A Second Global Conflict

Chapter 31
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IMy1ZLyaSqk
 Old and New Causes
I. National Socialist Party (Nazi Party)
I. Came to power in 1933 and ended in 1945
II. Voted for with Adolf Hitler, who would pronounce himself as chancellor of Germany
III. Promised to restore political stability, give more civilians jobs, and to remilitarize Germany
IV. Party's main agenda was dismantling the Treaty of Versailles as is was no help to the German people, in the eyes of the Nazis
V. In 1936, a rearmament began and the remilitarization ended in 1936 in the new Rhineland, and a forced union with Austria in 1938
II. Italy became a close ally with the Nazi Party
I. Intervened with Germany in Spanish Civil War in 1930s
II. Both Air Forces overwhelmed Spanish military and just used the war as a training ground
III. The Italian mechanized forces far too superior for Spanish troops
IV. Became ally with Germany
V. Benito Mussolini became leader of Nazi Party in Italy in 1922
III. Japanese aggressive movement in the West, or East
I. Invaded Manchuria in 1931
II. Invaded China in 1937
III. America cut off supply to Japan when they invaded French Indochina and Hitler invaded Russia
 Think Total War
Total War - a war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the
territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued, especially one
in which the laws of war are disregarded
Unchecked Aggression and the Coming
of War
Introduction
WWII began on September 1, 1939 with German Invasion of Poland
Japanese invasion of Manchuria seen part of the global conflict existing before September of 39
Main provocations was deliberate aggressions of Nazi Germany and a militarized and imperialistic Japan
Leaders
Hitler and Mussolini saw that Britain, France, and the United States were willing to sacrifice small states
Winston Churchill was kept from power by voters who had no stomach for another world war
The Japanese Invasion of China
Japanese military moved before Nazis in 1937 with a massive invasion of China
Uneasy about American and British reactions to another major round of Japanese aggression
The Japanese forces met great success, with extensive aerial bombing against cities and civilians, but as Chinese resistance
stiffened, Japanese soldiers resorted to draconian reprisals against Chinese forces and civilians
Took out frustrations on retreating troops and civilian population
The Partition of Poland and Nazis War in the West
The Tripartite pact not signed until September 1940, after the war was quite underway
Hitler now concentrated forces to Slavic East, to provide living space for his master race
To by time, he signed a nonaggression pact with Stalin in August of 1939
After the signing , Wehrmacht soldiers overran Western Poland; the country split between Russia and Germany
Britain and France had no choice but to declare war and used the defensive lines from WWI to fight the Nazis
 The Conduct of A Second Global War
Nazi Blitzkrieg, Stalemate, and the Long Retreat
With Japan bogged down in China, Nazis captured France and Low countries with new strategy, the Blitzkrieg
Involved the rapid penetration of enemy territory by a combination of tanks and mechanized troop carriers, backup
infantry, and supporting fighter aircraft and bombers
Rapid collapse of France was is part due to divided and weak leadership the republic had displayed
France demoralized
Nation's defenses outdated and susceptible to attack
By summer of 40, all north and central France was in German hands
Battle of Britain
German air forces attacked Britains peoples and cities
A small British air force able to withstand the Luftwaffe
Victory for Britain was due to strong leadership by Churchill and very strong cabinet, and the innovation of radar
devices
Hitler had to abandon the British isles because lack of air superiority
By mid-1941, Nazis controlled most of continental Europe and Mediterranean; rescued the Italians campaign to occupy
small countries
Hitler launched offensives in North Africa and appointed Erwin Rommel to lead forces on N. Africa and into Egypt
The Advance of Germany
The Conduct of a Second Global War
The Eastern Front
German forces at 3.5 million, and the Soviets outnumbered them 10 to 1
Nazis drove Soviets out of Slavic East, but as fighting went on, Soviet resistance did not collapse and they
retreated east rather than surrender
Soviet resistance stiffened and halted the Nazis at Moscow and Leningrad and with the harsh winter,
Russians used it to their advantage to counterattack with ferocity on a wide front
New German offensives in 1942 drove deep into Russia but failed to capture cities like Moscow,
Leningrad, and Stalingrad, and maybe the great Baku oil fields
Some of the greatest battles took place on the Eastern Front
Kursk: featured thousands of Tanks deployed and destroyed by each side
The failed attempt to capture Stalingrad led to the destruction of an entire German army
In 1943, Soviets went on the offensive and the Germans began the long retreat back
By late 1944, Soviets captured Poland and much of east central Europe
Hitlers thousand year Reich was only months from ending
 The Conduct of a Second Global War
Anglo-American Offensives, Encirclement, and the End of the 12-Year Reich
Before the attack on Pearl Harbor, America provided assistance to Great Britain
Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. President Roosevelt called it a day which will live in Infamy. The
next day, America declared war on Japan and on December 11, declared war on Germany
American Forces first entered in the campaigns to counter German U-Boats in the Atlantic
American tanks joined British in North Africa in 1942 and 1943
As German forces were bogged down on Eastern Front, Allied High Command, with Eisenhower as Commander,
prepared landings in Northern France
On June 6, 1944, the allies established beachheads at Normandy
Operation market Garden was a failed attempt by allies to end the war before Christmas
Despite Hitlers last attempt to stop the allies at the Battle of the Bulge, the allies crossed into Germany in early 1945
In April, 1945, Russian and American forces linked up on Elbe River
On April 30, Hitler committed Suicide and less than two weeks later, the German High Command surrendered
May 8, 1945, became known as V-E Day or Victory in Europe Day
Operation Market Garden
The Pacific Campaign
 The Conduct of a Second Global War
The Rise and fall of the Japanese Empire in the Pacific
Attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941
After Pearl Harbor, roughly one third of all Japanese military forces would remain in China
The Japanese quickly captured colonial territories of the British in Hong Kong in south China as well as Malaya and Burma. Also overran Dutch East Indies and the
Philippines
The U.S. soon emerged as the major counterforce to Japans ever-expanding Asian Empire
The U.S. used a new tactic to push back the Japanese. They called it Island Hopping
a military strategy of concentrating on Japanese islands which were not well defended
The Japanese Empire proved highly vulnerable to Allied forces committed to its destruction
Resistance fighters also helped the British and Americans of pushing back the Japanese
Southeast Asian guerrilla forces played a significant role in sabotaging occupying forces and harassing retreating Japanese
Main front of Pacific Theater was centered on the scattered islands that Japan had began to occupy
Within 6 months of Pearl Harbor, both forces had a standoff at the Battle of the Coral Sea
In June of 42, off Midway island, American forces won a decisive victory over the powerful carrier force of Japan
By early 1944, Allied forces had come within striking distance of the Japan mainland
In March 1945, a mass aerial bombardment of Japanese cities was ordered
By the early summer of 1945, Japanese leaders sending out peace feelers, while more fanatical elements in the army promising to fight to the death
On August 6th and three days later on the 9th, atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Manhattan Project
Began in 1942 to compete with Nazi Germany
Started when Roosevelt was in Office, carried out under Truman
Operated with very tight security
First set one off in New Mexico and then on to Japan
Short term casualties in both cities were well over 100,000, and deaths from radiation increased over years
The allies demanded unconditional surrender
August 14, 1945, became known as V-J day or Victory in Japan Day
 Wars End and the Emergence of the

Superpower Standoff in the Cold War

Introduction
WWII did not produce the sweeping peace settlements that had officially ended WW1
A key result of the allied discussions was agreement on establishing the United Nations (UN)
The U.S. pledged to join
The Soviet Union was also a charter member, along with Britain, and France
With successful establishment of the UN, international diplomacy and assistance moved beyond orbit of the Western Powers that had
all but monopolized them for centuries
Its primary mission was to provide a forum for negotiating international disputes
From Hot War to Cold War
The Cold War lasted until the 1980s, with various points of crisis and confrontation, though, direct contact between the two
superpowers did not occur
The U.S.-Soviet confrontation began when WWII allies turned to debate nature of postwar settlement
Three Wartime Conferences
Tehran Conference
1944
Allies agreed on the invasion of Nazi occupied France
Yalta Conference
Discussed in the Soviet Crimea early in 1945
President Roosevelt was eager to press the Soviet Union for assistance against Japan
Potsdam Conference
July 1945
established a Council of Foreign Ministers and a central Allied Control Council for administration of Germany
Wars End and the Emergence of the
Superpower Standoff in the Cold War
The three powers arranged to divide Germany into four occupied zones (having liberated
France with a chunk)
All the maneuvers by the two powers had several results
Japan occupied by the U.S. and its wartime gains stripped away
Korea was freed but then divided between U.S. and Soviets
Asian colonies returned to their original masters
China regained most of its former territory
The effort to restore old colonial regimes also applied to Middle East, India, and Africa
In Europe, boundaries of the Soviet Union pushed westward, with virtually all the losses after
WW1 erased
Except Greece and Yugoslavia, the new nations quickly fell under Soviet domination
The first comprised challenges by subject peoples to the tired vestiges of control by the great
European empires the movement known as decolonization that in a few decades would
create scores of new nations in Asia, Africa, and the West Indies. The second great theme was
the confrontation between the two superpowers the emerged from the war- U.S. and the Soviet
Union
Western Society and Eastern Europe in

