Building Services 2012

1.(a) Identify any four (4) measures to enhance the interaction between buildings
and climate(4MARKS)
1. Foliage
2. The effect of surface
3. The effect of aspect
4. The effect of shelter
(b).The surface of a wall has a temperature of 15 oc when air at 20oc first begins to
condense upon the wall surface. Use Psychometric chart to find the RH of the air
and the reduction in moisture content necessary to lower the RH of the air to 40%.
RH = 48%
MC= 0.073

(c). A 102 mm thick brick wall is insulated on the inside surface by the addition of
40mm of mineral wool covered with 10 mm of plasterboard. The thermal
resistances, in m2 K/W, are: external surface 0.055, brickwork 0.133, mineral wool
0.4, plater board 0.06 and internal surface 0.123. The Vapour resistivities, in GN
s/kg m, are: brickwork 60, mineral wool 5, and plasterboard 50. The inside air is at
15oC and 59% RH; the outside air is at 25oC and 100% RH.
(i) Calculate the boundary values of structural temperatures and dew-points.
(10MARKS)
Step 1. Calculate the temperature drop = 25- 15= 10
Step 2.Use thermal resistance to calculate temperature drop

Element Thickness Thermal Temperature Boundary

(m) Resistance ( R Drop Temperature
) =R/RT*T
Inside Air 15
Internal - 0.123 0.159533*10
Surface
Boundary 13.40467
Plasterboard 0.01 0.06 0.077821*10
Boundary 12.62646
Mineral Wool 0.04 0.4 0.518807*10
Boundary 7.43839
Brick Wall 0.102 0.133 0.172503*10
Boundary 5.71336
External - 0.055 0.071336*10
Surface
Boundary 5.0
Total 0.152 RT= 0.771

Step 3.

Step 4.

Inside vapour pressure = 10.5 (@ 15 degrees and 59%RH)

Outside vapour pressure = 32 (@ 25 degrees and 100%RH)
Difference in vapour pressure = 32 -10.5
= 21.5
Step 5

Layer Thicknes Vapour Vapour Vp drop Vp at Dew

s L(m) Resistivit Resistan P=Rv/RvT * boundary Point at
y ce PT (Pa) Boundar
rv Rv =rvL y
Internal - - Neg - - -
Surface
Boundary - - - - 32 25
Plasterbo 0.01 50 0.5 0.5/6.82*21.
ard 5
=1.5762463
34
Boundary - - - - 30.42375 24
367
Mineral 0.04 5 0.2 0.2/6.82*21.
Wool 5
=0.6304985
34
Boundary - - - - 29.79325 23.8
514
Brick Wall 0.102 60 6.12 =6.12/6.82*
21.5
=19.387829
91
Boundary - - - - 10.40542 7
523
External - - neg - - -
Surface
Boundary
Total 0.152 6.82

2 (a) Design a lighting installation for a college seminar room so that the average illuminance is
500 lux on the horizontal working plane, using the data listed below. Suggest the layout and
check appropriate spacing to mounting height. . [9 Marks]

Room dimensions: 12 m long x 8 m wide x 3.2 m high

 Working plane at 0.7 m above floor

Reflection factors: Ceiling 70 %

Walls 50 %

Working plane 20 %

Light Loss factor: 0.779

Luminaires: 1800 mm twin tube with opal diffuser open beneath

Ceiling mounted

Downward light output ratio 50 %

SHR MAX 1.60: 1

SHR NOM 1.50: 1

Dimensions : 1800 mm long x 200 mm wide

Lamps: 1800 mm 75 W plus white

5800 average initial lumens per lamp

2 lamps per luminaire

Know: Reflectances: 0.7 Ceiling 0.5 Wall

RI = L*W/Hm(L+W)
= 12*8/ (3.2-0.7)(12+8)
= 1.92
Using table 3 found the UF to be 0.5336
N= E x A/F x UF x LLF x n
=500 * 96/ 5800*0.5336*0.779* 2
=48000/4821.82304
= 9.95
Therefore the number of luminaries are : 10
Initial Check on S/Hm ratio shows:
S/Hm = 1/HmA/N
=1/2.596/10
=0.49.6
= 1.24:1
Therefore it does not exceed the 1.6:1 therefore the 10 luminaries will fit
An array of 5 x 2 array or 10 x 1 array can be used.
(b) . With illustrations express the existing relationship between Steradians, Luminous Intensity
and Illumination. [5 Marks]
The angular span for candela is expressed in steradian on a sphere with a radius of one metre
gives a surface of one m2. A full sphere measures 4 Steradians. Since the luminous intensity is
measured in candela it is described in terms of an angle, the distance at which you measure this
intensity is irrelevant. Lux (unit lx) is a measure of illumination of a surface. Light meters often
measure lux values (or footcandles, but these are directly related: one footcandle is 10.764 lx).
Formally, lux is a derived unit from lumen, which is a derived unit from candela. Yet, the concept
of lux is more easily compared to candela than to lumen.

(c) With illustrations show the effects of window shape on the daylight factor for tall narrow
window and long high windows. [3 Marks]
Long thin horizontal windows will not provide as much light per unit area as taller more vertical
windows. Contours around windows have characteristic lobe shapes which converge at the edge
of the windows. Tall windows provide greater penetration of contours.
(d) Explain with illustrations the integration of artificial lighting and daylight [PSALI]. [3
Marks]
This is the integration of artificial and natural daylight
Advantages are:
Fuel and power savings (Building Regs L1 & L2)
Retains the psychological benefits of daylighting for deeper rooms

Provides sufficient light for tasks at all times

3 (a) The external Lecture hall wall is 3 meters by 10 meters in

area, facing a car park at a distance of 10 m from the line of
traffic. An octave band analysis at the lecture wall window gave
the following.
The construction consist of a 250 mm cavity wall containing a
single glazed window. The sound reduction indices are 55 dB for
the cavity wall and 44 dB for the window both at 1000Hz.
(a) Calculate the Insulation needed for each frequency [2
marks]
I1= 10 log101/T I2= 10 log101/T
= 10 log10 1000 = 10 log10 1000
=10*3 =10*3
=30dB =30dB
I1 = 55-30 I2 = 44-30
= 25 dB =14 dB

(b) Calculate for 1000Hz the maximum area of window, if the necessary insulation at
1000Hz must be 50 dB [8 marks]
 Frequency(Hz) 20-75 75-150 150- 300- 600- 1200- 2400- 4800-
300 600 1200 2400 4800 1000
Outside 93 89 87 86 87 84 82 79
window (dB)
NC 35 63 55 47 42 37 35 33 32
For Partition Wall: A of Wall = 10*3 Cavity Wall = 55 dB
2
=30 m
For Window: Window =44 dB Area of Window= x

R = 10 log (1/T) R = 10 log (1/T)

55= 10 log (1/T) 44= 10 log (1/T)
5.5 =log 1/T 4.4 =log 1/T
Antilog 5.5 = 1/T Antilog 4.4 = 1/T
3.15 x 105= 1/T 2.5 x 104 = 1/T
3.175 x 10-6 = T 4 x 10-5 = T
To = (Tl X A1) (T2x
Item
Item Area (m2)2)
Area (m
A2) / A1 + A2
Plaster on solid backing 265
3 (b) For the 3 mm glass
Plaster on solid 43
265 given
coefficient of Wood
backingboards on joists 70 adsorption of
audiences and 25 mm wood wool slabs 60 the specific
3 mm glass 43
construction Plate glass (7mm) 96 materials.
Calculate the Ceilingboards
Wood plaster on joists 310
70 reverberation
time for the Floor tiles 300 three
25 mm wood wool 60
frequency Audience (persons) 250 given.[7
slabs
marks] Air 2500m3
Plate glass (7mm) 96
Ceiling plaster 310
3(c) Explain healthy
hazards Floor tiles 300 associated
with loud noises and
Audience (persons) 250
how to minimize
them on the Air 2500m 3 working
place. With Illustrations
explain the difference between temporary threshold shift and permanent threshold shift and
safety [3 marks]