TEP03

CO2 capture in power plants

Part 4 - Absorption
Olav Bolland
Professor
Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Department of Energy and Process Engineering

Sept 2013

1
1
Bolland

Absorption - definition

Absorption, in chemical technology, is a

process in which atoms or molecules transfer
from a gas phase into a liquid phase. The
difference between absorption and adsorption is
that in absorption the molecules are taken up by
a liquid (absorbent, solvent), while for adsorption
the molecules are fixed onto solid surfaces.
3

Absorption - solubility
10 1
1000000
CO2 partial pressure pCO2 [atm]
10 0
100000

10 -1 120 C
10000

10 -2
1000

10 -3 40 C
100

10 -4
10

101-5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Loading [mol CO2/mol solvent]

Absorption loading characteristics

Chemical solvent

Physical solvent
Partial pressure of CO2

Partial pressure A

Partial pressure B

ph
ch

Loading capacity [mol CO2/mol solvent]

5

Absorption loading characteristics

Absorption Henrys law

pCO2 Pa pCO2 Pa m 3
He , or He
'

xCO2 kmol fraction CO 2 in liquid cCO2 kmol CO 2 in liquid

9000
He pCO2 / xCO2 [Atm/mol fraction]
8000
C *(1/ T 1/ Tref )
He Heref e , C 2400, Tref 298 K
7000
[Atm/mol fraction of CO2 in water]

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Temperature [C]
7

Chemical vs. Physical Absorption

Chemical Physical
The capacity or solubility shows in practice
The capacity or solubility is sensitive to the
limited sensitivity to the partial pressure of the
partial pressure of the gas to be removed
gas to be removed
High heat of absorption Low heat of absorption
Desorption achieved mainly by temperature Desorption achieved mainly by pressure
increase and in high pressure cases, also by reduction (flashing), and sometimes with
pressure reduction (flashing) additional heating of the solvent
Potential to reduce level of acid gas to a very
Extent of acid gas removal limited
low level

Absorption at atm. pressure

Treated
gas C.W. CO2

C.W.
C.W.

Stripper/desorber
Fan Absorber
Gas
cooler
C.W.
Feed gas steam

Reboiler
Rich solvent
Lean solvent
9

Absorption at elevated pressure

Treated
gas C.W. CO2

C.W.
C.W. LP flash

Absorber
Stripper/desorber

HP flash

Feed gas steam

Reboiler
Rich solvent
Hydraulic Lean solvent
turbine

10
The amine scrubbing process invented by Bottoms in 1930
R. R. Bottoms (Girdler Corp.), Separating acid gases, U.S. Patent 1783901, 1930

G T Rochelle Science 2009;325:1652-1654

11

Packing material

Packing in absorption and desorption columns/towers. To the left

from top: Raschig ring of metal, Torus saddle of ceramics, and Pall
ring of plastic.
To the right is an example of a structured packing;
Raschig Super-Pak

12

Alkanolamines or amines
R3 x N H x 0 x<3
R CH 2 CH 2 OH and R C H 3
H
RNH 2 prim ary am ine N CH2 CH2 OH

H
CH2 CH2 OH
R2 N H secondary am ine H N
CH2 CH2 OH

CH2 CH2 OH
R2 R ' N tertiary am ine CH3 N
CH2 CH2 OH
13

Reactions for primary amines

H

H 2O H OH N CH2 CH2 OH

H
CO2 H 2 O HCO3 H

RNH 2 H RNH 3

RN H 2 C O 2 RN H C O O H

Carbamate

14

Reactions for tertiary amines

CH2 CH2 OH
CH3 N
CH2 CH2 OH

R 2 R ' N C O 2 H 2 O H C O 3 R 2 R ' N H

RN H 2 C O 2 RN H C O O H

Carbamate
15

Sterically hindered amines

H
RNH 2 prim ary am ine N CH2 CH2 OH

Sterically hindered amine is defined as a primary amine in

which an amino group ( NH2 ) is fixed to a tertiary carbon
atom, or a secondary amine in which the amino group is fixed
to a secondary or tertiary carbon atom. Does not form
carbamate.

H CH3

AMP N C CH2 OH
H CH3

16

Chemical solvents
Process Solvent Process conditions Chemistry Developer/licensor
Chemical solvents - organic
Econamine FG 40-55/(95-) 120-
Fluor, US
Econamine FG+ Monoethanolamine MEA 130 C, ambient to H

(12 30 wt-% in aqueous solution + intermediate N CH2 CH2 OH

DOW MEA additives) pressure (1 5 bar) H DOW Chemical, US
Kerr-McGee EA pCO2 >0.03 bar ABB Lummus, US
80-132 C,
Amine Guard FS Monoethanolamine MEA (+ inhibitors) 3-140 bar UOP LLC, US
pCO2 =0.2-5 bar
H CH3 Exxon Mobil
AMP, 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol
Similar to MEA N C CH2 OH Corporaton, US
Sterically hindered amine
H CH3 Statoil ASA, Norway
40-55/100-110 C,
ambient to Mitsubishi HI,
KM-CDR KS-1, sterically hindered amine
intermediate Japan
pressure
PZ Piperazine CH2 CH2
Activated MDEA
Used as activator for MDEA and suggested HN NH BASF, Germany
/ Actived K2CO3
for K2CO3 CH2 CH2

20-60C Societe Nationale Elf

DEA 2n Diethanolamine CH2 CH2 OH
SNEA-DEA 5-75 bar, pCO2 H N Aquitaine (SNEA),
Solutions of DEA (3n Diethanolamine) CH2 CH2 OH
=0.5-25 bar France
OH CH3

ADIP DIPA - di-isopropanolamine 35-40 C CH CH3

H N Shell, Netherlands
>1 bar CH CH3
OH CH3
17

Chemical solvents
Amine Guard II UOP LLC, US
UCARSOL <120 bar CH2 CH2 OH DOW Chemical, US
aMDEA MDEA - methyldiethanolamine pCO2 =2-10 bar CH3 N BASF, Germany
CH2 CH2 OH
ADIP-X
Shell, Netherlands
(MDEA+DIPA)
Abs 80-120C H Fluor, US
Econamine
Diglycolamine [2-(2-amnioethoxy)] Reg 120-140C N CH2 CH2 O CH2 CH2 OH Huntsman
(DGA)
Reg 1,3 2 bar H
Corporation, US
Amines (e.g. MDA or AMP) 200 C O- K +
Flexsorb O C Exxon, US
+ hot potassium carbonate ~14 bar O- K +
Organic activators (amine, glycine) in an
38-150C, R2NH, NH2CH2COOH
Gianmarco- aqueous alkaline solution Gianmarco
atmospheric
Vetrocoke Arsenite (arsenic trioxide ) solution (aqueous Vetrocoke, Italy
pressure K3AsO3, As2O3
sodium or potassium carbonate)

18

Chemical solvents - inorganic

Process Solvent Process conditions Chemistry Developer/licensor
Chemical solvents - inorganic
70-120 C,
10-120 bar
Benfield (3-140 bar) K2CO3+CO2+H2O KHCO3
Hot potassium carbonate with DEA or ACT-1 pCO2 =0.5-15 bar UOP LLC, US
105 C / 20 bar 105 C / 20 bar
as activator, UPak packing, potash
(0,6 -30 bar) 15-30% in H2O
Reg same T like
Abs / p~1,2 bar
Cold potassium carbonate with DEA,
40-130 C, K2CO3 KHCO3 Eickmeyer &
Catacarb potassium borate, and potassium
3-70 bar 10-12% in H2O Associates, US
metavanadate
Chilled 2-76C
Absorption / Regeneration Alstom, US
ammonia Abs 1,6-15,6C
Ammonium carbonate (NH4)2CO3+CO2+H2O2NH4HCO3 EIG Inc, US
Aqueous Reg 120C
Powerspan, US
ammonia pCO2 20,7 34,5bar
Caustic, suggested for CO2 capture from air Ambient NaOH Na2CO3, 8% lye
19

Physical & mixed solvents

Process Solvent Process conditions Chemistry Developer/licensor
Physical solvents
Below ambient T,
20-135 bar
Fluor Solvent Propylene carbonate (C4H6O3) (31 69 bar) Fluor, USA
pCO2 =4-40 bar
Abs -20/+40C,
Inlet gas: 0-15C / ~50 barg
Purisol n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) (C5H9NO) >20 bar Lurgi AG, Germany
Outlet gas: 25C / ~39 barg
pCO2 ~ 10bar
Lurgi AG, Germany
Rectisol Linde AG, Germany
-10/-70C, Lotepro Corp., US
Methanol (CH3OH) pCO2 >10 bar -34 up to -48C /~27.6 barg
Prosernat/IFP Group
Ifpexol Techhnologies,
France
ptot 20-140 bar UOP LLC, US
Selexol
pCO2 =7-30 bar DOW Chemicals, US
Dimethyl ethers of polyethylene glycol Coastal Chemical
Coastal AGR (DMPG/DEPG/DMPEG) ~20C (120C)
Company
(CH3C2nH4nO(n+1)CH3) (without cooling)
Genosorb ~0C (with Udhe GmbH
cooling)
n-oligoethylen-glycol
Sepasolv Abs: ptot ~7 0 bar BASF, Germany
+ methyl-isopropyl-ether

20
General guidelines for selecting acid gas
capture technologies
100
Mem branes follow ed by am ines Mem branes

Physical solvents Mem branes,

Physical solvents, Mixed solvents aq. Carbonate Physical solvents

10
Physical solvents, Mixed solvents, Am ines

Am ines, Mixed solutions,

Inlet Concentration %

Physical solvents,aq. Carbonates

1
Am ines, Mixed solvents

Equal inlet and outlet

0.1 Am ines, Moleculer Sieves

Adsorption-Moleculer Sieves

0.01
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
Outlet Concentration %
21

Absorber modelling
G2 L2
The cross-sectional area (AC) and diameter y2 x2
2
(d) of the absorption column can be found H
using the equation of continuity
dz

d2 4 m
m fg fg u0 Ac fg u0 d
4 fg u0 z
1
G1 L1
y1 x1

22

Absorber modelling
G2 L2
The CO2 absorbed by the liquid stream is y2 x2
2
balanced with the reduction of CO2 in the H
gas stream

dz

d L x d G y
z
1
G1 L1
y1 x1
23

Absorber modelling
G2 L2
Molar flux G y2 x2
2
H
m fg n fg kmol
G s m2
MW fg Ac Ac dz

The flux of CO2 transferring from the gas

stream to the solvent z
1
L1
kmol G1

N CO2 K G p ( y yeq )
y1 x1
2
sm
Mass transfer

1 1 He' m 2 s Pa
kmol
K G kG k L

24

Absorber modelling
G2 L2
transfer area (dA) divided by the volume (Ac dz) y2 x2
2
H
dA m2
a m3
Ac dz dz

dy
the height (H) of the column G K G a p ( y yeq )
dz
z
1
G
H y2

dz H G1 L1
dy
K G a P ( y yeq )
y1 x1
0 y1

For yeq equilibrium relation given by Henrys law

He
yeq xCO2
pCO2
25

Absorber modelling
G2 L2
the height (H) of the column, integrated y2 x2
2

y1 yeq
H
G
y2
G
H
y1
KG a P( y yeq )
dy ln
KG a P y2 yeq dz

z
1
G1 L1
y1 x1

26

Absorber modelling -example

Assuming same power output (400 MW)
from coal and NG fired plants
Assuming same superficial gas velocity in
absorber (here: 4 m/s)
Coal Natural gas
From From After
After cooling
combustion combustion cooling
Oxygen [mol %] 3.43 3.45 12.63 12.73
Nitrogen [mol %] 73.85 74.33 74.53 75.17
CO2 [mol %] 13.85 13.94 3.79 3.82
Water (steam) [mol %] 7.98 7.38 8.16 7.38
Argon [mol %] 0.89 0.90 0.90 0.90
Flow rate flue gas [kg/s] 523.4 801.6
Molecular weight flue
29.68 28.50
gas [kmol/kg]
Flow rate CO2 [kg/s] 103.4 47.3
27

Absorber modelling -example

45 100 %
Column height coal (left)
40 98 %

Capture ratio - fraction captured of incoming CO2

Column height NG (left)
96 %
35
CO2 capture ratio coal (right)
94 %
Absorption column height [m]

30 CO2 capture ratio NG (right)

92 %
25
90 %
20
88 %
15
86 %
10
84 %
5 82 %

0 80 %
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Emission [gram CO2/MJ power]

Comparison of CO2 absorption column height between a coal and natural gas (NG) fired power
plant, both with a net power output of 400 MW including penalty caused by CO2 capture. On
the abscissa is the emission of CO2 to the atmosphere given, and with the straight lines in the
diagram a link to the capture ratio is given.

28

Absorber modelling -example

8000 100 %
Volume absorber coal (left)
98 %
7000
Capture ratio- fraction captured of incoming CO2

Volume absorber NG (left)

96 %
6000 CO2 capture ratio coal (right)
Absorption column volume [m3]

94 %
CO2 capture ratio NG (right)
5000
92 %

4000 90 %

88 %
3000
86 %
2000
84 %
1000
82 %

0 80 %
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Emission [gram CO2/MJ power]

Comparison of CO2 absorption column volume between a coal and natural gas fired power
plant. Because of the larger flue gas flow rate, the cross-sectional area of the absorber with
natural gas flue gas is about 26% higher than for the coal fired case, leading to a larger
volume of the natural gas flue gas absorber compared to that of the coal-fired case.
29

Solvent loading
The loading is defined as the ratio between number of moles of
CO2 and the number of moles of the solvent. The loading
describes how much CO2 is carried by the solvent. The difference
between the lean solvent loading (entering the absorber) and rich
solvent loading (out of the absorber) can be used to find the
required solvent flow rate, given that the amount of CO2 to be
captured from the CO2-containing gas is known.
Treated
gas C.W. CO2

For aqueous MEA,C.W.

the optimal lean loading isC.W.
in the
range 0.25-0.33, while the rich loading typically is in the
range 0.40-0.50

Stripper/desorber
Fan Absorber
Gas
cooler
C.W.
Feed gas steam

Reboiler
Rich solvent
Lean solvent

30

Solvent loading
200 60
MEA/CO2 (left)
Ratio of MEA or MEA+H2O to captured CO2 (mass)

180 55
(MEA+H2O)/CO2 (left), 30 wt% MEA
50
Liquid/gas ratio in absorber [mol/mol]

160 (MEA+H2O)/CO2 (left), 15 wt% MEA

L/G (molar) (right), 30 wt% MEA 45

140
L/G (molar) (right), 15 wt% MEA 40
120 35
100 30

80 25
20
60
15
40
10
20 5
0 0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
Difference in solvent rich loading-lean loading (molar)

Illustration of the required amount of MEA and water (15 and 30wt% MEA) required for
CO2 capture by absorption. On the abscissa is the difference in rich and lean loading of the
MEA, while on the left ordinate is kg of MEA and MEA+H2O per kg of CO2 absorbed. The
ratio of liquid to gas flow rate (molar) in the absorber is shown on the right-hand ordinate.
31

Energy use CO2

compression

p Treated
gas C.W. CO2

C.W.

p
C.W.

p Stripper/desorber

p
Fan Absorber
Gas
cooler
p

C.W.
Feed gas steam

p
Reboiler
Rich solvent
Lean solvent

32
CO2 Energy use: absorption
partial Energy
pressure consumption
0.6 GJ/t CO2
Physical solvents
Medium- 1.5 GJ/t CO2
Selexol, Rectisol, Purisol, MDEA
high

2.4 GJ/t CO2 Benfield/K2CO3

ECONAMINE FG+ New?
3.3 GJ/t CO2 KM CDR/KS-1
Low-
medium

4.2 GJ/t CO2 MEA State-of-the-art

Power plant flue gas

Oct 2011
33
Capture process modifications

Fig. 1. Base case Fig. 2. Absorption intercooling (AI)

Fig. 3. Lean vapor recompression (LVR) Fig. 4. Combined AI and LVR

Oct 2011

34

Energy use
Mechanical work to compensate for the pressure drop of the
flue gas through the flue gas cooler, absorber, water wash
section, and ducting between these.

Mechanical work to drive pumps for cooling water and

solvent circulation

Steam for heating the reboiler of the stripper

Steam for reclaiming of amine in order to keep amine

systems fresh and contaminant free.
35

Power plant

36

Flue gas pressure drop - 1

Heat recovery
HRSG for a gas turbine plant 20-30 mbar
Boiler (coal/oil/gas-fired unit) is normally equipped
with its own fan to maintain a slight under-atmospheric
pressure in the boiler.
Flue gas cooler - 10 mbar
NOX scrubber (SCR), if required 3-7 mbar
Bypass-stack system with dampers (bypassing the CO2
capture absorber), if used 2-5 mbar
Flue gas recycle (dampers, ducting), if used
Absorber, packing and water wash, 50-100 mbar
Duct & stack 10-15 mbar, may vary a lot depending on
length/height
37

Flue gas pressure drop - 2

Work requirement of the fan is proportional to the inlet temperature
(Tfan) and pressure rise (p), and inversely proportional to the
isentropic efficiency (is,fan):
1
Wfan Tfan p
is, fan
For the turbine to overcome the downstream pressure drop, work
generation has to be sacrificed. The turbine work is proportional to
the inlet temperature (Tturb) that for the rather small pressure
drop is very close to the turbine exit temperature, to the pressure
drop (p), and to the isentropic efficiency (is,turb):

W tu rb is , tu rb Ttu rb p

38

Flue gas pressure drop - 3

When comparing the work required by the fan and that sacrificed
by the turbine, one can look at the ratio between the two:

W fan 1 T fan

Wturb is ,turb is , fan Tturb

Assuming a temperature of 40 C for the fan and 600 C for the

turbine, the above relation shows that the temperature ratio
(Kelvin!) constitutes 36%, and when the efficiencies are included
(simply assuming 80% for both), the ratio becomes about 56%.
This shows that from a plant efficiency point of view, it is
advantageous to let a fan, rather than the turbine, do the work to
overcome the flue gas pressure drop.
39

Flue gas pressure drop - 4

0.36 100
0.34
0.32 90
0.30 dp=40 mbar
Flue gas compression work for absorber

dp=80 mbar 80
0.28 dp=120 mbar

Flue gas compression work for absorber

0.26 dp=160 mbar

pressure drop [kWhpower/tonne CO2]

70
0.24
[MJpower/kg CO2]

0.22 60
pressure drop

0.20
0.18 50
0.16
0.14 40
0.12
30
0.10
0.08
20
0.06
0.04 10
0.02
0.00 0
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
CO2 content of the flue gas [% CO2]

40
Steam turbine steam extraction- 1
Steam that is extracted from a steam turbine could alternatively
have been used for further expansion and power generation
Heat production reduces the power generation (fixed fuel flow)

Q

W
1 W Q
Q m steam (hextr hcond )
How is the power output reduced as function of heat generation?

W no extraction Q

LHV
41
Steam turbine steam extraction- 2
Q Typical amine boiling Q
District heating 5
3.5 5
W or paper drying W
15 30
29
14 condenser pressure = 0.04 [bar] 28
condenser pressure = 0.07 [bar] 27

saturation pressure for temperature on abscissa [bar]

13 Saturation line 26
25
12 24
Ratio between heat in extracted steam and
loss of steam turbine power output, [-]

23
11 22
21

Steam extraction pressure =

10 20
19
9 18
17
8 16
15
7 14
13
6 12
11
5 10
9
4 8
7
3 6
5
2 4
3
1 2
1
0 0
60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230
CHP
Steam extraction Bolland, 2007saturated [C]
temperature,

42
Steam turbine steam extraction- 3
The work calculation of depends on the pressure ratio between the
extraction point and the downstream condenser, the steam condition at
the extraction point, and the steam turbine efficiency:
1


is m c pT1 1 2
p
Wexp
p1


The value of depends very much on the temperature at which steam is
extracted, and also to some extent on the condenser pressure (0.04 vs.
0.07 bar). For a certain steam extraction pressure, let us say 4 bar, the
pressure ratio downstream the steam extraction point varies from
4/0.04=100 to 4/0.07=57. The influence of the condenser pressure is
more evident as smaller the extraction pressure is.
43

Classification - 1

44

Classification - 2
45

Post-combustion - examples

Combined cycle with partial recirculation of flue gas. After the HRSG, the flue gas is cooled to a
temperature that may be in the range 20-50 C. For power cycle efficiency reasons and for
achieving a high compressor flow rate, the temperature should be as low as possible. The
temperature of the flue gas needs also to fit that required in the CO2 capture process

46

Post-combustion - examples
To stack
Combined cycle with integrated
absorption process. (1) turbine
hot gas interchanger, (2) stripper
reboiler, which primarily uses HRSG
Condenser
sensible and latent heat of the
combustion products gas from Air
the turbine. Bleed steam from the
intake Steam
steam turbine is used as required Exhaust
for the stripper heat balance, (3) Fuel
seawater cooler, (4) absorber, (5)
solvent turbine, (6) CO2 is flashed Steam
Compressor Turbine
off, (7) rich/lean solvent heat turbine
exchanger, (8) stripper, (9) lean
solvent pump. Gas turbine
Compression Steam
of CO 2 bleed

1 CO 2
CO 2

2
4 6 8
3 7
2
5 9
47

Post-combustion - examples

The SARGAS cycle which is derived from PFBC technology. CO2 capture takes place at a rather
high partial pressure.

48

Post-combustion - examples

The Combicap cycle

49

Environmental concerns
Treated
gas C.W. CO2

C.W.
C.W.

Stripper/desorber
Fan Absorber
Gas
cooler
C.W.
Feed gas steam

Reboiler
Rich solvent
Lean solvent

Reclaimer

50

Environmental impact of solvents

North Atlantic offshore classification of chemicals

Category Criteria Ecotoxicity tests Actions

Priority list (Stortingsmelding Nr. 25)
OSPAR List of Chemicals for Priority Action
Both low biodegradability and high bioaccumulation (BOD28 <
Black 20 %, and Log POW 5) Not discharged
Low biodegradability and toxic (BOD28 < 20 %, and EC50 or
LC50 10 mg/L)
Compounds expected to be carcinogenic/mutagenic or harmful
to reproduction
Inorganic chemicals with high toxicity (EC50 or LC50 1 mg/L)
Organic chemicals with low biodegradability (BOD28 < 20 %)
Red Phased out or
Organic chemicals or mixtures which meet 2 of the 3 following
criteria: Biodegradability < 60 %, bioaccumulation potential
replaced
(Log POW 5), or toxicity of EC50 or LC50 10 mg/L
Yellow Include compounds which based on their characteristics are not
defined as RED or BLACK, and
Accepted
NOT included in the PLONOR list
Green Chemicals expected to have NO environmental effects Testing not
PLONOR list required
OSPAR List of Substances / Preparations Used and Discharged Offshore which
Are Considered to Pose Little or No Risk to the Environment (PLONOR)
OSPAR = Oslo and Paris Commissions - www.ospar.org/
51

Process chemicals need to be

ecologically acceptable
Experimental characterization: Toxicology and biodegradation
studied for a wide range of chemicals by standardized and
internationally accepted tests.
Marine biodegradation test (OECD 306)
Marine phytoplankton test with Skeletonema Costatum
(ISO/DIS-10253)
Results treated with statistical methods to find relation between
structure, toxicology and degradation.
Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR)
Further studies of selected chemicals
Bioaccumulation studies (OECD 117)
Response studies with the copepod Calanus finmarchicus

52

Ecotoxicity tests
Skeletonema - EC50
MDEA-Sleipner
Triethylamine
Sulfolan
Spermine
Spermidine
TBEA
ACHP
PETA Ecotoxicity of some amines:
DMPA
Dimethylamine
DMAPA Ecotoxicity is here presented as
Ala
Sar
Gly
EC-50, i.e. the concentration
TMPDA
MAPA
DMPDA
where algal growth is inhibited
2-Hydroxyethyl-PIPA
Morpholine
PIPA
by 50 percent. The results were
Piperidine
Pyrrolidine
DIPA determined by a marine
DIPA
MIPA
MDEA phytoplankton test conducted
AEPD
DEEA
DMMEA/DMEA according to ISO/DIS guideline
DGA
BHE
DEA
10253, using the alga
AMPD
DETA
AEEA
Skeletonema Costatum
EAE
MMEA
AMP
AB
MPA
MEA
PDA
EDA
1

4
0
10

10

10

10

10

EC-50 (mg/L)
53

Biodegradability
BOD

TEA
MDEA-Sleipner
Triethylamine
Sulfolan-retest
Biodegradability of some amines:
Sulfolan
Spermine The Biological Oxygen Demand
Spermidine
TBEA
ACHP (BOD) is a measure for
PETA - retest
PETA
DMPA
biodegradation, and the purple bars
Dimethylamine
DMAPA
Ala
are the BOD in percent degraded
Sar
Gly
TMPDA
amine relative to the theoretical
MAPA
DMPDA
2-HydroxyethylPIPA
oxygen demand (ThOD). The
Morpholine
PIPA biodegradation results were
Piperidine
Pyrrolidine
DIPA
determined according to the OECD
MIPA
MDEA
AEPD
guideline 306, Biodegradability
DEEA
DMMEA/DMEA
DGA
in seawater. The red line
BHE
DEA
AMPD
represents the lowest acceptable
DETA
AEEA value for a chemical to be released
EAE
MMEA
AMP
in the marine environment and the
AB
MPA
MEA
green line represents the lower limit
PDA
EDA for chemical to be released
0 20 40 60 80 100
BOD (% of ThOD)
independent of the ecotoxicity.

54

Water wash to reduce absorbent losses

Treated
gas Important features C.W. CO 2

Control the amount of water in

C.W. inlet flue gas
C.W.
Low temperature in the water
wash section
Use of staged water wash
Absorber
Non-azeotropic systems
Stripper/desorber
Gas Fan
cooler
C.W.
Feed gas Result steam

In flue gas after the absorber:

Reboiler
Rich solvent 0.02-0.03 ppm possible
Lean solvent

Reclaimer
55

Outlet for volatile degradation products

Possibilities
Bleed from upper wash stages
Acid wash
Treated Biological waste treatment
C.W.
gas CO2

C.W.
C.W.

Stripper/desorber
Fan Absorber
Gas
cooler
C.W.
Feed gas steam

Reboiler
Rich solvent
Lean solvent

56

Outlet for non-volatile degradation products

Treated
gas C.W. CO2

C.W.
C.W.

Stripper/desorber
Fan Absorber
Gas
cooler
C.W.
Feed gas steam

Reboiler
Rich solvent
Lean solvent

Reclaimer waste
Reclaimer
Heat stable salts(e.g. neutralized acids)
Special waste
Safe deposit or storage