Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
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Teachers Book
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Essential Science
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Bal
2
Black Sea
A T L A N T I C GALLIA 10
www.indexnet.santillana.es www.indexnet.santillana.es
www.richmondelt.com www.richmondelt.com
7 sarcophagus
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01. Living things Living and non-living things Interpreting a diagram Respect for all
Characteristics of life Studying photographs living things
processes
Cells and the parts of a cell
Unicellular and multicellular
organisms
02. Plants Flowering and non-flowering Observing parts of a plant Fruit and health
plants Describing the reproduction
Classification of plants of plants
Plants breathe, make food
and reproduce
05. Nutrition The main organs in the Interpreting anatomical Healthy eating
digestive, respiratory, drawings habits
circulatory and excretory Observing photographs
systems
Natural sciences
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19. Rivers Rivers, lakes Observing drawings and photos The effects
and watersheds Locating climate zones on a globe of human
Climate and weather action on the
Living things and their environment
habitats
10. Population The concept of population Interpreting a population bar Respect for
Causes and types Doing a census people from
of migration other cultures
Characteristics of the Respect
population in Spain for senior
citizens
11. The economy The concept of active Identifying industries in own area The
population Using maps to locate services importance
The agricultural, industrial of all types of
and service sectors work
Tourism and transport Road safety
in Spain
Geography and History
13. The Middle Ages The Germanic tribes Putting historical events in order Respect
and the Visigothic kingdom Interpreting historical maps for historic
The characteristics buildings
of Al Andalus
The expansion of the
Christian kingdoms
Society in Spain after 1492
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indicates
a reading
activity.
Look
The units begin
READ
with a LOOK or
1. Living and non-living things 1 2. Life processes
In nature, there are living things There are three basic life processes:
COMPARE
shows that it is
and non-living things.
Nutrition section which
People, animals and plants are living things.
Living things eat food, which contains nutrients.
also recorded. Rocks, air and wind are non-living things. Nutrients are substances which provide energy.
focuses
Living things have the following characteristics:
Sensitivity
attention on the
They are born from other living things.
They eat.
Living things react to their environment. theme of the
They react to their environment.
They grow.
Reproduction
Living things have offspring.
unit.
They reproduce. Many living things need a mate to reproduce.
Finally, they die. New living things replace the ones which die.
indicates that the
activity should
Activities Make more sentences. Living things are born. Living things first be done
What living things are there in your home?
orally.
Activities at the bottom
of the page reinforce LIVING THINGS 5
Rivers
EXPRESSING POSSESSION
A regions characteristic temperature
The Earths climate
A rivers course and flow
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2 4
J F M A M J J A S O N D Glossary sunlight
Temperature 5 9 13 15 18 20 24 26 25 19 10 7 alligator
tuber
Precipitation 50 54 70 78 83 60 30 15 90 86 88 69
aquatic
1. Complete the temperature.
Put a point on each month using the information in the table. Then draw a red line
to connect the points from all twelve months. glossary to record abdomen
arachnid
beak
bony fish
2. Complete the precipitation.
Each month on the table is represented by a vertical blue bar at a different height
on the graph.
the vocabulary arthropod
cephalothorax
carnivore
cartilaginous fish
echinoderm crocodile
40 80 exoskeleton egg
insect feather
30 60 invertebrate fin
20 40
Projects and tasks mollusc
myriapod
fur
gill
oviparous habitat
10 20
Projects and tasks parasite incubation
shell lizard
0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
0
lead the students to sponge lung
thorax mammal
36
reflect, and carry out 57
simple experiments.
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UNIT 1 UNIT 0
Living things
Contents for 1.
2.
Distinguishing living things and non-living things
Identifying the characteristics of living things and life processes PHOTOCOPIABLE RESOURCES SPECIAL PROGRAMMES*
3. Understanding what a cell is and the parts of a cell
Science skills 4.
5.
Understanding that there are unicellular organisms and multicellular organisms
Learning how living things are organised
Reinforcement and extension
Reinforcement: Worksheet 1
Developing intelligence worksheets
Working with recent immigrants
Extension: Worksheet 1
Richmond World Facts are long and thinwhen they contract, they produce movement.
The three main parts of cells are the nucleus, the cytoplasm and
the cell membrane. The nucleus is the central part of a cell and
controls most of its functions. The cytoplasm is a jellylike
cytoplasm
cell
cell
membrane
Bone Muscle
Knowing that cells are the smallest living units in a living thing
up of several types of tissue. For example, there are three types of bone tissue
in bones: a hard outer tissue, a sponge-like tissue inside bones, and a smooth
tissue at the ends of bones. In the skin, which is also an organ, there is
epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue and connective tissue.
Musculoskeletal System
Classifying living things into three kingdoms * Not yet available in English
16 17
Activity Book
all Activity Book If people eat undercooked meat from this infected pig,
the larva grows in their intestine. It becomes a tapeworm.
This parasite absorbs their food and causes weakness Viviparou are born from their
flatwor
ascari gill trace lung
trichi>ell
10 9
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Language objectives
A cross-reference
Content objectives to the language Hands on
A cross-reference objectives. A classroom experience
to the content which is motivating and
objectives Vocabulary simple to do.
on the previous Presented in
double page. alphabetical order. Special attention
It is recommended
that students Points which may be
learn it. difficult for the students
in both Science and
English.
Vocabulary Vocabulary
Content objectives: 1, 2. are born, die, eat, grow, living things, non-living things, Content objectives: 3, 4. cell, cytoplasm, membrane, multicellular,
Language objectives: 1,2, 3. nutrients, nutrition, react, reproduce, sensitivity Language objectives: 1, 2, 3, 4. nucleus, unicellular
I Special attention
Living things Cells
I Special attention
LOOK READ
Using the vocabulary correctly 1. What is a cell? Understanding that cells are three-
Relative clauses with which Look at this photo.
Living things are made up of tiny units
dimensional and not flat
What living things
can you see?
called cells.
Understanding that humans are made up
Cells are the smallest living units
I Hands on What non-living things
can you see?
in a living thing. of tiny cells
Some living things are made up of a single cell.
I Hands on
They are unicellular.
Other living things are made up of many cells.
Our pets These cells are amplified by a microscope.
They are multicellular.
Encourage Ss to talk about their
2. What are cells like? Making yoghurt
experiences with pets.
Cells differ in shape and size. Pour two litres of warm milk into
Ask: Who has a pet? What is it? What They carry out different tasks.
a container. Add two plain yoghurts
does it do? (It sleeps, plays, eats) For example, our skin cells
READ are different from our bone cells. and mix. Put a lid on the container
What does it need? (food, water )
1. Living and non-living things 1 2. Life processes
and cover it with a towel.
3. Parts of a cell 2
In nature, there are living things There are three basic life processes: Ask: What do you think will happen
Cells have three parts:
I Presentation
and non-living things.
Nutrition We use microscopes to study small things. after twelve hours? (The milk will
People, animals and plants are living things. The membrane is the covering
Living things eat food, which contains nutrients. around the cell. change to yoghurt.)
Rocks, air and wind are non-living things. Nutrients are substances which provide energy.
LOOK Focus on the photo and questions. Living things have the following characteristics:
The nucleus is the part
which controls the cell.
The parts of animal and plant cells 3 Examine the mixture later. Explain that
Sensitivity
Living things: grass, trees, cows, calves. They are born from other living things. Cytoplasm is between the nucleus membrane
the bacteria in the yoghurt caused
Living things react to their environment. and the membrane.
Non-living things: air, buildings They eat.
cytoplasm a chemical change. Bacteria are
Plant cells also have a hard cell wall Plant
They react to their environment. Reproduction unicellular living things.
Ask: How do you know cows are living They grow. Living things have offspring.
around the membrane. nucleus cell
This is why some plant stems are hard.
things? (They are born, eat, react, grow, They reproduce. Many living things need a mate to reproduce.
reproduce and die.) What do cows need to Finally, they die. New living things replace the ones which die.
Make more sentences. Living things are born. Living things Complete the sentence. membrane READ Focus on the drawing of cells. Ask:
of living things. Ask: When are more calves
What living things are there in your home? Cells have three parts: wall What are the parts of an animal cell?
born? (spring) What do cows eat? (grass)
(membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm)
When chickens grow, what do they
react to their environmentgrowdie/ Open answers. membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm What are the parts of a plant cell?
become? (hens, cockerels) What animal LIVING THINGS 5
6 LIVING THINGS
(nucleus, cytoplasm, membrane, wall)
does a cow need to reproduce? (a bull)
Give examples of unicellular living things:
Ss read 1 and 2 with 1 and 2 . They
bacteria, some algae, yeast, protozoa
then do the activities at the bottom of the I CONTENT AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT I CONTENT AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
page. Point out that cells have three dimensions
1 Comprehension. Write the following phrases on the BB. 1 Comprehension. Write the following sentences on the BB. and are not flat. Cells can have different
R Activity Book, page 3. Ask Ss to match the sentence halves. Ask Ss to choose the correct option. shapes: cubes, octahedrons
1. Living things a. provide energy. 1. Living things are made up of tiny / big units called cells. Ask: Are cells small? (yes) How can we see
2. Cells are the smallest units in a living / non-living thing. cells? (with a microscope)
2. Non-living things b. basic life processes.
3. Nutrients c. are born and die. 3. Living things with a single cell are multicellular / unicellular. Ss read 1-3 with 3 , 4 and 5 . They then
4. Living things made up of many cells are multicellular / do the activity at the bottom of the page.
4. Animals d. do not reproduce.
5. There are three e. are living things. unicellular.
5. Skin cells and bone cells are different / the same.
Answers: 1 c. 2 d. 3 a. 4 e. 5 b.
Answers: 1. tiny. 2. living. 3. unicellular. 4. multicellular.
5. different. Bacteria and living things. Bacteria
Respecting all living things. can cause illnesses, such as pneumonia.
All living things, big or small, deserve Some bacteria are used to make food,
our respect. like yoghurt.
18 19
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Learning skills
Techniques To extract information, it is important to study the
whole picture carefully as well as look at the details.
The students study the accompanying texts, which
Various learning skills can help students to master the
give the names of the different parts or functions.
contents of Essential Science:
Activities
Initially, the activities at the bottom of the page
should be done orally with the whole class. Later,
liver
most can be written down, either as homework
stomach or as whole class activites. This will help students
pancreas to master the key concepts and language.
large
small
intestine Some citizenship questions may be difficult
intestine rectum for the students in English. It is advisable to begin
by eliciting short, simple replies.
anus
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ice or snow.
Precipitation is such as
s are plains
LOCATION
near
near
the coast.
the mouth of a
river.
High coasts are by the sea.
high areas
There are high by the sea.
mountains
the unit, for example: Are vegetables consumer The Central Plate
au
is completely
is divided
surrounded
by
a large plateau.
water.
the Central Moun
54
tain Chain.
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Contents
Linking units and contents
Before students look at the Contents list, write a few
titles on the left of the board: The landscape; Living Contents
things; Population; The economy.
On the right, write, in a different order, some of the
information about the titles: Migration; Mountains
and plains in Spain; Cells; The primary and secondary PAGE
sectors. 01 Cells
Living things ..................................................................5
The organisation of living things Kingdoms
Students volunteer to go to the board and draw a line 02 Plant nutrition Plant reproduction
Plants .........................................................................9
10 Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Migration The population of Spain
Anagrams 11 The economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
The primary and secondary sectors in Spain The service sector in Spain
Notes:
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General questions
Ask general questions:
A B How many units are there in the book?
Learning to learn What is the first / last unit about?
What do you think you will study in Unit (5)?
ABOUT THIS BOOK
Look at pictures A-M. What are Units 4, 8, 12 about? (These questions
Match them to Units 1-13 on page 2.
Then look at the book. Check your answers. can also be asked in pairs.)
Unit ......... Unit .........
Which unit is about animals / plants / the Earth?
C D E F
(These questions can also be asked in pairs.)
Which unit discusses reptiles?
Which unit do you like best / is most interesting
for you?
Unit 1 Unit 7 Unit ......... Unit .........
G H I J Pairwork activities
In pairs, the students test each other:
A: Mountains?
B: Unit 8. Birds?
Notes:
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THE UNIVERSE
MINERALS
Do isyou
What theknow the names
difference of any
between astronomical
minerals
bodies?
and rocks?
The Sun, planets,
How many hours are there in a day? Whatisisthe
What the second
second section
section on on
thethe page?
page?
THE ECONOMY
Can you name six jobs in the service sector?
LIGHT EXPLANATIONS
EXPLANATIONS
Lawyers,
Do you...know the seven colours in a rainbow? These
Thesetexts give you important
paragraphs information.
have important information.
Red, indigo and violet. Important
Importantwords
wordsappear likethis:
are like this:water,
react, food.
nutrients.
ROMAN TIMES SYMBOLS
AUTONOMOUS COMMUNITIES SYMBOLS
Describe Roman cities.
The
Thetext
textis is
onon
thethe
CDCD
In What
Romanis cities,
the namethereofwere
yourimportant buildings:
Autonomous
amphitheatres,
Community? ... Richmond
RichmondWorld
WorldFacts
Facts
Which other communities are close to your There
Thereis isanan
Internet activity
Internet activity
Autonomous Community?
MUSLIMS AND CHRISTIANS Speak
Where did Muslims and Christians live? Speak
OCEANS
Muslims livedAND CONTINENTS
in cities surrounded by ... Read
Read
Can you...name three continents?
Christians Write
Write
Can you name two oceans?
ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITIES
These areare
These topics youyou
topics will will
study Theseexercises
exercises give
this year.this year. These give youyou
study practiceininESSENTIAL
practice ESSENTIAL SCIENCE.
SCIENCE.
You already know a lot!
You already know a lot!
4 LIVING THINGS
Notes:
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ACTIVITIES
Some activities reinforce acquisition of the scientific
Notes: contents. Others focus on citizenship reflection.
Suggestions for exploitation are given in the
Learning skills section on page 10.
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UNIT 1
Living things
UNIT CONTENT
Content objectives
1. Distinguishing living things and non-living things
2. Identifying the characteristics of living things and life processes
3. Understanding what a cell is and the parts of a cell
4. Understanding that there are unicellular organisms and multicellular organisms
5. Learning how living things are organised
Language objectives
1. Describing the characteristics of living things: They are born
are made up of
2. Giving extra information: Food, which contains nutrients
Tissues which work together
3. Expressing purpose: To keep a living thing healthy; to make their food
4. Giving examples: for example, our skin cells such as the heart
5. Describing position: around the cell between the nucleus and the membrane
6. Expressing ability: They can / cannot move.
Contents
Living things and non-living Interpreting a diagram about Appreciating life and living
things the organisation of living things things
The characteristics of living Studying photographs to learn
things and life processes about living things
The cell and the parts of a cell: Classifying living things into
cytoplasm, membrane three kingdoms
and nucleus Identifying the characteristics
The organisation of living of the three kingdoms of living
things: cell, tissue, organ, things
system, organism
The principal kingdoms
of living things: animal, plant
and fungi
Assessment criteria
Distinguishing living things and non-living things
Knowing that cells are the smallest living units in a living thing
Recognising the three parts of a cell
Explaining how living things are organised
Classifying living things into three kingdoms
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UNIT 0
RESOURCES
Resource folder
Internet resources
www.richmondelt.com
www.indexnet.santillana.es
Cells and life processes
http://lgfl.skool.co.uk/keystage4.aspx?id=315
The structure of plant and animal cells and life
processes, along with other biology topics.
For students and teachers.
Living things
http://www.zephyrus.co.uk/biologytopics.html
A variety of biology topics including the kingdoms
of living things and human organ systems.
For students and teachers.
The fungi kingdom
http://www.wise-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?
objid=BIO304
A closer look at the fungi kingdom.
For students and teachers. The Organisation of the Human Body
Cells
Other resources The cell is the basic unit of living things. All living things are
made up of cells. Some living things, such as bacteria, are made
up of a single cell. An adult human, in contrast, has about 100
trillion cells.
Every part of the body is made up of one kind of cell or another,
Bone Cells
cytoplasm
Muscle Cells
nucleus
and each kind of cell has a special function. There are about two
hundred different kinds of cells in the human body, including bone
cells, muscle cells, heart cells, liver cells and so on. nucleus
The shape and size of a cell depend on its funtion. Muscle cells
Richmond World Facts are long and thinwhen they contract, they produce movement.
The three main parts of cells are the nucleus, the cytoplasm and
the cell membrane. The nucleus is the central part of a cell and
controls most of its functions. The cytoplasm is a jellylike
cytoplasm
cell
cell
membrane
Richmond Publishing 2006. Richmond Publishing is an imprint of Santillana Educacin, S.L.
Bone Muscle
Organs
An organ is a set of tissues that have the same function. Each organ is made
up of several types of tissue. For example, there are three types of bone tissue
in bones: a hard outer tissue, a sponge-like tissue inside bones, and a smooth
tissue at the ends of bones. In the skin, which is also an organ, there is
epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue and connective tissue.
Systems
A system is a set of organs that work together to perform a common
function. There are ten major systems in humans, including the
respiratory, nervous, circulatory, digestive, excretory, skeletal, muscular
and reproductory systems.
Skeleton Muscular System
Musculoskeletal System
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Vocabulary
Content objectives: 1, 2. are born, die, eat, grow, living things, non-living things,
Language objectives: 1,2, 3. nutrients, nutrition, react, reproduce, sensitivity
Special attention
Living things
LOOK
Using the vocabulary correctly
Look at this photo.
Relative clauses with which
What living things
can you see?
Our pets
Encourage Ss to talk about their
experiences with pets.
Ask: Who has a pet? What is it? What
does it do? (It sleeps, plays, eats)
READ
What does it need? (food, water )
1. Living and non-living things 1 2. Life processes
In nature, there are living things There are three basic life processes:
Presentation
and non-living things.
Nutrition
People, animals and plants are living things.
Living things eat food, which contains nutrients.
Rocks, air and wind are non-living things. Nutrients are substances which provide energy.
LOOK Focus on the photo and questions. Living things have the following characteristics:
Sensitivity
Living things: grass, trees, cows, calves. They are born from other living things.
Living things react to their environment.
Non-living things: air, buildings They eat.
They react to their environment. Reproduction
Ask: How do you know cows are living They grow. Living things have offspring.
things? (They are born, eat, react, grow, They reproduce. Many living things need a mate to reproduce.
reproduce and die.) What do cows need to Finally, they die. New living things replace the ones which die.
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Vocabulary
Content objectives: 3, 4. cell, cytoplasm, membrane, multicellular,
Language objectives: 1, 2, 3, 4. nucleus, unicellular
Cells
Special attention
READ
Hands on
They are unicellular.
