FM Lab Mannual

FLUID MECHANICS AND
HYDRAULIC MACHINERY LAB MANUAL
ANNAMACHARYA
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES
Venkatapuram, Karakmbadi Road
Tirupati - 517520
FLUID MECHANICS & HYDRAULIC

MACHINERY LAB
OBSERVATION BOOK
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Name of the student: _____________________

Roll No : _____________________
Year & Semester : _____________________
Course : _____________________
1
AITS TPT-DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG
FLUID MECHANICS AND
FLUID MECHANICS
AND
HYDRAULIC MACHINERY
LAB MANUAL
Prepared by
Y.Yaswanth
Kumar M.Tech
2
FLUID MECHANICS AND
&
A.Anil M.Tech
S.No Experiment Name Date Page Mark Signature
Number s
A. Determination of coefficient of
1 discharge of rectangular notch
B. Determination of coefficient of
discharge of V notch
2 discharge of orifice
discharge of mouth piece
3 discharge of orifice meter
discharge of Venturimeter
4 Determination of Darcy friction factor due
to friction in a pipe flow
A. Determination of minor losses due to
5 sudden expansion
B. Determination of minor losses due to
contraction in a pipe flow
6. Verification of Bernoullis theorem
7 Determination of force exerted by a jet of
water on a fixed vane
8. Study of Hydraulic Jump
A. Study of performance characteristics of
9 a centrifugal pump
B. Study of performance characteristics of
a reciprocating pump
A. Study of performance characteristics of
10 a Pelton wheel turbine
B. Study of performance characteristics of
a Francis turbine at constant speed
C. Study of performance characteristics of
a Kaplan turbine at constant speed
Average marks =
3
FLUID MECHANICS AND
RECTANGULAR NOTCH
Date: Experiment No.
Aim: To determine the co-efficient of discharge of a rectangular notch.

Tools required: Rectangular notch fixed in a tank, collecting tank, stop watch and hook
gauge.
Procedure:
1. Check the experimental setup for leaks. Measure the dimensions of collecting tank and
the notch.
2. Observe the initial reading of the hook gauge and make sure there is no discharge.
3. Note down the sill level position of the hook gauge.
4. Open the inlet valve of the supply pipe for a slightly increased discharge. Wait for Some time
till the flow become steady.
5. Adjust the hook gauge to touch the new water level and note down the reading.
6. Difference of this hook gauge reading with initial still level reading is the head over the
notch (h).
7. Collect the water in the collecting tank and observe the time t to collect R Raise/Height of
water.
8. Repeat the above procedure for different flow rates by adjusting the inlet valve opening and
tabulate the readings.
9. Complete the tabulation and find the mean value of CD.
10. Draw the necessary graphs and calibrate the notch.
Graphs:
The following graphs are drawn.
Q a Vs h5/2 , Q a Vs h , and log Q a Vs. log h
Result:
Coefficient of discharge of the given triangular notch from
1. Observations ___________
2. Graph ___________
4
FLUID MECHANICS AND
Observations:
Initial Hook gauge reading = cm
Area = cm2
S. Sill level Reading of Head Rise Time Q th Qact Co-efficient

No reading head over over the cm taken t M3/sec M3/sec of discharge
cm the sill cm sill cm Sec cd
Calculations:
Observation Number =
Q a = A.R/t
Qact = C d *Q t h =
Qact = M3/sec
Q t h = (2/3) L (2g) h3/2
Where g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/sec2

=
Q th = M3/sec
Cd = Q a/Q t h
5
FLUID MECHANICS AND
=
cd =
Graph Calculation
Cd from Graph: _______________
Slope n = dy / dx
Q a = K hn =
=
Log Q a = log K + n log h =

=
Log K = Log Q a n log h =
=
Therefore k = Antilog (log Q a n log h) =

=
Where log Q a , log h are the values of any point on the straight line
Cd = _______K_________
(2/3)* L* (2g)
=
=
6
FLUID MECHANICS AND
TRIANGULAR NOTCH
.
Aim: To determine the co-efficient of discharge of a triangular notch
Tools required: Triangular Notch fixed to channel, collecting tank, stop watch, pointer gauge.
Procedure:
1. Check the experimental setup for leaks. Measure the dimensions of collecting tank and the
notch.
2. Observe the initial reading of the hook gauge and make sure there is no discharge.
3. Note down the sill level position of the hook gauge.
4. Open the inlet valve of the supply pipe for a slightly increased discharge. Wait for Some time
till the flow become steady.
5. Adjust the hook gauge to touch the new water level and note down the reading.
6. Difference of this hook gauge reading with initial still level reading is the head over the
notch (h).
7. Collect the water in the collecting tank and observe the time t to collect H Raise/Height
of water.
8. Repeat the above procedure for different flow rates by adjusting the inlet valve opening and
tabulate the readings.
9. Complete the tabulation and find the mean value of CD.
Graphs:
The following graphs are drawn.
Q a Vs h5/2 ,
Q a Vs h , and
log Q a Vs. log h
7
FLUID MECHANICS AND
Observations:
Initial Hook gauge reading = cm
Area = cm2
S. Sill level Reading of Head Rise Time Q th Qact Co-efficient

