Journal o f L o o arid t i iidlrlr .Medi<.ine ?a(:).

102-108, 1993
Copyright 1993 b) Ainrncan Association oi'Zoo Vctcnnanans

IMMOBILIZATION OF CAPTIVE RACCOON DOGS

(NYCTEREUTES PROCYONOIDES) WITH
MEDETOMIDINE-KETANIINE AND REMOBILIZATION
i
WITH ATIPAMEZOLE
Jon M. Arnemo, D.V.M., Randi Moe, D.V.M., and Adrian J. Smith, D.V.M., D.Sc., D.M.V.

Abstract: Eight captive raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) were immobilized with mede-
tomidine HCI (MED) O. 1 mg/kg and ketamine (KET) 5 mg/kg i.m. in a crossover study. In group
I, the animals were left to recover spontaneously, and in group 11, the animals received atipamezole
HC1 (ATI) 1 mg/kg i.m. for reversal 20-25 min after the MED/KET injection. MED/KET rapidly
induced complete immobilization in both groups. The induction times were 3.3 i 0.2 (,y i SEM)
and 3.4 i 1.1 min in groups I and 11, respectively. Both the comeal and pedal withdrawal reflexes
were absent in immobilized animals, and the mean times to reappearance of these reflexes in animals
recovering spontaneously were 90.3 i- 8.6 and 102.4 i 10.0 min, respectively. In group 1, the mean
rectal temperature dropped from 36.8 i 0.2"C to 35.4 i O.lC recorded 5 and 90 min after the
MED/KET injection, respectively. and the mean heart rate dropped from 110.0 i 5.7 to 75.0 I
6.4 beatdmin at the corresponding times. All animals had irregular respiratory pattems. with
intermittent periods of apnea and tachypnea shortly after immobilization. Respiratory pattems
became more regular during the immobilization period (group I), and the mean respiration rate
increased from 7.9 I 0.7 to 18.0 2.3 breaths/min recorded 20 and 90 min after the MED/KET
injection, respectively. Administration of AT1 markedly shortened the recovery of immobilized
animals without apparent side effects. The mean time from AT1 injection to when the animals were
able to walk was 15.9 It 2.3 min. In animals left for spontaneous recovery the mean time from
MED/KET injection to when the animals were able to walk was 129.3 i 7.0 min. Medetomidine
and ketamine can be recommended for immobilization of captive raccoon dogs; induction is rapid,
there are few side effects, and the animals can be remobilized with atipamezole.
Kei. words: Raccoon dog, Nyctereutes procj)onoides, immobilization, medetomidine, ketamine,
atipamezole.

INTRODUCTION the new areas because ofits food habits (om-

The raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyon-
oides), originally a native of eastern Asia,
has rapidly extended its range into eastem
Europe and Finland, where it now plays a
major role in keeping rabies e n z o ~ t i c . ~The
,'~
raccoon dog has als0 been observed in
northern parts of Norway and Sweden, both
regarded as rabies-free countries. In Finn-
mark County of Norway, bordering Russia
and Finland, one raccoon dog was found
dead in 1983 and another was trapped and
killed in 1 988.32
The raccoon dog has acclimatized well in
From the Center of Veterinary Medicinc, N-9005
Troms. Norway (Arnemo); and the Dal Research
Farm, Norwegian College of Vetennary Medicine.
Rustadveien 13 1. N-1 380 Heggedal, Norway (Moe,
Smith).
nivorous predator), ability to hibernate, and
reproductive capacity and because it has few
natural e n e m i e ~ . ~17.27
. ' ~ The
. raccoon dog is
also farmed in large numbers in Finland and
the former USSR as a furbearer, and ani-
mals escaping from captivity may contrib-
ute to the maintenance and spreading of this
species in the wild.
Raccoon dogs, either wild or captive, re-
quire chemical immobilization or anesthe-
sia for most clinical procedures. The im-
portant role of this species in the
epizootiology of rabies has prompted bio-
telemetric studies using radiotransmitters,
which require a safe and reliable anesthetic
method for implantation.
Few studies have been done on chemical
immobilization and anesthesia of raccoon
dogs. There are reports on the use of dis-
sociative anesthetics in raccoon dogs.'.I4 2 i
 ARNEMO ET AL.-CHEMICAL IMMOBILIZATION OF RACCOON DOGS
Tiletamine-zolazepam was used for anes-
thesia in one raccoon dog9 and ketamine-
medetomidine was used for sedatiordim-
mobilization in two individuals, one of
which was given atipamezole for reversal.I4
Medetomidine, a potent and selective
alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist, potentiates
ketamine to a greater extent than does xy-
1azine,12,'5.18,?8,29
reducing the effective ke-
tamine dose by as much as 75O/0.I2This po-
tentiating effect is of great importance when
reversal agents are used in animals immo-
bilized with ketamine combinations, be-
cause there is no specific antagonist cur-
rently available for reversal of dissociative
ane~thesia.~.lO
Medetomidine has been used both alone
and in combination with ketamine for rapid
induction of reversible immobilization in
various zoo and wild animals. 'JJ2-1 5,23 Rap-
id remobilization was achieved by using the
potent and selective alpha,-adrenoceptor
antagonist atipamezole.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate
the medetomidine-ketamine combination
for immobilization, and atipamezole for its
reversal, in raccoon dogs.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The trials were conducted between 11 and
19 December 1990 at the Dal Research
Farm, Norwegian College of Veterinary
Medicine, Heggedal, Norway (59"47'N,
1027'E).
Eight 19-43-mo-old adult (four males,
four females) clinically healthy raccoon dogs,
with a weight (X k SEM) of 8.6 I 0.4 kg,
were included in the trials. The animals were
individually housed in wire cages in an open
fur-animal shelter. Animals were fasted
overnight but had free access to drinking
water. Animals were manually restrained
and weighed prior to drug administration.
The tnals were performed outdoors, at an
ambient temperature between -2C and
- 1 1C.
All animals were euthanized shortly after
the trials because of governmental regula-
tions, so possible long term effects on health
103
and reproductive performance could not be
evaluated.
The study used a crossover design, with
a wash-out period of 4-8 days between the
two treatment groups.
For group I, O. 1 mg/kg of medetomidine
HCl (MED) (Domitor@, 1 mg/ml, Orion
Corp. FARMOS, Turku, Finland), and 5
mg/kg ketamine (KET) (Ketalarm, 50 mg/
ml, Parke-Davis, Barcelona, Spain) were
mixed in the same syringe and injected in
the right gluteal muscle. Induction time, i.e.,
the time from MED/KET injection to com-
plete immobilization (recumbent, immo-
bile, and no reaction to handling), was re-
corded. The following measures were
recorded approximately 5, 15, 20, 45, 60,
and 90 min after injection of the drugs: rec-
tal temperature (using a digital thermome-
ter), heart rate (using a stethoscope), respi-
ratory rate (observing the flank movements),
pedal withdrawal reflex-absent or present
(pinching of a toe with an artery forceps),
and corneal reflex-absent or present (light
touching of the cornea with a cotton-tipped
applicator). The times to reappearance of
the pedal withdrawal and corneal reflexes
and the head up and mobility times (time
from MED/KET injection until the animal
lifted its head and until it was able to walk,
respectively) were recorded.
For group 11, O. 1 mg/kg MED and 5 mg/
kg KET were mixed in the same syringe and
injected in the right gluteal muscle, and the
induction time was recorded. Rectal tem-
perature, heart and respiratory rates, and
corneal and pedal withdrawal reflexes were
recorded approximately 5, 15, and 20 min
after injection of the drugs. Twenty to 25
min after the MED/KET injection, 1 mg/
kg atipamezole HC1 (ATI) (Antisedanm, 5
mg/ml, Orion Corp. FARMOS, Turku, Fin-
land) was given in the left gluteal muscle for
reversal of immobilization. The times from
AT1 injection until the animal lifted its head
from the floor (head up time) and was able
to walk (mobility time) were recorded using
a stopwatch. Ten minutes after the animal
was able to get up, the degree of reversal
104 JOURNAL OF Z 0 0 AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE

Table 1. Data on eight raccoon dogs immobilized with medetomidine-ketamine and remobilized with
atipamezole.'

Dosage and associated

measures Group I Group 11

Immobilization
Medetomidine HCI (mglkg)
Ketamine (mglkg)
Induction time (min)
Remobilization (group Il)
Atipamezole HCI (mglkg)
Head up time (min)h
Mobility time (min)"
Spontaneous recovery (group I)
Head up time (min)" 121.0 I 8.3
Mobility time (min)" 129.3 k 7.0
"alues expressed as X +- SEM.
h Time after injection of atipamezole.

' Time after injection of medetomidine-ketamine.

was assessed clinically using the following
terms to describe the animal: sedated (in-
complete reversal), cataleptic (ketamine re-
sidual effect), normal (complete reversal),
and overalert, excited, and/or hyperactive
(atipamezole overdosing).
All animals were observed regularly for
several hours after arousal for any signs of
resedation or abnormal behavior.
Statistical calculations were performed
using NCSSO (Number Cruncher Statistical
System, Kaysville, Utah 84037, USA). The

Table 2. Means (?SEM) of serial recordings of physiological measures in eight raccoon dogs immobilized
with medetomidine-ketamine. Group I = medetomidine-ketamine. no antagonist; group 11 = medetomidine-
ketamine, atipamezole given after 20-25 min.

Time after medetomidine-ketamine injection (min)

(5) (15) (20) (45) (60) (90)

Rectal temperature (T)

Group I 36.XCk1 36.QdCr 36.ehC' 36.3dhc' 35.9ab~"I 35.4abcde
(k0.2) (10.2) (I0.2) (IO.1) (i0.2) (kO.1)
Group I1 37.1 36.9 36.9 NR8 NR NR
(k0.3) (10.3) (i0.3)
Heart rate (beatdmin)
Group I 110.0""' 1 08.5"" 98.W' 93.3.<"" 8 1,501,cd 75.Pkd
(i5.7) (I5.5) (17.1) (i7.7) (i8.8) (i6.4)
Group 11 97.3 94.8 95.5 NR NR NR
(i7.7) (k6.9) (k6.3)
Respiratory rate (breaths/min)

'"*" Superscripts denote a significant difference (P < 0.05) from means in indicated columns
g Not recorded.
 ARNEMO ET AL.-CHEMICAL IMMOBILIZATION O F KACCOON DOGS 105

paired t-test was used to compare induction both groups. In group 11, there was a sig-
times, rectal temperatures, and heart and nificant decrease in the respiration rate from
respiratory rates of groups I and I1 and to the first to the second recording, although
compare serial recordings of rectal temper- this decrease was not seen in group I (Table
atures, heart rates, and respiration rates of 2). The respiration became more regular
group I. Calculated P-values <0.05 were during the immobilization penod in ani-
considered significant. m a l ~recovering spontaneously, and the
mean respiration rate increased from 7.9
breaths/min 20 min after MED/KET injec-
RESULTS
tion to 18.0 breaths/min 70 min later (Table
Induction time 2) -
In 15 out of 16 immobilizations, the an-
Spontaneous recovery
imals became completely immobilized
within 4 min after MED/KET administra- In group I, the mean (ISEM) (range) head
tion. There was no significant difference in up time and mobility time were 121.O +
mean induction times between the two 8.3 (97-168) min and 129.3 f 7.0 (101-
groups. One animal in group I1 vomited 168) min, respectively (Table 1). There were
during the induction penod, and this animal no signs of abnormal behavior within 3 hr
did not become completely immobilized after mobility was regained. In group 11,
until 1 1 min after MED/KET injection (Ta- there were no signs of spontaneous recovery
ble l). before the antagonist was given.
Reflexes Effect of antagonist
At the time of complete immobilization, The mean (*SEM) (range) head up time
both the pedal withdrawal reflex and the and walking time were 9.5 I 1.1 (5.3-15.0)
corneal reflex were absent in all animals. In min and 15.9 -t 2.3 (9.0-28.8) min, re-
group I, the mean (ISEM) times (range) to spectively (Table 1). All animals showed
reappearance of the corneal and pedal with- some signs of incomplete recovery and/or
drawal reflexes were 90.3 f 8.6 (60-1 49) ketamine residual effect 10 min after mo-
min and 102.4 I 10.0 (60-159) min, re- bility was regained but were considered nor-
spectively. In group 11, none of these reflexes mal within 1 hr. No signs of resedation or
reappeared before the antagonist was given. abnormal behavior were observed within 3
hr after reversal.
Rectal temperature, heart and
respiration rates DISCUSSION
There were no significant differences be- Wild raccoon dogs hibernate during the
tween groups I and I1 with respect to mean coldest winter penods in the northern parts
rectal temperature and heart and respiration of their tenitory, and captive individuals
rates recorded 5, 15, and 20 min after MED/ have increased fat deposits and a lower bas-
ISET injection (Table 2). al metabolic rate in inter.^.'^.'^ This ad-
In group I, there was a significant decrease aptation to hibernation may have influ-
in both the mean rectal temperature and the enced both the drug response and the
mean heart rate during the immobilization physiological alterations found in this study.
period, whereas in group I1 the alterations The i.m. medetomidine HCl(0.1 mg/kgk
in these measures were insignificant (Table ketamine (5 mg/kg) combination rapidly in-
2). duced complete immobilization in the rac-
Shortly after immobilization was in- coon dogs. In animals recovering sponta-
duced, respiration was irregular with inter- neously, both the corneal and pedal
mittent penods of apnea and tachypnea in withdrawal reflexes were absent for > 1 hr.
106 JOURNAL OF zoo AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE
In the dog, abolishment of these reflexes
indicates light to deep surgical anesthe-
sia;4 therefore, the medetomidine-keta-
mine combination was considered a suit-
able anesthetic combination for minor sur-
gery in the raccoon dog.
The medetomidine-ketamine dosage used
in this study was based on the only available
report on this drug combination in raccoon
dogs.14 This dosage is comparable to the
recommended dosage for immobilization of
mustelid speciesl.l5 but is higher than that
reported for most other camivores, both wild
and domestic.12,13.1~. 18.28.29
The arousal time for animals left for
spontaneous recovery was approximately 2
hr. This time is considerably longer than
that for mustelids15 and blue foxes" but is
about the same as for snow leopardsi2and
bears.I5 Administration of 1.0 mg/kg ati-
pamezole HCl i.m. markedly shortened the
recovery from medetomidine-ketamine-in-
duced immobilization. Although most an-
imals were considered sedated for some time
after reversal, recovery was smooth and
without senous side effects. Atipamezole is
known to cause overalertness when the dose
ratio (w/w) of atipamezole : medetomidine
is too high,13.15.23.25and the recommended
ratio for use in most nondomestic cami-
vores is 2.5-5: 1 .1313.15 In dogs8.2hand rats,lo
the adverse effects of atipamezole overdos-
ing seem to be negligible. Preliminary stud-
ies in raccoon dogs (Amemo, unpubl. data)
showed that an atipamezole :medetomi-
dine ratio of 5: 1 was not effective and that
rapid reversal was achieved only when the
ratio was increased to 10:1. This dose ratio
is higher than that reported for any other
wild species but did not cause overalertness
or excitement in raccoon dogs.
The fall in rectal temperature for animals
left for spontaneous recovery and exposed
to ambient temperatures between - 2C and
- l 1"C was considerable, indicating that the
body temperature of immobilized animals
should be monitored. In blue foxes with
winter fur, there is a decrease in body tem-
perature during immobilization induced by
ketamine-xylazine" and ketamine-mede-
tomidine," even at room temperature.ll The
raccoon dog has approximately the same
seasonal insulation provided by pelage and
subcutaneous fat as the blue fox, but its low-
er cntical temperature (T,,) in winter time
is much higher than that of the blue fox.l"17
The potential for hypothermia should be
recognized in raccoon dogs immobilized at
low ambient temperatures, and animals
should be remobilized with an effective an-
tagonist to restore normal thermoregula-
tion. The combined effect of an alpha2-ad-
renoceptor agonist and ketamine on the body
temperature depends on species, dosage, and
ambient temperature, but a hypothermic re-
sponse can be expected. H Y-
1 ~ 5 ~ 6 ~ 1 1 . 1 3 3 1 5 5 ' 8 ~ 3 0
pothermia induced by medetomidine-ke-
tamine in dogs, cats, a n d mink is
reversible.
The initial fall in respiratory rate, with
penods of apnea, which is caused by a com-
bined effect of ketamine and alpha2-adren-
oceptor agonists, has been descnbed for
other species, and is more prominent with
high ketamine doses.5~12~18.22~2u~2y~33 In ani-
mals left for spontaneous recovery, the re-
spiratory rate and pattem both normalized
dunng the immobilization period.
Ketamine has a direct stimulatory action
upon the cardiovascular system, counter-
balancing to some extent the depressive ef-
fect of medetomidine and other alpha2-ad-
renoceptor a g o n i ~ t s . l ~ , ~ ~ decrease
, ~ ~ . ~ Tinh e
heart rate found in this study was not con-
sidered senous.
One animal vomited dunng induction,
and this emetic action of alpha2-adrenocep-
tor agonists has been reported in other
species treated with medetomidine and me-
d e t ~ m i d i n e - k e t a m i n e . ~ ,The
~ ~ ~inci-
~~~~~.~~
dence of vomiting is lower when medetomi-
dine is combined with ketamine.i8~28~29
CONCLUSIONS
The medetomidine-ketamine combina-
tion appears to be useful for immobilization
of raccoon dogs under field conditions. In-
duction is rapid, there are few side effects,
 ARNEMO ET AL.-CHEMICALIMMOBILIZATION OF RACCOON DOGS
and the animals can be effectively remobi-
lized with atipamezole. However, care
should be taken to avoid thermoregulatory
complications, and remobilization of the
animals is strongly recommended at low
ambient temperatures.
Acknowledgments: We thank Per Otto Flte
and yvind Husy for their expertise in handling
the animals and for assistance during the trials.
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Received for publication I0 March 1992.