the Cold War

Background
A. After World War II
1. Soviets create an empire that dominates Eastern Europe
2. Western Europe recovers, but not totally dominant
3. US breaks from isolationist and turns international
B. Cold War - democratic capitalism vs. communism
1. Led to alliances and arms race
C. Western Europe
1. Turned to service based economy
2. Social transformation > more roles for women
3. Democracy had firm roots - unlike decades before
4. Europe started to work together not as independent nationalistic nations
D. Soviet Union turns industrialist
1. New world role
2. Science exploration and sports achievement
Global Connections: The Cold War and the World
A. Importance of Cold War
1. Key role in decolonization and nationalism
2. Some nations could play US/USSR against each other to gain
B. Similarities
1. Both secular
-not religious
2. Challenged traditional roles
3. Sold weapons around the world
4. Created system of hatred/fear/lack of tolerance of outside world
 Cold War Main Events
The Iron Curtain (November 6, 1946)
Coined by Winston Churchill
Boundary that separated the Warsaw Pact countries from the NATO countries
Division between free and repressed societies
The Marshall Plan (1948)
Designed to provide loans to help western nations rebuild from the war
To the Soviets, the plan was a vehicle for U.. Economic dominance
The Berlin Airlift
Soviets blockaded allied side to starve the people into Soviet dominance
Allied response
Massive air supply-flying night and day to feed the city
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
Formed in 1949
Under U.S. leadership
To group against possible Soviet aggression
Warsaw Pact
Under leadership of Soviet Union
Formed in 1955
 Cold War Main Events
Space Race
1955 1972
Supremacy in spaceflight capability
Sputnik
Launched by a Soviet R-7 ICBM
October 4, 1957
World's first artificial satellite
Seen by the U.S as now the Soviets are capable of delivering a nuclear warhead into U.S. air space
Explorer One
Launched in 1958 by the United States
To compete with the Soviet Union
In the same year, Eisenhower signed a order to create NASA
Along with two national security oriented space programs
The United States officially won the Space Race by landing on the moon
1969
Apollo 11
Neil Armstrong first man on moon
 Cold War Main Events
U-2 Incident
May 1, 1960
A U.S. spy plane was shot down over Soviet Air Space
Soviets produced its intact remains
Cuban Missile Crisis
1962
Closest encounter to nuclear war
Soviets put Nuclear missiles on the island of Cuba
90 miles from the U.S.
U.S. President Kennedy ordered a naval blockade of the island
U.S prepared to use force if necessary
Soviet Leader promised to remove to missiles if the U.S. wouldnt invade the island
U.S. agreed and the crisis came to a halt
 End of the Cold War
Berlin Wall
Erected in 1961
Separated East and West Germany; Democracy from Communism
At least 171 people died trying to cross
Escape was not impossible
More than 5,000 people crossed the border
The Fall of the Wall
November 9, 1989
Communists decided to make changes with relations with the west
One year after the fall, on October 3, 1990, East and West Germany was officially reunit
Global Connections: The Cold War and the World
A. Importance of Cold War
1. Key role in decolonization and nationalism
2. Some nations could play US/USSR against each other to gain
B. Similarities
1. Both secular
-not religious
2. Challenged traditional roles
3. Sold weapons around the world
4. Created system of hatred/fear/lack of tolerance of outside world