No reading head over over the cm taken t M3/sec M3/sec of discharge
cm the sill cm sill cm Sec cd
Calculations:
Q a ct = C d* Q t h
Q act = A. H /t
A = Area of collecting tank in Sq. cm
H = Rise of water in collecting tank in cm
T = Time taken for H cm rise of water in sec.
Q act =
= M3/sec
Q t h = (8/15) (2g). Tan (/2). h5/2

Where g = Acceleration due to gravity cm/sec2
h = Head of water causing flow in cm
= Apex angle = 60o
Qth =
= M3/sec
Cd = Q act/Q t h
=
cd =
8
FLUID MECHANICS AND
Graph Calculation
Cd from Graph:
Slope n = dy / dx
Q act = K hn =
Log Q a = log K + n log h =

=
Log K = Log Q a n log h =

=
Therefore k = Antilog (log Q a n log h)

=
=
Cd = ____K____________
(8/15) 2g. Tan (/2)
9
FLUID MECHANICS AND
Result:
Coefficient of discharge of the given triangular notch from
1. Observations =
2. Graph =
10
FLUID MECHANICS AND
ORIFICE
Aim: To find the value of coefficient of discharge for the given orifice.
Tools required: Stop watch and measuring scale etc.
Procedure:
1. Fit the given orifice to the supply tank.
2. Note down the dimensions of the supply and measuring tanks using a scale.
3. Measure the diameter of the given orifice using vernier calipers.
4. Open the regulating valve fitted to the supply pipe and adjust it to maintain a constant head in
the tank.
5. Note down the time taken for a rise of 0.1 m of water level in the measuring tank.
6. Repeat the procedure for different heads.
Experimental set up of an orifice
Flow through an Orifice
11
FLUID MECHANICS AND
Observations:
1. Size of the supply tank = (l s b s h s) = m3
2. Size of the measuring tank = (l m b m h m) = m 3
3. Diameter of the orifice (d) = m
S. No Constant Head Time taken for R units Q th Qact Co-efficient

in the supply rise of water in measuring M3/sec M3/sec of discharge
tank in m tank (t) in sec cd
Calculations:
Actual discharge Q act = A. R /t
Where
A = Cross-sectional area of measuring tank = (l m b m) = m2
R= Rise of water column in measuring tank = m
t = Time taken for R units rise of water column in measuring tank = sec
Therefore Q act =
= m3/s
Theoretical discharge (Qt h) = ao (2gh)
Where
2
ao = Cross-sectional area of the orifice = ( A= d /4) =
= m2
h = Constant head in the supply tank = m
Therefore Qt h =
= m3/s
Coefficient of discharge C d = Q act/Qt h =
=
12
FLUID MECHANICS AND
Graph:
Plot a graph H against Q act with H as abscissa and Q act as ordinate.
Result:
Coefficient of discharge of the given orifice from
1. Calculations =
2. Graph =
13
FLUID MECHANICS AND
MOUTHPIECE
Date: Experiment No
Aim: To find the value of coefficient of discharge for the given mouth piece.

Procedure:
1. Fit the given mouth piece to the supply tank.
2. Note down the dimension of the supply tank using a scale.
3. Measure the dimensions of the given mouth piece using vernier calipers
4. Open the regulating valve fitted to the supply pipe and close it when the supply tank is full of
water.
5. Note down the time taken for the water level to fall through the head say x units, i.e., from an
initial head H1 to final head H2 units.
6. Repeat the steps (4) and (5) for different values of H1 and H2 for the same range x. The
following combination may be used, choosing x = 0.3 m.
Experimental setup for Mouth piece
Flow through mouth piece
14
FLUID MECHANICS AND
Observations:
1. Size of the supply tank = (l s b s h s) = m3
2. Diameter of the mouthpiece (d) = m
S. No Initial Head in Final Head in the Time (t) taken for water Co-efficient of
the supply tank in supply tank in m level to fall from H1 to discharge
m H2 (sec) cd
Calculations:
2 A[ H 1 H 2]
1. Coefficient of discharge (C d) =- ta (2 g) =
Where
A = Cross-sectional area of supply tank (ls x bs) = m2
H1 = Initial head in the supply tank above the center of mouth piece = m
H2 = Final head in the supply tank above the center of mouth piece = m
t = Time taken for water level to fall from H1 to H2 = sec
g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2
a = Cross-sectional area of the given mouth piece = (/4)d2 = m2
Therefore Cd =
From graph
Graphical Table:
S. No H1 (m) H2 (m) [H1 H2] (m) T (sec)
15
FLUID MECHANICS AND
Graph:
Plot a graph of [H1 H2] against timet with [H1 H2] as abscissa andt as
ordinate. Using the graph, find the coefficient of discharge.
Result:
Coefficient of discharge of the given orifice from
1. Calculations =
2. Graph =
16
FLUID MECHANICS AND
ORIFICE-METER
Date: Experiment No
Aim: To determine the coefficient of discharge of a given Orifice-meter

Procedure:
1. Check the experimental setup for leaks. Measure the dimensions of collecting tank.
Note down the flow meter specifications.
2. Open the inlet valve fully and allow the water to fill fully in the flow meter.
3. Make sure the height of Mercury column in both limbs are same if there is no
Discharge through the meter.
4. Slightly open the outlet valve of the flow meter and observe the manometer limbs.
5. Adjust it to get a steady pressure difference between the limbs of the manometer. Note
down the corresponding Mercury levels.
6. Measure the time t to collect H height of water in the collecting tank.
7. Repeat the above procedure for different flow rates by changing the outlet valve
opening. Tabulate the readings.
8. Change the pressure tapping valves and repeat the same procedure for second meter.
9. Close the inlet to the apparatus after taking the necessary readings.
10. Complete the tabulation and find the average value of CD in both cases.
11. Draw the necessary graphs and calibrate the meters.
Orifice meter
17
FLUID MECHANICS AND
Observations:
1. Diameter of the pipe to which orifice meter fitted d1 =
2. Diameter of the orifice, d2 =
Note: d2/d1 = 0.60.
3. Size of the collecting tank = l c * b c*h c =
S. No Manometer reading Time taken for Actual Theoretical Co-efficient

R units rise of discharge discharge of discharge
Right Limb Left Limb
water level (t) (Q act) (Q t h) cd
(H1) (H2)
in sec In m3/s In m3/s
Calculations:
Actual discharge (Q act) = AR/t
Where
A = Cross-sectional area of the collecting tank =lcxbc=
R = Rise of water level in the collecting tank =
t = Time taken for R units of rise in water level =
Therefore Q act =
=
Theoretical discharge (Qt h) = C H
a 1a 2 (2 g)
Where C = Orifice meter constant = (a 12a 22 )1 /2
Where
a1 = Cross-section area of the inlet section of Orifice meter = (/4) d12
a2 = Cross-section area of the throat of Orifice meter = (/4) d22
sm
H = Equivalent pressure head in meters of flowing liquidS = ( s f - 1) (h1 h2)
=
S m = Specific gravity of manometric fluid = 13.6 for mercury
S f = Specific gravity of fluid flowing in pipe = 1 for water
H 1 & H 2 =Manometer reading in the right limb & left limb
18
FLUID MECHANICS AND
Therefore Qth =
Coefficient of Discharge C d = Qact / Qt h =
Graphical Table:
S. No H1 (m) H2 (m) H (m) H (m) Q act (m3/s)
19
FLUID MECHANICS AND
Graph Drawn
1. Qact Vs h (Calibration curve)
2. Qact Vs h (Cd is the be calculated)
3. Log Qact Vs log h (Cd is to be calculated)
Result:
Coefficient of discharge of the given orifice meter from
1. Calculations =
2. Graph =
20
FLUID MECHANICS AND
VENTURIMETER
Date: Experiment No
Aim: To determine the coefficient of discharge for a given Venturimeter

Procedure:
1. Select the desired Venturimeter whose coefficient of discharge is to be determined.
2. Connect the pressure tapings of the Venturimeter selected to the Piezometric tubes of the
Manometer provided.
3. Open the regulating valve so that water starts flowing through the Venturimeter.
Wait for sometime so that the flow gets stabilized.
4. Vent the manometer, if necessary.
5. Note down differential Manometer readings h1 and h2
6. Measure the actual discharge by observing the time taken to collect aPre determined volume
of water. (Time taken for 10 cm rise of water column in the collecting tank may be noted and
actual discharge found).
7. Repeat steps (5) and (6) for different flow rates (by adjusting regulating valve) and take at
least six different sets of observations.
Venturimeter
21
FLUID MECHANICS AND
Observations:
Diameter of the pipe to which Venturimeter fitted, d1 =
Diameter of the throat of the Venturimeter, d2 =
Note: d2/d1 = 0.62.
Size of the collecting tank = l c b c h c =
S. No Manometer reading Time taken Actual Theoretical Co-efficient of

for R units discharge discharge discharge
Right Limb Left Limb
rise of (Q act) (Q t h) cd
(H1) (H2)
water level in in
(t) in sec m3/s m3/s
Calculations:
Actual discharge (Q act) = AR/t
Where
A = Cross-sectional area of the collecting tank =lcxbc=
t = Time taken for R units of rise in water level =
Therefore Q act =
=
Theoretical discharge (Qt h) = C H
a 1a 2 (2 g)
Where C = Orifice meter constant = 2 2
(a 1 a 2 )
1 /2
Where
a1 = Cross-section area of the inlet section of Orifice meter = (/4) d12
a2 = Cross-section area of the throat of Orifice meter = (/4) d22
sm
H = Equivalent pressure head in meters of flowing liquidS = ( s f - 1) (h1 h2)
22
FLUID MECHANICS AND
=
Therefore Qth =
Coefficient of Discharge C d = Qact / Qt h =
Graphical Table:
S. No H1 (m) H2 (m) H (m) H (m) Q act (m3/s)
23
FLUID MECHANICS AND
Graph Drawn
1. Qact Vs h (Calibration curve)
2. Qact Vs h (Cd is the be calculated)
3. log Qact Vs log h (Cd is to be calculated)
Result:
Coefficient of discharge of the given orifice meter from
1. Calculations =
2. Graph =
24
FLUID MECHANICS AND
PIPE FRICTION
Date: Experiment No
Aim: To determine for the given pipe, the following
a) Friction factor or coefficient of friction (f),
b) Chezys constant (C) and
c) Mannings constant (n)
Model:
Pipe Friction Set up

Procedure:
1. Select the required pipe line and connect the manometer rubber tubings to the pressure
tapings provided on the pipe line.
2. Open the common inlet valve, keeping the regulating valve of the selected pipe closed.
3. Vent the manometer if necessary.
4. Open partially the regulating valve of the pipe, keeping the common inlet valve fully open.
5. Allow the flow to get stabilized and then take manometer readings.
6. Note down the time taken for the water level to rise by 0.2 m in the collecting tank.
7. Repeat steps 4 to 6 for six different settings of the regulating valve (i.e., for six different
discharges).
25
FLUID MECHANICS AND
Observations:
1. Diameter of the given pipe, D =
2. Length of the pipe, L =
3. Size of the collecting tank = (l c b c h c) =
Calculations:
Head loss due to friction (H f) = { }

sm
sf
1 (H 1H 2)
Where
Therefore H f =
=
Actual discharge, Q act = AR/t = =
Where
A = Cross-sectional area of the collecting tank =lc*bc=
t = Time taken for R units of rise in water level
Velocity of flow in the pipe, V = Q act/A p =
=
Where
Q act = Actual discharge = (/4) D22 =
A p = Cross sectional area of the pipe in which flow is taking place
2 gd
Hf
Darcys friction factor, f L v2 =
=
Where
H f = Head loss due to friction
D = Diameter of the pipe through which flow is taking place
L = Length of the pipe V = Velocity of flow
Chezys Coefficient, C = V/ (R x S) =
=
Where
26
FLUID MECHANICS AND
V = Velocity of flow = R = Hydraulic radius = D/4 =

S = Slope of hydraulic gradient = H f/L =
R 2/ 3 . S 1/ 2
Mannings Roughness Coefficient n= V = =
Where
R = Hydraulic radius = S = Slope of hydraulic gradient =
V = Velocity of flow =
Therefore n =
27
FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINERY LAB MANUAL
Observations:-
S. No Manometer reading Time taken Head Actual Velocity Darcys Chezys Mannings
for R units Loss due discharge flow (V) friction coefficient roughness
Right Left Limb rise of to friction (Q act) In m/s factor (C) coefficient
Limb (H1) (H2) water level (Hf) in m In m3/s (f) (n)
(t) in sec
Graph:
S. No Q Log Q Fact Log Fact Ftheo Log V
28
FLUID MECHANICS AND
Graph:-
Graphs drawn
1. Fact Vs Q 2. Fact Vs Ftheo 3. Log Fact Vs Log Q
Result:
1. The value of Darcys friction factor from
a) Calculations =
b) Graph =
2. The value of Chezys coefficient =
3. The value of Mannings roughness coefficient =
MINOR LOSSES APPARATUS
29
FLUID MECHANICS AND
Date: Experiment No
Aim: To determine loss of head in pipes due to bend, elbows, sudden contractions and
sudden expansion.
Procedure:
1. Open the supply valve to allow the flow in the pipe line.
2. Close the gate values of pipe line so that only one pipe is in action.
3. Vent the cock of manometer to cock of elbow or bend or sudden expansion or sudden
contraction.
4. Note down the manometer readings.
5. Note the time taken (T) for R cm rise in collecting tank.
6. Repeat the experiment for different discharges.
7. Repeat the steps 1 to 6 for different pipes.
Graphs drawn
1. hf Vs V2
2. log(hf) Vs log V
Result:
Head loss due to sudden expansion =
Head loss due to sudden contraction =
Head loss due to elbow & bends =
Observations:-
30
FLUID MECHANICS AND
Calculations:-
2
v 1v

Loss of Energy due to sudden expansion, H1= 2 =

=
1
1
cc
Loss of Energy due to sudden contraction, H1= 2v 22 =
{
2g
=
Kv 2
Loss of Energy due to bends ,H1= 2g =
31
FLUID MECHANICS AND
BERNOULLIS EQUATION
Aim: To verify the Bernoullis equation experimentally.

Procedure:
1. Note down the area of cross section of the conduit at various piezometer points.
2. Open the supply valve and adjust the flow so that the water level in the inlet tank remains at
a constant level (i.e., flow becomes steady).
3. Measure the height of water level in different Piezometers.
4. Measure the discharge.
5. Repeat setups 2 to 4 for two more readings.
Bernoullis Apparatus
32
FLUID MECHANICS AND
Trail Head Time Discharg Piezometer 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Run Maintained For 20 eQ Distance from a
in Supply Cm m3/sec reference point
Tank (m) rise
sec
1 Velocity V= Q/A
V2/2g
(P/)+Z
E=(P/)+Z+(V2/2g)
2 Velocity V= Q/A
V2/2g
(P/)+Z
E=(P/)+Z+(V2/2g)
3 Velocity V= Q/A
V2/2g
(P/)+Z
E=(P/)+Z+(V2/2g)
Graphs:
1. Plot (P/) + Z Vs distance of Piezometer tubes for some reference ( on x-axis). Join the points
by a smooth curve. This is known as the hydraulic line.
2. E = (P/) + Z + (V2/2g) Vs distance of piezometer tubes. Join the points smoothly. This is the
total energy line.
Result:
Total energy line remains the same at different sections.
33
FLUID MECHANICS AND
IMPACT OF JET
Date: Experiment No
Aim: To find the co-efficient of impact (C i) for flat plate