Other living things are made up of many cells.
They are multicellular. These cells are amplified by a microscope.
Animal nucleus
Presentation
cell cytoplasm
Complete the sentence. membrane READ Focus on the drawing of cells. Ask:
Cells have three parts: wall What are the parts of an animal cell?
(membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm)
6 LIVING THINGS membrane, nucleus and What are the parts of a plant cell?
(nucleus, cytoplasm, membrane, wall)
Give examples of unicellular living things:
bacteria, some algae, yeast, protozoa
CONTENT AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
Point out that cells have three dimensions
1 Comprehension. Write the following sentences on the BB. and are not flat. Cells can have different
Ask Ss to choose the correct option. shapes: cubes, octahedrons
1. Living things are made up of tiny / big units called cells. Ask: Are cells small? (yes) How can we see
2. Cells are the smallest units in a living / non-living thing. cells? (with a microscope)
3. Living things with a single cell are multicellular / unicellular. Ss read 1-3 with 3 , 4 and 5 . They then
4. Living things made up of many cells are multicellular / do the activity at the bottom of the page.
unicellular.
5. Skin cells and bone cells are different / the same.
Answers: 1. tiny. 2. living. 3. unicellular. 4. multicellular.
5. different. Bacteria and living things. Bacteria
can cause illnesses, such as pneumonia.
Some bacteria are used to make food,
like yoghurt.
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Hands on
Cells form tissues: cell cell
Tissues, such as muscle tissue,
are made up of cells
which work together.
Ask: What does the human body An organism is a complete living thing:
consist of? (bones, organs, muscles ...) Many systems work together in an organism.
All living things are organisms.
What are the major organs in the
All the systems in an organism
digestive system? work together to keep
(mouth, oesophagus, stomach) a living thing healthy.
system
muscular
system
Presentation
LOOK AND READ Explain that the human tissue organism
body is organised into systems which work cell organ system
Put the words in order from the simplest structure organism
together. to the most complex structure. human
being
Draw concentric circles on the BB and write Make more sentences.
Change the underlined words.
these words from the centre outwards: Tissues, such as muscle tissue, are made up of
cells which work together.
cells, tissues, organs, systems, organism.
Ask: What is the simplest unit in the
cell, tissue, organ, system, organism / Model Answer (M.A.) Systems
human body? (a cell) Which is more the digestive system organs. Organsthe hearttissues
LIVING THINGS 7
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Vocabulary
Content objectives: 4, 5. animal kingdom, fungi kingdom, kingdoms,
Language objectives: 1, 3, 4, 6. plant kingdom
Kingdoms
Special attention
READ
Understanding the concept of kingdom
1. Kingdoms
Living things are classified Understanding that fungi are neither plants
into groups called kingdoms. nor animals
The three principal kingdoms are the animal
kingdom, the plant kingdom and the fungi kingdom.
Hands on
2. The animal kingdom 6
Animals are multicellular.
Animals can move. They eat other living things.
Mould
They can move from one place to another. Put a few drops of water on a slice
They have a nervous system and sense organs.
of bread.
They react to stimuli.
Place inside a plastic bag. Put the bag
3. The plant kingdom 7 in a warm, dark place.
Plants are multicellular. Show Ss the bread after a few days.
They use sunlight and substances Ask: What has happened?
from the soil and air to make their food.
They cannot move. (The bread has developed mould.)
They have roots in the ground. Ask: What does the mould need to
Plants do not have a nervous system
or sense organs. However, they react
grow? (moisture, warmth and nutrients)
Plants grow well when there is a lot of sunlight
and water. slowly to some stimuli. For example,
many plants grow towards the light.
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22
Activity Book
2/10/06
Worksheet 2. Date Apply your knowledge Worksheet 1. Date Apply your knowledge
THE ORGANISATION OF LIVING THINGS CLASSIFICATION
KINGDOMS
20:25
1. Match and label. 1. Classify into living or non-living things.
A B
system tissue cell wind people cows chairs rocks air
organ organism trees snakes fungi glass flowers plastic
Pgina 22
el tiss
LIVING NON-LIVING
E D C eop chair
cow glas
te plasti
snae ai
organis syse orga> flor win
fung^ rock
2. Complete the sentences.
eop tre fung^ nutritio> : living things eat food, which contains nutrients.
4 3
857415 _ 0016-0023.qxd
Notes:
2/10/06
Worksheet 3. Date Read and learn
FUNGI
20:25
1. Read carefully.
cap What type of living things are fungi?
Pgina 23
Fungi are living things. They are born, grow, reproduce
and die, but they are not plants or animals.
They are not plants because they cannot make their
own food. They absorb nutrients from the remains of
other living things. They are not animals because they
stem do not have sense organs and they cannot move.
Some fungi, such as yeast, are too tiny to see.
Others, such as moulds, are also tiny, but you can
see them all together.
Some fungi are in the ground. In autumn,
they become mushrooms and grow above the ground.
mushroom There are many edible mushrooms.
2. Identify.
A B C
A
mould C
mushrooms B
microscopic yeast
VOCABULARY
Match.
5
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UNIT 2
Plants
UNIT CONTENT
Content objectives
1. Recognising the distinguishing features of flowering and non-flowering plants
2. Understanding how to classify plants and the main characteristics of each group
3. Identifying what plants need
4. Learning how plants breathe and make their own food
5. Understanding how plants reproduce
6. Appreciating the important role plants have in nature
Language objectives
1. Describing properties: Plants have , angiosperms have
2. Describing processes (passive, present simple): are absorbed from the soil
transported from the roots Photosynthesis takes place
3. Expressing quantity: almost all gymnosperms some grasses
4. Giving examples: such as pine trees
5. Giving additional information: small plants which live stems which extend
6. Describing movement (prepositions): through the roots up the stem from
the stamens to the ovary
Contents
The parts of a plant and their Observe the different parts Appreciate the role of plants
functions of a plant and show an interest in
Plant classification Classify plants into two groups protecting them
Plant nutrition: respiration Describe the processes carried
and photosynthesis out in plant nutrition
Flowers as organs of Describe the processes carried
reproduction: the parts of out in the reproduction of
a flower, pollination, how flowering plants using the
seeds form and germinate correct sequence
Types of special stems Interpret drawings, photographs
involved in plant reproduction and diagrams correctly
Assessment criteria
Distinguishing the different parts of a plant
Understanding the processes carried out in plant reproduction
Identifying the different groups of plants with their main characteristics
Explaining the process of photosynthesis
Understanding the difference between respiration and photosynthesis
Knowing about different types of plant reproduction
Interpreting diagrams, drawings and photographs correctly to obtain answers
Respecting plants
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UNIT 0
RESOURCES
Resource folder
Internet resources
www.richmondelt.com
www.indexnet.santillana.es
Plants
http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/gpe/
The Great Plant Escape combines facts, pictures
and activities. For students and teachers.
Plants and animals
http://www.saburchill.com/chapters/chapters.html
The Open Door Web Site has a wealth of material about
plants and animals, including how plants breathe, feed
and reproduce. For teachers.
How plants grow
http://www.kidport.com/RefLib/Science/
HowPlantsGrow/HowPlantsGrow.html
How Plants Grow includes information on pollination,
seeds and bulbs.
4
LEVEL
Other resources
Richmond World Facts
Richmond Students Dictionary C OCONUT :
Flashcards S EED OR F RUIT ?
Posters
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Vocabulary
Content objectives: 1, 2. angiosperms, cones, fungi, gymnosperms, leaves,
Language objectives: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. mosses, stem
Special attention
Plants
LOOK
Not all plants have flowers
How many plants
Pronunciation of breathe and moisture can you see
in this photo?
Hands on
What are the plants like
where you live?
Cones
Collect different gymnosperm cones. READ
Get Ss to compare their shape, size
1. Plant groups
and colour. Gymnosperm
Plants have roots, a stem and leaves. cone
Lift the pine cone scales to show where The roots are in the soil. Water and other substances
are absorbed from the soil through the roots.
the seeds are and what they are like. The stem supports the leaves. Angiosperm fruit
Water and nutrients are transported from the roots
to the leaves inside the stem.
The leaves breathe and make the plants food.
shapes, sizes, colours, leaves Focus on Their seeds are all together in cones.
Almost all gymnosperms are trees,
the photo and elicit answers. such as pine trees.
Angiosperms have flowers and fruit.
READ Draw a plant on the BB with the Chestnut trees and some grasses are angiosperms.
three main parts and a line to show the
3. Non-flowering plants
ground. Ask: What is the part in the soil?
Non-flowering plants are the smallest group
(the roots) What supports the leaves? of plants. They need shade and moisture.
(the stem) What makes the plants food? Mosses are small plants which live
moss
(the leaves) Ss read 1-3 with 13 , 14 , 15 . on rocks, trees and the ground. Ferns and mosses
Ferns are larger than mosses. are found in dark,
Draw a table on the BB. Title: PLANT They have thick, underground stems and big leaves. ferns humid forests.
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Plant nutrition
Special attention
LOOK AND READ
Plants, like all living things, breathe
1. Respiration The exchange of gases
continually
Like all living things, plants breathe. Respiration
They take oxygen from the air, and release
carbon
Distinguishing respiration and
carbon dioxide. This exchange of gases oxygen
is called respiration. It takes place dioxide photosynthesis
in leaves continually, day and night.
Hands on
Photosynthesis
2. Plant nutrition
carbon oxygen
Plants obtain food in a different way
dioxide
from animals. Plants are autotrophs:
they make their own food. To make food, Plants produce oxygen
plants need sunlight, carbon dioxide,
water, and minerals from the soil. Put an aquatic plant in a jar full of
Plant nutrition 10
3. Water and minerals
water. Cover the plant with a short
sunlight inverted funnel and place an inverted
Water and minerals are important for plant carbon
test tube over the funnel.
nutrition. In the soil, minerals dissolve in water.
dioxide
Plants absorb this water through their roots.
These nutrients, called raw sap, After several days, show Ss the
travel up the stem to the leaves. raw bubbles in the inverted test tube.
sap oxygen
4. Photosynthesis 9 Explain that the plant releases oxygen
Photosynthesis enables plants to make
when it makes food during photo-
food from sunlight, carbon dioxide, leaf
synthesis.
water and minerals. elaborated
Photosynthesis takes place in the leaves. sap stem
In the leaves, raw sap mixes with carbon raw sap
roots
dioxide and becomes elaborated sap.
This is the plants food. Presentation
Sunlight is essential for photosynthesis,
so it only takes place during the day.
During photosynthesis, plants release oxygen. water and dissolved minerals LOOK AND READ Ask: What happens to
plants in a room without light? (they die)
Do plants breathe? (yes)
Complete the sentence. To make food, plants need
Do you have plants in your home? How do you take care of them? Ss read 1-3 and listen to 16 , 17 , 18 .
Ask: What do plants need to survive?
sunlight, carbon dioxide, water and minerals. M. A. I give them
(sunlight, carbon dioxide, water and minerals)
10 PLANTS
sunlight and water and replant when necessary. Where does respiration take place?
(in the leaves) How do plants obtain food?
(They make their own food.)
CONTENT AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT Ask: What is raw sap? (a mixture of water
and minerals) Where does it form?
1 Comprehension. Write these words and sentences on the BB. (in the roots)
Ss copy the sentences and complete them with the correct words. Ss read 4 with 19 . Ask: What is
oxygen food stem minerals gases leaves respiration elaborated sap? (the plants food)
1. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are Where does it form? (in the leaves)
Ss do the activity at the bottom
2. Plants breathe through their
of the page.
3. When they breathe, plants take from the air and release
carbon dioxide.
4. The exchange of gases is called
5. Plants make their own
6. Water and are important for plant nutrition.
7. In plants, nutrients travel up the to the leaves.
Answers: 1. gases. 2. leaves. 3. oxygen. 4. respiration. 5. food.
6. minerals. 7. stem.
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Plant reproduction
Special attention
READ
The sequence in the reproductive The parts of a flower 11 1. Sexual reproduction
processes of angiosperms
Flowers are the reproductive organs of the plant.
Fruit comes from flowers corolla pollen The stamens are the male parts
which produce pollen.
Tubers and bulbs are underground stems The ovary is the female part which contains
stamens ovules. Ovules become seeds.
ovary
Hands on petal
2. Pollination
sepal
calyx Tiny pollen grains form on the stamens.
Pollination is the movement of pollen
from the stamens to the ovary.
Needs of seeds
Pollination usually takes place in the same plant.
However, wind and insects also carry pollen
Soak some lentils in water. Then put a to other plants.
folded paper napkin and some lentils
on three soup plates. 3. Seeds and fruit
After pollination, the flower changes. Its petals fall.
Wet the napkin in plate 1. Do not wet The ovary grows, and becomes a fruit with seeds
the napkin in plate 2. Cover the lentils Insect pollination inside. When the fruit is ripe, it falls to the ground.
Wind pollination The fruit opens, and its seeds fall out.
in plate 3 completely with water.
The seeds germinate: they open, and small roots
Ask: What will happen to the lentils? A potato plant:
and tiny leaves grow. A new plant forms.
respectively)
Play 21 and ask Ss to point to the parts in
the drawing as they hear the names. CONTENT AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
SS read 1-4 and listen to 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 .
1 Comprehension. Write these sentences on the BB. Ask Ss to
Ask: Why are stolons an example of
asexual reproduction? (New plants grow
write the numbers in the correct sequence. Number 1 is correct.
from the stems without flowers or seeds.) 1. The stamens produce pollen.
Ask: Can you name any bulbs? (onions, 2. A new plant forms.
tulips, hyacinths ) 3. When the fruit is ripe, it falls to the ground.
Discuss the questions at the bottom of the 4. The pollen moves from the stamens to the ovary.
page. 5. Tiny pollen grains form on the stamens.
6. The seeds germinate: they open and small roots and leaves
R Activity Book, page 8. grow.
7. The ovary grows and becomes a fruit with seeds inside.
Fruit and health. Fruit helps us grow 8. The fruit opens and its seeds fall out.
strong and healthy. To get all the vitamins, 9. After pollination, the petals fall.
we should eat fresh fruit. Answers: 1 5 4 9 7 3 8 6 2.
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Answers: 1. True. 2. False. 3. False (in cones). 4. True. 5. False. 6. True. 7. True.
2. Plants make food from sunlight, carbon dioxide, water and roots / minerals.
Activity Book
2/10/06
Worksheet 5. Date Tasks Worksheet 4. Date Apply your knowledge
CLASSIFY PLANTS PLANTS
20:24
1. Use the words below to complete the word map. 1. Complete each sentence.
a. The stems of bushes are sof an fexib.
gymnosperms pine trees angiosperms soft and flexible hard
sunligh.
chestnut trees ferns
Pgina 30
b. Plants need the correct temperature, water, soil and
sunlight salt
without
mosses
c. The reproductive organs of a plant are the flor.
flowers flowers leaves
ern d. Seeds are inside the frui.
PLANTS fruit flowers
gymnoserm pi> te
(They do not have any fruit.)
e. Plants breathe and ma tei ow> foo.
with make their own food eat other living things
flowers
angioserm cestnu te 2. Name the parts of the plant involved in the following processes.
(They have fruit.) production of pollen formation of fruit pollination
2. Gymnosperm or angiosperm? Decide and label the photos. staen ovar staen, ovar
A B
C D E F
pollinatio> : movement of pollen from the stamens to the ovary.
co> : part of gymnosperms which contains the seeds.
frui : part of angiosperms which contains the seeds.
ovar : female part of the flower which turns into fruit.
staen : male parts of the flower which produce pollen.
flo : reproductive organ of the plant.
gymnoser angioser angioser gymnoser
857415 _ 0024-0031.qxd
Notes:
2/10/06
Worksheet 6. Date Apply your knowledge
PLANT REPRODUCTION
20:24
1. Match and write. Then order the photos.
germination
Pgina 31
flowering
pollination
formation of fruits
and seeds
florin@ pollinatio>
UNIT 3
Invertebrates
UNIT CONTENT
Content objectives
1. Identifying characteristics of invertebrates and where they live
2. Learning names of invertebrate animals
3. Understanding the main characteristics of invertebrate groups
4. Identifying the characteristics of arthropods and where they live
5. Understanding the different arthropod groups
6. Appreciating the importance of protecting animal habitats
Language objectives
1. Describing and classifying invertebrates and arthropods: Invertebrates are
Arthropods are covered by have an external skeleton
2. Expressing contrast: Most are but some Many live in the sea others live
3. Giving examples: such as giant squids such as medusas
4. Expressing ability: Most invertebrates can move The arthropod can grow
5. Describing sequence: At first , then
6. Expressing frequency: They are usually and often have
From time to time
Contents
Assessment criteria
Recognising characteristics of invertebrate animals
Classifying invertebrates
Using the main characteristics to identify arthropods
Interpreting anatomical drawings
Showing interest in protecting nature
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UNIT 0
RESOURCES
Resource folder
Internet resources
www.richmondelt.com
www.indexnet.santillana.es
Insects
http://www.ento.csiro.au/education/index.html
Everything you ever wanted to know about insects
and more. For teachers and students.
Invertebrate animals
http://www.pbs.org/kcet/shapeoflife/animals/index.html
The Shape of Life gives facts, photos
and activities on all the invertebrate groups.
For students and teachers.
Let's talk about insects
http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/insects/12.html
A clever ant explains about insects.
For students and teachers.
5
LEVEL
33
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Special attention
Invertebrates
COMPARE
Using the vocabulary correctly
Compare the photos.
Hands on
How many different animals can you see?
Think of other animals which live in,
or near, the sea.
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Invertebrate groups
Special attention
LOOK AND READ
The fact that anemone and coral are
A SPONGES B CNIDARIANS C WORMS
planaria
animals
Some vertebrates are protected by hard
body coverings, but do not have a skeleton
coral
Hands on
jellyfish
tapeworm
anemone earthworm
D ECHINODERMS
Draw and label
1. Invertebrate groups 13 Ask: Which invertebrate animals
Sponges have irregular bodies. ofiura can you name? Write suggestions
They cannot move. They attach themselves star
to rocks or the sea floor. They filter seawater, on the BB.
and retain nutritive substances for food.
Cnidarians have jelly-like bodies.
starfish sea Ss choose an invertebrate animal
urchin
They are marine animals. and draw it.
They have tentacles which can sting you.
Some, such as coral and sea anemone, E ARTHROPODS They label the body parts.
attach themselves to rocks.
Others, such as medusas, can move about. They write what they know about
Worms have long, soft bodies. the invertebrate in the drawing.
Some are cylindrical, and others are flat.
Some are aquatic, and others are terrestrial.
Many are parasites.
beetle
scorpion
Echinoderms are symmetrical:
they are usually in five parts.
river crab
Presentation
They are marine animals.
They have a skeleton made of hard plates, F MOLLUSCS
and often have spines. LOOK AND READ Focus on the illustrations.
They are covered by a thin skin.
Arthropods are covered by a hard
Ask: How many groups of animals are
snail
exoskeleton. Some are aquatic. Others there? (six) Which names are in big
are terrestrial. clam
letters? (names of the invertebrate groups)
Molluscs have a soft body. octopus
Many are covered by one or two shells. Which group does (coral) belong to?
Ask: How can we organise all the
INVERTEBRATES 13
information? (in a table) Ask: What type
of table should we use? Point out that in
this case, a double-entry table is useful.
CONTENT AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT Write the names of the invertebrate groups
down the left side. At the top, write
1 Listening. Write these sentences on the BB. Ss decide if they these headings: Body, Habitat, Other
are true or false, then check by listening again to 28 . characteristics, Examples.
1. Sponges have symmetrical bodies. Ss read 1 with 28 and complete the table.
2. Cnidarians have tentacles which can sting you. Some squares will be empty.
3. Medusas cannot move about.
R Activity Book, page 10.
4. Many worms are parasites.
5. Echinoderms are usually in four parts.
6. Arthropods are covered by a hard exoskeleton.
7. Molluscs have a hard body.
Answers: 1. False (irregular). 2. True. 3. False (can). 4. True. Invertebrates and food. Many people
5. False (five). 6. True. 7. False (soft). include invertebrates in their diet,
for example, prawns, squid, mussels
and snails.
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Arthropods
Special attention
LOOK AND READ
The fact that arachnids are not insects Insect: grasshopper 15
1. Arthropods
Worms and myriapods are two different Arthropods have an external exoskeleton. wing
groups It is made up of many small plates, and covers
wing
thorax
the body, legs and antennae.
head
The exoskeleton is rigid. From time to time, eye
Hands on the arthropod sheds it, and grows a new, flexible one.
As a result, the arthropod can grow
leg
antenna
until its new exoskeleton becomes rigid.
abdomen leg mouth
Arthropod sense organs are well developed:
Making a spider they have antennae and eyes. The eyes can be simple or compound.
Compound eyes are made up of many smaller, simpler eyes.
Ask: How can we make a spider out Insects, arachnids, crustaceans and myriapods are arthropods.
Arachnid: spider
of plasticine? 2. Arthropod groups 14 abdomen
Elicit suggestions from Ss. First, Insects: An insects body is divided into three parts: head, thorax
make a small ball and a large ball. and abdomen. The head has a mouth, two eyes and two antennae.
The thorax has six legs. Many insects also have wings on the thorax.
Then connect them. Ask: How many legs
Insects are the most numerous arthropod group.
cephalothorax
legs have spiders got? (eight) They are found in many different habitats.
Flies and butterflies are insects.
Make four pairs of articulated legs Arachnids: Arachnids have eight legs.
to place on the cephalothorax. The body is divided into two parts:
the abdomen and the cephalothorax. Crustacean: lobster
Spiders and scorpions are arachnids. pincher claws
Crustaceans: Crustaceans have ten or more legs.
Many have long antennae. The body is divided into two parts:
Presentation the abdomen and the cephalothorax.
Lobsters, shrimps and crabs are crustaceans.
Myriapods: Myriapods have long bodies with many legs.
LOOK AND READ Ask: Which invertebrates The head has one pair of short antennae. legs legs
can we see in the drawings? (grasshopper, Centipedes and millipedes are myriapods. antenna
spider, lobster) Which group do they belong
Make more questions. Change the underlined words.
to? (insect, arachnid, crustacean) Which Do insects have six legs? Is an insects body divided into two parts? cephalothorax
abdomen
invertebrate has a head / thorax / Are there many insects or arachnids where you live?
Where do you see them?
abdomen? etc.
Have Ss copy this sentence: Arthropods Yes. No, three. M.A. Do arachnids have eight legs?
14 INVERTEBRATES
are invertebrate animals which have Do crustaceans have ten legs? Is a crustaceans body divided
exoskeletons made up of many small plates. into three parts? Is an arachnids body divided into three parts?
Ss make a double entry chart for
arthropods. Down the left, they write CONTENT AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
the arthropod groups. They write these
headings: Body, Habitat, Other 1 Pairwork testing. Ss use their tables and the information
characteristics, Examples. in their books to test each other on arthropods. They should
prepare a minimum of five questions for their partner and write
Ss read 1 and 2 with 29 and 30 .
them down. Student A should ask all the questions first.
They do the activity at the bottom of the Student B should not look at his / her book or notes.
page.
Then, the roles are reversed and Student B asks the questions.
Ask for feedback after a few minutes, e.g. How many questions
E Activity Book, page 11.
did you get right? Were any of your questions the same?
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Answers: 1 g. 2 f. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 6 a. 7 e.
the sea shell symmetrical enormous fresh water irregular small on land
Activity Book
2/10/06
Worksheet 8. Date Read and learn Worksheet 7. Date Apply your knowledge
AN INVERTEBRATE PARASITE WHAT ARE ANIMALS LIKE?
20:27
1. Read carefully. 1. Complete the word maps about animals.
Pgina 38
It is a parasite in humans, pigs and other animals.
For example, a pig eats food contaminated with tapeworm
Oviparou are born from eggs.
eggs. The eggs hatch into larvae in the animals intestine.
Then they travel into the bloodstream and the muscles.
If people eat undercooked meat from this infected pig,
the larva grows in their intestine. It becomes a tapeworm.
This parasite absorbs their food and causes weakness
and anaemia.
Viviparou are born from their
mothers womb.
Contaminated animals have eggs in their faeces.
These can infect other animals.
Skeletons: animals are divided into
2/10/06
Worksheet 9. Date Tasks
CLASSIFY INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS
20:27
1. Name the invertebrate groups. Give examples.
INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS
Pgina 39
Covered by a hard
exoskeleton
arthropod M. A. scorpio>
Soft bodies, usually
covered by shells
mollusc M. A. snai
They cannot move
and live in the sea
spon@e M. A. spon@
Jelly-like bodies
and tentacles
cnidarian M. A. ellyfis
Skeleton made of hard
plates; symmetrical
echinoerm M. A. starfis
Long, soft bodies worm M. A. earthwor
Arthropod groups
body divided into 2 parts body divided into more than 2 parts
11
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UNIT 4
Vertebrates
UNIT CONTENT
Content objectives
1. Recognising the characteristics of the main groups of vertebrates
2. Classifying vertebrates into mammals, birds, reptiles, fish and amphibians
3. Learning that there are various bird groups with distinctive characteristics
4. Understanding how reptiles are classified
5. Understanding how fish are classified
6. Understanding how amphibians are classified
7. Appreciating the importance of knowing about and protecting animals
Language objectives
1. Describing quantity: most; some; many; a few; others
2. Describing location: inside; on; on the front of; on the sides; underwater
3. Explaining how actions occur: They swim by moving Using their wings
4. Describing general and particular characteristics: All birds Each bird species
5. Providing additional information: food which the bird eats
6. Expressing purpose: They come to the surface to breathe use their fins to swim.
7. Describing progression: As young amphibians grow, they change
Contents
Physical appearance and Describe the vertebrate groups Appreciate the importance
structure of vertebrate groups Classify vertebrates into groups of knowing about and
Reproduction, habitats, how Compare types of vertebrates protecting animals
they breathe, and main Associate physical aspects of
characteristics of vertebrate the vertebrate groups with the
groups habitats where they live and
their habits
Observe photographs of
vertebrate animals to obtain
information
Assessment criteria
Recognising the distinctive characteristics which define each of the vertebrate groups
Distinguishing reptiles, amphibians and fish
Classifying vertebrates correctly using different criteria
Associating characteristics of the different vertebrate groups with their way of life
Recognising the variety of marine animals
Associating the physical appearance and structure of certain animals with their
adaptation to life in the sea
Observing photographs of vertebrates to obtain information
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UNIT 0
RESOURCES
Resource folder
Internet resources
www.richmondelt.com
www.indexnet.santillana.es
Animal classification
http://www.kidport.com/RefLib/Science/
ScienceIndex.htm
Many interesting science topics are covered including
animal classification. For students and teachers.
Animal photo galleries
http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/PhotoGallery/
default.cfm
Up close with a variety of reptiles, amphibians, birds and
mammals, including primates and giant pandas, at the
Smithsonian Zoological Park. For students and teachers.
Iberian Nature
http://www.iberianature.com/index.html
A guide to the wildlife, geography and nature of Spain.
5
LEVEL
Other resources
Richmond World Facts ITS A M AMMAL !
Richmond Students Dictionary
Flashcards
Posters
41
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Special attention
Vertebrates
LOOK
Associating each mammal group with their
general and distinctive characteristics Look at the photo.
Think about these questions:
Understanding that marine mammals What do these animals
breathe through lungs look like?
They have
Do all mammals live
Hands on on land?
Then read the texts and
answer the questions.
LOOK Ss compare and contrast the animals What do you think about fur coats and jackets?
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Birds
Special attention
READ
Associating bird groups with their
1. Birds 17 Female birds lay eggs on land.
Female birds, and sometimes male birds, distinctive characteristics
Birds have a head, a trunk, a tail and limbs. keep their eggs warm with their body heat.
The front limbs are wings, This process is called incubation.
and the back limbs are legs.
A birds skin is covered with feathers.
When baby birds are born, at least
one parent feeds and cares for them.
Hands on
Using their wings, most birds can fly. All birds are terrestrial, but some
Birds can keep their body temperature constant spend a lot of time in water.
when the outside temperature changes. Each bird species eats its own type of food Mobile of birds in flight
For this reason, they are called warm-blooded such as seeds, fruit, insects or other birds.
animals. They breathe through their lungs. A birds mouth is covered by a hard beak. Draw silhouettes of various birds
The shape of the beak is appropriate
for the type of food which the bird eats. in flight on white card. Swallows,
seagulls, eagles, storks and vultures
LOOK
have distinctive silhouettes.
Bird groups 18
Cut them out and tie a piece of thread
A PERCHING BIRDS B FOWL C SWIMMING BIRDS to each.
Tie them at various lengths on coat
hangers to make a mobile.
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Reptiles
Special attention
LOOK AND READ
Not all reptiles crawl. Some slither, swim,
A CROCODILES 1. Reptiles 19
or walk or run on hind limbs.
Most reptiles have a head, a trunk, limbs and a tail.
Their body is covered with hard scales.
reptiles you know. (crocodile, lizard, turtle, Make more questions. Change the underlined words.
snake) Name the reptile groups. Do reptiles breathe through gills? Are snakes warm-blooded?
sea turtle
(crocodiles, lizards, snakes, turtles)
M.A. Do snakes have legs? Are turtles aquatic? Do crocodiles
Present 1 and 2 with 36 and 37 . VERTEBRATES 17
have large teeth?
Ask: What is a cold-blooded animal?
(an animal whose body has the same
temperature as its surroundings) CONTENT AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
What group does the iguana belong to?
(lizards) What group does the sea turtle 1 Comprehension. Ss read and listen to 36 and 37 . Then, without
belong to? (turtles) looking at their books, they copy and complete the sentences.
Ask: What reptile group has a shell? (turtles) They check their answers by listening again to the CD recording.
What are the iguanas scales like? (green) oviparous / shell / scales / lungs / cold / legs / terrestrial / no
What is a snakes body like? (long with no
1. Reptiles are covered with hard
limbs) What are a crocodiles legs like?
(short) 2. Most reptiles are but a few are aquatic.
3. Reptiles need external heat so they are blooded.
Ss do the activity at the bottom of the
page. 4. Reptiles breathe through their
5. Reptiles are The female lays eggs.
E Activity Book, page 13. 6. Lizards have four short
7. Snakes have limbs.
8. Turtles have a to protect their bodies.
Answers: 1. scales. 2. terrestrial. 3. cold. 4. lungs. 5. oviparous.
6. legs. 7. no. 8. shell.
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Activity Book
2/10/06
Worksheet 11. Date Read and learn Worksheet 10. Date Apply your knowledge
SCIENTIFIC NAMES BIRDS
20:26
1. Read carefully. 1. Write the name of the bird group.
Linnaeus and the names of living things
fowl swimming birds wading birds perching birds birds of prey
All living things have scientific names. The names
Pgina 46
which we use today are based on the system
developed by the Swedish naturalist Linnaeus in 1758. wadin@ bird
a. Big birds with long, thin legs:
Linnaeus went to Lapland to study plants. To study them
better, he decided to name and classify plants. b. Medium-size birds with webbed feet: swimmin@ bird
Later, he did the same for animals. c. Birds with sharp, hooked beaks and strong claws: bird o pe
In Linnaeus system, the scientific name of the plant
consists of two Latin words. The first word is the genus and d. Small birds with short beaks: erchin@ bird
the second is the species. The genus is like our family name, e. Birds with plump bodies and short beaks: fow
and the species is like our first name. For example,
the dog is called Canis familiaris. This name distinguishes
the dog from the wolf, which is called Canis lupus. It also
2. Write the bird group.
shows that the dog and wolf belong to the same genus.
The advantage of this system is that it is universal. A B C
The common names which we use are different
Wolf: Canis lupus in every language.
3. In the above list, there are four living things which belong to the same genus D E
but to a different species. Which ones are they? Explain.
20:26
1. Read and answer. 1. What is a dichotomous key used for? Read and complete.
Animal footprints are also called tracks. If we study an animals tracks We use dichotomous keys to identify and classify living things.
Pgina 47
and other remains we can learn about these animals. We get information With a dichotomous key, we can find out the group a living thing belongs to.
about their anatomy, their habits, what they eat and how they reproduce. To use the key, you must answer questions about the characteristics
of an animal. Then follow the direction given after each answer.
a. Where can we find animal tracks? Tick ().
In areas with mud or clay In areas with rocks or stones KEY TO IDENTIFY VERTEBRATES
b. What can you find out about an animal by observing its tracks? DoDothey have scales, fins, use gills to to
breathe and livelive in water?
they have scales, fins, use gills breathe and
Its size
How it walks in water? YES FISH
If it has hoofs, claws, etc. What it eats NO
NO YES fis
Its colour
If it lives in a pack or herd Do they stay in or near water to keep their skin moist?
Do they stay in or near water to keep their skin moist?
YES _____
c. Which animal left each track? Decide and write.
NO
NO
Do they have scales and use lungs to breathe?
YES amphibian
YES _____
Do they have scales and use lungs to breathe?
NO
lynx mouflon eptie
NOthey have feathers and use lungs to breathe?
Do YES
YES _____
NO Do they have feathers and use lungs to breathe?
MAMMALS
NO YES bird
MAMMALS
bustard badger
VOCABULARY
UNIT 5
Nutrition
UNIT CONTENT
Content objectives
1. Recognising and locating the main organs in the digestive, respiratory,
circulatory and excretory systems and their functions
2. Describing the processes involved in nutrition, digestion, respiration,
circulation and excretion
3. Developing healthy eating habits and taking care of the whole body
Language objectives
1. Expressing obligation: our diet must be complete
2. Describing stages in a process: First , then
3. Describing what occurs in the process (passive forms): is chewed; is formed;
are absorbed
4. Making comparisons: Our heart works like a pump.
5. Explaining where blood circulates (prepositions of movement): between;
through; away from; throughout
Contents
Assessment criteria
Understanding the processes involved in nutrition
Identifying the organs of the digestive, respiratory, circulatory and excretory
systems
Recognising the anatomy and physiology of the systems involved in nutrition
Interpreting anatomical drawings correctly
Acquiring healthy eating habits
Showing interest in taking care of their own health
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UNIT 0
RESOURCES
Resource folder
Internet resources
www.richmondelt.com
www.indexnet.santillana.es
The world of nutrition
http://www.nutritionexplorations.org/kids/links-
main.asp
Fun sites and games about nutrition. For students.
The Digestive System
http://www.naspghan.org/sub/For_Children/for_children.
asp#ImageTop
An interactive presentation with pictures and descriptive
text about the digestive organs.
For teachers and students.
The Digestive, Respiratory and Circulatory Systems
http://hes.ucf.k12.pa.us/gclaypo/health_index.html
Information on body systems with facts and quizzes.
For students and teachers.
3
LEVEL
Other resources
E AT Y OUR VEGETABLES!
Richmond World Facts
Richmond Students Dictionary
Flashcards
Posters
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Special attention
Nutrition
LOOK
Understanding that we need nutrients and
energy to live What meal are these
children eating?
What food can you see?
Hands on Why do you think it is
important to have
a good breakfast?
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2. Digestion 24
Elimination of waste Hands on
First, food is chewed in the mouth, and mixed The digestive
with saliva produced by the salivary glands. system 26
Gradually, a mass of chewed, soft food is formed.
Saliva and digestion
Then, this food moves down the pharynx and the mouth Say: Hold a piece of bread in your
oesophagus, and passes into the stomach. pharynx
Next, it mixes with gastric juices in the stomach. salivary
mouth for about five minutes.
This produces a thick liquid called chyme. oesophagus
glands Ask: Does it taste sweet? (yes) Why?
Finally, the chyme leaves the stomach
and reaches the small intestine. (Enzymes found in the saliva begin to
It mixes with juices from the intestine,
the pancreas and the liver. All the substances
break down starch into simple sugars
which we require have now been separated. in the mouth. That is why bread tastes
sweet even though most bread does
3. Absorption liver
stomach not contain sugar.)
In the small intestine, the substances which
pancreas
we need are absorbed into the blood. large
intestine
small
4. Elimination of waste
Presentation
intestine rectum
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Blood circulation
Special attention
LOOK AND READ
Understanding that blood is circulating
1. The circulatory system 30 The circulatory 32
system continually
Circulation is the movement of blood through
jugular vein carotid artery
the circulatory system. Circulation carries Distinguishing the two circulatory systems
nutrients and oxygen to all parts of the body, heart
and collects waste substances, humeral
which can be dangerous. vena cava
Hands on
artery
Our heart works like a pump, aorta
and moves blood through the body.
It never stops beating. renal vein
Blood vessels are tubes which transport blood
through the circulatory system. There are three The heartbeat
kinds: arteries, veins and capillaries.
Arteries are the blood vessels Bring some long, thin balloons to class
which carry blood away from the heart. femoral and a pear-type balloon inflator.
artery
Veins are the blood vessels
which carry blood into the heart. Place a balloon on the mouth of the
Capillaries are tiny blood vessels inflator.
which connect arteries to veins.
