080 0:80 0.752 0.020 0.198 0.734 0.150 100 0.651 0.115 0.181 0.638 0.273 00 1.000 0.655 - 1.000 0. 10 0:98 0.502 0.754 0.985 01 20 0.963 0.325 0.552 0.963 0. 40 0.877 0.084 0.271 0.878 0. (80 01615 0.039 0.090 0.619 01 20 °. 60 9, ‘00 0, ee 2.0 0.436 -0.036 0.058 0.441 0.834 -0.007 0.084 0.340 :271 0.048 0.082 0.269 Eeaee 000 0.691 - 1.000 1982 0.508 0.751 0.982 1961 01380 0.546 0.962 0.261 0.872 0.599, 0.405 0.289, 0.220 on. 01137 00 x 2 ‘4 3.0 = 1.000 0.750 0.981 01584 0.961 0.257 0.870 0.066 0.594 01024 0.364 0.012 0.271 009 0.195 (008 0.139 1008 0.105, 1008 0.085: 1009 0.071 (002. 01062 (008. 0,083, 5.0 0.195 -0.025 0.158 -0.017 0.060 0.002 0.083 0.009 Rebeeeeseesebs| REBEL ER228888TABLE 5.5 INFLUENCE VALUES Typydoy AND Tagg (fa) = 5.00 Qilovic and Toumier, 197) v= 0.15 v = 0.30 0.866 = 0.425 0.796 0.303 0.608, 1.0 0.117 0.360 0.081 0.257 0. I [022 0.259 0.751 0.138 0.212 1-221 0.672 0.288 0.171 : 0.00 1. 0.745 — 0:10 0.565 0.772 0:20 0.390 0.566 0.40 0.135 0.290 2.0 0.80 0.004 0.118 1.20 0.002 0.088 160 0.054 0.082 2100 0.385 0.068 0.088 0.377 0.162 0.064 0.00 1.000 0.778 - 1.000 0.812 ~ 0:10 0.990 0.541 0.767 0.990 0.610 0.767 0.20 0.969 0.408 0.556 0.969 0.435 0.556 0.40 0.888 0.157 0.272 0.884 0.165 0.275 0:80 0.649 -0.027 0.089 0.650 0.000 0.089 3.0 1120 0.489 -0:049 0.052 0.492 -0.022 0.052 1160 0.591 -0:043 0.045 0.395 -0.015 0.044 2100 01329 -0.029 0.086 0.333 0.003 0.044 2150 0.278 -0.002 0.049 0.281 0.038 0.043 3.00 0.241 0.042 0.047 0.258 0.102 0.034 0.00 0.859 210 0.642 0.765 0.20 0.473 0.581 0.40 01194 0.264 0.80 -0:010 0.075 0.641 0.015 0.075, 1:20 -0.040 0.033 0.475 -0.018 0.033, 5.0 160 07061 0.021 0.368 -0.025 0.021 2:00 -0.037 0.018 0.296 0.018 2150 0.029 0.017 0.235 0.017 3100 02022 0.018 0.195 0.018 3150 0.014 0.019 0.165, 4200 01141 -0:006 0.021 0.144 4150 01126 0.008 0.022 0.128 $100 0.113 0.020 0.021 0.115 0.088 0.015 223126 ‘FINITE LAYER TABLE 5.6 INFLUENCE VAUIES Igy Tay AND Ieay (Mitovie"and Tournier, 1971) (1/8) = 1.00 Comer v= 0.15 v= 0.30 v= 0085 ep Tap Tap Tp 1, 0.085 0.000 0.20 0.112 0.000 0.250 0.134 0.000 061 0.121 0.250 0.921 0.119 0.250 0.122 0.114 0.039 0.105 0.250 0.072 0.103 0.250 0.110 0.098 0.028 0.079 0.250 0.064 0.079 0.250 0.112 0.075 0.028 0.059 0.238 0-071 0.064 0.239 0.135 0.070 0:00 0.056 0.220 0.094 0.073 0.215 0.176 0.096 9.00 0.250 0.151 0.000 0.250 0.163 0.000 0.250 0.190 0.000 0:20 0.250 0.089 0.136 0.250 0.117 0.136 0.250 0.142 0.155 0:40 0.243 0.052 0.128 0.244 0.076 0.127 0.245 0.098 0.126 2.0 0:80 0.210 0.010 0.080 0.211 0.028 0.079 0.214 0.088 0.077 1.20 0.170 0.001 0.044 0.172 0.016 0.043 0.178 0.057 0.042 1560 01141 0:00 0.024 0.142 0.025 01025 0.149 0.053 0.025 2100 0.118 0.021 0.019 0.117 0.050 0.024 0.120 0.098 0.050 0,00 0.250 0.146 0.000 0.250 0.181 0.000 0.250 0.213 0.000 9:20 0.249 01100 0.138 0.249 01129 0.158 0.249 0.156 0.137 0:40 0.241 0.060 0.131 0.181 0.242 0.106 0.130 0:80 0.203 -0.013 0.084 0.084 0.208 0.048 0.084 3.0 1120 0.187 -0.003 0.048 0069 0.160 0.020 160 01121 -0.007 0.028 0.028 0.125 0.014 2100 0.096 -0.005 0.017 0.016 0.102 0.016 2150 0.077 0.001 9.009 0.009 (0.083 0.028 3:00 0.084 0.011 0.007 0.009 0.066 0.054 0.00 0.250 0.156 0.000 0,000 0.250 0.227 0.000 9.20 0.249 0.107 0.138 0.138 0.249 0.167 0.158 9:40 0.241 0.066 0.152 0.152 0.240 0.113 0.131 0:80 0.200 0.016 0.086 0,086 0.201 0.047 0.086 120 01152 -0.001 0.051 0.051 0, 1.60 0.114 -0:008 0.030, 0.030 0, $.0 2100 0.086 -0.007 0.019 0.019 0, 2/50 0.068 -0.006 0.011 0.012 3.00 0.089 -0.005 0.007 0.006 3:50 0.080 -0.003 0.004 0-004 4:00 0.034 -0.001 0.003 0.003. 4:80 0.029 0.001 0.002 0.002 $100 0.026 0.00 0.002 0.002RECTANGULAR AREA TABLE 5.7 TNRLUENCE VAUES Tap, Zep MD 1, eT Gtiovi@and Tournier, 1971) oa) = comer v0.38 ve o.%0 yeas “us Z Z, I, & r, yy z, 'p =D ‘8p “2p =p sep" 20 =P Fas 0.00 0.250 0.085 0.000 0.250 0.108 0.000 0.250 0.129 9.000 0:20 0.260 0.062 9.119 0/250 91089 L118 0.250 Ocli8 O13 1.0 0:40 01250 0.041 Oci04 9.280 core 01108 0.280 0112 0.097 150 0:250 0029 0:0%9 0.250 0-067 0.081 0.250 9.118 9-079 9180 0:248 0.050 L061 O.244 OL07e O:069 01240. Ocid1 9.073 100 O:241 0042 00st 01252 01099 0.080 0.228. 0.183 Oc107 000.350 O17 0,000 0.250 0.176 0.000 "20. 01280 01100 0 0.155 0:250 O.1z9. o-tss 20 8 01129 0.250 9.092 o-127 20 0:80 ° 8.085 01254 0.081 0-08 tz0 o Olost 0:212 ol048 oc048 Uso o 8.082 OLiss o.0%2 c033 200 a 0.055 0.160 0-351 O.042 00 0.000 0.250 0.207 0.000 20 0.250 0.135 0.159 0.250 0.149 0.159 40 0.246 0.088 0.154 0.246 0.102 80 0.092 0.226 0.045 [20 0.196 0.024 60 0.167 0.020 09 9.146 0.026 50 05125 0.046 5-00 0.104 0.085, 0.250 0.232 0.250 0.168 0.245, 0.219, o.184 0.245 0.116 0:219 0.050 07184 0.021 ons 07152 0.010 5.0 0.25, 0.126 0.006 0.100 0:102 0.005 0.082 01085 0.007 0.069, 0.060 4:50 0.053 0.002 0.004 0.083 3.00 0.047 0.008 0.003 0.047, 0.073 0.011 0.068 0.017 0.057 0.026 0.089 0.080 wsprurre Layee TABLE 5.8 INFLUENCE VALUES Igy, Izy AND’ nap ? Qittovie"and Tournier, 1971) (1/2) = §.00 Comer v= 0.18 v= 0.30 v= 0.6 28 Ly lap Jgp Im 4, ‘ssp Tap Top Tesp Top Tap Tas 09 0.250 0.082 0.000 0.250 0.103 0.000 0.250 0.124 0.000 990.280 0.062 0.118 0.280 0.088 0.117 0.250 0.120 0.115 19 0.250 0.041 0.103 0.250 0.072 0-103 0.250 0.114 0.098 60 0.250 0.029 0.079 0.250 0.067 0.081 0.250 0.120 0.080 80 0.287 0.030 0.061 0.244 0.075 0.069 0.242 0.145 0.077 190.239 0-042 0.060 0.233 0.100 0.081 0.225 0.185 0.250 0.146 0.000 0.250 0.154 0.000 0.250 0.158 0.250 0.101 0.138 0.250 0.112 0.134 0.250 0.121 0.247 0.061, 0.247 0.073, 0.087 01230 0.012 :230 0.029 0.050 0.207 -0.001 0.208 0.020 0.050 0.188 0.005 0.032 0.188 0.035, 0.077 0.172 0.030 0.028 0.168 0.072 01136 0.20 0.177 0.000 0.250 0.182 0.188 0.249 0.124 0.138 0.249 0.131, 0.156 0.245 0.077 0.133 0.248 0.085 0.224 0.019 0.093 0.225 0.029, 0.093 0.040 0.197 ~ 0.197 0.008, 0.022 0.175 -0. 0.174 0.004 0.022 2.00 0.185 -0. 0.156 0.009 0.032 2150 0.139 0.138 0.024 0.056 5.00 0.126 0.123. 0.053 0.100 0.00 0.250 (0.250 0.209 0.000 0.250 0.214 0:20 0.249 0,289 0.153 0.159 0.249 0.158 0:40 0.245 0.245 0.102 0.135 0.245 0.109 0:80 0.221 0.221 0.038 0.096 0.222 0.045 1.20 0.191 0.010 160 0.164 -0.001 2.00 0.143 -0.008 2150 0.423 “0.004 0.019 0.125 0.008 0.019 3.00 0.107 ~ 0.208 -0.001 0.015 0.111 0.012 0.015 3150 0.096 -0. 0.097 "0.004 0.009 0.101 0.019 0.009 4100 0.088 ~ 0.089 0.010 0.007 0.092 0.028 0.007 4:50 0.081 0,082 0.019 0.006 0.085 0.042, 0.007 5.09 0.075 01075 0.032 0.007 0.075 0.062 0.008RECTANGULAR AREA TABLE 5.9 INFLUENCE VALUES gq Tag AND. Tee 7 “4 Outtovie “and Tournier, 1971) (1/2) = 1.00 Comer 0.18 v= 0.50 yn 08s we xB 1, aq tay “seq =a 0.10 0.157 0.496 0.225 o.sis 0:20 0.152 0.303 0.200 0.521 1.0 0:40 01142 0.125 0.157 0.146 0:60 0.150 0.053 0.126 01077 80 0.118 0.022 0.108 0,059 1,00 0.108 0.019 0.100 05086 0.155 0.827 0.217 0.285 0.537 0.217 0.155 0.547 0.150 0.328 0.188 0.150 0.337 0.189 0.150 0.346 0.135 0.146 0.135 0.133 0.153 0.185 0.183 0.159 0.089 0.035 0.069 0.089 0.037 0.069 0.090 0.042 0.057 0.007 0.042 0.058 0.010 0.041 0.050 0.013 0.040 0.001 0.033 0.041 0.005 0.031 0.044 0.010 0-031 0.006 0.029 0.081 0.013 0.024 0.052 0.027 Bsbeses 0.155 0.531 0.216 0.155 0.543 0.216 0.155 0.553 0.150 0.352 0:186 0.150 0.342 0.186 0.150 0.351 0.132 0.150 0.181 0.152 0.156 0.130 0.132 0.165 0.087 0.036 0.061 0.087 0.039 0.061 0.087 0.042 0.052 0.009 0.031 0.052 0-011 0.031 0.053 0.013, 0.032 0.002 0.019 0.033 0.003 0.019 0.033 0.004 0.022 0.000 0.015 0.022 0.001 0.015 0.025 0.002 0.015 0.000 0.014 0-015 0.001 0.013 0.017 0.003 0.012 0.002 0.013 0.012 0.005 0.010 0.012 0.010 3.0 Beesessee 10 0.155 0.855 0.215 0.155 0.545 0.215 0.155 0.556 0.215 0:20 0.150 0.354 0.185 0.150 0.844 0.185 0.150 0.353 0.185 °. °. B 0:40 0.152 0.151 0.129, 0.158 0.129 0.132 0.164 0.129 0:80 0.086 0.037 0.058, 0.080 0.058 0.086 0.044 0.058 1:20 0.051 0.010 0.027 0.051 0.012 0.027 0.051 0.015 0.027 1.60 0,031 0.003 0.014 0.031 0.004 0.014 0.031, 0.005 0.014 5.0 2:00 0.019 0.000 0.009 0.019 0.001 0.009 0.020 0.002 0.009 2150 0.012 0.000 0.006 0.012 0.000 0.006 0.012 0.001 0.006 3.00 0,008 0.000 0.005 0.008 0.000 0.005 0.008 0.000 0.005 5/50 0,005 0.000 0.005 0.006 0.000 0.005 0.006 0.000 0.005 4500 0:04 0.000 0.005 0.004 0.000 0.005 0.005 0.001 0.004 4150 0,003 0.000 0.005 0:003 0.000 0.004 0.004 0.001 0. 5.00 0.003 0.000 0.005 0.003 0.001 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.002, 27128 TABLE 5.10 ERIN WHS Tae Ted brorie"and Tournies, 1971) (1/2) = 2.00 Comer v= 0.15 v= 0.30 y= 0.45 Z sq 72eq 7esq "sq "eq Tenq 1eq 7oq Teng 0.158 0.509 0.230 0.158 “0.515 0.229 0.158 0.517 0.229 01155 0.512 0.210 0.155 0.318 0.208 0.155 0.323 0.207 0.147 0.152 0.172 0.148 0.140 0.168 0.150 0.149 0.165 0.139 0.056 0.145 0.139 0.068 0.139 0.142 0.082 0.132 0.131 0.024 0-128 0.130 0.042 0.119 0.133 0.065 0.018, 0.125 0.022 0-121 0-120 0.051 0.106 0.118 0.095 0.089 0.156 0.552 0.222 0.156 0.556 0.224 0.155 0.558 9.151 0.348 0-195 0.151 0.352 0-195 0.151 0.356 0:157 0.160 0.145 0.137 01163 0.145 0.158 0.165 9:100 0.039 0.084 0.100 0.042 0.083 0.102 0.045 01071 0.008 0.058 0.072 0.011 0.057 0.074 0.016 0.055 0.001 0.049 0.056 0.007 0.045 0.059 0.015 0.085 0.008 0.045 0.045 0.019 0.036 0.046 0.037 0.10 0.156 0.560 0.220 0.156 0.564 0.220 0.156 0.568 0.20 0.35 0.191 0.151 0.359 0.191 0.181 0.362 0.40 01166 0.138 0.136 0.169 0.139 0.136 0.172, 0:80 0.043 0.072 0.096 0.046 0.072 3.0. 1.20 0.012, 1064 0.013 0.042 160 0.002 9, 1044 0.004 0.029 2°00 90:000 0.025 0.032 0.001 0.024 2:50 0.000 0.023 0.024 0.002 0.021 3:00 0.00 0.022 0.019 0.008 0.017 0.565 0.219 0.156 0.568 0.219 0.558 0.189 0.151 0.362 0.189 0.168 0.135 0-045 0.066 or0n4 0.034 0.020 0.013 0.010 0,009 0.009 0.009, 0.008 0.007 Beseeeseussys 0, 9, 9, 9. L n 5.0 2) 2, 5 3, 4 4 3RECTANGULAR AREA a29 TABLE 5.11 INFLUENCE VALUES I, Iq AND J, 2 “24 gion and Toumier, 1971) (ape) = 6.00 comer v= 0.36 v= 0.30 v0.45 nya 2B = Taq #e Texq Taq Faq Faq Jaq Taq Tesq 0.10 0.158 0.510 0.231 0.158 0.514 0.250 0.158 0.516 .0.229 0:20 0.155 0.512 0.211 0L155 0.518 0.209 O.1Ss 01322 0.207 1.0 0140 01148 01152 0.174 01148 01240 0-169 01150 01148 0.164 0:60 0-180 0.056 0-147 0-140 0.067 0.140 0-145 0082 0.151, 0:80 0-135 0.024 0.131 0-152 01042 07120 0:135. 05067 07106 1.00 0.127 0.022 0:125 0.122 0.082 0.107 0.120 0.098 0.087 0.10 0.156 0.555 0.224 0.556 0,224 0.156 0.555 0.224 0:20 0.352 0.551 0.197 01552 01197 01152 01381 07198 0:40 01138 01162 -0:150 01165 01149 01158 0°64 01150 2.0 0.80 0:102 01059 0.091 0.102 01042 01090. 0-105 0.064 0.089 2.20 0.074 0.008 01068 0:075 0.011 0.054 0.077 0.016 0.061 160 0.059 0:001 0.060 0:060 0.007 0.055 0.065 0.016 0.046 200 0.051 02055 0:0S0 0.021 01043 0.051 0.041 0.027 0.10 0.156 0.221 0.156 0.567 0.222 0.156 0.567 0.222 0:20 01351 0:195 01151 01361 01193 0! 01137 oc 01157 O17 01143 o'e0 01098 0.078 0.079 3.0 1:20 0.067 0:050 01068 01018 07050 160 01048 0.038, 0.050 01008 07038 200 01087 0.036, 05039 0.004 0.082 2's0. 0.029 0.055, 0.031 0:007 07025, 3.00 0.025 0.035 01025 0.021 0.014 0.10 0.156 0.156 0.575 0.221 0:20 0:151 0151 01367 01191 0:40 02136 01136 01175 01158, 060 01087 01097 01050 01070, 120 0.065 fons 07040 1600-045 0,045 0006 0.027 8.0 2:00 0.032 0:085 0.002 01021 2's0 01025 0.025 0.000 0.018 Soo 0-017 9.018 0.000 0.017 3.50 0.018 0.001 0.017 1014 0,001 0.016, 400 0.011 0:09 0.017 0.012 0:02 0-015, 44°50. 05010 “0000. 0017 o!011 0.004 07013, 5100 03009 0002. 0017 01009 01007 07008,130 FIUreE LavER 5.3.2 SMOOTH RIGID BASE The corresponding case for a szooth rigid base hhas been considered by Sovine (1961). A layer of finite lateral extent rather than one of infinite extent is considered by Sovinc, but the calculated values of stress and displacenent are for a layer of sufficiently large lateral dimensions that they may bbe considered as applying to a layer of infinite Jateral extent. ‘The distribution of vertical stress 0, beneath the centre of the rectangle is shown in Figure 5.49 for various layer depths. Values of 0,/p_ at various points beneath the rectangle, sbstracted from values tabulated by Sovine (1961), are shown in Table 5.12. Influence factors for vertical displacenent ps at various points on the rectangle are shown in Figure 5.50, In all cases, 0.5. os] 10 ”% + 20 — es sos net 1 71G.5.49 Vertical stress beneath centre of callll i Pee Fectangle (Sovine, 1961). TABLE 5.12 ‘VERTICAL STRESS BENEATH A RECTANGLE ON A FINITE LAYER WITH SMOOTH BASE (ovine, 1961) Values of o3/p Cenexe Contre oF Contre of cae 4/8 w/B 0.5 1° afte0.§ 1 sfe0.S 1 aftad.S I 1 1.7835 S616 -4871_ 3835-4572 .3838 = - 2.5 12498 11217 11938 “i105. 11938 “1105 = - 3 Loree [0325 0695 [0817 0695 - 10517 0616-0282 2 1 880874104412, «3842-5559 S10 2678-2636 2 1s097 ‘3219. 2923 ‘2197 ‘3881 :2804 2256 ‘i921 5 1133s T0622 ‘1080 Losea 1242 [0606 ‘0988 .0552 3 2.5 4847 3459-2052 1675-3930 5199 1826-3541 S lza9Tas46 1239 Tose “2004 11sig ‘1208 L087 12s 10526 [0246 Lotus Loz1e - - aMy o eas ons 10 tests | “ aL ne Set] 3 5 q—-|| 4 yd q . Pe} — FA yyy a Hi 7 ® a o__oas om 10 12st piece testi o7 2 i 4 2 28 | oe a % Yet j 4 4 1 3 ;| —te hy. kit \* ° 4 Ete ele Ve 7 7 © @ ¥1G.5.50 Vertical surface displacement at various points on Fectangle. V=0.5. (Sovine, 1961). aa12 POurre caver 5.4 Vertical Loading over Any Area 5.4.1 "NENMARK CHARTS" Burmister (1956) has presented charts for the horizontal stresses z and dy, the shear stress Tey and the shear stress Tze. These charts are used in conjunction with tables giving influence fac~ tors for various depths in the layer. Values of v of 0.2 and 0.4 are considered. 5.4.2 SECTOR CURVES Sector curves for the normal and shear stresses, and the vertical and horizontal surface displacenents, have been presented by Poulos (1967) and are repro- duced in Figures 5.51 to 5.72. The use of the ‘Sector method is described in Section 1.7.3. __Im all cades, the stress beneath the sector is given by ° a “Is Gay where 68 is the sector angle and the displacement by p+ Biba, so 6a 5.4.3 ANALYTICAL EXPRESSIONS FOR GENERAL PLANE STRAIN CASES For any generalized surface loading, Holl (1959) gives expressions for the stresses at the rough rigid base, the maximum shear stress on the axis, and the vertical surface éisplacenent. a ® Patel oot Oe hee ox | CK a foes °o oT OF 05 04 OS 23 % FIG. 5.51 ye Sector curves for 0, 15 10 08 0 12 TT TT ~— 10 secer tater cers feos sara ool Beseerert py Rees : on + o 2 ce T Mo Lae T 0-2] TN 04 04 ee a _ % ¥1G.5.52 a ‘0 04 02 03 O« 5 2 1s 10 08 0 % Sector curves for 9...sector curves “ cy v0} +0} 09 $ ool 02 oe| ol o on a 3 ota a : Vi ise ol Wf ioe on OMT or OF OF © onor 02 03 Of OF Wiis 10 08 0 7 BB is 10 os 0 a * My 710,5.53 sector curves for ¢,. V0. 710.5.54 Sector curves for 4. 0.2 7 1 +0] S| +0] a zai | 92, o-8) oe od o7] 24 7} “O° os o eV s7| x oy bs] om on os fo oa oe oa on o1 ° Qvor 02 03 04 05 © Qvor 02 03 O« 05 7 28 as 10 08 0 2 $3 te 10 0s 0 ™% a) m ay 7105.55 sector, curves for 9,. Out. F10.5.56 wos. 13314 FINITE LAYER 03, sat Seo 07; ol ol 09] TAN on] tt ° “030-91 o2 05 G4 BE a 8B 1s 10 os 0 OO OF 03 04 BF of a * % £10.5.57 Sector curves for 0,- v=0. £10.5.50 Sector curves for 0, U60.2. Ky 7 7 a re : | 1 7 7 Le, x : 3 5 a Yi | ° ore: 09 04 ce se oe %y os fe os oO ¢ os 0 F1G.5.59 Sector curves for 0,. v=0.4. FIG.5.60 Sector curves for O,. WO0.5.os Ce a secur inte Fctors Secor ures recurs | celle y ES lA oz 1 oa ¥ | | ‘ OF - 0-1] * ol ey og | TS ree | . Cpe “01 = <0 2 _— +01 ba -0-| %o 61 08 03 04 QE 2 01 02 OF 04 88 is 10 08 © * % ¥1G.5.61 Sector curves for dy O° (ae nance Fors OIF 05 64 OS 83 is 10 08 0 * % ¥16.5.62 Sector curves for Gy. W002. +9) 7 on} oe ptrgertel Sires op o7| oem 3 ob 001 02 03 O4 OF 83 1s 10 08 0 % % F1G.5.63 Sector curves for Gy. V0.4. oa! 0 OF 02 03 04 OF S $8 1s 10 os 0 % 6 FIG.5.64 Sector curves for dg. V=0.5 135136 intel xan fe an TAI a | Lt | " | 3 i t 09] 1 t i oH ! 7 | . : val a TA | ; I ] o4| of] I wi / A 1 ree on A ° Les ° ° Sonor oz 0s 02 OF +s 40 05 55 FIC.S.65 Sector curves for 9. v=o, x T “ CoC ia cl . f | L ae “ TA TH The I vob ° i, oO 7 Py) = ‘Secter Influence voles, 7 1-05 ‘Sector Influence volves: : care : A | [serie KYL as 6 og 1 ° + [ arasee Gores or By FRE ve po of 0 Bor 8 1s 10 os 0 710.5.67 sector curves for 0, WeOvd. 710.5.68 Sector curves for 0. 0.5.° 7 oe| _| % 1 7 FO ° . i od o | °. ° yt ol 1 4-LA4 | oY! ee ° Oo 0 OF 08 OF 04 28 15 10,05 0 gi os 0 716.5469 sector curves for T,,. 0. 716.5.70seotor curv 7 . T a _| ye o ° OSs 0 04 02 03 4 BS 15 10 05 0 % ¥10.5.72 Sector curves for T,,. U60.4. a7