Tools required: Experimental setup of impact of jet with flat plates set of weights, stop watch
and scale.
Procedure:
1. The lever is kept horizontal by adjusting counter weight on the left hand side weigh the plate is
fixed opposite to the jet.
2. A weight of gm is placed on the right hand side pan.
3. Water is jet is allowed to strike plate and discharge is so adjusted
4. The lever retains equilibrium position.
5. The pressure gauge reading is noted and time taken for H cm rise in
6. The collecting tank is also noted.
7. The weight on the right hand side pan is increased and procedure
8. Repeated for five such different weights.
9. Then the plate is changed and another plate is fixed and the whole
10. Experiment is repeated.
Calculations:
Fact = W Y/X
Y=
X=
Fth = PQV =
3
Q = AH/t m /sec. =
V = Velocity of jet = 2g x (p/ z) =
Where = 9.81 x 103 N/m3
=
Z=
C i = Fact /Ft h =
Graph:
Q a Vs. C i for flat.
34
FLUID MECHANICS AND
Result:
Co-efficient of impact for Flat plate =
Observation :
35
FLUID MECHANICS AND
Single stage Centrifugal Pump

Aim: To conduct performance test on a centrifugal pump at rated speed.

Theory: A centrifugal pump consists of an impeller rotating inside a casing .The impeller has a
number of curved vanes. Due to the centrifugal head impressed by the rotation of the impeller,
the water enters at the Centre and flows outwards to the periphery. Then it is collected in a
gradually increasing passage in the casing known as volute chamber which serves to convert a
part of the velocity head into pressured head. For a higher heads multi stage centrifugal pumps
having two or more impellers in series will have to be used. This single stage centrifugal pump
of size (50mm x 50mm) is coupled to 3 HP capacity Squirrel cage induction motor. The suction
side is 50mm dia and delivery side is 50mm dia. An energy meter is provided to measure the
input to the motor and collecting tank to measure the discharge. A pressure gauge and vacuum
gauge are fitted in delivery and suction sides to measure the head of water. The pump must be
full of water up to delivery valve before starting. For this reason it should not be allowed water
to drain and hence a foot valve is provided. But after the long run the leather valve in the foot
valve becomes useless and so the foot valve becomes leaky. In this case the pump should be
primed by pouring water.
36
FLUID MECHANICS AND
Centrifugal Pump
Tools required: Stop watch, measuring scale and Energy meter etc.
Procedure:
1. Check the pressure gauges. Make sure both of them show atmospheric pressure.
2. Observe the suction and delivery pipe diameters. Measure the dimensions of collecting tank.
Measure the difference in elevation between the suction and delivery pressure tapings.
3. Prime the centrifugal pump. Keep the delivery valve fully closed.
4. Start the pump.
5. Open the delivery valve slightly. Observe the pressure gauge readings.
6. Measure the discharge using the collecting tank stopwatch setup.
7. Note the time for n revolutions of the energy meter disk.
8. Open the delivery valve gradually to maximum. Repeat the above observations for different
discharges.
Observations:
1. Size of the collecting tank =l*b*h = =
2. Diameter of the suction pipe, ds = mm
3. Diameter of the delivery pipe, dd = mm
4. Energy meter constant, N = rev / KWH
5. Difference in the levels of pressure and vacuum gauges,X = cm.
37
FLUID MECHANICS AND
Calculations:
Effective head , Hd = Pd X10 = =
psX hg
Hs = w = =
Datum head, X =
Total head H= H= Hd+Hs *X =
Area of collecting tank A=
Discharge Q= Ah/t = =
Input power, Pi = N*3600/tE = =
w
Out Power, Po = HQ g/1000= =
Efficiency of pump , = Po/ Pi X100 =
Graph
1. Discharge Vs Efficiency
2. Discharge Vs Total head
3. Discharge Vs Power out put
Result
The efficiency of the single stage centrifugal pump is () =
38
FLUID MECHANICS AND
s.no Suction Delivery Time Time taken Effective Effective Rise Total Discharge
gauge gauge taken for for 2 head (Pd) head of head Q= Ah/t
reading reading 10 cm revolutions in mm of (Hc) water H=
(Ps) (Pd) rise in of energy water level Hd+Hs
collecting meter column (h) *X
tank hg (Hd )
mm-hg kg/cm2 sec Sec m m M m m3/sec
1
2
3
4
5
39
FLUID MECHANICS AND
RECIPROCATING PUMP
Date: Experiment No
AIM: To determine overall efficiency of reciprocating pump.
Apparatus: Stop watch, Reciprocating test setup and Scale.
Principle:
Reciprocating pump is a positive displacement pump, which causes a fluid to move by trapping a
fixed amount of it then displacing that trapped volume into the discharge pipe. The fluid enters a
pumping chamber via an inlet valve and is pushed out via a outlet valve by the action of the
piston or diaphragm. They are either single acting; independent suction and discharge strokes or
double acting; suction and discharge in both directions. Reciprocating pumps are self priming
and are suitable for very high heads at low flows. They deliver reliable discharge flows and is
often used for metering duties because of constancy of flow rate. The flow rate is changed only
by adjusting the rpm of the driver. These pumps deliver a highly pulsed flow. If a smooth flow is
required then the discharge flow system has to include additional features such as accumulators.
An automatic relief valve set at a safe pressure is used on the discharge side of all positive
displacement pumps.
40
FLUID MECHANICS AND
Procedure:
The pump is primed with water

The internal plan dimensions of the measuring tank and energy meter constant is
measured.
The gate valve is closed completely, the motor is started and gate valve is adjusted to
required pressure.
The following readings are noted.
i)The pressure gauge reading p kg/cm2
ii) The vaccum gauge reading v kg/cm2
iii) Time for 10 revolutions at energy meter disc T- sec.
iv) Time for 10cm rise in collecting tankt sec
5-6 sets of readings are taken by varying the head from a maximum at shutoff to a
minimum where gate valve is fully opened.
Observations:
Area of collecting tank, A = sq.m
Rise of water level, R = m
Energy meter constant, N = N/kwh
Elevation difference between pressure and vaccum guge, x = m
Precautions:
The pump is primed before started the motor.

The delivery gate valve is closed before starting and off of the motor.
Result: The characteristics of centrifugal pump at constant speed are obtained.
Maximum efficiency =
Design discharge =
Design output =
Design head =
41
FLUID MECHANICS AND
Tabular column:
S.no Pressur vaccu Total Time Discharg Time Input Output Efficiency
e gauge m head for e for 3600 Kw
P gauge H 10c Q= 10 ( E x (gQH)/100
V m of m AR revol 0
mm of wate rise T 10
t
Hg r t T )x0.8
kg/cm2 mm m sec m3/sec Sec Kw kw %
1
2
3
4
5
Model calculations:
1. Discharge pressure p = kg/cm2

Discharge head = Px10 = m of water
Suction vaccum V = mm of Hg
V
Suction head = 1000 x13.6 = = m of water
2. Area of the collecting tank, A = sq.m

Rise of water level, R = m
Volume, AR = = m3
Time taken, t = sec
volume AR
Discharge, Q = time = t = = m3/sec
3. Head
Total head (H) = P+V = m of water
(note: 1 kg/cm2 pressure = 10 m of water)
4. Input of motor
3600 10
Input power = ( E x T ) x0.8 = = kW
(considering the efficiency of the motor as 80%)

5. Output of the pump
42
FLUID MECHANICS AND
( gQH )
Pump output = 1000 = = kw
6. Pump efficiency
output
The efficiency of the pump = input X 100 %=
PELTON WHEEL
Aim: To determine the characteristic curves of Peloton wheel under constant head and constant
Speed.
Tools required: Pelton Turbine, Pressure gauges and Manometer.
43
FLUID MECHANICS AND
Procedure for constant speed:

1. Keeps the nozzle opening at the required position i.e. full opening or 3/4 opening?
th
2. Start the pump

3. Allow water to the turbine, then the turbine rotates
4. Adjust the gate valve such that the required head is achieved.
5. Note the speed of the turbine
44
FLUID MECHANICS AND
6. Take readings in manometer

7. Note down the pressure of water in the pressure gauge
8. Load the turbine by putting weights.
9. Note down the dead weight T1 and spring weight T2
10. Note down the head.
11. Repeat the experiment for different loadings
12. Tabulate the readings
Procedure for variable speed:
1. Fix the guide vane opening as 4/8
2. Prime the pump
3. Allow water into turbine by starting the pump
4. Vent the cocks of manometer
5. Allow the water into the runner such that the speed of the turbine runner is at required constant
speed using tachometer.
6. Note down the readings of left limb and right limb of differential manometer
7. Note down the pressure gauge reading
8. Note down the spring weight and dead weight on the hanger
9. Add weight to the hanger of brake drum and repeat the steps from 5 to 8.
10. Repeat the experiment steps from 5 to 10 for different guide vane openings.
Observations:
To find discharge the venturimeter and the manometer have been calibrated.
Venturimeter: d/D = ,D= m, Q a = 0.0055 H1= m3/s
The height of mercury column in left arm = h1 m
The height of mercury column in right arm = h2 m
Difference of levels = h1 h2 = h
45
FLUID MECHANICS AND
Equivalent water column = (Sm/S 1)h = (13.6/1-1)h = 12.6h = H1
s.No Head Manometer Discharg Speed T1 T2 T BP IP Efficiency

(m) h (m) e (m3/sec) (rpm)
1
2
3
4
5
Calculations:
1. Calculation of IP:
Discharge Q= m3/s
Head , H m =
IP = QH=
Calculation of BP:
Dead weight (T1) = Kg
Spring weight (T2) = Kg
Weight of hanger (To) = Kg
Resultant load (T) =T1-T2+To = Kg
Speed (N) = rpm
Dia. of brake drum = m
Thickness of rope = m.
Resultant dia., D= m
BP = 2NT/60
3. Efficiency of the turbine, = BP/IP
FRANCIS TURBINE
Date: Experiment No
Aim: To determine the efficiency of the turbine.
Apparatus: Francis turbine testing, venturimeter and differential manometers.
46
FLUID MECHANICS AND
Theory
Francis Turbine is a reaction turbine used in dams and reservoirs of medium height to
convert hydraulic energy into mechanical and electrical energy. Francis Turbine is a radial
inward flow reaction turbine. This has the advantage of centrifugal forces acting against the flow,
thus reducing the tendency of the turbine to over speed. Francis Turbines are best suited for
medium heads, say 40m to 300m. The specific speed ranges from 25 to 300.
Turbine efficiency = Output/ input x 100
Output power = 0.000162 NT KW
Where N = speed of the turbine
T = resultant load
Input power = 9.81 Q x H KW
1/2
Where Q = the discharge by venturimeter = 0.0131 x (dH)
H = total head = 10 (G + V/760) m of water
Description
The turbine test rig consists of a 3.72 KW (5HP) turbine supplied with water from a
suitable 15 Hp centrifugal pump through suitable pipelines, sluice valve, and a flow measuring
venturimeter. The turbine consists of a cast-iron body with a volute casing and a gunmetal runner
consisting of two shrouds with aerofoil shaped curved vanes in between. The runner is
surrounded by a ring of adjustable gunmetal guide vanes. These vanes can be rotated about their
axis by a hand wheel and their position is indicated by a pair of dummy guide vanes fixed
outside the turbine casing. At the outlet, a draft tube is provided to increase the net head across
the turbine. The runner is attached to an output shaft with a brake drum to absorb the energy
produced.
Water under pressure from pump enters through the guide vanes into the runner. While
passing through the spiral casing and guide vanes, apportion of the pressure energy is converted
into velocity energy. Water thus enters the runner at a high velocity and as it passes through the
runner vanes, the remaining pressure energy is converted into kinetic energy. Due to the
curvature of the vanes, the kinetic energy is transformed into the mechanical energy i.e., the
water head is converted into mechanical energy and hence the runner rotates. The water from the
runner is than discharged into tailrace. The discharge through the runner can be regulated by
operating guide vanes also.
47
FLUID MECHANICS AND
The flow through the pipe lines into the turbine is measured with the venturimeter fitted
in the pipe line. The venturimeter is accompanied with pressure gauges. The net pressure
difference across the turbine inlet and exit is measured with a pressure gauge and vacuum gauge.
The turbine output torque is determined with a rope brake. A tachometer is used to measure the
rpm.
Procedure for constant head operation of turbine:

1. Fix the guide vane opening as 4/8.
2. Prime the pump
3. Allow water in the turbine by starting the pump
4. Vent the cocks of manometer
5. Adjust the gate valve such that the sum of the pressure gauge and vacuum gauge is as required
constant head.
6. Note down the pressure gauge and vacuum gauge readings.
7. Note down the left limb and right limb of the differential manometer.
48
FLUID MECHANICS AND
8. Note down the spring weight and dead weight on hanger.

9. Measure the speed of the turbine using tachometer.
10. Repeat the experiment by adding loads on the brake drum
11. Repeat the steps from 1 to 10 for different guide vane opening.
Procedure for variable speed head operation of turbine:
1. Fix the guide vane opening as 4/8.
2. Prime the pump
3. Allow water into turbine by starting the pump
4. Vent the cocks of manometer.
5. Allow the water into the runner such that the speed of the turbine runner is at required constant
speed using tachometer.
6. Note down the left limb and right limb of differential manometer.
7. Note down the pressure gauge and vacuum gauge readings.
8. Note down the spring weight and dead weight on the hanger.
9. Add weight to the hanger of brake drum repeat the steps from 5 to 8.
10. Repeat the experiment steps from 5 to 9 for different guide vane openings.
Result
The characteristics of a Francis turbine have been studied experimentally and graphically.
49
FLUID MECHANICS AND
Total
Inlet Outle Flow
Head Venturimete Wt. on Spring
Press. t Vac. rate Speed Outpu Inpu
H r pressure hange balanc NetWt. Efficie
S.No P V Q N tO tI
m of Gauge r T1 e T2 T Kg %
Kg/sq.c mm cu.m/ rpm KW KW
Wate readings Kg Kg
m of Hg sec
r
1
6
Discharge formula for venturimeter Q=0.031H1 =
Where H1=12.6h.
h = difference in the levels of manometer.
b) Total head H = G+V =
Where G= pressure head
V=Vaccum head
c) Input to the turbine IP = Q H =
d) Output
Brake drum diameter = m
Pipe diameter = m.
Equivalent drum diameter = m
Hanger weight To = kg.
Load weight , T1 = kg.
Spring weight T2= Kg.
Resultant load T= (T1+T0-T2) kg.
Speed of turbine N = rpm.
BP = 2 NT/60
o
e) Efficiency ( ) = Output/Input = BHP/IHP
f) Specific speed: It may be defined as the speed of geometrically similar turbine

which will develop one unit power under unit head.
Ns = N P/ H5/4
50
FLUID MECHANICS AND
KAPLAN TURBINE
Aim: To draw the performance characteristic curves and determine the overall efficiency.
Tools required: Kaplan Turbine, Pressure gauges and Manometer
Procedure:
1. Keep the guide vane at 2/8 opening
2. Keep the runner vane at 3/8 opening
3. Prime the pump and close the gate valve
51
FLUID MECHANICS AND
4. Start the pump

5. Open the gate valve slowly
6. Note down the pressure gauge reading G.
7. Note down the vacuum gauge reading V.
8. Vent the gauges of venturimeter
9. Note down the readings of pressure gauge (G1) and vacuum gauge (V1)
10. Measure the speed of the turbine by tachometer.
11. Load the turbine by placing dead weight and take all readings.
12. Experiment can be repeated for different guide and runner vane openings.
Graphs:
1) % of full load Vs o
2) N u Vs Q u or Pu or o
Result
Overall efficiency =
Observations:
Hanger weight (T0) =
Brake drum resultant dia. =
S.No Guide Gauge reading of Gauge reading of Spring Dead Speed

and venturimeter kaplan turbine weight weight runner
runner T1 T2 N
vane G1 V1 G2 V2 (rpm)
opening (Kg/m2) (Kg/m2) (Kg/m2) (Kg/m2)
1
2
3
4
5
Calculations:
Discharge equation of venturimeter Q= 0.082H1 = m3/sec.
Where
H1= (G1+V1) = m
2. Head: H=G+V =
Where
G= Pressure gauge reading in meters
V= Vacuum gauge reading in meters.
3. Input to the turbine IP = QH =
4. Output:
52
FLUID MECHANICS AND
Brake drum diameter = m.

Rope diameter = m
Equivalent drum diameter D = m
Dead weight T1 =
Hanger weight To =
Spring weight T2 =
Resultant load T =T1-T2+To =
Speed of the turbine N=
BP = 2NT/60 =
Efficiency = Output /Input = BP/IP
53

FM Lab Mannual

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FLUID MECHANICS AND

HYDRAULIC MACHINERY LAB MANUAL

Venkatapuram, Karakmbadi Road

FLUID MECHANICS & HYDRAULIC

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Name of the student: _____________________

Aim: To determine the co-efficient of discharge of a rectangular notch.

S. Sill level Reading of Head Rise Time Q th Qact Co-efficient

Q t h = (2/3) L (2g) h3/2

Where g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/sec2

Log Q a = log K + n log h =

Therefore k = Antilog (log Q a n log h) =

S. Sill level Reading of Head Rise Time Q th Qact Co-efficient

Q t h = (8/15) (2g). Tan (/2). h5/2

Log Q a = log K + n log h =

Log K = Log Q a n log h =

Therefore k = Antilog (log Q a n log h)

Experimental set up of an orifice

Flow through an Orifice

3. Diameter of the orifice (d) = m

S. No Constant Head Time taken for R units Q th Qact Co-efficient

Tools required: Stop watch and measuring scale etc.

Experimental setup for Mouth piece

Flow through mouth piece

S. No H1 (m) H2 (m) [H1 H2] (m) T (sec)

Aim: To determine the coefficient of discharge of a given Orifice-meter

S. No Manometer reading Time taken for Actual Theoretical Co-efficient

Coefficient of Discharge C d = Qact / Qt h =

S. No H1 (m) H2 (m) H (m) H (m) Q act (m3/s)

Aim: To determine the coefficient of discharge for a given Venturimeter

S. No Manometer reading Time taken Actual Theoretical Co-efficient of

Coefficient of Discharge C d = Qact / Qt h =

S. No H1 (m) H2 (m) H (m) H (m) Q act (m3/s)

3. log Qact Vs log h (Cd is to be calculated)

Pipe Friction Set up

Head loss due to friction (H f) = { }

V = Velocity of flow = R = Hydraulic radius = D/4 =

S. No Q Log Q Fact Log Fact Ftheo Log V

MINOR LOSSES APPARATUS

Aim: To verify the Bernoullis equation experimentally.

Trail Head Time Discharg Piezometer 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Aim: To find the co-efficient of impact (C i) for flat plate

Single stage Centrifugal Pump

Aim: To conduct performance test on a centrifugal pump at rated speed.

Area of collecting tank A=

Input power, Pi = N*3600/tE = =

Efficiency of pump , = Po/ Pi X100 =

The efficiency of the single stage centrifugal pump is () =

AIM: To determine overall efficiency of reciprocating pump.

Apparatus: Stop watch, Reciprocating test setup and Scale.

The pump is primed with water

Area of collecting tank, A = sq.m

Rise of water level, R = m

Energy meter constant, N = N/kwh

Elevation difference between pressure and vaccum guge, x = m

The pump is primed before started the motor.

Result: The characteristics of centrifugal pump at constant speed are obtained.

kg/cm2 mm m sec m3/sec Sec Kw kw %

1. Discharge pressure p = kg/cm2

2. Area of the collecting tank, A = sq.m

(considering the efficiency of the motor as 80%)

Date: Experiment No.

Procedure for constant speed: