1

()
Forest Management (Fourth Edition)

EditorDr. Feng, Fong-Long

250
National Chung Hsing University
250. Kuo Kuang Road, Taichung, Taiwan, Rep. of China
Tel(O)886-4-22854060 (H)886-4-22853175
Fax886-4-22872027
E-mailflfeng@nchu.edu.tw
2003 7
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()
Forest Management (Fourth Edition).
2001. MacGraw-Hill. 804pp.
http://www.mhhe.com/earthsci/agforestry/davis
Authors:
Lawrence S. Davis, University of California, Berkeley
K. Norman Johnson, Oregon State University
Theodore Howard, University of New Hampshire
Pete Bettinger, Oregon State University

<word >
Contents I
Part I Introduction to Forest Management
1 Introduction to Forest Management 1
2 Concepts and Criteria for Forest Management 5
3 Basic Elements and Methods of Forest Management 21
Part II Predicting Conditions and Outcomes for Stands and

Forests
4 Fundamentals of Structure, Growth, and Development in
Stands and Forests 40
5 Models for Predicting Forest Outcomes and Conditions 47
Part III Fundamentals of Decision Analysis to

Achieve Ecological, Economic, and Social Values
6 ( )Problem Identification and Decision Analysis
(Including Linear Programming) 57
7 Financial Analysis in Forestry 60
8 Principles and Applications in Forest Valuation 65
9 Evaluation and Comparison of Alternatives 74
Part IV Forest Management Planning to Achieve

Ecological, Economic, and Social Goals
10 Classical Approaches to Forest Management Planning 85
11 Strategic Forest Planning for Timber Production 92
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12 Strategic Planning for Multiple Ecological and Economic
Goals 97
13 Spatial, Stochastic, and Multiple-Owner
Approaches to Strategic Forest Planning 106
14 Tactical Planning 107
<ppt >
Contents 108
1 Introduction to Forest Management 112
2 Concepts and Criteria for Forest Management 114
3 Basic Elements and Methods of Forest Management 116

Forests
4 Fundamentals of Structure, Growth, and Development in
Stands and Forests 123
5 Models for Predicting Forest Outcomes and Conditions 127
Part III Fundamentals of Decision Analysis to

Achieve Ecological, Economic, and Social Values
6 ( )Problem Identification and Decision Analysis
(Including Linear Programming) 133
7 Financial Analysis in Forestry 135
8 Principles and Applications in Forest Valuation 139
9 Evaluation and Comparison of Alternatives 142
Part IV Forest Management Planning to Achieve

Ecological, Economic, and Social Goals
10 Classical Approaches to Forest Management Planning 151
11 Strategic Forest Planning for Timber Production 155
12 Strategic Planning for Multiple Ecological and Economic
Goals 157
13 Spatial, Stochastic, and Multiple-Owner
Approaches to Strategic Forest Planning 158
14 Tactical Planning 167
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()
Forest Management (Fourth Edition).
2001. MacGraw-Hill. 804pp.
http://www.mhhe.com/earthsci/agforestry/davis
Authors:
Lawrence S. Davis, University of California, Berkeley
K. Norman Johnson, Oregon State University
Theodore Howard, University of New Hampshire
Pete Bettinger, Oregon State University
(1) 20 ()
1960 (2)
(a)(analytical thinking)(b)
21
20
(global climate warming)(deforestation)
()
(spaceship earth)(spaceships life
support system)

(
)
(to sustain ecological, economic, and social
values)()(sustainability)
()
(analytical,
quantitative ways of thinking)(stakeholders)
(website)
-I-
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McGraw-Hill (agriculture and forestry) ( :
http://www.mhhe.com/earthsci/agforestry/davis.)
5 (1)(2)
(3)(4)
(5)
Preliminary Table of Contents

1 Introduction to Forest Management
Forest Management Decisions
Forest Sustainability
Four Viewpoints of Sustainable Forests
Certification and Sustainability
Ownership and Policy as a Context for
Decisions about the Management of Forests
2 Concepts and Criteria for Forest Management

Ecological, Economic, and Social Perspectives on
Forest Management
Quantification and Implementation of Sustainability Policy
3 Basic Elements and Methods of Forest

Management
Introduction
Land Classification
Stand management Prescriptions and the Prediction
of Conditions and Outcomes
Putting It All Together: Integrating
Stand and Forest Management Planning Models
Silvicultural Systems for Forest Management
Building Forest Plans in Practice
Johnsons The Johnsons Forest Tutorial: A
Teaching Problem to Illustrate the Mechanics of Forest Planning
Part II Predicting Conditions and

Outcomes for Stands and Forests
4 Fundamentals of Structure, Growth,
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and Development in Stands and Forests
Forest Growth, Change, and Yield
Concepts Measurement of Forest Growth
Long-Term Structure and Dynamics of Forest Stands
Site and Density
Site Quality in Forest Management
Density and Stocking
Accuracy of Site Quality and Stand Density
Measurements
5 Models for Predicting Forest Outcomes and

Conditions
Writing Equations: A Brief Review
Classification and Description of Forest
Growth, Outcome, and Condition Prediction Models
Density-Free Whole Stand Models
Variable-Density Whole Stand Growth and Yield
Models
Diameter Class Models
Individual Tree Models
Wildlife Habitat Suitability
Single-Species HSI Models
Single-Species Spatial Models
Sierra Sierra Pilot Project:
A Case Study of Habitat Evaluations for Multiple Species and Different Forest
Management Policy Scenarios
()Creation of Special Habitat and Ecological
Elements
Diversity of Forest Ecosystems
Species Diversity
Habitat Diversity
Part III Fundamentals of

Decision Analysis to Achieve Ecological, Economic, and Social
Values
6 ( )Problem Identification and
Decision Analysis (Including Linear Programming)
Word Problems and Equation Writing
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Problem Identification: The Steps and Language
Classification of Solution Techniques
Summary of General Approach to Problem Identification
and Solution
Problem Identification: Applications
Two Processes for Generating Alternative Solutions
Recognizing Uncertainties About Information Used
in Problem Formulations
Mathematical Programming
Putting It Together
7 Financial Analysis in Forestry

The Interest Rate
The Arithmetic of Interest
Application of Financial Analysis to Tree and
Stand Decisions
8 Principles and Applications in Forest Valuation

Valuation and Appraisal Basics
Concepts of Value
Decision Making and Values
Appraisal
Appraisal Methods
Valuation of the Tree
Valuing Timber and Timberland
Market Evidence Methods of Stumpage Appraisal
Derived Residual-Value Appraisal Methods
Valuation of Forestland
Valuing Nontimber Forest Outputs
Relative Values and Money Values
Willingness to Pay
Estimating Demand by the Travel Cost Method
Estimating Demand by the Contingent Valuation Method
Additional Concerns in Nonmarket Valuation Method
9 Evaluation and Comparison of Alternatives

A Bioregional Approach to Decision Analysis
Presenting Information for Decisions
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Evaluation Criteria
Ecological Criteria
Economic Criteria
Social Criteria
Analytic Tools
Putting It All Together
Part IV Forest Management

Planning to Achieve Ecological, Economic, and Social Goals
10 Classical Approaches to Forest Management
Planning
Classical Strategies for Forest Regulation
The ABCs of Timber Harvest Scheduling
11 Strategic Forest Planning for Timber Production

PROBFORM6 LP PROBFORM6: A
General Approach to Formulation of Land Management Problems for Analysis with
Linear Programming
Daniel Pickett () The Daniel Pickett Forest Tutorial Problem
Advanced Problem Formulation Techniques
Matrix Generators
12 Strategic Planning for Multiple

Ecological and Economic Goals
2000 Daniel Pickett A Problem Statement for the Daniel
Pickett Forest in the Year 2000
PROBFORM6 DPEM Formulation of the DPEM Model Using
PROBFORM6
Achieving and Sustaining Desired Future Conditions
An Ecological-Economic Trade-Off Analysis
13 Spatial, Stochastic, and

Multiple-Owner Approaches to Strategic Forest Planning
Spatial Recognition in Forest Analysis
Multiple Land-Owner
Integrated Planning (MOIP), a New Problem Type of Forest Management with
Spatial Implications
Recognizing Stochastic Events in Strategic Planning Models
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Representing Dynamic Spatial Relationships in
Forest Planning; Heuristics
14 Tactical Planning
Tactical Planning Considerations
Harvest System and Road Management Choices
Adjacency Constraints
Complimentary Blocks
Acknowledging Tactical Planning Considerations
Index
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Table 1.1. Examples of decisions needed in the management of forests
Type of decision Example
Extent and distribution of reserves Wilderness
Management emphases for areas where active Big game emphasis, high-intensity timber
management will occur production, scenic areas
Types of activities allowed Timber harvest, prescribed fire
Aggregate harvest level over time Evenflow, nondeclining yield
Silvicultural system Even-aged, uneven-aged
Age structure of forest Areas by 10-year age classes
Size and shape of treatment units Small units versus large units
Spatial pattern of treatment units Concentrated or dispersed cutting blocks
Protection Strategy Wildfire suppression policy
Approach to partial cutting and prescribed
Vertical and horizontal diversity/stand density
burning
Rotation age (even-aged), cutting cycle
Regeneration harvest timing
(uneven-aged)
Clearcutting, clearcutting with leave trees,
Regeneration method shelterwood, selection, prescribed fire, natural
disturbance
Table 1.2. Four viewpoints on sustainable forests

Sustainable forest
Viewpoint 1 Viewpoint 2 Viewpoint 3 Viewpoint 4
view
Multiple Naturally Sustainable
Common name Sustained yield use-sustained functioning forest human-forest
yield ecosystems ecosystems
Relationship of Humans dominate Humans dominate Humans largely Humans and
humans to nature nature nature ignored nature coexist
Human desires
Human Not explicit; considered in the
Not explicit;
population some in demand context of a
some in demand No
consideration in for goods and baseline level of
for timber
planning services environmental
protection
Forest
Principle forest
Timber, water, compositions,
conditions and Commercial All of the
forage, recreation, structures, and
outcomes of timber preceding
wildlife processes; native
concern
species
Table 1.3. A comparison of multiple use-sustained yield management and ecosystem

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management
Multiple use-sustained yield
Ecosystem Management
management
Sustains flow of specific Maintains ecological and desired
products to meet human forest condition, within which the
Objective processes
needs; constrains to minimize sustained yield of products to meet
adverse effects human needs are achieved
Strategy for Reflects patterns of natural
Resembles agricultural model
accomplishment disturbance
Emphasizes production Retains complexity and processes;
System character efficiency but within provides framework for the whole
environmental constraints system
Stands and aggregations of Landscapes and aggregations of
Unit of management
stands within an ownership landscapes across ownerships
Multirotations with length
Multirotations with rotation
reflecting natural disturbance,
Time unit length determined by
although intensive management
landowner
will cause some to be shorter
In transition; new knowledge
Evolving; accepted for
bringing in new values;
Current status management on national forest
remains a function strategy for
lands
portions of the landscape
Table 1.4. Vision elements from the American Forestry

Congress (with at least two-thirds approval)
In the future our forests
1. will be held in a variety of public, private, tribal, land grant, and trust ownerships by
owners whose right, objectives, and expectations are respected and who understand and
accept their responsibilities as stewards.
2. will be enhanced by policies that encourage both public and private investment in
long-term sustainable forest management.
3. will sustainably provide a range of goods, services, experiences and values that
contribute to community well being, economic opportunity, social and personal
satisfaction, spiritual and cultural fulfillment, ad recreational enjoyment.
4. will be maintained and enhanced across the landscape, expanding through
reforestation and restoration where ecologically, economically, and culturally appropriate,
in order to meet the needs of an expanding human population.
5. will be shaped by natural forces and by human actions that reflect the wisdom and
values of an informed and engaged public, community and social concerns, sound scientific
principles, local and indigenous knowledge and the need to maintain options.
6. will be managed consistent with strategies and policies that foster forest integrity
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and maintain a broad range of ecological, economic, and social values and benefits.
7. will be sustainable; support biological diversity; maintain ecological and
evolutionary processes; and be highly productive.
8. will contribute to strong and vital rural and urban communities that benefit from,
protect, and enhance the forests in their vicinity.
9. will be managed with consideration for the global implications of land stewardship.
10. will be acknowledge as vital by citizens who are knowledgeable and involved in
stewardship and who appreciate the contribution of forests to the economic and
environmental quality of life.
Source: Adapted from Banzhaf (1996).
Table 1.5. Principles to implement the vision from the Seventh American Forestry Congress
(with at least two-thirds approval)
1. An open and continuous dialogue is maintained and encouraged among all parties
interested in forest.
2. Voluntary cooperation and coordination among individuals, landowners, communities,
organizations, and governments is encouraged to achieve shared ecosystem goals.
3. Cohesive and stable policies, programs, and incentives should be available to enable forest
owners and managers to sustain and enhance forest.
4. Science-based information is accessible and understandable, distributed in a timely
manner, and contributes to forest policy and management.
5. Comprehensive, integrated, and well-organized research is well funded. It is designed and
conducted in collaboration with stakeholders to ensure society the countless benefits of
our forest ecosystems. Knowledge and technology production are effectively distributed,
tested, and implemented.
6. All differences in goals and objectives of public, private, and tribal forest owners are
recognized and respected. Forest owners, including the general public, recognize and
embrace both the rights and responsibilities of ownership. All forest owners acknowledge
that public interests (e.g., air, water, fish, and wildlife) exist on private lands and private
interests (e.g., timber sales and recreation) exist on public lands.
7. Urban community forest ecosystems will be valued, enhanced, expanded, and perpetuated.
8. Peoples actions should ensure that the management of forests will sustain ecosystem
structure, functions and processes at the appropriate temporal and spatial scales.
9. Forestry policy and management decisions must reflect the independence of diverse
urban, suburban, and rural communities.
10. Forests provide a broad range of social, environmental, cultural, and economic resources
and benefits.
11. Forests are a global resource tat sustain the health of the planet and its inhabitants. Our
forest stewardship must recognize the trends of global population, consequential supply
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and demand, and the potential for ecological, social, and economic impacts worldwide.
We will actively seek to learn from the global community.
12. All federal public lands should be maintained for future generations and managed in
accordance with allows the airing of views by public.
Table 1.6. U.S. forest and timber land ownership*

Timberland Forest land
Acres Percentage Acres Percentage
Private
Noindustrial private 290,962 57.7 404,889 54.2
Forest industry 66,878 13.3 67,680 9.1
Subtotal private 357,840 41.0 472,569 63.3
Public
National forest 96,589 19.2 146,817 19.7
Other federal 12,667 2.5 57,594 7.7
Other public 36,779 7.3 69,818 9.3
Subtotal public 146,035 29.0 274,229 36.7
*Includes Alaska
Table 1.7. U.S. forest and timberland ownership by region

North South Rocky Mountains Pacific Coast*
Forest land
Nonindustrial private 114,237 151,471 35,461 103,719
Forest industry 14,973 37,037 2,939 12,730
National forest 11,611 12,377 72,478 50,351
Other public 29,457 13,225 32,355 52,374
Timberland
Nonindustrial private 112,447 143,139 18,199 17,176
Forest industry 14,792 37,034 2,926 12,125
National forest 9,910 11,198 43,579 31,901
Other public 22,248 9,738 6,315 11,147
*Includes Alaska
Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service. 1999. 1997 RPA assessment of the
nations forests. Draft Tables. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture
Forest Service.
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Chapter 1 Introduction to Forest Management
(Forest Management Decisions)

()
1.()2.3.
() 1.(knowledge)2.(human value)

()

()(1)(2)(3)(4)
(management scenario)
1.1

1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
6. 6.10
7. 7. vs.
8. 8.
9. 9.
10./ 10.
11. 11.
12. 12.
(Forest Sustainability)
50
(sustainability policies)
1.(Man dominates nature)
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Judeo-Christian

2.(Man coexist with nature)

(carrying capacity)

3.(Nature dominates man)
50

Sustain
Webster (III)(coexist)
(sustain yield)
1980 Gifford Pinchot (conservation)(sustainable

forest)(ecosystem)(habitat)
(condition or outcomes) Sustainable
conservation
(Four Viewpoints of Sustainable Forests)

(sustainable forest) 21
1.2
1.2
1
2 3 4

1,2,3

(FOREST.SE)
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1.3 (Multiple use-sustained yield management)

(ecosystem management)

(
)

(multirotations) (
)

(function strategy)
1500
1996
(American Forestry Congress) 10 (Banzhaf, 1996) 10
1.4 10
1.

2.
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3.
4.
5.
(indigenous)(natural force)(human actions)
6.(integrity)
7.
8.
9.
10.
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1.2
(Ownership and Policy as a Context for Decisions

about the Management of Forest)
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Chapter 2 Concepts and Criteria for Forest Management
(ECOLOGICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL

PERSPECTIVES ON FOREST MANAGEMENT)
()(Principles of Ecological Forestry)
1.(Natural disturbance patterns and processes as a
guide)
(1)(Selecting silvicultural systems)
(2)(Selecting the rotation age and desired age-class
distribution)
(3)(Selecting the spatial pattern of harvests)
2.(Using historical range of
variability to distinguish disturbance patterns and their effects)
(1) HRV (Using HRV to assist policy
formation in Coastal Oregon)
(2) HRV (Using HRV to assist forest
management planning in the Interior Columbia Basin)
3.(Summary)
4.(Habitat of individual species as a guide to
management)
()(Principles of Economic Forestry)
1.(Macroeconomics: Employment and income
as a measure of benefit)
2.(Microeconomics: Finding efficient
solutions to forest resource problems)
3.(NPV)(Net present value as the arbitrator of worth)
4. (Estimating the cost of alternative
measures to promote biodiversity)
()(Principles of Social Forestry)
1.(Distribution of forest benefits)
2.(Community capacity to accommodate change)
3.(Social acceptability)
4.(Participatory democracy)
(1) (Integrating social perspectives into forest
management)
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()(A Comparison of Economic and Ecological Forestry)
(QUANTIFICATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF

SUSTAINABILITY POLICY)
()(Evolving Policy for Sustainable Forests)
()(Forest Health and Sustainable Forests)
()(Adaptive Management to Address the
Uncertainties of Sustainability)
()(Summary)
(REFERENCES)
(1)
(2)
(sustainability)(Ecological)
(Economics)(Social)
(sustainability)
(biological)(ecological)
(social and economic contents)(criteria
and indicators, C & I)

()
(ECOLOGICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL

PERSPECTIVES ON FOREST MANAGEMENT)
()(Principles of Ecological Forestry)
(native biodiversity)
(ecological productivity)(pattern and processes)
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(integrity)
(Seymour and Hunter, 1999)
1.(Natural disturbance patterns and processes as a

guide)
Seymour and Hunter (1999)

(coarse-filter)
(Hunter et al., 1988; Committee
of Scientists, 1999)
()
(Pickett
and White, 1985)

(1)(return interval)
(frequency)100
1%
(2)(severity)(intensity)
(3)(spatial pattern)
(Agee, 1990;
Edmoncls et al., 2000)
(1)(Selecting silvicultural systems)

(Smith et al., 1997)

(2)(Selecting the rotation age and desired age-class
distribution)
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(3)(Selecting the spatial pattern of harvests)

2.(Using historical range of
variability to distinguish disturbance patterns and their effects)
(1) HRV (Using HRV to assist policy
formation in Coastal Oregon)
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2.4 Oregon (regime)(a)

(b) 80 (From M. Wimberly and T. Spies, personal
communication 2000.)

500

(1993) SAF 1-4
Wimberly et al.
(the potential of disturbance
ecology)

(2) HRV (Using HRV to assist forest
management planning in the Interior Columbia Basin)
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Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project
(ICBEMP)(USDAFS & USDI BLM, 1996) HRV
(human induced change)
HRV
Interior Columbia Basin
100 400
ICBEMP
(A)
2700
(endemic to) 2000
Interior Columbia Basin (Little Ice
Age)

(B) HRV
2000
(C) HRV

(D)HRV

(1)(2)
(3)
(intensity)
(E)ICBEMP HRV

ICBEMP HRV

(species persistence)
ICBEMP HRV

75%
3.(Summary)
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HRV
Swanson et al. (1997) 21

12
4.(Habitat of individual species as a guide to
management)
(composition)(structure)(processes)

(rare, threaded, or endangered
species)
(viability)(viable species)
(self-sustaining population)

(persistence) (adaptability)
(Committee of Scientist, 1999)
(viability)
(focal species)
(abundance)(distribution)(health)
focal

(1)(indicator species)(a)
(indicative)(b)
(reflective)(c)(
)
(2)(keystone species)()
(
)
(3)(ecological engineers)
()
( beaver )
(4)(umbrella species)
()
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(5)(link species)
(
(prairie dogs))
(functional roles)

(viable)

(Forest Ecosystem Management
Assessment Team, FEMAT)

2.5
2.5
()(Principles of Economic Forestry)

1.(Macroeconomics: Employment and income
as a measure of benefit)
2.(Microeconomics: Finding efficient
solutions to forest resource problems)
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3.(NPV)(Net present value as the arbitrator of worth)
4. (Estimating the cost of alternative

measures to promote biodiversity)
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()(Principles of Social Forestry)

(Social Forestry)

(World Commission on Environment and
Development 1987)(economic growth)
(environmental degradation)

(1)(2)(3)
(4)
1.(Distribution of forest benefits)

2.(Community capacity to accommodate change)
3.(Social acceptability)
4.(Participatory democracy)
(1) (Integrating social perspectives into forest
management)
()(A Comparison of Economic and Ecological Forestry)
(economic approach)

(national forest planning)
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(production efficiency)

(biodiversity)

2-1

2-1

()
( ()
)

()

1.
(production function)

2.

(QUANTIFICATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF

SUSTAINABILITY POLICY)

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1.
2.
3.
4. 100
5.

1.
2.
3. m3 ha
no.
4.

5.

6.

7.

5 (indicator types)
(1)(2)(3)(resilience)(4)
(5) 2-2
2-2

90%

3
(m )
(long-term sustained yield,
LTSY)
LTSY

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90%

80%

75%
2-3
1.
2.
3.
4.()
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.()
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.()
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()(Evolving Policy for Sustainable Forests)

()(Forest Health and Sustainable Forests)

(geologic time space)

/

(Endangered Species Act)
()

3
(ecological health)(1)
(2)
(3)(Risser, 2000)(1)
(2)

(2)
(3)

( 2-4) Oregon 100

2-4 Oregon ()
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
()(Adaptive Management to Address the

Uncertainties of Sustainability)

(uncertainly)
()
(adaptive management)

()(learning and adaptation)
(unpredictability)
(unpredictability)
(uncertainty)

(hypotheses)
(Gunderson, 1999)
()

(Gunderson, 1999)

(Committee of Scientist,
1999)
4 (1)(ruthless)(Gunderson, 1999)
(2)
(net
present benefit)
Donglas fir
Donglasn fir
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1-, 2, or 4-(3)

(4)

Gunderson (1999)

(best practice)

defeat (1)

(distort)(Bella, 1992)Bella assert

(2)

()(Summary)
(Sustainability)
1.

2. C&I

3.
()

4.

5.

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(REFERENCES)
Agee, J. 1990. Fire ecology of Pacific Northwest forests. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
Bella, D. 1992. Ethics and the credibility of applied science. In Ethical issues in natural
resources management, edited by G. Reeves. Portland, Oreg.: USDA Forest
Service Pacific Northwest Research Station.
Bolsinger, C. L., and K. L. Waddell. 1993. Area of old-growth forests in California, Oregon,
and Washington. Resources bulletin PNW-RB-197. U. S. Department of
Agriculture Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oreg.
Bowes, M. and J. Krutilla. 1989. Multiple-use management: The economics of public forest
lands. Washingtoh, D.C.: Resources for the Future.
Carey, A. B., B. R. Lippke, J. Sessions, C. J. Chambers, C. D. Oliver, J. F. Franklin, and M. J.
Raphael. 1996. Pragmatic, ecological approach to small-landscape management:
Final report of the biodiversity pathways working group of the Washington Forest
Landscape Management Project. Washington Department of Natural Resources
Olympia.
Committee of Scientists. 1999. Sustaining the peoples lands: Recommendations for
stewardship of the national forests and grasslands into the next century.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Congalton, R. G., K. Green, and J. Teply. 1993. Mapping old growth forests on national forest
and parklands in the Pacific Northwest from remotely sensed data.
Photogrammetic Engineering and Remote Sensing, 59:529-535.
Edmonds, R., J. Agee, and R. Gara. 2000. Forest health and protection. New York:
McGraw-Hill.
FEMAT. 1993. Forest ecosystem management: an ecological, economic, and social
assessment. Report of the Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team
(FEMAT), 1993-793-071. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
Franklin, J. 1994. Developing information essential to policy, planning, and management
decision-making: The promise of GIS. In Remote sensing and GIS in ecosystem
management, edited by A. Samples. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
Franklin, J., D. Berg, D. Thornburgh, and J. Tappeiner. 1997. Alternative silvicultural
approaches to timber harvesting. In Creating a forestry for the 21st century: The
science of ecosystem management, edited by K. Kohm and J. Franklin.
Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
Gunderson, L. 1999. Stepping back: assessing for understanding in complex regional systems.
In Bioregional assessments: Science at the crossroads of management and policy,
edited by K. N. Johnson, F. Swanson, M. Herring, and S. Greene. Covelo, Calif.:
Island Press.
Hunter, M. L., Jr., G. L. Jacobson, and T. Webb. 1988. Palecology and coarse-filter approach
to maintaining biological diversity. Conservation Biology 2:375-385.
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Johnson, K. N., J. Sessions, J. Franklin, and J. Gabriel. 1998. Integrating wildfire into
strategic planning gor sierra Nevada forests. Journal of Forestry 96, no. 1:42-49.
Johnson, K. N., R. Holthausen, M. Shannon, and J. Sedell. 1999. Forest Ecosystem
Management Assessment Team Assessment (FEMAT). In Bioregional
assessments: Science at the crossroads of management and policy, edited by K. N.
Johnson, F. Swanson, M. Herring, and S. Greene. Covelo, Calif.: Island Press.
Lippke, B., and J. Bishop. 1999. The economic perspective. In Managing biodiversity in
forested ecosystem, edited by M. Hunter. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Maguire, L. 1999. Social perspectives. In Managing biodiversity in forested ecosystems,
edited by M. Hunter. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Montgomery, C. A., G. M. Brown, Jr., and D. M. Adams. 1994. The marginal cost of species
preservation: The northern spotted owl. Journal of Environmental Ecnomics and
Management 26:111-128.
Oliver, C., and B. Larson. 1996. Forest stand dynamics. Updated edition. New York: John
Wiley and Sons.
Pickett, S., and P. White. 1985. The ecology of natural disturbance and patch dynamics.
Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press.
Pielou, E. C. 1991. After the ice age: The return of life to glaciated North America. Chicago:
The University of Chicago Press.
Ripple, W. J. 1994. Historic spatial patterns of old forest of western Oregon. Journal of
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Risser, P. (coordinator). 2000. The state of Oregons environment. Salem: Oregon Progress
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Seymour, R., ad M. Hunter. 1999. Principles of ecological forestry. In Managing biodiversity
in forested ecosystems, edited by M. Hunter. Cambridge: Cambridge University
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Society of American Foresters, Taskforce for Long-Term Forest Health and Productivity.
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Swanson, F., J. Jones, and G. Grant. 1997. The physical environment as a basis for managing
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options. Journal of Forestry 92, no. 4:12-23.
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Columbia basin: Summary of scientific findings. General Technical Report
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Vincent, J. R., and C. S. Binkley. 1993. Efficient multiple-use forestry may require land-use
specialization. Land Economics 69:370-376.
Wimberly, M., T. Spies, C. Long, and C. Whitlock. 2000. Simulating historical variability in
the amount of old forest in the Oregon Coast Range. Conservation Biology 14, no.
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Wondolleck, J. M. 1988. Public lands conflict and resolution: Managing national forest
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World Commission on Environment and Development. 1987.
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Chapter 3 Basic Elements and Methods of Forest Management
(INTRODUCTION)
()(Developing, Evaluating, and
Applying Prescriptions- The Heart of Professional Forestry) 62
()(Describing Forests and Forest Management Activity) 64
(LAND CLASSIFICATION) 65
( ) The Daniel Pickett Forest (An Example of Land
Classification: The Daniel Pickett Forest) 65
()(Geographic Information Systems and Forest Planning) 68
1.(The problem of slivers) 68
()(Development of Land Classes of Forest Management
Planning) 70
1.(Land classification based on grouping
polygons of like characteristics) 71
(1)(How many attributes to use) 73
2.(Class- and location-specific forest information) 73
3.(The increasing need for spatial information in
forest planning) 73
4.(Land classification based on recognizing
each land class polygon) 75
5.(Land classification that retains
the spatial definition of stands or habitat patches) 76
(STAND MANAGEMENT PRESCRIPTIONS

AND THE PREDICTION OF CONDITIONS AND OUTCOMES) 77
()Loblolly Pine (Example Prescriptions for a Loblolly Pine Stand)
1. 1 (Prescription 1)
( ) (The Inescapable Use of
Prescriptions in Forest Planning and Management)
( ) (Predicting Conditions and
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Outcomes that Depend on the Spatial Attributes of Stands on the Landscape)
()(Recognizing Aggregation Units and
management Units for Measuring Cumulative Effects)
()(The Size of Planning Problems)
(PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER:

INTEGRATING STAND AND FOREST MANAGEMENT PLANNING MODELS)
()(Defining the Dimensions of a Strategic Forest Plan)
1.(When do activities and
outcomes occur in the planning periods?)
()(An Integrated Stand and Forest Planning Model)
1. (Forest or ownership level definitions for
planning)
2.(Plan specificity)
()(Hierarchical Relationships in Planning)
()(Monitoring)
(SILVICULTURAL SYSTEMS FOR FOREST MANAGEMENT)

()(Decisions Needed for All Silvicultural Systems)
()(Selecting the Silvicultural System)
1.(Ecological considerations)
2.(Economics considerations)
3.(Social considerations)
4.(Summary)
()(Even-Aged Management Systems)
1.(Decisions needed in even-aged management)
2.(Relationship of growth, harvest, and inventory)
3.(A numerical example of even-aged management)
()(Uneven-Aged Management Systems)
1.(Decisions needed in uneven-aged management)
3.(A numerical example of uneven-aged management)
()(Small Group Selection Systems)
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()(Mixed Management Systems)
(BUILDING FOREST PLANS IN PRACTICE)

()(Why Plan)
1.(Some practical and legal reasons to plan)
2.(Public regulations affecting forest planning)
()(The Planning Process: What Is Involved In
Forest Planning)
1.(Identify goals and resources for planning)
2.(Assess forest condition and history)
3.(Develop plan alternatives)
4.(Make a decision)
5.(Prepare plan documents)
Johnsons (THE JOHNSONS FOREST

TUTORIAL: A TEACHING PROBLEM TO ILLUSTRATE THE MECHANICS OF
FOREST PLANNING)
() Johnson (Facts about the Johnsons Forest)
1.(Land base)
() Johnson ()(The Johnsons Current or
Base Management Policy (Policy Rules Stated in Order of Priority))
()(Forest Conditions and Outcomes of Importance)
1.(Habitat and suitability classifications)
2.(The endangered squirrel nesting habitat
suitability index)
()(Growth and Development of Forest Conditions
under the Three Prescriptions)
()(Continuing Current Management Policy)
()(Management Implementation Plan)
()(Additional Policy Scenarios that Emphasize
Ecological Goals)
()(Tutorial Summary)
(QUESTIONS)
()(Problems about Land Classification)
() Johnsons(Problems Based on the Johnsons Forest)
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(LITERATURE CITED AND SUGESTED READINGS)
(INTRODUCTION)

(terminology)
(prescription development)(forest planning)

(planning hierarchies)
(Silvicultural)(Silvicultural)
(Silvicultural system)

(small group selection)
(regulated
forest)
( ) (Developing, Evaluating, and

Applying Prescriptions- The Heart of Professional Forestry)

(prescribed fire)
(empirical validation)

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(geomorphology)(forms)
(geomorphology)
(identity and substance)
30%
SI=100BA=200 ft2/acre(snags)
5
1.(desired future condition, DFC)
2.
3.

4. DFC
(1)(2)
(3)(4)
5.

1.(goal)
2.(historical process)
3.
()
4.(strata)(parcel)(patch)

5.(serial stage)
(sedimentation)

USDA (Forest Service, FS)
(multiple-outcome objectives)
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(green)
(certification)
()(Describing Forests and Forest Management Activity)

(Society of American Foresters)(Helms, 1998)
1.(Homogenous)
2.(Heterogenous)
3.(Ecosystem)

4.(Forest)(1)

(meadows)(2)

5.(physical land attributes)
(topography)(bedrock)

6.(vegetative attributes)

7.(Development attributes)

8.(Stand type)(, forest type)
9.(Stand)(contiguous parcel)
10.(Stand polygon)
(multisided figure)
11.(Land class)
(land type)(analysis area)
12.(Land-class polygon)

13.(Spatial attributes)(stand types)(land classes)
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14.(Stand and stand type prescriptions)

(land
class)
(LAND CLASSIFICATION)

(What kind of land it is and what is it good for?)
() The Daniel Pickett Forest (An Example of Land Classification:

The Daniel Pickett Forest)
Daniel Pickett Forest 1113
(forest planning analysis)
2,500 acre (1)(financial return)
(2)
(perpetuation of the harvest)(3)(4)
(5)(6)
(deep forest)
Pickett (Ecosytem Management)
Daniel Pickett Forest 2

1.
2.(polygon)

Pickett
1.(watershed shed)
(1) Dongwood creck
(2) Tront creek
(3) White water creek
2.(stand condition)
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(1)(type A)
(2)(type B)
(3)(type C)
3.(Riparian influence zone)
(1)()150 ft
(2)(upland)

()(Geographic Information Systems and Forest Planning)

1.(The problem of slivers)
()(Development of Land Classes of Forest Management
Planning)

1.
(riparian influence zone)(tree-attribute class)

2.

3. 3-1 (1)
(2)(3)(4)
(5)(1)(2)(3)(4)

3-2L
(low)M (moderate)H (high level)
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3-1
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3-2

1.
L LL

2.
M H L

3.
H H H

1.(Land classification based on grouping

polygons of like characteristics)
(1)(How many attributes to use)
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2.(Class- and location-specific forest information)

GIS 3-1
(sample survey)
GPS

3.(The increasing need for spatial information in
forest planning)
(sample survey
inventories)
(stand type classification)
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(strata)
(view point)
(spatial complexities)
(strategic
planning) 14
(spatial consideration)(forest practice rules)
(clear cutting)(shelter wood)
(seed tree)
(opening size) Oregon 120 acres
(average stand)
(strata-based approach)
(1)
(inaccurate) (2)
(variability)(3)
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4.(Land classification based on recognizing
each land class polygon)

Hunter (1990)
3-6(practice code)
(recreation opportunity
spectrum)(Brown et al., 1978)()

1.()

2.

3.

4.

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4) 30m, 100m buffer zone
(5)()
(6)(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)

3-6()
1.

2.(opening size)()
3.(edge)
4.(corridor)

5.(core area)(buffered from edge condition)
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3-6
(building blocks)
(spatial integrity)
k
RXj
t
RXj k ()
(
)
(

)
3-3
5.(Land classification that retains

the spatial definition of stands or habitat patches)
(STAND MANAGEMENT PRESCRIPTIONS

AND THE PREDICTION OF CONDITIONS AND OUTCOMES)

(how
much)(when)(what are the risk)
()Loblolly Pine (Example Prescriptions for a Loblolly Pine Stand)
( ) (The Inescapable Use of
Prescriptions in Forest Planning and Management)
(harvesting) (planning)
(seeding) (mulching) (snag making) (visual
enhancement)(species introduction)(road improvement)

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(natural process)

(strategic planning
model)

( ) (Predicting Conditions and
Outcomes that Depend on the Spatial Attributes of Stands on the Landscape)
loblolly pine

2035 5 MBF/acre 0.03 /acre

Oregon Wisdom et al. (1986)
(the effectiveness of habitat for elle)(habitat
effectiveness index, HEI)(spacing of habitat)
(road density)(cover quality)(forage quality)Wisdom et al.
(1986)
HEI 4 HEs HEr HEc HEf
HEI
HEs
HEr
HEc
HEf
N
HE (forage)(cover)

Minnesota ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus)
(habitat suitability index, HSI)(home rage)
(aspen, populus tremuloi des Michx. and Populus grandidentata Michx.)
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( 40 acres)(Ricker et al., 1995)

HSI

Arthand and Rose (1996)
(moving window) HSI

(interior forest habitat)

(gross estimates)

(Recreation
Opportunity Spectrum)(Brown et al., 1978)()
(primitive)(semi primitive)
()(Recognizing Aggregation Units and
management Units for Measuring Cumulative Effects)
(land-class classification)

(serial stage)(habitat capability)(sediment product)

(logical spatial units)(cumulative
effects)(aggregate outcomes)
(aggregate units)
(contiguous parcel of land)
(watershed)(land ownship)
(home-range of species)

( 1-2)(timber
scale) Quality Fir Company

(spotted owl habitat)

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()(The Size of Planning Problems)
(PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER:

INTEGRATING STAND AND FOREST MANAGEMENT PLANNING MODELS)

(prescriptive)

3.4a 21
1970 (social
amenities) (ecological outcomes)
(biological diverse structure)( 3.4b)
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2000
()
3.4(a)(b)

(desired conditions and
outcomes)
1.
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2.
3.( 3.3)
()(Defining the Dimensions of a Strategic Forest Plan)

(1)(planning unit)

()

(2)(planning horizon)(chronological data)

O 2010 1 1
2010 100 2109 12 31
2110

(3)(planning periods)
(planning periods)
5 10 50 100
2010
100 100 ( 3.5)
(A)20 5
(B)5 20
(C)17 5 5 5
10 7 17
3.5 100
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3.6
1.(When do activities and

outcomes occur in the planning periods?)
()(An Integrated Stand and Forest Planning Model)
1. (Forest or ownership level definitions for
planning)
2.(Plan specificity)
()(Hierarchical Relationships in Planning)
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()(Monitoring)
(SILVICULTURAL SYSTEMS FOR FOREST MANAGEMENT)

()(Decisions Needed for All Silvicultural Systems)
()(Selecting the Silvicultural System)
1.(Ecological considerations)
2.(Economics considerations)
3.(Social considerations)
4.(Summary)
()(Even-Aged Management Systems)
(rotation age)
(harvest)

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1.(Regeneration method)
(seed tree)(shelter wood)
(clear cutting)
2.(Rotation length)


()(Uneven-Aged Management Systems)
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1.(Decisions needed in uneven-aged management)
3.(A numerical example of uneven-aged management)
()(Small Group Selection Systems)

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()(Mixed Management Systems)
(BUILDING FOREST PLANS IN PRACTICE)

()(Why Plan)
1.(Some practical and legal reasons to plan)
2.(Public regulations affecting forest planning)
()(The Planning Process: What Is Involved In
Forest Planning)
1.(Identify goals and resources for planning)
2.(Assess forest condition and history)
3.(Develop plan alternatives)
4.(Make a decision)
5.(Prepare plan documents)
Johnsons (THE JOHNSONS FOREST

TUTORIAL: A TEACHING PROBLEM TO ILLUSTRATE THE MECHANICS OF
FOREST PLANNING)
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() Johnson (Facts about the Johnsons Forest)
1.(Land base)
() Johnson ()(The Johnsons Current or

Base Management Policy (Policy Rules Stated in Order of Priority))
()(Forest Conditions and Outcomes of Importance)
1.(Habitat and suitability classifications)
2.(The endangered squirrel nesting habitat
suitability index)
()(Growth and Development of Forest Conditions
under the Three Prescriptions)
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()(Continuing Current Management Policy)
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()(Management Implementation Plan)

()(Additional Policy Scenarios that Emphasize
Ecological Goals)
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()(Tutorial Summary)
(QUESTIONS)
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()(Problems about Land Classification)
() Johnsons(Problems Based on the Johnsons Forest)
(LITERATURE CITED AND SUGESTED READINGS)
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Part II
Forests

non-point-source pollution coarse woody debris
4
5
inventories

Chapter 4 Fundamentals of Structure, Growth, and
Development in Stand and Forests
(FOREST GORWTH, CHANGE,

AND YIELD CONCEPTS) 132
()(Utilization) 133
()(Growth Dynamics and Definitions) 134
()(Measurement of Growth in Ecological Outcomes) 138
()(Growth of Forest Stands) 139
1.(Growth and yield of even-aged stands) 139
2.(Growth and yield of uneven-aged stands) 141
(Long-Term Structure and Dynamics of Forest Stands) 143

()(Even-Aged Stands) 144
()(Uneven-Aged Stands) 148
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()(Negative Exponential Distribution) 150
()(Defining a Desired Uneven-Aged Structure) 152
()(Sustainability of Structure) 153
(Site and Density) 155
(Site Quality in Forest Management) 156

()(Measurement of Site Quality) 156
1.(Site index) 156
(1)(Choosing and measuring site trees) 159
(2)(Effect of management on site index) 160
(3)(Interpreting and using the site index) 160
2.(Vegetative typing) 163
3.(Environmental factors) 165
(Density and Stocking) 166

()(Measures of Stand Density) 167
1.(Trees per acre) 168
2.(Volume) 168
3.(Basal area) 168
4.(Relative density) 169
5.(Crown closure) 169
6.(Stand density index) 170
7.(Relative stand density) 172
()(Example Calculations of Stand Density) 174
()(Using Spacing to Control Density) 174
()(Determining Desirable Density) 176
(Accuracy of Site Quality and Stand Density

Measurements) 177
(QUESTIONS) 177
(REFERENCES) 179
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1.
2.

,
1 .4.5(1.37)
2
3 .
FOREST GROWTH, CHANGE, AND YIELD

CONCEPTS

In general, the maximum
that a forest can yield at any time is the growth that has accumulated up to that time.
The maximum yield that can be removed perpetually from a stand or forest per period
equals the growth per period.

MEASUREMENT OF FOREST GROWTH

,
1. Utilization
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Abole, stump, roots, and all branches to their tips

B
C
2. growth dynamics and definitions
-43-
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V1
V2
M
C
I
Gross increment including in-growth.V2MCV1

Gross increment of initial volumeV2MCIV1
Net increment including in-growthV2CV1
Net increment of initial volumeV2CIV1
Net change in growing stockV2V1
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3. Measurement of Growth in Ecological Outcomes

habitat, biomass, water infiltration,
carbon processing, visual characteristics, and other ecological outcomes

4. growth of forest stands

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5. growth and yield of even-aged stands
6. growth and yield of uneven-aged stands
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LONG-TERM STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF

FOREST STANDS
1. even-aged stands
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2. uneven-aged stands
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3. negative exponential distribution
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4. defining a desired uneven-aged structure
5. sustainability of structure
SITE AND DENSITY

SITE QUALITY IN FOREST MANAGEMENT

A
B

1. measurement of site quality

A
B.C

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(1) site index

A. choosing and measuring site trees
B. effect of management on site index
C. interpreting and using the site index

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(2) vegetative typing

(3) environmental factors
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DENSITY AND STOCKING

1. measures of stand density

(1) Trees per acre

(Unit density, UD)

(2) Volume

(3) Basal area

(4) Relative density
(5) Crown closure

CWFD CW D

Maximum crown area, MCA
CCF
(6) Stand density index
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(7) Relative stand density
2. Example calculations of stand density
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3. Using spacing to control density

(1) Diameter times spacing guide
4. determining desirable density
ACCURACY OF SITE QUALITY AND STAND

DENSITY MEASUREMENTS
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Chapter 5 Models for Predicting Forest Outcomes and Conditions
(WRITING EQUATIONS: A BRIEF REVIEW) 183

()(Linear and Nonlinear Equations) 184
(CLASSIFICATION AND
DESCRIPTION OF FOREST GROWTH, OUTCOME, AND CONDITION
PREDICTION MODELS) 185
(DENSITY-FREE WHOLE STAND MODELS) 188

()(Limitation of Normal Yield Tables to Describe
Stand Development) 189
()(Use of Normal Yield Tables to Predict Growth) 190
()(Empirical Yield Tables) 193
(VARIABLE-DENSITY WHOLE STAND

GROWTH AND YIELD MODELS) 194
()(Red Pine in Minnesota) 195
()(Southern Pines) 195
1.(Compatible estimates of loblolly pine growth
and yield) 195
2.(Diameter distribution models) 197
3.(Comparing different loblolly projection models) 198
()(Growth of Managed Uneven-Aged Northern Conifers)
199
(DIAMETER CLASS MODELS) 201

()(Stand Table Projection) 201
1.(Alternative stand table projection methods) 202
2.(Mortality, harvest removals, and ingrowth) 203
3.(An example estimating gross volume growth) 205
()(A Diameter Class Model for
Long-Term Growth of Uneven-Aged Northern Hardwood Stands) 205
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(INDIVIDUAL TREE MODELS) 210
( ) (Using Individual Tree Models to Simulate
Outcomes and Conditions) 211
()(Some Details of ITM Models:
Data, Technology, Calculations, and Outputs) 215
1.(Data from a tree list inventory plot) 215
2.(Developing yield
table from individual tree simulations and using them for management planning: a
tutorial) 220
3.(A management plan and resulting outcomes and
conditions) 221
()(ITM Tree Growth Functions) 224
1.(Potential growth estimation) 224
2.(Direct estimation) 226
3.(Mortality) 226
4.(Competition indices) 226
()(Available Individual Tree Models) 228
(Available Individual Tree Models) 228

()(Criteria for Evaluation) 229
1.(Biological realism) 231
2.(System performance) 231
(WILDLIFE HABITAT SUITABILITY) 234
(SINGLE-SPECIES HSI MODELS) 234

()(Data for Habitat Rating) 234
()(Habitat Rating Concepts) 235
(SINGLE-SPECIES SPATIAL MODELS) 237
Sierra (SIERRA PILOT

PROJECT: A CASE STUDY OF HABITAT EVALUATIONS FOR MULTIPLE SPECIES
AND DIFFERENT FOREST MANAGEMENT POLICY SCENARIOS) 238
() 1(Scenario 1) 238
() 2(Scenario 2) 238
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()(Habitat Units) 241
()(CREATION OF SPECIAL HABITAT AND

ECOLOGICAL ELEMENTS) 243
(DIVERSITY OF FOREST ECOSYSTEMS) 246
(SPECIES DIVERSITY) 247
(HABITAT DIVERSITY) 248
(QUESTIONS) 250
()(Growth and Yield Questions) 250
()(ITM Questions) 252
()(Habitat Questions) 252
()(Diversity Questions) 253
(REFERENCES) 253
2 3
4
GIS
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1.

2.
3.

1.
(1)()
(2)
(3)
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""""
(1)(2)
(1)
(2)
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(CCI)

I
A.
1. Va f ( A, S )
2. Va f ( A, S )
B.
1. V1
a. V1 f ( A, S , D )
b. f ( d i ) f ( A, S , D )
Vi f ( d i )
V1 i Vi ( nd i )1
2. g12 V1
a.
(i) g 12 f ( S , A, D )
V2 V1 g 12
(ii) D2 f ( S , A1 , A2 , D1 )
V2 f ( S , A2 , D2 )
g 12 V2 V1
b. D2 f ( S , A1 , A2 , D1 )
f ( d i )2 f ( S , A2 , D2 )
V2 i Vi ( nd i )2
g 12 V2 V1
II
A. ( nd i )2 f [( nd i )1 , INCR ]
V2 i Vi ( nd i )2
g 12 V2 V1
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B. ( nd i )2 f [( nd i )1 , S , , P12 , D ]
V2 f ( d i )
V2 i Vi ( nd i )2
g 12 V2 V1
III
A. CCI k f [ DISTk , D1 , S , ( d k , hk , c k )1 ]
( d k , hk , c k )2 f [ CCI k , D1 , S , P12 , ( d k , hk , c k )1
V k f ( d k , hk )
V2 k ( Vk )2
g 12 V2 V1
B. CCI k f [ D , S , ( d k , hk , c k )1 ]
III A
S nd i i
A ( nd i )1
i
P12 ( nd i )2
D INCRi i
i k k
f ( d i ) dk k
Va A hk k
V1 ck k
V2 CCIk k
g12 DISTk k
vi i ( d k , hk , c k )1
di i ( d k , hk , c k )2
vk k
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1.

2.
(1)

(2)
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(3)

(4)

(5)

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3.

()(Red Pine in Minnesota)
()(Southern Pines)
1.(Compatible estimates of loblolly pine growth
and yield)
2.(Diameter distribution models)
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3. Conifers (Comparing different loblolly projection models)
( ) (Growth of Managed Uneven-Aged Northern

Conifers)
Nit+1 = Nit + Ii Ui Mi Ci
Nit+1 i t+1
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Nit i t
Ii i t
Ui i t
Mi i t
Ci i t
1..
(1)
(2)
(3)
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2. Hardwood
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1.
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2. ITM
(1) Data from a tree list inventory plot.
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(2)
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(3)
A.
B.
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C.
3.ITM
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(1)

(2)
(3)
(4)
4.
-70-
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1.

a.--
b.--
c.--,
-71-
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(1)
(2)
A. Predicting the growth observed in the
data used in model development.
B. Predicting the growth observed in data
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not used in model development.
WILDLIFE HABITAT SUITABILITY.

1 2
SINGLE-SPECIES HSI MODELS.

1. Data for Habitat Rating.

3 , ,
() ()
snags, rock outcrops, downed logs,
available water, or grass understory vegetation
2. Habitat Rating Concepts.

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reproduction(R)food (F)cover (C)

10HIS
Rk*Fk*Ck1/3(HSI)

SINGLE SPECIES SPATIAL MODELS.

HSI
GIS GIS
Sierra SIERRA PILOT

PROJECT: A CASE STUDY OF HABITAT EVALUATIONS FOR MULTIPLE
SPECIES AND DIFFERENT FOREST MANAGEMENT POLICY
SCENARIOS.
1. 1Scenario 1.
2. 2Scenario 2.
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3. Habitat Units.
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CREATION OF SPECIAL HABITAT AND

ECOLOGICAL ELEMENTS.
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DIVERSITY OF FOREST ECOSYSTEMS.

SPECIES DIVERSITY.
-78-
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S
Nij
ESHANNONS
HABITAT DIVERSITY.
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2012/12/26
()
Chapter 6 Problem Identification and Decision Analysis
(Including Linear Programming)
(WORD PROBLEMS AND EQUATION WRITING) 260

()(Inequalities) 261
(PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION: THE STEPS AND

LANGUAGE) 262
()(Decision Maker) 262
()(Goals) 262
()(Goal Criteria) 264
()(Activities and Decision Variables) 265
()(Problem Solutions) 265
()(Objective Function) 266
()(Constraints) 267
1.(Resource constraints) 267
2.(Goals represented as constraints) 267
3.(Policy and regulatory constraints) 269
()(Accounting Rows) 269
()(Problem Statement) 270
()(Feasibility) 270
()(Problems) 270
(CLASSIFICATION OF SOLUTION TECHNIQUES) 271
(SUMMARY OF GENERAL APPROACH TO PROBLEM

IDENTIFICATION AND SOLUTION) 272
(PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION: APPLICATIONS) 272

()(The Steers and Trees Problem) 273
()(The Timber Harvesting and Wildlife Problem) 274
1.(Problem identification) 276
()(An Elk Habitat Problem) 278
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()(A Recreation and Timber Management Problem) 281
(TWO PROCESSES FOR GENERATING ALTERNATIVE

SOLUTIONS) 284
() A(Alternative A: Identify a
Single Problem and Represent It with One or More Solutions) 285
() B(Alternative B: Identify Several
Problems and Represent Each with One or More Solutions) 285
(RECOGNIZING UNCERTAINTIES ABOUT

INFORMATION USED IN PROBLEM FORMULATIONS) 287
(MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING) 288

()(Steers and Trees as a Linear Program) 288
1.(Constraints) 289
2.(Objective function) 290
3.(Best solution) 291
()(Simplex Method of Linear Programming) 291
1.(Variations on steers and trees) 293
()(Information from problem Solutions) 295
1.(Variable values and reduced costs) 296
2.(Slacks and shadow prices) 296
3.(Ranges) 298
()(An Integer Solution for the Steers and Trees Problem) 299
()(The Detached Coefficient Matrix) 301
()(A Goal Programming Formulation of the Steers and Trees Problems) 302
()(Steers and Trees as a Land Allocation Problem) 304
(PUTTING IT TOGETHER) 305

()Jerry Wilcox (The Jerry Wilcox Problem) 305
()(Interpreting The Detached Coefficient Matrix) 307
()Jerry Wilcox (Solution of the Jerry Wilcox Problem) 308
()(Introducing Accounting Variables to Simplify
Formulation and Interpretation) 310
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(QUESTIONS) 313
(REFERENCES) 316
(WORD PROBLEMS AND EQUATION WRITING) 260

()(Inequalities) 261
(PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION: THE STEPS AND

LANGUAGE) 262
()(Decision Maker) 262
()(Goals) 262
()(Goal Criteria) 264
()(Activities and Decision Variables) 265
()(Problem Solutions) 265
()(Objective Function) 266
()(Constraints) 267
1.(Resource constraints) 267
2.(Goals represented as constraints) 267
3.(Policy and regulatory constraints) 269
()(Accounting Rows) 269
()(Problem Statement) 270
()(Feasibility) 270
()(Problems) 270
(CLASSIFICATION OF SOLUTION TECHNIQUES) 271
(SUMMARY OF GENERAL APPROACH TO PROBLEM

IDENTIFICATION AND SOLUTION) 272
(PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION: APPLICATIONS) 272

()(The Steers and Trees Problem) 273
()(The Timber Harvesting and Wildlife Problem) 274
()(An Elk Habitat Problem) 278
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()(A Recreation and Timber Management Problem) 281
(TWO PROCESSES FOR GENERATING ALTERNATIVE

SOLUTIONS) 284
() A(Alternative A: Identify a
Single Problem and Represent It with One or More Solutions) 285
() B(Alternative B: Identify Several
Problems and Represent Each with One or More Solutions) 285
(RECOGNIZING UNCERTAINTIES ABOUT

INFORMATION USED IN PROBLEM FORMULATIONS) 287
(MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING) 288

()(Steers and Trees as a Linear Program) 288
1.(Constraints) 289
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2.(Objective function) 290
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3.(Best solution) 291
()(Simplex Method of Linear Programming) 291
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1.(Variations on steers and trees) 293

()(Information from problem Solutions) 295
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1.(Variable values and reduced costs) 296

2.(Slacks and shadow prices) 296
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3.(Ranges) 298
()(An Integer Solution for the Steers and Trees Problem) 299
()(The Detached Coefficient Matrix) 301
()(A Goal Programming Formulation of the Steers and Trees Problems) 302
()(Steers and Trees as a Land Allocation Problem) 304
(PUTTING IT TOGETHER) 305

()Jerry Wilcox (The Jerry Wilcox Problem) 305
()(Interpreting The Detached Coefficient Matrix) 307
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()Jerry Wilcox (Solution of the Jerry Wilcox Problem) 308
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()(Introducing Accounting Variables to Simplify

Formulation and Interpretation) 310
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(QUESTIONS) 313
(REFERENCES) 316
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Chapter 7 Financial Analysis in Forestry
(THE INTEREST RATE) 318

()(Interest Rate Components) 320
()(The Growth of Investments at Different Interest Rates) 322
()(Compound Interest and Intergenerational Equity) 323
(THE ARITHMETIC OF INTEREST) 324

()(The Future Value Equation) 325
()(Present Value Equation) 326
()(Earning Rate Equation) 327
()(Net Present Value) 330
()(Periodic Payments of Equal Amounts) 331
1.()(Present value of a perpetual periodic series) 332
2.()(Present value of a perpetual annual series) 333
3.(Future and present values of terminating periodic
series) 333
()(Sinking Funds and Installment Buying) 335
1.(Series payments starting at the beginning of each
period) 336
()()(Adjusting for Inflation) 336
()(Real Changes in Prices or Costs) 338
()(Effective Rates and Nominal Rates) 339
()(A Decision Tree for Choosing Present or Future
Value Equations) 340
()(Steps in Financial Analysis) 340
()(Issues in Financial Analysis) 343
()(Examples of Financial Analysis) 343
1.(The Chambers tree farm) 344
2.(Woodpeckers, pine straw, and timber production) 347
3.(Endangered possums and old-growth timber) 351
()(The With-and-Without Principle in Project Evaluation) 354
1.(Net present value analysis) 354
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2.(Incremental cash flow analysis) 355
()(Normalizing Projects) 356
()(Different Project Lengths and the Reinvestment Rate) 356
()(The Realizable Rate of Return) 358
(APPLICATION OF FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

TO TREE AND STAND DECISIONS) 359
()(Basic Assumptions) 361
()(Uneven-Aged Management) 361
1.(Making the cut/leave decision for an isolated tree) 361
2.(Considering future generations of trees in the cut/leave
decision) 364
3.(Taking account of adjacent trees) 368
4.(Considering the entire stand) 369
()(Even-Aged Management) 376
1.(The rotation decision) 377
2.(Evaluating intensive management investments) 380
3. (Considering existing stands in even-aged
management) 381
()(Including Taxes in Analysis of Silvicultureal Regimes) 384
1.(Income taxes) 384
2.(Property taxes) 387
(QUESTIONS) 390
(REFERENCES) 393
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1.
2.
1.
2.
1. Pure Rate
2. Expected inflation rate
3. Risk rate
-62-
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The Future Value Equation ;
P.325
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Present Value Equation ;

P.326
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Earning Rate Equation
P.327
Net Present Value P.330

- =>
Periodic Payments of Equal Amounts P.332

NPV=>
SEV => (Soil expectation value)
SEV
NPV
Adjusting for Inflation P.337
Real Changes in Prices or Costs P.338
Effective Rates and Nominal Rates P.339

effective rate =>
nominal rate =>
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A Decision Tree for Choosing Present or Future Value Equations

P.341 !!!!!
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Examples of Financial Analysis

Endangered possums and old-growth timber P.351
+
VS

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Normalizing Projects

adjust all projects to the lifetime of the longest project

Basic Assumptions

NPV

Uneven-Aged Management
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Making the cut/leave decision for an isolated tree

Considering future generations of tree in the cut/leave decision

SEV
Taking account of adjacent trees

Considering the entire stand
See Page.372
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Even-Aged Management
The rotation decision
SEV NPV

MAI !!!
Evaluating intensive management investments
SEV
Considering existing stands in even-aged management

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Chapter 8 Principles and Applications in Forest Valuation
(VALUATION AND APPRAISAL BASICS) 395
(CONCEPTS OF VALUE) 397
(DECISION MAKING AND VALUES) 398
(APPRAISAL) 399
()(Transactions in Property Rights) 399
()(Planning) 400
()(Damage and Legal Activities) 400
()(Taxation) 401
()(Loans and Investments) 401
(APPRAISAL METHODS) 402

()(Market Evidence) 402
()(Capitalized Income Value) 403
()(Derived Residual Value) 403
()(Market Quantification) 403
()(Replacement Cost) 404
()(Expert Judgment) 404
(VALUATION OF THE TREE) 405

()(Whole-Tree Methods) 405
()(Log-Based Methods) 406
1. 4 (Four steps in log-based tree appraisal) 406
()(Log-Based Tree Appraisal: An Example) 407
1.(Step 1. Determine lumber value per
MBF by log grade and diameter) 408
2.(Step 2. Determine
log value per MBF (log scale) by diameter and grade of the log delivered to the mill)
409
3.(Step 3. Determine stumpage value of logs per
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MBF (log scale) as they stand in the tree) 411
(VALUING TIMBER AND TIMBERLAND) 414

()(Valuing Stumpage) 415
(MARKET EVIDENCE METHODS OF STUMPAGE APPRAISAL) 416

()Northern Idaho and Montana (Regression Analysis in Northern Idaho and
Montana) 416
()(Other Applications of Regression-Based Appraisal) 418
(DERIVED RESIDUAL-VALUE APPRAISAL METHODS) 418

()(Estimating Conversion Return: Red Maple Revisited) 419
()(Estimating Conversion Return: A Forest Service
Timber Sale) 420
1.(Inventory) 420
2.(Selling values and manufacturing costs) 421
3.(Logging costs) 421
4.(Road construction) 422
5.(Calculating conversion return) 422
6.(Margin allowance for profit and risk) 422
7.(Special treatment of road costs) 424
()(The Real World of Stumpage Appraisal) 424
1.(Conditions of the sale) 424
2.(Product selling value) 425
3.(Differences in species value) 425
4.(Production costs) 425
5.(Measurement problems) 426
6.(Time) 426
7.(Te sellers interest in the buyer) 426
8.(Sources of data) 426
(VALUATION OF FORESTLAND) 427

()(Factors Affecting Forestland Value) 427
()(Capitalized Net Income Value of Stands) 428
()(Application to Immature Stands: Land and
Timber Value) 428
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()(Application to Bare Land: Soil Expectation Value) 430
()(Uneven-Aged Stands) 432
()(Application for Stand Valuation) 433
()(Capitalized Net Income Value of a Forest) 433
()(General Approach to the Value of a Forest) 434
()(The Case of the Regulated Forest) 435
1.(The even-aged regulated forest) 436
2.(The uneven-aged regulated forest) 436
()(Application of Capitalized Income Valuation of Forests) 437
(VALUING NONTIMBER FOREST OUTPUTS) 438
(RELATIVE VALUES AND MONEY VALUES) 439
(WILLINGNESS TO PAY) 441

()(Consumer Surplus) 443
(ESTIMATING DEMAND BY THE TRAVEL COST METHOD) 443

()(Empirical Estimation of the Total Demand for a Park) 446
(ESTIMATING DEMAND BY THE CONTINGENT

VALUATION METHOD) 448
()(The Basics of the Contingent Valuation Method) 448
()(Application of CVM to the Northern Spotted Owl)
450
()(Dichotomous Choice CVM) 451
1.(Data processing and statistical analysis) 451
2.(Application of dichotomous choice CVM to
conservation easements) 452
(ADDITIONAL CONCERNS IN NONMARKET VALUATION METHOD) 455

()(Traps, Scale, and Consistency) 455
()(Valuation Methods Not Based on Willingness to Pay) 457
1.(Expenditures) 457
2.(Cost of supply) 458
3.(Market value of commodities) 458
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4.(Unit-day value) 458
(QUESTIONS) 459
(REFERNCES) 461
(VALUATION AND APPRAISAL BASICS)

(worth)(Decision making, DM)(input)
(condition)(output)
(cost value of input)
(timber land)
(recreation)

(water)

(wildlife)

(visual amenities)

(biodiversity)
(environmental services)
(valuation)

(appraisal)

(transaction price)(competitive
market price)(Socially optimal price)
(timber)(forest land)
(merchantable size)(interest cost)(
)

(rare & endangered

species)(non-game wildlife)(spectacular scenic
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vista)(implicitly)(explicitly)
(monetary value)
(trade off)(un-priced output)
(market priced output)
(public goods)
(migratory wildlife)(visual amenities)
(revenue)
(benefit)
(net value)
(benefit)(revenue)
(net cost)
(subjectivity)
(CONCEPTS OF VALUE)
(worth
of something)(willing to give up)
(exchange)(market
value)(value-in-use)(social value)
()
(neoclassical economic theory)(price)
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()(value-in-use)
(expected use)
(satisfaction)
()(social value)

(preserving species diversity)(existence value)
(optional value)(protecting conservation value)
(national self-sufficiency)
(DECISION MAKING AND VALUES)

(1)
(2)
100 (MBF)10 80 (MBF)20 1

MBF $300 $100 (100 MBF*$300 /MBF+$100
/*10 )$31,000 (80 MBF*$300 /MBF+$100 /*20 )$26,000
(price)
(monetary value)
(appraisal)
()
valuation appraisal (appraisers)
(market values)
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Valuation =>
Appraisal =>
market value
value-in-use
social value

1.
2.
Market Evidence
Capitalized Income Value

Derived Residual Value
Market Quantification
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Replacement Cost
Expert Judgment
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money valuerelative
value(see page.440)
(See page.442)
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WTP Consumers Willing To Pay

Consumer Surplus
WTP
TCM Travel Cost Method
CVM Contingent Valuation Method

:
1.
2.
3. WTP
CVM P.450
1.
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2.
3. WTP
WTP
4. 1000 10%

5.

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Expenditures

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Cost of supply

Market value of commodities

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Chapter 9 Evaluation and Comparison of Alternatives
(A BIOREGIONAL APPROACH TO DECISION

ANALYSIS) 463
(PRESENTING INFORMATION FOR DECISIONS) 466

()(What Is Impact?) 466
()(Focusing the Decision Makers Attention) 467
()(Executive Summaries) 468
(EVALUATION CRITERIA) 471
(ECOLOGICAL CRITERIA) 472

()(Biological Diversity) 473
1.(Biodiversity at the landscape level) 473
2.(Biodiversity at the species level) 475
()(Environmental Protection) 476
(ECONOMIC CRITERIA) 477

()(Economic Equity) 477
()(Regional Economics) 479
1.(Defining the region) 480
2.(Regional goals and criteria) 480
()(Economic Efficiency) 481
1.(Defining and measuring economic efficiency) 482
2.(Conditions for successful economic efficiency analysis) 485
3.(Limitations of economic efficiency analysis
in forest management planning) 487
4.(Project evaluation criteria for efficiency analysis) 490
5. ( )(Mutually exclusive projects and
normalization) 494
6.(Comparing mutually exclusive projects) 496
7.(Independent projects with a capital constraint) 496
8.(The investment decision guides in summary) 499
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(SOCIAL CRITERIA) 499

()(Community Stability) 500
()(Community Resilience) 502
()(Political Considerations) 503
(ANALYTIC TOOLS) 504

()-(Input-Output Models) 504
1.(Economic base models) 505
2.-(The structure of input-output models) 506
3.-(using the input-output model) 508
()(Benefit-Cost Analysis) 509
1.(The mechanics of benefit-cost analysis) 511
2.(BCA analysis when some goals cannot
be quantified or valued) 512
(PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER) 514

()(Social Accounting) 514
()(Integrating the Criteria: Certified Forestry) 515
1.(Balancing the criteria) 516
()(Uncertainty and Risk) 517
(QUESTIONS) 519
(REFERENCES) 521
(A BIOREGIONAL APPROACH TO DECISION

ANALYSIS)

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()

()
9.1
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1992
(PRESENTING INFORMATION FOR DECISIONS)

""
9.2

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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

1.
2
3.
(EVALUATION CRITERIA)

B ()
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(ECOLOGICAL CRITERIA)

1.
2.
3.
""
1960 1980

()
()(Biological Diversity)

1.(Biodiversity at the landscape level)

()()
()
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""
( HRV
)
9.3HRV
HRV
()
()

(structure)(function)(change)
(mosaic)
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(patch)(corridor)(matrix)
(Pattern)
(1)

(2)

(3)

2.(Biodiversity at the species level)

(criteria=1)(criteria=0)
(criteria=1)(criteria=0)
(RCWS)
D= - (Ei*logEi)
D=1- (ni/N)^2=1- (Ei)^2
D
ni i
N
Ei= (ni/N)
D
(ni/N=1)D 0
D
()(Environmental Protection)

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(ECONOMIC CRITERIA)

()(Economic Equity)

YoungDay and Fight (1979) 1970
45
9.2
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(DECISION 1)(DECISION
2)(DECISION 3)
()(Regional Economics)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.(Defining the regional)

2.(Regional goals and criteria)

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()(Economic Efficiency)

1.(Defining and measuring economic efficiency)

(1) 9.4
(2) 9.5
(3)
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2.(Conditions for successful economic efficiency analysis)

3.(Limitations of economic efficiency analysis in
forest management planning)

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4.(Project evaluation criteria for efficiency analysis)

(1)(NPV)
(2)(B/C)
(3)(IRR)
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5.()(Mutually exclusive projects and normalization)

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6.(Comparing mutually exclusive projects)

7.(Independent projects with a capital constraints)
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8.(The investment decision guides in summary)

(1)
(2) IRR>iNPV>0B/C>0
(3) 2
(4) NR/C
(5) NPV

(SOCIAL CRITERIA)
()(Community stability)

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()(Community resilience)

()(Political considerations)

(ANALYTIC TOOLS)
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()-(Input-Output Models)
1.(Economic base models)
p.505
2.-(The structure of input-output models)

3.-(Using input-output models)

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()(Benefit-Cost Analysis)

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
1.(The mechanics of benefit-cost analysis)

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)(3+4)
(6)
(7)

(1)
(2) 45
(3)
(4)B/C
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(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
2.(BCA analysis when some goals cannot be

quantified or valued)

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(PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER)
()(Social Accounting)

()(Integrating the Criteria: Certified forestry)

1.(Balancing the criteria)

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()(Uncertainty and Risk)

certainty
Uncertainty
Risk
(QUESTIONS)
(REFERENCES)
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Chapter 10 Classical Approaches to Forest Management
Planning
(Classical Strategies for Forest Regulation)

()(Area Control)
1.(Application to even-aged stands)
2.(Application to uneven-aged stands)
3.(Application where different site qualities are present)
4.(Application with different rotation length)
5.(Evaluation of area control)
()(Volume Control)
1.(Austrian formula)
2.(Hanzliks formula)
3.(Finding the sustainable harvest level over a rotation)
4.(Finding the sustainable harvest level
over a time period longer than a lotation)
5.(Binary search approaches to volume control)
6. even flow(Sequentail even flow)
7.(Evaluation of volume control)
(): (A case Study in Combining Area and
Volume Control : The 1980 Timber Management Plan of the Davy Crockett National
Forest)
1.(Current vegetation)
2.(Major forest use)
3.(Forest management plan)
(): (Regulation by Area and Volume
Control: Some Example Probblems )
1.(An even-aged forest)
2.(An uneven-aged forest)
(The ABCs of Timber Harvest Scheduling)

():(Examples of Sustainability Policies for Commercial
Timber Production)
1.(Variables used)
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2.:(Example policies for sustained yield of harvest)
()(Two Types of Harvest Schedules)
()(The Harvest Schedule under the Base Harvest Policy)
1.(With a surplus of existing timber)
2.(With a shortage of existing timber)
()(Departure from Nondeclining Yield)
1.(Departure to increase the harvest)
2.(Departure to reduce the land base needed to
maintain the harvest)
()(Final Harvest Ages Short of Culmination)
1.(Shorter final harvest ages to increase the harvest)
2.(Shorter final harvest ages to
reduce the land base needed to maintain the harvest)
()(Management Intensification)
1.(Management intensification to increase the harvest)
2.(Management intensification to reduce the land
base needed to maintain the harvest)
3.(Management intensification in existing stand)
()(Addition Harvest Scheduling Pattern)
()(The Allowable Cut Effect and Related Issues)
1.(The allowable cut effect)
2.(The declining yield effect)
()(Effect of the Assumed Utilization Standard on the Harvest
Level)
()(Combining Sustained Yield Units to Increase the
Harvest Level)
(Classical Strategies for Forest Regulation)

()(Area Control)()
(Volume Control)
()(Area Control)

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Table10.1
Table 10.2
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1.(Application to even-aged stands)

2.(Application to uneven-aged stands)

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3.(Application where different site qualities are present)
,
Figure10.1
Table10.3
4.(Application with different rotation length)

5.(Evaluation of area control)
()(Volume Control)
1.(Austrian formula)
=I+[(Gaaa-Gr)/a]
I=
Ga=()
Gr =()
a=
I=(Ip+Ie)/2
Ip =
Ie =
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2.(Hanzliks formula)
Douglas-fir()
=(Vm/R)+I
Vm =
R=
I=
3.(Finding the sustainable harvest level over a rotation)

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
,(),
<, again
>, again
=,
table10.4
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4.(Finding the sustainable harvest level

over a time period longer than a location)
30 , 40
table10.5
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5.(Binary search approaches to volume control)

table10.5
6. even flow(Sequentail even flow)
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figure10.2
7.(Evaluation of volume control)
()(A case Study in Combining Area and

Volume Control: The 1980 Timber Management Plan of the Davy Crockett National
Forest)
1.(Current vegetation)
2.(Major forest use)
3.(Forest management plan)
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()(Regulation by Area and Volume

Control: Some Example Problems)
1.(An even-aged forest)
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2.(An uneven-aged forest)
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(The ABCs of Timber Harvest Scheduling)

()(Examples of Sustainability Policies for Commercial
Timber Production)
1.(Variables used)
Ht =t
Hmint =t
Hmaxt=t
Gt=t
It=t
LTSY=,
P=,
n=
2.(Example policies for sustained yield of harvest)
policy1Ht => Hmint for all t
policy2Ht => Hmint for all t=1,2,3,,n
Ht =< Hmaxt for all t=1,2,3,,n
policy3Ht+1=>0.9 Ht for all t=1,2,3,,n-1
Ht =<LTSY for all t=1,2,3,,n
Policy4Ht =< Gt for all t=1,2,3,,n

Policy5Ht =<0.2 It
()(Two Types of Harvest Schedules)

1.
(1) NDV LTSY
(2) CMAI
(3) CMAI
2.(1)(2) TWO TYPES
3.
()(The Harvest Schedule under the Base Harvest Policy)

1.(With a surplus of existing timber)

(1)200 20MBF/acres
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(2) 100 15 MBF/acres
(3)
30MBF 40MBF(
30MBF/year)
2.(With a shortage of existing timber)

8MBF/acres LTSY
()(Departure from Nondeclining Yield)

Departure
LTSY(base harvest policy)
1.(Departure to increase the harvest)

(With a surplus of existing timber) 100
40MBF/year
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2.(Departure to reduce the land base needed to

maintain the harvest)
(With a surplus of existing timber) 25%
150 30MBF/year 100 LTSY
15/100*150=22.5.
()(Final Harvest Ages Short of Culmination)

1.(Shorter final harvest ages to increase the harvest)
CMAI
(With a shortage of existing timber)
80 100 80 10MBF/acre 80
20MBF LTSY 25MBF/arcre
2.(Shorter final harvest ages to

reduce the land base needed to maintain the harvest)
(With a shortage of existing timber) 20%
100 160/100*8=12.8MBF/acre LTSY
160/100*15=24MBF/acre 80 80
16MBF/year80 LTSY 160/80*10=20MBF/year
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()(Management Intensification)
(Management Intensification)
1.(Management intensification to increase the harvest)

15 18LTSY 36
133 111
2.(Management intensification to reduce the land

base needed to maintain the harvest)
3.(Management intensification in existing stand)
()(Addition Harvest Scheduling Pattern)
()(The Allowable Cut Effect and Related Issues)

1.(The allowable cut effect)
ACE
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2.(The declining yield effect)
()(Effect of the Assumed Utilization Standard on the Harvest

Level)
()(Combining Sustained Yield Units to Increase the

Harvest Level)
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Chapter 11 Strategic Forest Planning for Timber
Production
PROBFORM6 LP (PROBFORM6: A General

Approach to Formulation of Land Management Problems for Analysis with Linear
Programming)
Daniel Pickett ()(The Daniel Pickett Forest Tutorial Problem)
(Advanced Problem Formulation Techniques)
Matrix Generators
(Linear programming)
PROBFORM6 LP (PROBFORM6: A General

Approach to Formulation of Land Management Problems for Analysis with Linear
Programming)
PROBFORM6 (1)RCM(resource capability model),
,,(2)PM(Policy model)
Table 11.1
Step 1. Make a preliminary assessment of the problem being analyzed.

Step 2. Define the land-choice decision variables.

Step 3. Define the activity,outcome,and condition variables of interest.
,
Step 4. Formulate policy scenarios for management of forest.

Step 5. Quantify the resource capability model

Step 6. Evaluate the feasibility and usefulness of proposed policies.
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Applican of Six-Step formulation Procedure to the Jerry Wilcox Problem
Problem statement of the Jerry Wilcox problem

250 , A ( 50 , 5 2 borad feet(MBF)/acre)
B ( 100 , 18 MBF/acre)
C (100 ,)
:30 , 10 , 10 , 2 3
2500 MBF ,,
3000MBF , 60
Table 11.2


(1)
(2)
p.579
p.579
p.579
Step 5. Quantify the resource capability model.
Table 11.3
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Table 11.4
Figure 11.1
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Daniel Pickett ()(The Daniel Pickett Forest Tutorial Problem)

(1) Daniel Pickett Problem Statrment and Important Facts
1.
2.
a. 1 (All site):, 30
b. 2 (Good site): 20 40%, 40 ,

3.
70 (NPV)
4.
5.
6.
7. ,
Table 11.5
(2) PROBFORM6 Daniel Pickett Problem

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Table 11.6
a. Land classification
b. Keeping track of time
Table 11.7
c. Prescription

Table 11.8
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Table 11.9
a.
b. ()
c. ()
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d.
,[]
()
Table 11.10
-98-
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a.
,
b.

c.
:,,
Step 5. Quantify the resource capability model.
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(Advanced Problem Formulation Techniques)
Models I and II
Models I :
Models II :
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Daniel Pickett Example of model II

Five additional assumptions used for the model II version of Daniel Pickeet model
Model II ,
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Model II
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Models I Models II
Models II :
: or
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(Matrix Generators)
,
,
Figure 11.8
Matrix Generators PROBFORM6 Figure 11.8
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(QUESTIONS)
(REFERENCES)
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Chapter 12 Strategic Planning For Multiple Ecological
And Economic Goals
2000 Daniel Pickett (A Problem Statement For

The Daniel Pickett Forest In The Year 2000)
()The Daniel Pickett (The Social,
Regulatory, and Owner Context For Management of The Daniel Pickett In 2000)
()(Land Types, Stand Conditions,
Habitat, and Current Inventory)
()(Prescriptions)
()(Owner Goals and Concerns)
()(Known Management Constraints)
()(Issues And Trade-Offs To Evaluate)
()(Forest Activities, Outcomes, and Conditions To
Quantify)
Probform 6 DPEM (Formulation of The DPEM Model Using
Probform 6)
( ) (Step 1: Make A
Preliminary Assessment of The Problem Being Analyzed)
()(Step 2: Define The Land-Choice Decision
Variables)
()(Step 3: Define The
Activity, Outcome, and Condition Variables of Interest)
()(Step 4: Formulate Policy
Scenarios For Management of The Forest)
()(Step 5: Quantify The Resource Capability
Model)
()(Step 6: Evaluating The Feasibility
And Usefulness of Proposed Policies)
(Achieving and Sustaining Desired Future Conditions)
()(Desired Future Condition Analysis)
( ) (Example Target Structures,
Achievement Periods And Sustainability Rules)
()(Discussion of Example Results)
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()DFC (Weighting of Deviations from DFC Targets)
() DFC (RHV)(Use of Goal
Programming And DFC Analysis To Model Range of Historic Variation Policy)
(A Ecological-Economic Trade-Off Analysis)
(Questions)
()DPEM (DPEM Problems)
()DFC (DFC Problems)
(Reference)
(Preface)

11 Daniel Pickett Models

120
Daniel Pickett
1970
Probform 6
Probform 6 -
Daniel Pickett (Ecosystem Management Model, DPEM Model)
2000 Daniel Pickett (A Problem Statement For

The Daniel Pickett Forest In The Year 2000)
()The Daniel Pickett (The Social,
Regulatory, and Owner Context For Management of The Daniel Pickett In 2000)

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DPEM (Daniel Pickett Model)
()(Land Types, Stand Conditions, Habitat,

and Current Inventory)
California Wildlife Habitat Relationship(WHR)
XYZX Y Z
X MIX(M)Y
(inch) ()
1 0-1
2 2-6
3 7-12
4 13-24
5 24+
6 24+
Z
(%)
S 0-5
M 6-59
D 60-100
ABC
2000 Daniel Pickett Forest

() ()
WHR
A 1000 100 34
M6D
20 WHR
B 500 100 18.5
M4M
10
C 1000 10 5
WHR M2D
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()(Prescriptions)
DP (1)
30 40 (2)
100 120
()(Owner Goals and Concerns)

(Habitat-diverse forest)
(Desired future condition, DFC)
WHR Y 1
6 2010302010 10
NPV DFC
()(Known Management Constraints)

1-6
7-9
1.
2. 200
3. A 100

4. 500000

5. 700

6. 400 40
7.
8.
1986 Rx1 Rx2
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f
9. (Long-term sustained yield,
LTSY)
()(Issues And Trade-Offs To Evaluate)

()(Forest Activities, Outcomes, and Conditions To
Quantify)
Probform 6 DPEM (Formulation of The DPEM Model Using

Probform 6)
Probform6 DPEM
()(Step 1: Make A Preliminary

Assessment Of The Problem Being Analyzed)

1. 120
2.
3.
ECA
4. WHR
( ) (Step 2: Define The Land-Choice Decision

Variables)
DPEM (Land Types)
(Prescription types)(Prescription timing)
(Land Type)
ABC (
)

TYPE A
TYPE B
TYPE C
(Prescription)
11
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(single-tree selection)
(small-group selection)
12.1 DPEM

Rx1 30 3 (original)
40 TYPE A20
Rx2
40 4 (original)
90
Rx3
90 10
100
Rx4 20406080 100
TYPE A 8
2 60 20 40
Rx5
60 6
20 15
Rx6
20-25 1 2 TYPE A B
30 1015
50 40
Rx7

TYPE A B
20 1 2
Rx8
20-25
Rx9 (original)
30-60
Rx10

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()(Step 3: Define The Activity,

Outcome, and Condition Variables Of Interest)
DPEM (1)
(Sparse)(Medium)(2)(Planning
Period) 144 (2 6 12
) 12.2 12.3
WHR XYZT
X=species code
Y=size code
Z=density code
T=planning period
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()(Step 4: Formulate Policy

Scenarios For Management Of The Forest)

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Scenario 1A 9
Scenario 1B 10
Scenario 2(A and B)
Scenario 3
20 LTSY
Scenario 4
PHI 20 LTSY
Scenario 5Scenario 2A+<LTSY<0.2PHIArea late seral< 30
Scenario 6 LTSY
Scenario 7 8(Period)

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()(Step 5: Quantify The Resource Capability Model)
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()(Step 6: Evaluating The Feasibility

And Usefulness Of Proposed Policies)
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(Achieving and Sustaining Desired Future Conditions)

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(spewing habitat)
(Committee of Scientists) U.S.

(desired future condition)
(central reference points)(Johnson et al., 1999)
Wood & Deuhurst (1998)(goal programming)
Menominee Indian Reservation Southern Timber Council
(1998) Southern Appalachian N.F.
Louisian & Pacific (1995)

(Pacific Timber Company, 1996)
(desired future condition)

(area control)
2A3B
100,000 acres
(limits of variability)

(risk-averse)()
(spatially dynamics)
(canopy
heights)(openings)(schedule pres )
GIS
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9 ( 12-712-15)
7 Daniel Pickett Forest DFC

DFC (subject forest)
(sustainable forest structure)
(vegetation types)
(What would it be)(Could this forest be

sustainable)
DFC
DFC
(forest conditions and outcomes)
DFC

(needs and desires)
()(Desired Future Condition Analysis)

DFC
(strategic planning model) Daniel Pickett Forest
7 8
DFC DPEM (goal-programming)
7 (sensitivity study)
DFC
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()(Example Target Structures, Achievement
Periods And Sustainability Rules)
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()(Discussion of Example Results)
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()DFC (Weighting of Deviations from DFC Targets)

() DFC (RHV)(Use of Goal
Programming And DFC Analysis To Model Range of Historic Variation Policy)
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(AN Ecological-Economic Trade-Off Analysis)
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(Questions)
()DPEM (DPEM Problems)
()DFC (DFC Problems)
(Reference)
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Chapter 13 Spatial, Stochastic, and Multiple-Owner
Approaches to Strategic Forest Planning
(Spatial Recognition in Forest Analysis)
(Multiple Land-Owner
Integrated Planning (MOIP), a New Problem Type of Forest Management with Spatial
Implications)
(Recognizing Stochastic Events in Strategic Planning Models)
(Representing Dynamic Spatial Relationships in

Forest Planning; Heuristics)
(QUESTIONS)
(REFERENCES)
(Spatial Recognition in Forest Analysis)
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(Multiple Land-Owner
Integrated Planning (MOIP), a New Problem Type of Forest Management with Spatial
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Implications)
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(Recognizing Stochastic Events in Strategic Planning Models)
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(Representing Dynamic Spatial Relationships in

Forest Planning; Heuristics)
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(QUESTIONS)
(REFERENCES)
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Chapter 14 Tactical Planning
(Tactical Planning Considerations)
(Harvest System and Road Management Choices)
(Adjacency Constraints)
(Complimentary Blocks)
(Acknowledging Tactical Planning Considerations)
(QUESTIONS)
(REFERENCES)
(Tactical Planning Considerations)
(Harvest System and Road Management Choices)
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(Adjacency Constraints)
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(Complimentary Blocks)
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(Acknowledging Tactical Planning Considerations)
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(QUESTIONS)
(REFERENCES)
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()

Forest Management (Fourth Edition)

Part II Predicting Conditions and Outcomes for Stands and

Part III Fundamentals of Decision Analysis to

Part IV Forest Management Planning to Achieve

Part II Predicting Conditions and Outcomes for Stands and

Part III Fundamentals of Decision Analysis to

Part IV Forest Management Planning to Achieve

Preliminary Table of Contents

2 Concepts and Criteria for Forest Management

3 Basic Elements and Methods of Forest

Part II Predicting Conditions and

5 Models for Predicting Forest Outcomes and

Part III Fundamentals of

7 Financial Analysis in Forestry

8 Principles and Applications in Forest Valuation

9 Evaluation and Comparison of Alternatives

Part IV Forest Management

11 Strategic Forest Planning for Timber Production

12 Strategic Planning for Multiple

13 Spatial, Stochastic, and

Table 1.2. Four viewpoints on sustainable forests

Table 1.3. A comparison of multiple use-sustained yield management and ecosystem

Table 1.4. Vision elements from the American Forestry

Table 1.6. U.S. forest and timber land ownership*

Table 1.7. U.S. forest and timberland ownership by region

(Forest Management Decisions)

1.(Man dominates nature)

1980 Gifford Pinchot (conservation)(sustainable

(Four Viewpoints of Sustainable Forests)

1.3 (Multiple use-sustained yield management)

(Ownership and Policy as a Context for Decisions

(ECOLOGICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL

(QUANTIFICATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF

(ECOLOGICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL

1.(Natural disturbance patterns and processes as a

(1)(Selecting silvicultural systems)

(3)(Selecting the spatial pattern of harvests)

2.4 Oregon (regime)(a)

()(Principles of Economic Forestry)

3.(NPV)(Net present value as the arbitrator of worth)

4. (Estimating the cost of alternative

()(Principles of Social Forestry)

1.(Distribution of forest benefits)

(QUANTIFICATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF

()(Evolving Policy for Sustainable Forests)

()(Adaptive Management to Address the

(STAND MANAGEMENT PRESCRIPTIONS

(PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER:

(SILVICULTURAL SYSTEMS FOR FOREST MANAGEMENT)

(BUILDING FOREST PLANS IN PRACTICE)

Johnsons (THE JOHNSONS FOREST

(LITERATURE CITED AND SUGESTED READINGS)

( ) (Developing, Evaluating, and

()(Describing Forests and Forest Management Activity)

(What kind of land it is and what is it good for?)

() The Daniel Pickett Forest (An Example of Land Classification:

Daniel Pickett Forest 2

()(Geographic Information Systems and Forest Planning)

1.(Land classification based on grouping

2.(Class- and location-specific forest information)

5.(Land classification that retains

(STAND MANAGEMENT PRESCRIPTIONS