They reach every part of our body. Squeeze the inflator. Ask: What
happens? (The balloon inflates.) Why?
2. Blood circulation 31
Blood circulation (air enters) What part of the body can
There are two circulatory systems:
Pulmonary circulation is the movement of
we compare the heart to? (the inflator)
PULMONARY CIRCULATION
blood between the heart and the lungs. What is pushed along by each heart
Blood leaves the heart through
the pulmonary arteries and goes to the lungs.
beat? (blood)
In the lungs, the blood absorbs oxygen
and releases carbon dioxide. The blood then returns pulmonary
pulmonary
to the heart through the pulmonary veins. vein
artery
Systemic circulation is the movement
of blood to the rest of the body.
vena
cava
aorta Presentation
Blood with oxygen from the lungs
leaves the heart through the aorta.
It distributes nutritive substances LOOK AND READ Point out that arteries and
right side left side of
and oxygen throughout the body.
of the heart the heart veins are different colours in the drawings
Finally, it returns to the heart
through the vena cava. so we can distinguish them.
SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
Ask Ss to look at the first drawing and ask:
Where is the carotid artery? (in the neck)
22 NUTRITION
Where is the femoral artery? (in the leg)
Where is the jugular vein? (in the neck)
Ask them to look at the lower diagram and
CONTENT AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT ask: What is the name of the artery which
carries the blood from the heart to all
1 Comprehension. Write the following sentences on the BB. Ss parts of the body? (aorta) What is the
copy them and choose the correct alternative. They then compare name of the vein which carries blood from
answers in pairs and listen to 55 to check their answers. all parts of the body to the heart? (vena
1. Digestion / circulation is the movement of blood through the cava) What carries the blood from the
circulatory system. heart to the lungs? (the pulmonary artery)
2. Our heart / stomach works like a pump. Ss read 1 and 2 with 55 and 56 .
3. It never stops eating / beating.
4. There are three kinds of food / blood vessels R Activity Book, page 17.
5. Arteries carry blood into / away from the heart.
6. Veins carry blood away from / into the heart.
Fat and health. Too much fat in your
7. Capillaries connect arteries to veins. They reach / dont reach diet is unhealthy. Deposits of fat can
every part of our body. accumulate in the blood vessels and
Answers: 1. circulation. 2. heart. 3. beating. 4. blood. block normal blood flow.
5. away from. 6. into. 7. reach.
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Activity Book
2/10/06
Worksheet 15. Date Apply your knowledge Worksheet 14. Date Tasks
DIGESTION, RESPIRATION, MAKE UP A HEALTHY MENU
EXCRETION, CIRCULATION
20:29
1. Put the following words in order. 2. Write the name 1. Make up a healthy menu.
of each organ. Remember the conditions a diet must have to be healthy:
absorption digestion stomach
pharyn A diet should be complete; it should have foods from all the groups.
elimination of waste esophagu
Pgina 54
pharynx A diet should be balanced; it should have the right amount of each food type.
small
intestine spaghetti rice noodle soup custard
The stages of digestion
large vegetable soup chicken with potatoes yoghurt banana
intestine lentils pear fish with salad beefsteak with salad
1 di@estio> liver omelette with tuna and potatoes orange meatballs with vegetables
oesophagus stomac
2 absorptio> lar@ inesti>
li Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
Match.
Capillaries are blood vessels which carry blood away from the heart. 3. Do you think you should change anything in your diet? Explain.
Veins are tiny blood vessels which connect arteries to veins.
Arteries are blood vessels which carry blood into the heart.
M. A. Ye. I thin I shoul ea mo frui an @etabe an I shoul
ea es suga.
17 16
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Project 1 Worksheet 16. Date Read and learn
CLASSIFY PLANTS TEETH
M. A. @eraniu
20:29
Name of the plant
1. Read carefully.
Type of plant: angioser, florin@ plan 1 What are teeth like?
Pgina 55
Stem: ge>, sof Teeth are part of the skeleton. Like bones, they are alive.
6 2
The outside of a tooth is covered with a hard, white
Leaves: ge> eave, lo o scalloe substance called enamel. Enamel is the hardest substance
5
in our body. Dentin, which is not very hard, is under the
Flowers: brigh e, pin o purp 3 enamel. Pulp is in the centre of the tooth. The pulp is the
4
living part of the tooth and contains blood vessels and nerve
Fruit: no frui ca> ea endings.
Grows in:
i> man plae, fo examp, i> Afric, Euro, The roots are fixed into the jawbone. But we cannot see
Sout Aeric, Nort Aeric them because they are below the gums. The part of the
tooth above the gums is called the crown.
Other information: eop gro @erianium i> flo pot
When babies are born, their teeth are inside the jawbone.
The milk teeth, or baby teeth, break through little by little.
At about six years old, milk teeth begin to fall out and
Project 2 permanent teeth appear.
OBSERVE AND DESCRIBE A FUNGUS
Material needed: a ruler and some mushrooms.
2. Underline the most important words in the text. Choose three and give their meanings.
1. What size is it? 5. What colour is the stem?
2. What colour is the cap? 6. What shape is the stem? Is it cylindrical M. A.Pul i t ent o t toot. Enae i har, whi substan
3. What shape is the cap? or does the thickness change?
7. Does the stem have rings?
whic cor t outsi o toot. T crow> i t toot abo t gum.
4. What colour are the gills?
UNIT 6
Matter
UNIT CONTENT
Content objectives
1. Understanding the properties of matter
2. Differentiating between pure substances and mixtures
3. Identifying the general properties of matter
4. Learning how the properties of matter are measured and the units used
5. Identifying changes in matter
6. Differentiating physical changes and chemical changes in matter
7. Distinguishing the different states of matter and their properties
8. Identifying changes of state in matter
9. Understanding why water is important in our diet
10. Associating certain changes of state with temperature changes
Language objectives
1. Describing mass and unit nouns (uncountable and countable):
Matter is made up of An element is matter
2. Giving examples: like mass and volume; for example; such as plastic
3. Making comparisons: have more mass than others more matter than
a pencil the football's mass is greater the same volume it weighs more
4. Measuring mass and volume: one litre is equal to mass per volume
5. Contrasting facts and conditions: When the temperature increases
If the temperature rises
6. Describing changes: The balloon gets smaller Iron changes into rust
7. Talking about ability: They can be transported Gases can be compressed
Contents
Matter and its main properties Observe photographs to obtain Appreciation of why water is
The three states of matter: information important in our diet
solid, liquid and gaseous Explain events around us Association of certain changes
Physical and chemical changes scientifically of state with temperature
in matter Use personal experience to changes
Changes of state comprehend the unit contents
Assessment criteria
Defining matter Identifying the properties of solids, liquids
Understanding the properties of matter and gases
Differentiating between physical and chemical Identifying changes of state
changes in matter Explaining events scientifically
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UNIT 0
RESOURCES
Resource folder
Internet resources
www.richmondelt.com
www.indexnet.santillana.es
Matter
http://www.chem4kids.com/index.html
Rader's Chemkids provides a variety of material
about matter, changes in matter and changes of state.
For teachers and students.
Matter and energy
http://bengu-pc2.njit.edu/trp-chem/scism.html
Matter and energy and other fundamentals of chemistry
are explored. For teachers and students.
Solids, liquids, gases
http://lgfl.skool.co.uk/keystage3.aspx?id=64
Properties of solids, liquids and gases and changes
of state are addressed. For students and teachers.
4
LEVEL
Other resources
Richmond World Facts B ALLOONS
Richmond Students Dictionary
Flashcards
Posters
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Special attention
Matter
LOOK
Understanding the concept of matter
Look at the photo.
Differentiating between pure substances
Which things are solid?
and mixtures Liquid? Gaseous?
Is there more water
Identifying the properties of matter in the river at some times
of the year?
Hands on
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CONTENT AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT Ask: Can we put five litres of water in a
two-litre bottle? (no) Why not? (because
Vocabulary. Write the words on the BB. Ss match them.
1 there is too much volume of water)
1. Mass a. mass per volume Ask: How do we measure mass? (with
scales or balances) Give some examples.
2. Unit of measure for mass b. the kilogram
(bathroom scales, kitchen scales, food
3. Volume c. the litre scales, baby scales)
4. Unit of measure for volume d. the amount of matter in an
object
5. Density e. the amount of space which
an object occupies
Answers: 1d. 2b. 3e. 4c. 5a.
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Changes in matter
Special attention
READ
Differentiating between physical and
1. Changes in matter
chemical changes in matter
There are two types of change in matter:
Identifying chemical changes in matter Physical changes: The object or substance changes, but the matter
remains the same. When water freezes, it is still water.
Chemical changes: The original matter changes into a different
Hands on substance. When paper burns, it changes into ashes and gases.
2. Physical changes 37
A physical change: Movement: The object changes position,
Inflate a balloon with a banana ice melts, and becomes water. but the matter remains the same.
Expansion: When the temperature of an object increases, it gets
Mash a ripe banana with a fork and bigger. If the temperature rises, mercury expands in a thermometer.
spoon it into a bottle with a small Contraction: When the temperature of an object decreases,
it gets smaller. If a balloon filled with air is put in a refrigerator,
mouth. the air contracts: the balloon gets smaller.
Put a balloon over the mouth of the Changes of state: When the temperature rises,
the state changes. If water is heated, it changes into steam.
bottle and place it in a warm, sunny
Fragmentation: The object is divided into small pieces.
place. If a glass breaks, the pieces are still made of glass.
when it burns? (ashes and gases) ashes and gases. (C). If water is heated, it changes into a gas. (P).
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Changes of state
Special attention
READ
Understanding the permanence of matter
1. The three states of matter 39
when there is a change of state
The states of matter are solid, liquid and gaseous.
Each state has different properties.
Hands on
Solids have a fixed volume and shape. For example,
if we put a ball in a bag, the shape of the ball stays the same.
Liquids have a fixed volume, but not a fixed shape.
Liquids take the shape of their container. For example,
if we pour water into a glass, the water takes the shape of the glass.
Gases do not have a fixed volume or a fixed shape.
Making stalactites
For example, if a balloon bursts, the air escapes and expands
into the room. It acquires the volume and shape of the room.
If we move a solid, it still has Fill two jars with warm water. Add
the same volume and shape.
Liquids and gases are fluid. They flow through openings magnesium sulphate until no more will
in solid bodies. They can be transported through pipes. dissolve.
2. Changes of state 40 Tie a paper clip to each end of a string
Matter can change from one state to another. and put the ends in the jars. Put a
This change of state sometimes occurs plate between the two jars with the
when the temperature changes.
Melting: A solid changes into a liquid.
string hanging over it. Wait several
For example, snow melts when it is warm. days.
Solidification: A liquid changes into a solid. Liquids maintain their volume,
For example, water changes into ice when it is very cold. but change their shape. The solution will wet the string.
Boiling: A liquid changes into a gas. In the centre, drops will begin to fall.
For example, water boils when it is very hot:
one hundred degrees centigrade (100C).
Gradually, a column of salt will form
Evaporation: A liquid changes into a gas. and continue to grow.
For example, water in a pond evaporates.
Condensation: A gas changes into a liquid.
For example, water vapour in the air forms
condensation on car windows when it is very cold.
Sublimation: A solid changes into a gas.
Presentation
For example, solid air fresheners change
into a gas when they mix with air. Draw attention to the upper illustration.
Ask: What happens to the ball? (It changes
Condensation and solidification sometimes make
it dangerous to drive. What happens? Gases can be compressed. place.) Does it change in any other way?
There is a lot of oxygen in this tank. (no)
M. A. When it is cold outside, water vapour condenses inside the car Tell Ss to imagine they untie the knot in an
26 MATTER
windows and we cannot see very well. Also water freezes on the roads inflated balloon. Ask: What happens to the
and makes them slippery.
balloon? (it deflates) Where does the air
from the balloon go? (into the room) (Air is
CONTENT AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT a gas and tends to occupy all available
space.)
1 Comprehension. Distribute photocopies of page 62.
Pour the water from a jar into containers
SS listen to 68 to complete the missing words.
with different shapes. Point out that water
1. a solid changes into a liquid. takes the shape of each container. Ask.
2. a liquid changes into a solid. Does liquid have a fixed shape? (no) What
3. a liquid changes into a gas. shape does the liquid take? (the same as
4. a liquid changes into a gas. the container).
5. a gas changes into a liquid. READ Present 1 and 2 with 67 and 68 .
6. a solid changes into a gas.
R and E Activity Book, pages 20, 22-24.
Answers: 1. melting. 2. solidification. 3. boiling. 4. evaporation.
5. condensation. 6. sublimination.
Slippery roads. More accidents
happen in bad weather. When roads are
wet or icy, good drivers drive carefully.
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2/10/06
Worksheet 18. Date Read and learn Worksheet 17. Date Tasks
OIL ORGANISE INFORMATION
ON WORD MAPS
20:28
1. Read carefully. 1. Complete the word map about matter.
Oil Matter
Pgina 63
Oil is a thick, black liquid which is extracted from soli
inside the Earth. It is formed from the remains
of living things which lived millions of years ago.
Crude oil is not very useful when it comes out of the
can be found in three states liqui
ground. It is a mixture of many different substances.
These substances are separated at a refinery ga
by a process called fractional distillation.
This process involves physical and chemical changes.
We obtain useful products including petrol,
gas-oil, tar and butane gas. mas
Today oil is a vital raw material of great economic has two kinds of properties
importance. After the refining process, it is used
as petrol and fuel for heating and transport. volu
It is also used to make plastic, medicines, detergents, can go through two types of change
paint and lubricant oils.
physica such as M. A. moen
2. What does fractional distillation mean? Tick the correct answer.
What will happen if our oil supply runs out? mass the ratio of the mass to the volume of an object
volume the amount of matter in an object
W wil no ha etro an fe fo eatin@ an transpor.
density the amount of space which an object occupies
W wil no ab t ma plasti, paint, edici>e o eer@ent.
21 20
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Activity Book
2/10/06
Worksheet 20. Date Apply your knowledge Worksheet 19. Date Apply your knowledge
SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS MATTER: CHANGES OF STATE
20:28
1. Which of these liquids do you think is the thickest? Tick. 1. Give examples of changes of state.
water oil alcohol
honey milk From solid into liquid: sno elt
What experiment can you do to test your answer? From gas into liquid: wae vapou i> t ai form conensatio> o> ca window
Pgina 64
M. A. I ca> ho lon@ i tae fo dro o eac liqui to fal. From liquid into solid: wae chan@e into i
2. Name two properties of the solid that makes up each of these objects. M. A.
2. Complete the word map. Write the name of the changes of state in each space.
What causes the change in the properties of this solid? I i cale eltin@.
M. A. I dr^e; i loe it wae.
23 22
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Worksheet 21. Date Tasks
APPLY KNOWLEDGE TO DAILY LIFE
20:28
1. Apply what you have learned to daily life. Tick () and explain.
Pgina 65
in a full glass of water?
The glass overflows.
Nothing happens.
c. You are having noodle soup. How do you separate the liquid from the noodles with a strainer?
UNIT 7
The atmosphere
UNIT CONTENT
Content objectives
1. Understanding the composition of the atmosphere
2. Understanding the purpose of the atmosphere
3. Identifying weather phenomena
4. Learning the distribution and characteristics of the hydrosphere
5. Explaining the circulation of water and changes of state during the water cycle
6. Learning the characteristics and components of the geosphere
7. Identifying changes on the Earths surface due to natural causes
8. Protecting nature
9. Saving water
Language objectives
1. Defining and describing: The atmosphere is the air which Waves are Erosion is
2. Classifying: The principal weather phenomena are Rocks can be classified into
3. Describing location: the lowest layer It is found in
4. Giving examples: such as rain; for example, the sea's waves
5. Describing process: Liquid water evaporates When a volcano erupts
6. Describing conditions: As we travel higher If it is very cold Igneous rocks are formed
when water cools
Contents
The atmosphere: composition Explain the stages of the water Show interest in protecting
and layers cycle nature
Precipitation and wind Identify the movement of Understand the importance of
The hydrosphere water in the oceans saving water
The water cycle Recognise the effects of
The layers of the geosphere: weathering
crust, mantle and core Put the stages of weathering in
Components of the crust: rocks the correct order: erosion,
and minerals transport and sedimentation
Changes in the Earths crust: Interpret photographs,
volcanoes, earthquakes, drawings and diagrams to
weathering extract information
Assessment criteria
Knowing the Earth is made up of the atmosphere, Associating volcanoes, earthquakes and
the hydrosphere and the geosphere weathering with changes on the Earths surface
Knowing the purpose of the atmosphere Interpreting photographs, drawings
Explaining the water cycle and diagrams
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UNIT 0
RESOURCES
Resource folder
Internet resources
www.richmondelt.com
www.indexnet.santillana.es
Geography
http://www.geography4kids.com/
The atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the Earth's
structure are explained using diagrams.
For students and teachers.
Weather
http://www.weatherwizkids.com/index.htm
The fascinating world of weather and weather
phenomena, including experiments.
For students and teachers.
Rocks
http://sln.fi.edu/fellows/payton/rocks/create/index.html
Discover how rocks are formed.
For students and teachers.
4
LEVEL
Other resources
Richmond World Facts
Richmond Students Dictionary
Flashcards L IVING
ON THE
Posters
M OON
67
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Special attention
The atmosphere
LOOK
Understanding that the atmosphere filters
the Suns rays Look at this photo of the Earth.
What do clouds look like
Understanding that the atmosphere is from space?
made up of various layers Can we see the atmosphere?
Hands on
square of onion paper and cut it out. 1. What is the atmosphere? 41 As we travel higher, the gases become less dense.
In outer space there is no atmosphere.
Glue or tape the end of a thread to the The atmosphere is the air which surrounds
the Earth.
centre of the paper spiral. 3. Weather phenomena
Air is a mixture of gases. It is mainly nitrogen
Hold the spiral over a lamp by the and oxygen. There are also small quantities The principal weather phenomena
of carbon dioxide, ozone and water vapour. are precipitation and wind.
thread about ten cm from the light bulb. The atmosphere is essential to life on Earth: Precipitation is water, such as rain,
snow or hail, which falls from
Ask: Why does the spiral spin? It has the oxygen which all living things breathe.
the atmosphere to the Earth.
It also has carbon dioxide which plants
(The light bulb heats the air. The hot need for photosynthesis. Wind is the movement of air, and has different
names depending on how strongly it blows.
air rises and the cold air falls, forming Carbon dioxide and other gases are like
Breezes are gentle winds.
a blanket which retains the Earths heat.
currents which make the spiral move.) Ozone filters harmful ultraviolet rays.
Hurricanes are violent winds.
atmosphere because it is made up M.A. Certain gases are destroying the ozone layer. / nitrogen, THE ATMOSPHERE 27
of gases. oxygen, carbon dioxide, ozone, water vapour / the troposphere,
READ Use a mirror to reflect the Suns the stratosphere and the ozone layer
rays. Ask: What happens when the rays
reach the mirror? (they bounce off) Explain CONTENT AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
that the atmosphere also reflects the
Suns rays and protects us from harmful 1Comprehension. Write these sentences on the BB and ask
radiation. Ss to say if they are true or false. They correct the false
sentences.
Draw a tall, thin rectangle. At the top, write
outer space. At the bottom write Earths 1. The main gases in the air are nitrogen and oxygen.
surface. Divide the rectangle into two parts 2. The atmosphere has large quantities of carbon dioxide,
and write troposhere in the bottom part ozone and water vapour.
and stratosphere in the top part. 3. The atmosphere is not essential to life on earth.
Ask: Where do plants and animals live? 4. All living things breathe oxygen.
(troposphere) Where is the ozone layer? 5. Plants need carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.
(stratosphere) Ss read 1 , 2 and 3 with 6. Oxygen filters harmful ultraviolet rays.
69 , 70 and 71 and then do the activity at
the bottom of the page. Answers: 1. True. 2. False (small quantities).
3. False (is essential). 4. True. 5. True.
6. False (ozone filters).
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The hydrosphere
Special attention
LOOK AND READ
Understanding that the water cycle is
1. The hydrosphere
continuous and takes place all over the
All the water on Earth makes up the hydrosphere.
Water is usually a liquid, but it can also be a solid
Earth
or a gas.
Water in liquid form covers most of the Earths
surface. It is found in oceans, seas, rivers and lakes.
Water in solid form (snow and ice) is found in the
Hands on
polar regions. It is also found on mountains.
Water vapour, a gas, is found in the atmosphere.
Water can be a liquid or a solid, such as ice or snow. Raindrops
Water vapour is in the atmosphere. 2. The water cycle 43
Take a clear, plastic lid and eyedropper.
The water cycle The water cycle is the constant circulation of water
between the sea, the atmosphere and land. With the concave surface of the lid
1. Liquid water in the sea, rivers and lakes facing up, squeeze a few drops of
evaporates because of heat from the Sun.
It becomes water vapour.
water onto the inside of the lid.
condensation precipitation
2. Water vapour rises and condenses into drops Then, turn the lid over quickly.
of water. The water drops form clouds.
3. Water falls from clouds as rain: precipitation.
Ask: What happens if you collect the
evaporation
clouds and If it is very cold, water solidifies and falls as snow. drops of water in one place with a
water vapour
4. Water flows over the land and filters into it. pencil point? (they form bigger drops,
It forms rivers and lakes.
Some water returns to the sea or evaporates. then fall) Demonstrate using a pencil.
The water cycle starts again.
Explain that in the water cycle drops of
3. The movement of water
water collect in cloud. Raindrops form
and fall to the ground.
Waves are the rise and fall of the waters surface.
They are caused by wind.
Tides are the rise and fall of the sea level
river twice a day. They are caused by the gravitational
pull of the Moon and Sun.
Ocean currents are the movement of large
Presentation
ocean
masses of ocean water in the same direction.
LOOK AND READ Ask: What kinds of water
Why is it important to save water? What do you do to save water? are there in the photo? (liquid the ocean;
solid ice; water vapour) Ask: How much
M. A. Water is scarce in many parts of the Earth. To save water:
of the Earth is covered by water? (about
28 THE ATMOSPHERE
turn off the tap when you clean your teeth, take showers and three quarters) Explain that most of the
not baths water is in the oceans and seas.
Ss read 1 with 72 .
CONTENT AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
Write on the BB the changes of state in the
1 Comprehension (reordering). Write the following sentences water cycle. Ss read 2 with 73 . Ask: What
about the water cycle on the BB. Ss write the sentences is evaporation? solidification?
in the correct order in their notebooks. They check by listening condensation?
again to 73 . Ask: What does the beach look like at high
1. Water filters into the land, returns to the sea or evaporates. tide? (Water covers most of the beach.)
What does it look like at low tide? (The
2. It becomes water vapour.
water recedes and the beach looks bigger.)
3. Water falls from clouds as rain or snow.
Ss read 3 with 74 , and answer the
4. Water vapour rises and condenses into drops of water.
questions at the bottom of the page.
5. The water cycle starts again.
6. Liquid water evaporates because of heat from the sun. R Activity Book, page 25.
7. The water drops form clouds.
Answers: 6 2 4 7 3 1 5.
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The geosphere
Special attention
READ
Distinguishing types of rocks Parts of the geosphere 1. The geosphere 44
Distinguishing between outer, middle and mantle crust
The geosphere is made up of three layers:
inner The crust is the Earths outer layer.
It is made up of solid materials.
The mantle is the Earths middle layer.
Hands on It is extremely hot. In some parts,
there is magma (red-hot liquid rock).
The core is the Earths inner layer.
It is also extremely hot. It is divided into
the liquid outer core and the solid inner core.
The shape of the Earth
Put a stone in a plastic bottle top and 2. Rocks and minerals
then fill the top with oil. Put the bottle core Rocks are natural materials which make up
the Earths crust.
top in a glass and pour alcohol into the Rocks are made up of minerals. Minerals are pure.
crystal
glass until it is 1 cm above the bottle We cannot break them down into other substances.
There are hundreds of minerals, such as diamonds
top. Pour water slowly down the side of and other precious stones. We can identify each
the glass. The oil leaves the bottle top mineral by its density, colour, hardness and shine.
in the form of a bubble. Turn the
3. Types of rock 45
bubble gently without breaking it. There are several crystals bituminous coal
in this rock. (a sedimentary rock) Rocks can be classified into three types depending
If it rises to the top of the glass, on how they are formed:
add more alcohol letting it slide down Sedimentary rocks are formed from pieces
of other rocks or pieces of living things.
the side of the glass. Coal and gypsum are sedimentary rocks.
Ask: What shape is the bubble? (like Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools and
solidifies. Granite and basalt are igneous rocks.
a rugby ball, not a sphere) The Earth is Metamorphic rocks are formed when heat
not a perfect sphere but is flattened at basalt slate or pressure changes the original rocks.
(an igneous rock) (a metamorphic rock) Marble and slate are metamorphic rocks.
the poles.
True or false? Make more sentences.
The crust is the inner layer of the geosphere. Rocks are made up of minerals.
Presentation Where can you see granite and marble in your community?
READ Look at the drawing of the Earth. The mantle is the Earths inner layer / M. A.
THE ATMOSPHERE 29
Point out that the geosphere is the solid mountains, quarries, stairs, walls, kitchens, sculptures
part of the Earth. Ss read 1 with 75 . Ask:
Which is the outer layer of the geosphere?
(the crust) Which is the inner layer? CONTENT AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
(the core) Which layer is between the crust
and the core? (the mantle) 1 Comprehension. Write these sentences on the BB and
underline the different options. Ask Ss to write down
Explain that the crust is made up of solid
the correct option in each sentence.
materials. Ask: Are rocks natural
materials? (yes) Are minerals natural 1. The geosphere is made up of three / four layers.
materials? (yes) What are rocks made of? 2. The crust is the Earths outer / inner layer.
(minerals) Ss read 2 and 3 with 76 and 3. The mantle, or middle layer, is very cold / hot.
77 and do the activity at the bottom 4. The core is the Earths outer / inner layer.
of the page.
5. Magma is red-hot solid / liquid rock.
R Activity Book, page 27, exercise 1. Answers: 1. three. 2. outer. 3. hot. 4. inner. 5. liquid.
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72
Activity Book
2/10/06
Worksheet 23. Date Read and learn Worksheet 22. Date Apply your knowledge
VOLCANIC FORMATIONS THE WATER CYCLE
20:31
1. Read carefully. 1. Label the diagram.
Volcanic landscapes
precipitation ocean
A volcanic eruption is when magma rises through condensation river
Pgina 72
cracks in the Earths surface. Eruptions can rapidly
clouds and water vapor 1 2
change the landscape for kilometres around.
evaporation
During eruptions, red-hot material is ejected.
This is called lava when it reaches the Earths surface.
Lava moves down, destroying everything in its path.
It turns the ground into a dry, stony landscape
where very little vegetation can grow. 3
The Canary Islands are a good example of volcanic
landscapes. On the islands of Lanzarote and Hierro,
1 conensatio> 4
VOCABULARY
3. Look for information. Write down the name of each area on the Iberian Peninsula
with volcanic formations. Match.
M. A.Te a volcani formation i> Cabo Gat i> Aleri, i> t sunlight plants need this for photosynthesis
carbon dioxide it filters harmful ultraviolet rays
Errigoit^ formatio> i> t Pye>e, an, o cour, o> t Canar Island ozone it is like a blanket which retains the Earths heat
an i> t Azoe.
26 25
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Notes:
2/10/06
Worksheet 24. Date Apply your knowledge
ROCKS, WEATHERING
20:31
1. Name the type of rock.
Pgina 73
A B
sla grani
C D
coa marb
movement eruption
destruction accumulation
27
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UNIT 8
The landscape
UNIT CONTENT
Content objectives
1. Understanding the concept of landscape
2. Using the term altitude correctly
3. Learning the main inland landforms
4. Learning the main coastal landforms
5. Understanding information about the mountains and plains of Spain
6. Understanding information about Spanish coasts and their main landforms
7. Appreciating the importance of the landscape
Language objectives
1. Defining and describing landscape: Plains are A cape is land which
2. Classifying: Mountain landscapes are made up of There are two types of coast ...
3. Describing features (adjectives): high; low; flat; raised; long; sandy
4. Comparing: lower than the highest peaks
5. Describing location: near the coast to the north in the south by the sea
Contents
Assessment criteria
Distinguishing the main coastal and inland landforms
Using maps to learn about landscape
Knowing about the Spanish landscape and its main landforms
Observing photographs and drawings to obtain information about the landscape
Appreciating the importance of the landscape
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UNIT 0
RESOURCES
Resource folder
Internet resources
www.richmondelt.com
www.indexnet.santillana.es
Landforms
http://www.edu.pe.ca.southernkings/landforms.htm
A picture-filled website made by students of the Faces
of the Earth. In addition to landforms, processes like
weathering and erosion, as well as the rock cycle are
also covered.
Endangered species and landscapes
http://www.arkive.org/
Enter Arkive to visit the Globally Endangered Chapter
or visit the Planet Arkive to learn about landscapes
and habitats. For teachers and students.
Geography
http://www.iberianature.com/index.html
A guide to wildlife, geography and climate of Spain.
4
LEVEL
Other resources
Richmond World Facts M AKING
Richmond Students Dictionary M OUNTAINS
Flashcards
Posters
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Special attention
The landscape
LOOK
Using the new vocabulary correctly
Look at the photo.
Distinguishing between long and large
What can you see
in the landscape?
Landscape features
Ask: What natural features can you
see in the landscape around your
town? (trees, grass, plains, mountains, READ
rivers, lakes, waterfalls)
1. The landscape 3. Plains 49
Ask: Which things are man-made?
All the different features of the Earths Plains are large areas of flat land
(roads, pavements, buildings, bridges, surface make up the landscape. with no hills or slopes.
There are high mountains in some areas.
walls ) There is low flat land in other areas.
A plateau is a plain at a high altitude.
Depressions are plains which are lower
Write suggestions on the BB in two There are mountain landscapes, than the surrounding land.
flat landscapes and coastal landscapes.
lists. Coastal plains are flat land near the coast.
2. Mountains 48
Mountain landscapes are made up
Presentation
of mountains and valleys.
Mountains are raised parts of the Earths
surface. Hills have a lower altitude
than mountains. (Altitude is the height
LOOK Ask Ss to look at the photo and of something above sea level,
compare natural and man-made features. or the Earths surface.)
True or false? Make more sentences
Several mountains grouped together are called
Ask: Are trees/mountains natural a mountain range. A long line of mountain
about landscape features.
Mountains are low areas.
features? (yes) Are houses/roads ranges is called a mountain chain.
Mountains are raised parts of the Earths surface.
Valleys are low areas between mountains.
man-made? (yes) Rivers are often found in valleys. Which mountains are closest
to your home? What is their altitude?
READ Explain the difference between
height and altitude. Altitude is the height of
M. A. Valleys are low areas between mountains. THE LANDSCAPE 31
something above sea level. Height is the A plateau is a plain at a high altitude. Coastal plains
vertical measurement of something. are flat land near the coast.
Ask Ss: Which has a higher altitude
a hill or a mountain? (a mountain) CONTENT AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
a hill or a valley? (a hill)
Ss read 1 , 2 and 3 with 82 , 83 , 84 . 1 Comprehension. Write these words and sentences on the BB.
They do the activity at the bottom of the Ask Ss to copy the sentences and complete them with the correct
page. word.
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Ca nt ab ri Y
Ra
an M o u nt a i n C h a i n R
tai n
E N E E S
Moun licia
n
ANDORRA
Ga
S N
IN
O Aneto
L E NT
A
U
3,404
MO E
N
I
A
IB CH
B
ER O IN
R
DE TA
IA P
N
R
U
E MO
CENTRAL N S
SI AS
TAL
N CO
Hands on
ON
AI N
A TL A N T I C
C
CH
LA
H
A L
TA
L
A
CA
RA
IN
e
NT ng
CE Pico
Ra
U G
del Moro na
OCEAN Almanzor
un
ta
2,592 PLATEAU Tra m
R T
Balearic
GE
RA N Islands
IN
P O
TA
OUN
AM a
SI
ER
RA
MOR
EN
ESSI
ON
AI
N an
Se Relief maps
DEPR
CH ne
UI
VIR
rra
BET
I C Mulhacn
Medite
Q
SCALE
AL
0 127 3,478
Kilometres metres
2,000
ATLANTIC OCEAN
Ceuta
1,000
where you live. Ask: How can you
Canary Islands Melilla 500
Teide
3,718 0 distinguish the plains? the
MOROCCO Peak
mountains? (by their colour and
The Teide, on the Canary Islands, with the map key)
is the highest mountain in Spain.
Ask: How do we know where north is?
1. Mountains and plains in Spain
(the compass symbol) Where is it?
The Iberian peninsula has many different landscapes. The Iberian peninsula has narrow coastal plains.
The map shows the mountains and plains. There are two extensive depressions:
Ask: Which is the highest mountain
Central Spain is dominated by a large plateau, The Ebro depression is in the north. in Spain? Where is it?
called the Central Plateau.
This is divided into two parts The Guadalquivir depression is in the south.
by the Central Mountain Chain.
Presentation
There are mountains to the north,
east and south of the Central Plateau:
The Pyrenees is a mountain chain
to the north of the Central Plateau.
The Betic Chain is a mountain chain
LOOK AND READ Focus on the map. Ask:
to the south of the Central Plateau.
Complete the sentences.
What colours do you see on the map?
The highest peaks on the peninsula The highest peaks on the Iberian peninsula What do these colours indicate?
are in these chains. are in
The two extensive depressions on the Iberian
(different altitudes)
peninsula are
Ask: What do you see in the upper left
corner? (a compass) What is it for?
32 THE LANDSCAPE the Pyrenees and the Betic Chain The Ebro (to show north, south, east and west)
depression and the Guadalquivir depression.
Ask: What is the name of the mountain
chain which separates the Iberian
CONTENT AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT peninsula from France? (Pyrenees) Is the
Betic Chain in the south of the Iberian
1 Quiz. Ask the questions. Ss raise their hands if they can answer. peninsula? (yes) Which is further north,
1. Which countries make up the Iberian peninsula? the Ebro depression or the Guadalquivir
depression? (Ebro depression)
2. What is the highest mountain in Spain? Where is it?
3. Where are the Pyrenees? Ask: What is the highest mountain
in Spain? (the Teide) Where is it?
4. Which mountains divide the Central Plateau into two parts?
(in the Canary Islands)
5. Where are the highest peaks on the Iberian peninsula?
Ss read 1 and do the activity.
6. Where is the Betic mountain chain?
7. Where is the Ebro depression?
8. Where is the Guadalquivir depression?
Answers: 1. Spain and Portugal. 2. Teide, Canary Islands.
3. Between Spain and France. 4. Central Mountain Chain.
5. Pyrenees, Betic Chain. 6. To the south of the Central Plateau.
7. In the north. 8. In the south.
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The coast
Special attention
LOOK AND READ
Distinguish coastal landforms A coastline 52
1. The coast 50
Vocabulary for types of coastline The coast is the place where the land
meets the sea.
There are two types of coast:
Hands on Low-lying coasts are plains by the sea.
marsh
estuary
They often have sandy beaches.
High coasts are mountains
or high areas by the sea.
Coastal relief map They often have rocky cliffs.
cliff
Presentation
beach
LOOK AND READ Focus on the drawing. Say
the names of the landforms in jumbled gulf
Make more sentences to describe peninsula
order and ask Ss to point to them. coastal landforms. Change the underlined words.
A cape is land which extends into the sea.
Ask: How are beaches and cliffs the same? An archipelago is a group of islands.
(they are by the sea) How are they
different? (beaches are flat and have sand;
M.A. A marsh is wet land near the mouth of a river.
cliffs are high and rocky) THE LANDSCAPE 33
A peninsula is land which is almost completely surrounded by
Use coastal landforms to play a guessing water.
game. It is completely surrounded by water.
(island) It is a group of islands. CONTENT AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
(archipelago) It is the part of a river which
opens into the sea. (estuary) It is a place 1 Comprehension. Write these sentence halves on the BB and
where the sea extends into the land. (gulf) ask Ss to match them.
Ss read 1 and 2 with 85 and 86 . Then 1. The coast is the place a. which opens into the sea
they do the activity. 2. A cape is land which b. extends into the sea
3. A gulf is a place c. where the land meets the sea
R Activity Book, page 28. 4. A peninsula is land which d. which is completely
surrounded by water
5. An island is land e. where the sea extends
into the land
6. An archipelago is f. is almost completely
Water pollution. Rivers flow into the surrounded by water
sea. If rivers become contaminated, this 7. An estuary is the part of a river g. a group of islands
water will reach the sea and harm the
8. A marsh is wet land h. near the mouth of a river
living things near our coasts too.
Answers: 1 c. 2 b. 3 e. 4 f. 5 d. 6 g. 7 a. 8 h.
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Spanish coasts
Special attention
LOOK AND READ
Interpreting maps
1. Spanish coasts
Spain has more than 6,000 kilometres The Mediterranean coast is low-lying
of coastline in the peninsula. and sandy. There are many
long beaches.
Hands on
There are five types of coast.
The Cantabrian coast has rocky cliffs, The coastline in the Canary Islands
estuaries and gulfs. varies greatly.
In the Balearic Islands, high coasts Spanish coasts
The Atlantic coast is very varied.
In the northwest, it is high and rocky. alternate with long beaches.
There are many estuaries.
Hand out photocopies of a map of
In the south, it is low-lying and sandy. Spain and lengths of yarn in three
Cantabria Atlantic Canary Islands colours: red, green, orange.
Ask Ss to glue the yarn on the coasts
according to the map in the book.
Ss write Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic
Estaca de Bares Point Cape
Cape
Ocean and the name of each type of
Peas Cape
Ajo F R A N C E
Cape Fisterra
Matxitxako
coastal area on the map. Ask: What
Cape
ANDORRA
Creus
Gulf
of
coastal area do the Canary Islands
ATLANTIC
Roses
belong to? (Atlantic) And the Balearic
A L
Islands? (Mediterranean)
U G
OCEAN
Gulf of
R T
Valencia
Balearic
Mediterranean Balearic Islands
P O
Cape Islands
La Nao
a
Se
Presentation
Cape n
Palos ea
N ran
Gulf iter
of Cadiz Cape Med
W E Gata SCALE
Tarifa Point 0 142
Ceuta
S Kilometres
Melilla
ATLANTIC OCEAN
Canary Islands Cantabrian coast LOOK AND READ Focus on the map. Ask:
Mediterranean coast
Atlantic coast What do you notice about the coast of
Spain? (a lot of coast with different seas)
Ask Ss to look at the photos in pairs and
Complete the sentence. Spain has five different types of coastal areas:
Describe each one. The Cantabrian coast has rocky cliffs.
to ask each other questions: In which
photo/s can you see a high cliff?
Cantabrian coast, Atlantic coast, Mediterranean coast, Canary (Atlantic) a sandy beach?
34 THE LANDSCAPE
Islands coast, Balearic Islands coast/ The Atlantic coast is very (Mediterranean, Balearic Islands)
varied. The Mediterranean coast is low-lying and sandy rocks on the beach? (Canary Islands)
Help Ss organise a tree diagram. Title:
CONTENT AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT Spanish coasts. Level 1: Cantabrian coast /
Atlantic coast / Mediterranean coast. Level
1 Quiz. Books closed. Read out these questions and ask Ss 2: Iberian Peninsula / Iberian Peninsula,
to raise their hands if they know the answer. Canary Islands coast / Iberian Peninsula,
1. How long is the Spanish coastline? Balearic Islands coast.
2. How many types of coast are there? Ss read 1 and do the activity.
3. What is the coast in the north called?
4. Which coast is very varied? R and E Activity Book, pages 30, 31.
5. Which coast is low-lying and sandy?
6. Which islands have coastlines?
Answers: 1. about 6.000 kilometres. 2. five. 3. Cantabrian and
Atlantic. 4. Atlantic / Canaries. 5. Mediterranean. 6. Canary Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea.
Islands, Balearic Islands. The Mediterranean is almost enclosed
and is surrounded by populated countries.
This causes a serious pollution problem.
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80
Activity Book
2/10/06
Worksheet 26. Date Read and learn Worksheet 25. Date Apply your knowledge
UNDERWATER LANDSCAPES LANDSCAPES
20:30
1. Read carefully. 1. Read the definition and write the word.
Pgina 80
has different landscapes. There are mountain
ranges, flat lands and deep oceanic trenches. c. Several mountains grouped together: chai>
Underwater mountain ranges are known as
d. A low area between mountains: vale
oceanic ridges. Some are over 3,000 metres
high and more than 2,000 kilometres long. e. The wet land near the mouth of a river: elt
The longest mountain range extends from
the Arctic almost to Antarctica. In some cases, f. Where the sea extends into the land: estuar
underwater mountain peaks reach the surface
and form islands in the middle of the ocean.
2. Now classify these landscapes into coastal or inland.
Oceanic trenches are long, narrow and very
deep depressions. The most important ones are
found in the Pacific Ocean. The deepest ocean
trench is the Challenger Deep in the Pacific
Ocean. It is almost 11,000 metres deep.
VOCABULARY M. A.In my Autonomous Community, there are different landscapes including mountai>
Match. chain, rir, plain an valey.
oceanic ridge deep, long, narrow depression on the ocean floor There are high areas, for example Navaerrad an t Guadarram
oceanic trench the highest point of a mountain mountain.
peak flat land which is lower than the surrounding land
There are flat areas, for example t eadow o Aranje.
depression an underwater mountain range
29 28
857415 _ 0074-0081.qxd
2/10/06
Tasks Worksheet 27. Date
INTERPRET A MAP
20:30
1. Look at the map on page 31 and answer.
Bay of Biscay N
Pgina 81
ng
Ca n ta br
P
Y
S
b. Which mountain range is the farthest east? T Tramuntan ran@.
Ra
R
tai n
i an M ou nta i n Ch a i n E
Moun licia
N E E S
n
N
IN
O Aneto
L E NT
A
MO
U
E
3,404
d. Where are the lowest areas of land? T Ebro/Guadalquivi epession.
N
IB AI
CH
B
ER O
R
N
DE AI
IA
T
P
N
N R O U
CENTRAL E
S TA
LM
SI AS
ON CO
C
N
AI
H
N
A
LA
CH
IN
TA
A L
R AL CA
NT dar brow>
CE Pico
e
Different colours represent different altitudes.The colour
U G
del Moro ng
Ra
Almanzor
2,592
PLATEAU Tr a m
u nt
a na
is used for the highest areas. The colour ge> is used
R T
for the lowest areas. The most important rivers flow through areas indicated by the colour
Balearic
ge> o ligh brow>
P O
ES
Islands . These areas are between
NG
RA
AIN
UNT
MOR
ENA
MO 0 and 1,000 metres
RA
ER
SI ION ea
R ESS N S in height. The highest mountain peak is located in an area indicated by the colour
VIR
DEP AI ea
n
UI CH an ge
I C err .
Q
ET Mulhacn Medit
AL
B 3,478
AD
GU
3. Find where you live on the map and answer. Find additional information and write the names.
ATLANTIC Ceuta
OCEAN
A L G E R I A
b. Does it have any plains? M. A. Ye, i d.
Canary Islands
metres
Teide 2,000
3,718 1,000 4. Which of these landforms are found near where you live? M. A.
500
0
plain island marsh
mountain
SCALE
0 254
Peak
Kilometres
valley cape estuary
hill
31 30
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UNIT 9
Rivers
UNIT CONTENT
Content objectives
1. Defining rivers, reservoirs, lakes and watersheds and identifying the watersheds
of Spain
2. Distinguishing weather and climate
3. Recognising the Earths climatic zones and understanding their characteristics
4. Describing and locating the main types of Spanish climate
5. Associating climate with type of landscape
6. Associating climate with the living things in the different zones
7. Associating destructive and protective human actions with their effects on
nature
6. Appreciating the importance of learning about and protecting nature
Language objectives
1. Defining: A river is Reservoirs are Climate is Fauna is
2. Describing (adjectives): greater; irregular; hot; cool; mild
3. Classifying: There are three watersheds There are different types of climate
4. Expressing purpose: to irrigate fields; for urban consumption
5. Describing quantity: a lot; more than half; less water; abundant; many species
6. Describing time: in the summer; all year round; a few months of the year
Contents
Rivers and watersheds Observe drawings and photos Appreciating the importance of
Lakes and reservoirs to learn about rivers, climate learning about and protecting
Climate, the Earths climate and landscape nature
zones, the climate of Spain Locate the Earths climate Appreciating and respecting
Vegetation and fauna zones on a globe vegetation and fauna in the
place where we live
Protecting nature
Assessment criteria
Knowing what rivers and watersheds are
Distinguishing the Earths climate zones
Knowing the different types of climate in Spain
Associating climate with the type of landscape
Associating climate with the living things in each zone
Observing drawings and photographs to learn about rivers, climate and landscape
Appreciating the importance of learning about and protecting nature
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UNIT 0
RESOURCES
Resource folder
Internet resources
www.richmondelt.com
www.indexnet.santillana.es
Rivers and coasts
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/riversandcoasts/
index.shtml
Animated drawings about rivers and coasts.
For students.
River features
http://www.kented.org.uk/ngfl/subjects/geography/
rivers/River Articles/rivart.htm
Different river features. Also offers teacher planning
and worksheets. Useful for students and teachers.
Dams
http://www.simscience.org/cracks/beginning/
dams1.html
All about dams. For teachers and students.
3
LEVEL
Other resources
FOLLOW A
Richmond World Facts
Richmond Students Dictionary RIVER
Flashcards
Posters
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Special attention
Rivers
READ
Understanding the concept of watershed
Look at the photo
Adjectives and expressions of quantity of a reservoir.
How do you think
Hands on
this water is used?
Think of other places
where we find water.
Transport of materials
Build a mountain out of sand on
a tray.
Prepare to pour water over the LOOK AND READ
mountain so it goes down one side. 1. A rivers course and flow 53 3. The watersheds of Spain
Ask: What will happen when the water A river is a body of moving water. Watersheds are areas where all
moves down the mountain? (It will It starts high in the mountains. the rivers flow into the same sea.
It flows into a sea, a lake or another river. There are three watersheds in Spain.
carry sand with it to the bottom.)
The course is the route which a river takes. The Cantabrian watershed has short, rapid rivers.
Make another mountain of sand The flow is the amount of water which a river Their flow is abundant and regular.
carries. The flow is greater when it rains, The Mediterranean watershed covers about
and place some little stones near or if snow melts in the mountains. one third of Spain. Except for the Ebro,
the surface. Ask: What will happen the rivers are short, and their flow is irregular.
They sometimes overflow when it rains a lot.
this time when the water moves down 2. Lakes and reservoirs 54
They are sometimes dry in the summer.
the side? (It will mostly carry the little Water can also be found in lakes and reservoirs. The Atlantic watershed covers more than
Lakes are large bodies of water half of Spain. The flow of these rivers
stones.) Why? (because they are larger) surrounded by land. is abundant and fairly regular, but they carry
Reservoirs are artificial lakes. less water in the summer.
Water from reservoirs is used
Presentation
to irrigate fields, and for urban consumption.
Canals and irrigation channels
transport water away from reservoirs.
Make more sentences.
Reservoirs are also used to produce energy.
Change the underlined words.
LOOK Focus on the photo. Ask: Is there a In the Cantabrian watershed, the river flow
lot of water? (yes) What holds the water is abundant and regular.
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Climate
Special attention
LOOK AND READ
Identifying the characteristics of the
World climatic zones 1. Climate
different types of climate in Spain
tropical North Pole Climate is not the same as weather.
polar
Weather can change in just a few minutes.
Northern
Hemisphere
Climate is a regions characteristic temperature,
wind and precipitation over a very long time.
Hands on
Eq
Southern ua temperate
tor
Hemisphere 2. The Earths climate 55
A globe
temperate The distance of an area from the equator
determines how much heat it gets from the Sun. Show the class a globe. Ask: What
South Pole polar Tropical zone: It is very hot all year round
near the equator.
shape is the Earth? (a sphere which
Temperate zone: There are warm summers is slightly flattened at the poles)
and cool winters. In some regions, Find the equator. What countries
it is rainy all year round. In other regions,
it is dry and sunny in the summer. does the equator pass through?
Polar zone: It is very cold all year round (Ecuador, Brazil, Congo, Kenya )
at the North and South Poles.
Find the temperate zone and the
3. Climate in Spain tropical zone. Say: Name four countries
There are different types of climate in Spain. in the temperate zone. (Spain,
The Atlantic climate: This is the mild climate France, Germany, Great Britain )
on the Cantabrian coast and in Galicia.
Atlantic climate Mediterranean climate
Rainfall is abundant all year round. in the tropical zone. (Costa Rica,
The Mediterranean climate: This is the climate Venezuela, Ethiopia )
near the Mediterranean. Summers are hot,
and winters are mild. Rainfall is light.
The subtropical climate: This is the climate
in the Canary Islands. It is hot all year round.
Rainfall is limited to a few months of the year. Presentation
The continental climate: This is the climate
of central Spain. Summers are hot
and winters are cold. Rainfall is irregular. LOOK AND READ Focus on the photos. Ask
Ss to compare landscapes. Ask: What is
What zone do you live in? What kind the landscape like in the Atlantic climate?
of climate do you have where you live?
Subtropical climate Continental climate (wet, a lot of vegetation ) And in the
continental climate? (dry, few trees, low
36 RIVERS vegetation )
Ss read 1 and 2 and 3 with 91 , 92 , 93 .
85
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86
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Activity Book
2/10/06
Worksheet 29. Date Apply your knowledge Worksheet 28. Date Apply your knowledge
CLIMATE AND WEATHER WATER
20:34
1. Find the climates of Spain in the wordsearch. 1. Match.
A B C
A S D F G H J K L Q W E R
Pgina 88
P O K A T L A N T I C X C
M E D I T E R R A N E A N
M N B V C X Z P O S U Y T
Z S U B T R O P I C A L Q
S C O N T I N E N T A L M
The conti>enta clima is the climate in central Spain. Summers are hot 2. Read and tick () the true sentences.
and winters are cold.There is a Medierra>ea> clima near the Mediterranean. a. A river is a body of moving water.
Summers are not, but winters are mild. The Atlanti clima b. The course is the amount of water which a river carries.
is in Galicia and in Cantabria. It rains all year round. The Canary Islands has c. The flow of a river is smaller when it rains.
a subtropica clima . It is hot all year round. d. A lake is a large body of water surrounded by land.
e. A reservoir is an artificial lake.
f. Reservoirs are never used to produce energy.
VOCABULARY g. Watersheds are areas where all the rivers flow into the same sea.
Match and write. h. The Atlantic watershed is the smallest one in Spain.
20:34
1. Read carefully. 1. Read carefully.
Pgina 89
Climate graphs give us information about climates. They help us compare the climates Deserts are areas with very
in two different areas. little rain. Very few plants and
animals can survive in a desert.
The blue bars tell us the monthly precipitation. We can see if a climate is rainy or dry.
Deserts have a very dry climate.
The red line shows the monthly temperatures. We can see if it is a warm or a cold climate. Rain is scarce and usually irregular.
Months or years can go by without
rain and then torrential rains fall.
Because of the dry climate, rivers
2. Look at the climate graphs. Complete the following activities. in deserts only have water
Then you are ready to do project 3 on page 36. when it rains.
a. Read the data cards. There is always a big difference
b. Write Mountain or Desert below each climogram. between day and night
temperatures in deserts. During
the day, temperatures are very high.
DATA: DESERT DATA: MOUNTAIN At night it is very cold, and
temperatures fall below 0.
Temperatures: very high all year Temperatures: very cold in winter and
round. Over 20 for six months. moderate in summer.
Precipitation: very little rain all year Precipitation: heavy rains all year 2. Circle the words in the text which you do not understand.
round. round, although in summer it rains less. Look up the meanings in a dictionary and write them down.
M. A. survi = li
Temperature in C Precipitation in l/m2 Temperature in C Precipitation in l/m2 scar = r litt
200
180
160
220
200
180
torentia = r stron@
140 160
120 140
100 120 3. Think and explain.
40 80 100
30 60 40 80 Some people who live in the desert are nomads. They have no fixed home,
20 40 30 60
10 20 20 40
and move from place to place. Why?
mountai> eer
35 34
89
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90
Notes:
2/10/06
MAKE AND INTERPRET A CLIMATE GRAPH
Project 3
20:34
Temperature is in degrees centigrade (C).
Precipitation is in millimetres (mm).
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Pgina 90
Temperature 5 9 13 15 18 20 24 26 25 19 10 7
Precipitation 50 54 70 78 83 60 30 15 90 86 88 69
T (C) P (mm)
50 100
40 80
30 60
20 40
10 20
0 0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
36
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Notes:
2/10/06
INVESTIGATE CHANGES IN MATTER
Project 4
20:34
1 Pour vinegar 4 The balloon inflates
into a bottle. when the vinegar
and bicarbonate mix.
Pgina 91
2 Put some bicarbonate 5 The baloon inflates
into a balloon. more and more
as time passes.
balloon bicarbonate
Becau t ga expand.
c. Where did the gas that is now in the balloon come from?
37
91
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UNIT 10
Population
UNIT CONTENT
Content objectives
1. Understanding the concept of population
2. Distinguishing between urban and rural population
3. Associating population changes with the number of people who are born and die
4. Understanding the concept of population density
5. Understanding what migration is, the causes and types
6. Distinguishing emigrants and immigrants
7. Understanding the characteristics of the population of Spain
8. Appreciating the role of immigrants in society
Language objectives
1. Providing additional information (relative clauses): People who live in cities places where
2. Explaining methods: Density is measured by dividing can be classified by gender
3. Making comparisons: more densely populated; better opportunities; is low compared to;
like other European populations; is getting older
4. Expressing quantity: some; others; many.
5. Expressing purpose: to live in another place; to find work; to escape
6. Describing part of a continuing process: The number is increasing is getting older
7. Stating facts (present passive): is not evenly distributed are densely populated
Contents
Assessment criteria
Understanding concepts associated with population: density, growth, urban and rural
Understanding what migration is, the causes and types
Identifying the characteristics of the population of Spain
Interpreting a bar graph about population
Studying photographs to learn about population
Appreciating the role of immigrants in society
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UNIT 0
RESOURCES
Resource folder
Internet resources
www.richmondelt.com
www.indexnet.santillana.es
Population
http://www.geography.learnontheinternet.co.uk/
index.html
Internet geography with sections on population
and migration. For teachers.
Population comparisons
http://www.un.org/Pubs/CyberSchoolBus/
infonation3/basic.asp
View and compare country population, economic,
health, technology and environmental data.
For teachers and students.
Population statistics
http://www.nationmaster.com/country/sp/Age_distribution
Spain population pyramids for 1995-2005
5
LEVEL
Other resources
Richmond World Facts
Richmond Students Dictionary
Flashcards
Posters
N EW L ANGUAGE ,
F RIENDS
N EW
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Population
Special attention
LOOK
Understanding the term population density
Do you live in a place
with many inhabitants?
Hands on Do you know people
who come from
a different place?
School census
Ask: How many students do you think
are in the school? Are there more boys
than girls? How many students of READ
different nationalities are there in the 1. Population 3. Population distribution
school? The population of an area is the number of people People like to live in places where there
Create a questionnaire to find out who live there. It can be classified into two types. are job opportunities, a healthy climate
and good services. Many people live on
Urban populations are people who live in cities.
the answers to the above questions. the coasts and plains in temperate zones.
Rural populations are people
Distribute it to all the classes at who live in villages and towns. Population density is measured by dividing
the total number of inhabitants by the
school. A census measures the size of a population. surface area of the place where they live.
Some countries and regions are more densely
Ss do the mathematical calculations 2. Natural increase 57 populated than others. In Australia there are
to obtain the answers for the whole Natural increase is the difference between huge, dry areas with no inhabitants, and there
the number of people who are born and are only 2 inhabitants per square kilometre.
school. the number of people who die in the same year.
The number of inhabitants in a place 4. Population groups
changes continually. Population can be classified by gender
Presentation
There is a positive natural increase into male and female inhabitants,
when more people are born than die. and by age into three main groups:
The population grows. Young people under the age of 18
There is a negative natural increase Adults between the ages of 18 and 64
LOOK Ss look at the photo. Ask: Are there when more people die than are born.
The population decreases. Senior citizens over the age of 65
many people? Is everybody alike? How are
they different? Discuss the questions Do a census of your class. What is the population?
together. Classify your classmates by gender and age.
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Migration
Special attention
READ
CONTENT AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT Write a chart on the BB with the title
MIGRATION and the subtitles Internal and
1 Comprehension. Write the sentence halves on the BB. External. Ask Ss to write examples of each.
Ss copy them and draw a line to join the halves. Ask: What are some of the advantages of
1. The movement of a. produced within the same living in a town or village? (peace and
population is called country quiet, clean air, contact with nature, safety)
2. Earthquakes are b. migration And in a city? (more opportunities for
culture, shopping, work, leisure, health
3. Finding work is c. people who leave a country
services)
4. Internal migration is d. migration from one country
to another Ask: What are some of the disadvantages
of living in the country? (few shops, no
5. International migration is e. a natural cause of migration
hospitals) And in a city? (pollution, noise)
6. Emigrants are f. people who arrive in another
country R Activity Book, page 38.
7. Immigrants are g. a social factor of migration
E Activity Book, page 39.
Answers: 1 b. 2 e. 3 g. 4 a. 5 d. 6 c. 7 f.
95
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40
(See the chart.)
35
The number of immigrants is increasing.
30
There are now about three million immigrants.
Bar graph Some come to work in Spain. 25
04
00
10
20
30
40
01
50
60
70
81
91
20
19
19
19
19
19
20
19
19
19
19
19
from zero to the maximum number of The coast and the Autonomous Community
students. of Madrid are densely populated.
In contrast, other inland areas
On the horizontal axis write: girls, boys. are sparsely populated.
In many Autonomous Communities,
Make two bars: one for the number of a high proportion of the population
is found in the provincial capital.
girls (b 1), the other for the number Like other European populations,
of boys (b 2). the Spanish population is getting older.
This means that the adult and senior
population is growing more quickly
than the population of young people.
Some regions are densely populated.
Presentation
Complete the sentences to describe
LOOK AND READ Ss look at the graph on the population of Spain.
The population of Spain is approximately
page 40. Ask: What does the horizontal The number of immigrants is
axis show? (years) What does the vertical The population density is
The population is not evenly
axis show? (number of inhabitants in The Spanish population is getting
millions) What is the meaning of the bars Are there immigrants in your community?
Where do they come from?
height? (millions of inhabitants in that Some regions are sparsely populated.
year) What was the population in 1910?
(20 million inhabitants) And in 2004? 40 POPULATION 43 million inhabitants / increasing /
(43 million) low / distributed / older.
Ask: What regions of Spain are densely CONTENT AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
populated? (the coast and the Autonomous
Community of Madrid) What regions of 1 Comprehension. Write the following sentences on the BB.
Spain are sparsely populated? (some Ss copy them and choose the correct alternative in each
inland areas such as Extremadura) sentence.
SS do the activity at the bottom of the 1. In Spain the number of emigrants / immigrants is increasing.
page.
2. Senior citizens come to work / retire here.
R Activity Book, page 40. 3. Population density in Spain is low / high compared to other
European countries.
4. The population is / is not evenly distributed.
5. The Spanish population is getting younger / older.
Senior citizens. Have a discussion in Answers: 1. immigrants. 2. retire. 3. low. 4. is not. 5. older.
class about the importance of senior
citizens, their contribution to society and
their needs.
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4. when more people are born than die. 5. when more people die than are born.
Answers: 1. the people who live in cities. 2. the people who live in villages and towns. 3. a census.
Activity Book
2/10/06
Worksheet 33. Date Read and learn Worksheet 32. Date Apply your knowledge
CITIES POPULATION
20:32
1. Read carefully. 1. Circle the correct word.
The growth of cities a. When people born in another country come to live in our country, the change
in population is due to natural increase / migration.
The first cities appeared between 6,000
Pgina 98
and 7,000 years ago in different parts b. If more people are born than die, the change is due to natural increase / migration.
of the world: the Middle East, India c. When people who live in villages move to cities, the population change is due to
and China. They were small settlements. natural increase / migration.
Most of the population was employed
in fishing, agriculture or livestock farming.
2. Explain what the population is like in your Autonomous Community.
Today, cities have almost nothing in common
with the first settlements. They are large urban M. A.Man eop fro ote countr^e co to li an wor i> Madri
areas with tall buildings, leisure facilities,
and varied means of transport. inceasin@ t populatio> o t communit.
Two factors have influenced the growth of cities.
One is the increase in population, thanks 3. Look at the photo and answer.
to medical advances and better health and food
habits. The other is the opportunity they give a. Is this a rural or urban population?
people to work and the services they provide. Give your reasons.
This produces migration from rural areas.
M. A. Te a e houe an i i
surroune b mountain an hill.
2. Find the most important words in each paragraph.
b. What means of transport do you think
M. A. fishin@, agricultu, listoc farmin@, urba> aea, growt, migratio> there are?
M. A. I> cit^e, cau te a mo jo opportunit^e an ervie i> cit^e populatio> : is measured by dividing the number of inhabitants
by the surface area of a place.
ensit
tha> i> villa@e.
39 38
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Notes:
2/10/06
Worksheet 34. Date Tasks
CALCULATE POPULATION DENSITY
1. Work with a partner. Look at the data, and calculate the population density of the following
20:32
European countries:
Pgina 99
Austria 8,100,000 83,900 96.5
Belgium 10,200,000 30,500 334.4
Denmark 5,300,000 43,100 122.9
Federal Republic of Germany 82,000,000 356,900 229.7
Finland 5,150,000 337,100 15.2
France 59,000,000 544,000 108.4
Greece 10,500,000 132,000 79.5
Ireland 3,740,000 70,300 53.2
Italy 57,600,000 301,300 191.1
Luxemburg 430,000 2,600 165.3
Netherlands 15,750,000 41,200 382.2
Poland 38,500,000 312,700 123.1
Portugal 10,000,000 92,400 108.2
Spain 43,000,000 506,000 84.9
Sweden 8,850,000 411,000 21.5
United Kingdom 59,400,000 244,100 243.3
2. Now answer these questions.
a. Which countries have a population density of less than 50 inhabitants per square kilometre?
Se> an Finlan
b. Which countries have a population density of between 50 and 150 inhabitants
per square kilometre?
Austri, Denmar, Fran, Ge, Ielan, Polan, Portuga, an Spai>
c. Which countries have a population density of between 150 and 400 inhabitants
per square kilometre?
Belgiu, Fe. Republi o German, Ital, Luembur@, Neterland,
Unie Kingdo
40
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UNIT 11
The economy
UNIT CONTENT
Content objectives
1. Understanding the concept of active population
2. Identifying the various types of economic activity i.e the agricultural,
industrial and service sectors
3. Identifying the work people do in each economic sector
4. Understanding how the active population in Spain is distributed by economic sector
5. Describing the activities in the primary sector and secondary sector in Spain
6. Understanding the main types of industries
7. Describing the types of activities in the public and private service sectors in Spain
8. Understanding the importance of the transport system in Spain
9. Appreciating the importance of tourism as part of the service sector in Spain
10. Appreciating that all the jobs people do are important
Language objectives
1. Stating facts (passive forms): Natural resources are obtained are
transformed are raised.
2. Describing ability: The money enables these people People who cannot work
3. Making comparisons: less than 5 %; the most important crop; the most important
industries
4. Expressing purpose: aim to make money to provide a service
Contents
The active population Distinguish crop and livestock Appreciate the work people
The economic sectors: primary, production from the do in all the economic sectors
secondary and service sectors transformation of these Appreciate that tourism
The activities in the three products in the agro-food is important for Spain
economic sectors industry
Distribution by sectors of the Associate a dominant service
active population in Spain sector with a societys
prosperity
Assessment criteria
Distinguishing the three economic sectors
Distinguishing between obtaining products and their transformation
Describing the activities in each economic sector in Spain
Appreciating the work people do in all economic sectors and what they provide
to society
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UNIT 0
RESOURCES
Resource folder
Internet resources
www.richmondelt.com
www.indexnet.santillana.es
Jobs
http://www.learnenglish.org.uk/kids/archive/
theme_jobs.html
Matching games and other activities about jobs.
For students and teachers.
Agriculture in Europe and Spain
http://www.ceja.educagri.fr/en/pays/espa.htm
Agricultural and livestock production in the past and
present. For teachers and students.
Careers and jobs
http://www.kidsnewsroom.org/careers/careers.asp
Interviews by Kidsnewsroom with people in a variety
of jobs. For teachers and students.
4
LEVEL
Employment structures
http://www.geography.learnontheinternet.co.uk/
topics/empstruct.html
Employment structure and how jobs are classified with
examples of pie charts. For teachers and students.
Other resources
Richmond World Facts
Richmond Students Dictionary
Flashcards
Posters
ON THE FARM
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Special attention
The economy
LOOK
Understanding the concept of service as
used in the field of economics Look at the photo.
What is this womans job?
Difference between manufacturing and Does she make things
consumer industries or provide a service?
Hands on
Jobs
Ask: What job do you want to have READ
when you are older? Write all the jobs 1. Work 3. The secondary sector 60
on the BB. Work refers to the many productive activities Natural resources are transformed into
which people do, usually for money. The money manufactured products in the secondary sector.
Ask: How many different jobs have we enables these people, and their families, to buy Manufacturing industries transform raw
written on the BB? Which job was food and clothing and enjoy leisure activities. materials into manufactured products,
The active population includes people such as tools and machines.
chosen most? who work and receive money for their work. Consumer industries manufacture products
It also includes unemployed people
Ss classify the jobs by sectors. Ask: who are looking for work.
such as frozen vegetables.
Which of these jobs are in the primary The inactive population includes people
4. The service sector 61
sector, secondary sector, service who cannot work, for example, some severely
disabled people. It also includes people Transport, schools, tourism and other
sector? who work but receive no money, businesses that provide services are in the service
for example children, retired people, sector (also called the tertiary sector).
and people with family responsibilities. Private services, such as cinemas,
Work can be in the primary, secondary are privately controlled.
Presentation
or service sectors. Public services, such as public transport, are
controlled by the state or by the local government.
2. The primary sector 59
LOOK Ask Ss to look at the photo. Ask: Natural resources are obtained in the primary
sector. Agriculture, fishing, mining and forestry What examples of private services
What is the womans job? What does she are in the primary sector. and public services are there
in your town?
do in her job? Would you like to do her job?
Why/Why not?
THE ECONOMY 41
READ Present 1-4 with 104 - 107 .
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The total active population in Spain is approximately There is livestock farming. Sheep Collective nouns: crops, livestock, cattle,
20 million people. There are 18 million employed and poultry are raised on the plains. poultry
people and 2 million unemployed people. Cattle are raised in mountain areas
The active population can be classified to obtain beef, milk and leather.
by economic sector:
Less than 5 %, about one million people,
Fishing is an important industry on the coast.
Other primary sector activities are mining
Hands on
work in the primary sector. and forestry.
About 30 %, around 6 million people,
work in the secondary sector. 3. The secondary sector Making a pie chart
About 60 %, around 12 million people,
work in the service sector. Many industries are near big cities. Draw a circle and divide it into three
Industries often invest in new technology.
The most important industries are the metal,
parts.
2. The primary sector
chemical, food, telecommunications,
In Spain, the principal primary sector activities textile and car industries.
Make each sector a different colour
are agriculture, livestock farming and fishing. The construction industry is also very important. and write: Primary sector (less than
There is agriculture on the plains. There are many new houses and roads.
The most important crops are:
5 %), Secondary sector (around 30 %),
wheat and barley Service sector (around 60 %)
olives and grapes
potatoes, vegetables and fruit
Ask: Which sector has the most
workers? (the service sector)
Which sector has the least workers?
(the primary sector)
Presentation
Agriculture is in the primary sector. Manufacturing industries are in the secondary sector. Ask Ss to look at the two pictures at the
bottom of page 42 and compare them. Ask:
Complete the sentences and name three activities for each sector. What is being produced? (In the first, plants,
Less than %, about millon people, work in the primary sector in Spain.
About %, around million people, work in the secondary sector in Spain.
maybe crops for food; in the second, cars)
READ Present 1 , 2 and 3 with 108 , 109 ,
110 . Ask: Which of the following
42 THE ECONOMY M.A. 5one / 30 6
activities are in the primary sector?
1. working in the fields. 2. fumigating
crops. 3. driving lorries. 4. packaging
CONTENT AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT shirts. 5. picking strawberries. 6. milking
cows. 7. building houses. (1, 2, 5, 6)
1 Listening. Write the following sentences on the BB.
Ask: Name some products obtained from
Students copy them and try to complete them in pairs.
livestock farming. (wool, meat, milk)
They then listen to 108 to check their answers.
Ask: Why are industries near big cities?
1. The total active population is approximately million people.
(transport is easier; more workers) How
2. There are million people employed. can factories manufacture many products
3. There are million people unemployed. in a short time? (using machines)
4. Less than %, about million people work in the primary Ss do the activity at the bottom of the page.
sector.
5. About %, around million people work in the secondary R Activity Book, page 41.
sector.
6. About %, around million people work in the service
sector. Prosperity. Prosperous countries
usually have many services, such as
Answers: 1 20. 2 18. 3 2. 4 5 one. 5 30 6. hospitals, cinemas, banks, restaurants.
6 60 12.
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Hands on
In the private sector, banks, insurance companies,
the entertainment industry, restaurants and shops
aim to make money.
In the public sector, hospitals and schools aim to provide
a service. Many services are offered by the government.
Nearby services
2. Transport
Ss use a map of the area near their
Transport is very important for trade and tourism.
school and mark the locations of the Education is in the service sector.
All of Spain is connected by roads,
services offered. including many motorways.
Major cities and towns are also connected by railway.
Invent a code and write it on the BB.
Suburban trains connect cities with the surrounding areas.
For example: SH shop, K kiosk, Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia and Bilbao
P park, Ph Pharmacy, H hospital, have underground transport systems.
ST stationery shop, S school, There are airports in most major cities.
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Activity Book
2/10/06
Worksheet 36. Date Read and learn Worksheet 35. Date Apply your knowledge
INDUSTRY IN ANTIQUITY WORK
20:34
1. Read carefully. 1. Look at the photos and name the jobs.
A B
An industry from Roman times
farmer miner
When the Romans occupied the Iberian
Pgina 106
shop assistant engineer
Peninsula, one of the most important industries
was the production of salted fish and fish sauce. taxi driver builder
Spains Atlantic coast was an ideal place for
these industries. There was a lot of fish, salt 1 fare 1 mi>e
extraction was easy, and the fresh water
needed to clean the fish was also available. C D E F
The fish sauce which the Romans liked most
was garum. Garum was a paste made by
mixing parts of fish, such as tuna and
anchovies, with salt and herbs. The paste
was left in the Sun until it was ready.
The garum was then transported by ship to
Rome in large, pointed bottles called amphorae. 3 sho assistan 3 tax^ dri 2 buile 2 engi>e
It was very popular, and the Romans used
it in many dishes.
2. Now classify each job in the correct economic sector. Write the number.
2. Complete the index card. 1. Primary sector: agriculture, livestock farming, fishing, mining, forestry
2. Secondary sector: manufacturing: metal, chemical, food, telecommunications,
ROMAN SALTED-FISH INDUSTRY textile, car, construction
3. Service sector: transport, schools, tourism, banks, entertainment, restaurants,
a. What three characteristics did a place need for this type of industry?
shops, hospitals
Lot o fis, pla to @e sal an fes wae to cea> t fis.
VOCABULARY
42 41
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Worksheet 37. Date Tasks
HOW IS A PRODUCT MANUFACTURED?
20:34
1. Choose a product manufactured in your Autonomous Community. Complete the word map.
M. A.
Pgina 107
A PRODUCT FROM MY AUTONOMOUS COMMUNITY
een
43
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UNIT 12
Prehistory and Antiquity
UNIT CONTENT
Content objectives
1. Understanding the main periods of Prehistory and their characteristics
2. Learning how people lived in Prehistory
3. Recognising the tribes which inhabited the Iberian peninsula in pre-Roman times: Iberians and Celts
4. Recognising the ancient civilisations which established colonies on the Iberian peninsula
in pre-Roman times: the Phoenicians, the Greeks and the Carthaginians
5. Identifying Roman ruins in Hispania.
6. Understanding the meaning of Romanisation and its principal legacies
7. Appreciating ancient ruins and paintings from the past
8. Appreciating the Roman legacy in Spain
Language objectives
1. Past tenses to talk about historical events: began; moved; made; had
2. Stating facts in the past (passive forms): were used; was inhabited; were divided
3. Describing how things were made: by hitting
4. Describing location: on the Iberian peninsula; in the east of the peninsula; on the Mediterranean coast
5. Expressing time: at first; later; for 600 years; after
Contents
Prehistory: periods, utensils, Interpret historical maps about Appreciate ancient ruins and
works of art the cities of the Phoenicians, other works of art as a way of
Tribes in pre-Roman times: Greeks and Carthaginians learning about the past
Iberians and Celts Interpret maps about Roman Appreciate the Roman legacy
The arrival of the Phoenicians, Hispania in Spain and its influence on
Greeks and Carthaginians on Observe photographs to learn our life
the Iberian peninsula about the past
Romanisation and its legacies Study ancient monuments to
learn about their significance
Ancient architecture and
clothing
Assessment criteria
Understanding how early men and women lived
Understanding the basic divisions and chronology of Prehistory
Understanding about the earliest inhabitants on the Iberian peninsula
Identifying the typical characteristics of the historical periods studied
Describing some artistic and cultural expressions of Roman times
Appreciating why we study the past
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UNIT 0
RESOURCES
Resource folder
Internet resources
www.richmondelt.com
www.indexnet.santillana.es
Atapuerca
http://www.atapuerca.com/
This official site contains a wealth of information about
the archaeological sites, early humans, as well as
survival games. For students and teachers.
The Stone Age
http://museums.ncl.ac.uk/flint/menu.html
The world of Late Stone Age hunter gatherers.
For students and teachers.
Primitive caves
http://www.creswell-crags.org.uk/virtuallytheiceage/
Activities/Explore/Cave.htm
Explore a primitive cave from 50,000 years ago.
Useful for students. tic
Se
a
Bal
North
1 Sea The Roman Empire
B R I TA N N I A GERMANIA
Richmond Dictionaries
Richmond Publishing 2006. Richmond Publishing is an imprint of Santillana Educacin, S.L.
O C E A N
5 I TA L I A ASIA 11 SYRIA
6
Flashcards 7
8 9
Posters 4
H I S PA N I A
12 J U D A E A
13
3 n e a
r a
e r n
i t
d 14 S e a
e
M AFRICA
7 sarcophagus
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Special attention
Prehistory and Antiquity
LOOK
Understanding that the invention of writing
marked the end of Prehistory How do we know
what happened
many thousands
110
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S
E
Rosas
3. Colonies 69
Presentation
AN
Ampurias
Many ancient civilisations established colonies
OCE
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Roman Hispania
Special attention
READ
Understanding that Spain was part of the
1. Roman times 70 The Roman provinces of the the Iberian peninsula
Roman Empire
More than two thousand years ago, the Romans Bay of Biscay
N
At first, the conquered tribes did not participate Tarragona
ATLANTIC OCEA
in Roman government. Later, they adopted Roman LUSITANIA
Sagunto
customs and spoke Latin, the language CARTAGINENSIS
Making puzzles of the Romans. Many people from Hispania,
Lisboa Merida
Glue them onto coloured card and cut Hispania was Roman for 600 years. S
ATLANTIC OCEAN
However, after about 400 A.D. the Roman Empire
them into several pieces. weakened. Visigothic invaders entered
Canary Islands
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ESSENTIAL SCIENCE 5 Photocopiable material Richmond Publishing - Santillana Educacin, S.L. 113
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Activity Book
2/10/06
Worksheet 39. Date Apply your knowledge Worksheet 38. Date Apply your knowledge
ANCIENT HISTORY PREHISTORY
20:37
1. Complete the word map. 1. Match and write the period.
The Phoenicians The Greeks The Carthaginians Palaeolithic period Metal Ages
Neolithic period
Pgina 114
came from came from came from
Paleolithi erio
founded the city / cities of founded the city / cities of founded the city / cities of d. People were farmers. They had domestic animals.
Neolithi erio
Cadi Deni Carta@en e. Craftsmen made metal weapons and jewelry.
Almu>eca Ampuria Meta A@e
f. Craftsmen made tools by hitting one stone against another.
20:37
1. Read carefully. 1. Read carefully.
Pgina 115
Dates can be expressed as BC or AD. The birth of Christ, more Circus games were the Romans most popular form of
than 2,000 years ago, is used to make the first big division in historical entertainment. Games were held regularly, and lasted
time. Events that happened before the birth of Christ use the for many days. The events were advertised on signs
letters BC (before Christ) after the date. For example, and proclaimed throughout the city. People came from
the prehistoric paintings in the Caves of Altamira all over the Roman Empire to watch the games. Sometimes
are from the year 15,000 BC. they slept outdoors waiting for the games to begin.
Events taking place after the birth of Christ The gladiators fights and chariot races were
are identified with the letters AD after the most popular circus games.
the date, but most of the time we do not Most of the gladiators were slaves, prisoners of war,
use anything. For example, we could write or criminals, but some were volunteers. All gladiators went
that the Crown of Castile was formed to training schools to learn special fighting techniques.
in 1230 or 1230 AD. Both forms are correct. Many gladiators died in the fights. The president
A period of one hundred years is called a century. of the games decided if a gladiator lived or died.
The year 1492 was in the fifteenth century. Chariot races were held in the circuses. There were
four different chariot teams which had different colours.
The chariots were pulled by four horses and driven by the
2. Order the historical events in chronological order. charioteer. The races were very dangerous. Chariots crashed,
711 AD: Muslims invaded the Iberian Peninsula. a. T Phnicia> alpha wa inne. and men and horses were injured and killed.
b. Ro wa foune.
Some gladiators and chariot drivers became rich and famous.
753 BC (approximately): Rome was founded.
b. What century were you born in? tnt^et entur M. A. I wa u earl an go to t circu earl too. I go wit m
c. What century are we in now? tnt-firs entur paent an watc t chario rae. I enjo t rae lo.
47 46
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UNIT 13
The Middle Ages
UNIT CONTENT
Content objectives
1. Identifying the different people who invaded the 6. Understanding the expansion of the Christian
Iberian peninsula after the Roman Empire and kingdoms on the Iberian peninsula
placing them in the correct periods of time. 7. Understanding events in Spain after 1492
2. Identifying and describing the characteristics 8. Identifying the characteristics of the Spanish
of the Visigothic kingdom Empire
3. Identifying and describing the characteristics 9. Understanding the nature of an absolute
of Al Andalus monarchy
4. Identifying the location of the Christian kingdoms 10. Recognising the cultural importance
5. Learning what the Christian Reconquest was of the Golden Age
Language objectives
1. Talking about the past: adopted; spoke; became
2. Making impersonal statements (past passive): were created; was formed
3. Time sequence: first, later, next, finally
4. Expressing purpose: to unify their new kingdom; to practise their religion
5. Making comparisons: their highest authority; the most important
6. Describing simultaneous events: Meanwhile,
7. Expressing contrast: in contrast; however
Contents
The invasion of Germanic Putting historical events in Show appreciation and respect
tribes: Vandals, Suevi, Visigoths order: historical sequence and for historic buildings and
The Visigoths and Muslims: simultaneous development interest in preserving them
arrival in Hispania, customs, Identifying buildings from Show interest in learning about
way of life, religion, law different historical periods the past
The Christian kingdoms and Interpreting historical maps
the Christian Reconquest:
significance, events, dates
The Catholic Monarchs
The territories of the Spanish
Empire
The Golden Age: important
artists and works of art
Assessment criteria
Sequencing historical events in Spain after the fall Identifying the Christian kingdoms on the
of the Roman Empire peninsula.
Describing characteristics of the Visigothic Describing characteristics of the Spanish
kingdom and of Al Andalus Empire.
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UNIT 0
RESOURCES
Resource folder
Internet resources
www.richmondelt.com
www.indexnet.santillana.es
The Middle Ages
http://www.themiddleages.net/
Middle Ages art and lifestyle, weapons, and famous
medieval people. For teachers.
Romans
http://www.brims.co.uk/romans/index.html
All about the Romans, especially in Britain.
For students and teachers.
Columbus
http://www.columbusnavigation.com/
The Columbus Navigation homepage examines many
different areas including the history, voyages and ships
of Christopher Columbus. For teachers and students.
The history of chocolate
http://www.fieldmuseum.org/Chocolate/history.html
All about chocolate. For teachers.
Other resources
Richmond World Facts
Richmond Dictionaries
Flashcards
Posters
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Special attention
The Middle Ages
LOOK
Sequencing historical events
Who lived in the Iberian
peninsula in the centuries
Hands on after the Roman Empire?
The Visigoths, the ...
Looking up information
Ask: What do you know about St
Isidore of Seville? (He was a key figure
A Visigothic church
in the Visigothic period in Spain)
Write on the BB: Why was he famous?
READ
What was his most important work?
Ask: Where can you find this 1. The invasion of Germanic tribes 72 Finally, they extended Visigothic rule
over the entire peninsula.
information? (encyclopaedias, history Under the Roman Empire, Hispania adopted
The Visigoths changed their language, religion
Roman customs and laws. Its inhabitants
and laws to unify their new kingdom.
books, Internet) Explain how to spoke Latin. They became Christians.
They adopted the Hispano-Roman culture
investigate: first, look up information In 409 A.D., the Vandals and other Germanic and converted to Christianity.
tribes invaded Hispania. They based their laws on Roman law.
and read it; then, extract the main Later, the Visigoths established a kingdom The Visigoths lived in villages.
ideas; next, organise the ideas; on the Iberian peninsula. They did not build cities like the Romans.
Instead, they used the land for agriculture,
finally, write the report. livestock farming and pastures.
2. The Visigoths 73
They were expert metalworkers.
First, the Visigoths crossed the Pyrenees The Visigothic kingdom ended
into Hispania, and settled in the centre after the Muslim invasion in 711 A.D.
of the peninsula. Toledo became their capital.
Presentation Later, they conquered the territories occupied
by other Germanic tribes, such as the Suevs.
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Al Andalus
Special attention
READ
Sequencing historical events
The Muslim conquest of the Iberian peninsula 1. Muslims and Christians 74
Battle of
In 711 A.D., a small army of Muslims from northern
Hands on
Covadonga
Oviedo
Astorga
Battle of
Roncesvalles
Africa invaded Visigothic Spain. In seven years,
they conquered most of the peninsula
N
Zaragoza
OCEA
Merida
Toledo
The Muslims brought their customs, laws and Words of Arabic origin
ATLANTIC
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Hands on
Around the year 1000, Al Andalus weakened.
NAVARRE Finally, it broke up into small independent
kingdoms called taifas.
AN
Meanwhile, the Christian kingdoms expanded,
OCE
ARAGON
and formed alliances. Their populations grew,
AL
Create a stained glass window C A S T I L E
and their cities became prosperous.
UG
RT
In contrast, the taifas, weakened by their lack
ATLANTIC
Ask: Where can you see stained glass
PO
of unity, lost many battles. The Christian
Reconquest was completed in 1492,
windows? (in churches and cathedrals) Mediterranean
when the Catholic Monarchs conquered Granada.
Sea
KINGDOM OF
Ss cut rectangles out of black card. GRANADA
They glue or tape coloured cellophane The Kingdom of Navarre included Navarre
and part of La Rioja.
over the holes then turn the card over The Crown of Aragon included the Kingdom
to admire their stained glass of Aragon, Valencia and Majorca,
and the Catalonian Counties.
windows. The Crown of Castile included the Kingdom
of Castile and the Kingdom of Leon.
Later, it included all Andalusia,
except for the Kingdom of Granada.
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A MER I C A
ATLANTIC
EUROPE
A S I A
Hands on
P A CI F IC
OCEAN
AFRICA O CE A N
PACIF IC
OCE AN S OU TH OCEANIA
Las Meninas
A MER I C A INDIAN
OCEAN Show Ss a copy of Las Meninas
(Maids of Honour) by Diego Velazquez.
The Spanish Empire Ask: What do you know about this
painting?
1 Spain after 1492 77 However, by the end of the 19th century, most Ask: Do you think the painting is large
of these possessions no longer belonged to Spain.
Columbus expedition reached America in 1492. or small? Why? Describe the room /
In the same year, Ferdinand and Isabella, the people. Who do you think they are?
the Catholic Monarchs, unified the kingdoms 3. Writers and artists
of Spain. They began the conquest of America, In the 16th and 17th centuries, Spain Describe their clothes. What name
and Spain became the centre of a great empire.
Their successors, Charles I and Philip II, acquired
produced many great works of literature and art. would you give this painting?
This period is called the Golden Age.
many new possessions in the 16th century.
In literature, Miguel de Cervantes wrote
In the 18th century, the kings established Don Quijote de La Mancha. There were great poets,
an absolute monarchy. In this form of government, such as Francisco de Quevedo and Luis de
the monarchs actions are not controlled by law.
The local laws of the old kingdoms were abolished,
Gongora. Lope de Vega and Pedro Calderon
de la Barca wrote many famous plays.
Presentation
except in Navarre and the Basque Country.
In painting, Diego Velazquez became the most
important artist of his time. READ Explain to Ss that some historical
2. The territories of the Spanish empire events on this page occurred at the same
Between the 16th and the 19th centuries, Spain time as other events on the previous page.
had possessions in almost every part of the world.
Spanish armies conquered the Canary Islands, Make new questions. Change the date. Ask: What happened in Spain in 1492?
much of the Americas, the Philippines in Asia, What happened in 1492? What happened
and several small territories in North Africa. The kingsiiiii in the 16 th century ?
(The Catholic Monarchs completed the
also inherited territories in central and southern Europe. Christian Reconquest and unified the
kingdoms of Spain.) (Columbuss
50 THE MIDDLE AGES M.A. the 18th century? between the 16th and the 19th expedition reached America.)
centuries?
Focus on the map. Ask: What can you see?
(continents and oceans) On which
CONTENT AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT continents did Spain have territories?
(America, Europe, Africa, Asia and Oceania)
1 Comprehension. Write the dates and events on the BB and ask
Ss read 1 , 2 and 3 with 130 , 131 , 132 and
Ss to match them.
do the activity at the bottom of the page.
1. In 1492 a. Spain had possessions in almost
every part of the world.
2. In the 16th century b. the kings established an absolute
monarchy.
3. In the 18th century c. Columbus reached America.
4. Between the 16th d. was the Golden Age of Spanish
and 19th centuries literature and art.
5. By the end e. Charles 1 and Philip II acquired Chocolate. Cacao seeds were brought
of the 19th century many possessions for the empire. to Europe by Columbus. At first, it was
6. The 16th and f. Spain had lost most of its empire. only used as a drink. Later, they mixed the
17th centuries powder with sugar, milk and other things
to make chocolate.
Answers: 1 c. 2 e. 3 b. 4 a. 5 f. 6 d.
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4. They occupied the centre and south of the peninsula for GETIH
hundred years.
2. The Crown of Aragon included the Kingdom of Aragon, Valencia, Majorca and
the Counties.
3. The Crown of Castile included the Kingdom of Castile and the Kingdom of
. Later, it included all Andalusia, except for the
Kingdom of .
122 ESSENTIAL SCIENCE 5 Photocopiable material Richmond Publishing - Santillana Educacin, S.L.
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Worksheet 43. Date Read and learn Worksheet 42. Date Apply your knowledge
MOSQUES BEGINNING OF THE MIDDLE AGES
20:37
1. Read carefully. 1. Does the event correspond to the Christian civilisation or the Islamic civilisation?
Write Christian or Islamic.
The place where Muslims pray
Islami
Pgina 123
a. They arrived on the Iberian Peninsula in 711.
Muslims pray five times a day. On Fridays,
they meet in mosques for community b. Their religion was Islam. Islami
prayer. The muezzin is responsible for
calling Muslims to pray. He calls them c. They created kingdoms in the north of Spain. Christia>
from a minaret, the mosque tower.
Inside the mosque, believers kneel and
d. They lived in the countryside. Christia>
pray towards the wall which faces in the
direction of Mecca. Mecca is the most
e. They built palaces and mosques. Islami
sacred Muslim city. f. They lived in cities. Islami
As well as being a place of prayer,
mosques are used as meeting places
and even schools. Mosques have a large 2. Name three Christian kingdoms at the beginning of the Middle Ages.
courtyard at the entrance, a prayer hall
inside, and one or more minarets, a. Arago>
depending on their size.
During the Middle Ages, Muslims built b. Casti
many mosques on the Iberian Peninsula.
The most important one is in Cordoba,
c. Navar
the capital of Al-Andalus.
3. What parts of a medieval castle can you see in the photo. Tick ().
2. Complete the sentences.
courtyard
VOCABULARY
tower
Circle the words related to mosques. water
minaret courtyard bridge bridge
university wall school
49 48
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Activity Book
2/10/06
Worksheet 45. Date Read and learn Worksheet 44. Date Apply your knowledge
THE INVENTION OF THE PRINTING PRESS THE MIDDLE AGES
20:37
1. Read carefully. 1. Complete the word map.
Pgina 124
around the year 1400. He was trained as a goldsmith,
Kingdom of Navarre Crown of Aragon Crown of Castile
but he was always interested in printing,
and he experimented with printing machines.
Finally he completed his invention, and around Territories included Territories included Territories included
the year 1450, he formed a partnership with a German
merchant who lent him the money for his printing
business. He began to print his first books.
At that time, books were hand-written by scribes. Navar Arago>, Vaenci Castil, Leo>,
Gutenberg designed the letters of his printing press
to imitate the original manuscripts. L Rioj Majorc an Andalusi exep
The Gutenberg Bible is usually considered to be
the first printed book in the Western world.
Cataloni fo Granad
Thanks to the invention of the printing press, news
such as the discovery of America spread rapidly
throughout Europe.
2. Answer.
2. Think and answer. a. Which was the last Muslim kingdom? Granad
After the invention of the printing press, the price of books dropped.
Why do you think this happened? b. When was it conquered? 1492
M. A.Becau i wa no >eessar to wri book b han anymo. c. Who conquered it? t Catholi Monarch
T printin@ pes ma book mo ceapl. Usin@ scri wa exensi.
VOCABULARY
VOCABULARY Match.
Match. caliph a great philosopher
goldsmith a document written by hand Gothic style small, independent kingdoms
manuscript a person who copies manuscripts Averroes the highest authority of the Muslims
scribe a person who makes things of gold taifas It is characterised by great height, pointed arches and large windows.
51 50
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Worksheet 46. Date Tasks
IDENTIFY MEDIEVAL BUILDINGS
20:38
1. Identify the buildings in the photos as Christian or Muslim.
A B
Pgina 125
Christia> Musli
2. Answer the question.
What differences are there between the two buildings?
What it is used for today: tourist ca> visi t cast. Cultura ent a
el e.
52
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Notes:
Activity Book
2/10/06
THE ROMAN PROVINCES OF THE IBERIAN PENINSULA
20:38
2. Stick them on the map.
3. Write the names of Roman cities.
Pgina 126
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55
Project 5
Can a r y Is la n ds
ATLANTIC OCEAN
Notes:
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Essential Science, Science, Geography and History, for Year 5 of Primary Education is a collective work,
conceived, designed and created by the Primary Education department at Santillana, under the supervision
of JOS LUIS ALZU GOI, JOS TOMAS HENAO and MICHELE C. GUERRINI
Contributing authors: Cristina Zarzuelo, Jane Kilner and Lesley Thompson
English language editors: Martin Minchom, Cathy Myers, Sheila Klaiber, Nancy Konvalinka, Nikki Strutt
English language specialist: Jeannette West
Richmond Publishing
4 Kings Street Cloisters
Albion Place
London W6 0QT
United Kingdom
2006 by Santillana Educacin, S. L./Richmond Publishing
Torrelaguna, 60. 28043 Madrid
Richmond Publishing is an imprint
of Santillana Educacin, S. L.
PRINTED IN SPAIN
Printed in Spain
ISBN: 84-294-0963-7
CP: 857415
D.L.: