pkpk tvGkr f;zx ih

1
 pkpk tvGkr f;zx ih
(fJfsjk;e rbg ouBk)
b/ye
vkL frnkBh GiB f;zx
gqekPe
dk; irw'jB f;zx
r[o{ BkBe dopko, 7^n?c, r'fpzd ekb'Bh,
okig[ok (gfNnkbk)
gfjbh tko L ;szpo 1997
d{ih tko L ngq?b 1998
shih tko L ;szpo 2010
;G jZe b/ye d/ okyt/A jB
b/yeL
vkL frnkBh GiB f;zx
J/^1$8, toD ngkoNw?AN;
;?eNo^9, o'fjBh, fdZbh 110 085
c'B 011^7264098
gqekPeL
dk; irw'jB f;zx
r[o{ BkBe dopko, 7^n?c, r'fpzd ekb'Bh,
okig[ok (fIbk gfNnkbk) gzikp
c'B L 224053, 324054
c'N'rqkcoL
;[fozdo Bkozr, uzvhrVQ.

2
 pkpk tvGkr f;zx ih nmkoQthA ;dh d/ wjkB f;~y s/ nkswe nkr{ j'J/ jB. pqjw frnkBh, g{oB
;zs f;gkjh, eEBh s/ eoBh d/ g{o/, fo~XhnK^f;~yhnK d/ wkbe ;B. fJjBK dh f;~y fJfsjk; ft~u
t~vh d/D j? fe eoskog[o dk ;'Yh gfotko i' Xho wZb ih d/ ;w/A s'A ro{ gfotko j[zfdnK r[o{ xo
Bkb'A N[~Nk j'fJnk ;h. ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih B/ pV/ ;[uZi/ Yzr Bkb r[o{ xo Bkb N[~Nh rzY bJh ;r'A
nkgD/ T[Zu nkuoD, ;/tk f;woB s/ f;~y b'e bfjo ft~u :'rdkB Bkb d/P d/ fJfsjk; ft~u nwo
;EkB gqkgs eo fbnk. fszB ;" ;kb T[jBK dh irs c/oh j' u~fbnk,go T[jBK dk i; rkT[D tkb/
s/ T[jBK okjhA r[owfs Bkb i[VB tkfbnK dh frDsh fBozso tXdh ik ojh j?. ed/ jIkoK PoXkb{
;B go n~i T[jBK dh frDsh b~yK s'A t~X e/ eo'VK s~e gj[zuD tkbh j?. gfjbK gzikp, fco Gkos d/
d{i/ fj~f;nK ft~u s/ j[D ftd/PK ft~u th pkpk tvGkr f;zx ih :kd eoB tkb/ s/ f;~yh wkor d/
gq;zPe c?b/ j'J/ jB.
;[ywBh ;kfjp ft~u r[o{ noiB d/t ih B/ nZmthA nPNgdh ft~u pqjw frnkBh pko/ c[owkfJnk
j?L^
pqjw frnkBh ;dk fBob/y..
i?;/ ib wfj ewb nb/g..
^^^^^^^^^
pqjw frnkBh eh ;G T{gfo wfJnk..
pqjw frnkBh s/ eS[ p[ok B GfJnk..
r[o{ noiB d/t ih B/ g{oh nPNgdh ft~u pqjw frnkBh d/ fiBQK bZSDK ns/ r[DK s/ fijBK
ftP/PskJhnK dk toDB ehsk j? T[j ;ko/ ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih dh Py;hns ft~u fwbd/ jB. fJ;
bJh d/P d/ ftdtkBK B/ T[jBK pqjw frnkBh nky e/ ;BwkfBs ehsk. T[j ;u^w[Zu nfij/
PePhns d/ wkbe ;B fe T[jBK B/ nkgDh 52 ;kb dh ;z;kfoe :ksok ft~u ed/ fe;/ dk p[ok BjhA
ehsk, M{m BjhA p'fbnk, nwho s/ rohp fJ~e ;wkB ;wM e/ s/ iks^gks, T{u^Bhu s/ ozr B;b
dk ftsekok S~v e/ jo fe;/ dh wdd ehsh s/ d[Zy d{o eoB ft~u nkgDh g{oh ;wZoEk bkJh.
pj[s xZN b'eK B/ wjKpbh s/ ;zs f;gkjh d/ o{g ft~u ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih ikfDnk j?. T[jBK
d/ ihtB d/ fJ; gZy j[D s~e ;kjwD/ BjhA fbnKdk frnk, T[j 18thA ;dh d/ wjkB f;~y ioB?b th
;B. fijBK B/ f;~y fw;bK dh ;EkgBk d/ ;w/A s/ th Btkp eg{o, ;odko iZ;k f;zx nkjb{tkbhnk,
pkpk dhg f;zx i~E/dko eow f;zx s/ csfj f;zx eosko g[ohJ/ Bkb fwb e/ jo n"yh xVh ft~u yzvk
yVekfJnk, nkgDk iZEk ;Ekfgs ehsk s/ gzi^S/ :[~X y/soK ft~u f;zxK d/ ifEnK dh ioB?b d/ o{g
ft~u nrtkJh ehsh. fisB/ th :[~XK ft~u ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx t?oh Bkb b'jk b?D bJh fBZso/, ;G ft~u
;|bsk gqkgs ehsh. T[; t/b/ ;kok f;~y ;wki jh BjhA, gzikp d/ r?o f;~y, fjzd{ s/ w[;bwkB th
T[jBK wjkB s/ T[Zu nkswe Pesh d/ wkbe ;wMd/ ;B. f;~y ;wki ft~u T[jBK dk ;fseko fJ~e
nkdoPe ;zs f;gkjh j'D eoe/ th ;h.
nmkoQthA ;dh dk fJj ;wK pVh rVpV tkbk ;h. jo gk;/ nPKsh ;h. oki Pesh s/ ekpI j'D
bJh gfjbK gmkDK s/ w[rbK ft~u sDkT[ ;h. fco ncrkBK B/ w[rbK s'A Gkos jfEnkT[D bJh jwb/
P[o{ eo fdZs/. Bkdo Pkj s/ nfjwd Pkj npdkbh dk Nkeok gzikp ft~u db ykb;/ B/ ehsk. Bkdo
Pkj s/ nfjwd npdkbh s/ ;G s'A t~X Skgkwko jwb/ ;sb[i s/ fpnk; ftueko d[nkp/ dh Xosh s/
j'J/ s/ fJjBK ;zrokwK ft~u ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx w[~y ;B.

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 r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih d/ nkBzdg[o ;kfjp 1704 ft~u S~vD fgS'A shj ;kb s~e nkBzdg[o w[V e/
f;~yK dk e/Ado Bk pD ;fenk. f|o d[nkp/ d/ f;~xK B/ i~E/dko eow f;zx, ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih s/
i~E/dko csfj f;zx ih d/ T[dw, :'iBkpzdh s/ f;nkDg ;dek w[V nkBzdg[o gzEe iE/pzdh dk rVQ pD
frnk. ;w/A dh je{ws t~b'A T[ikV/ f;~y gfotkoK ehosg[o s/ nkBzdg[o ft~u t;kT[D s/ T[jBK dh
;/tk ;zGkb eoB ft~u ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih dk :'rdkB ;G s'A t~X j?. ftP/P r~b fJj d/yD tkbh j?
fe izr, :[~XK s/ je{ws s/ nfsnkukoK dk Nkeok eofdnK th ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih ;/tk f;woB bJh
pj[s ;wK e~Y b?Ad/. id f;woB ft~u i[Vd/ sK eJh gfjo T[jBK dh nkswk gow^nkswk Bkb
fJ~e^fw~e j' iKdh s/ T[j nkgD/ ;oho s'A, ;z;koh ihtB o[M/ftnK s'A fpbe[b fBPfuzs j' e/ r[opkDh
okjhA gqG{ Bkb nkgDh fbt i'Vh o~yd/. fJ; Bkb fi~E/ T[jBK nzdo pqjw frnkBh d/ r[D nk rJ/, T[E/
nkg dh eEBh s/ eoBh ft~u fJ~e nbkjh Pesh nk rJh s/ b'e T[jBK pj[s t~ vhnK
fo~XhnK^f;~XhnK d/ wkbe ;wMD b~r gJ/. go T[jBK ed/ nkgD/ ihtB ekb ft~u fJ~e tko th fJj
BjhA nkfynk fe T[j fo~XhnK^f;~XhnK d/ wkbe jB.T[jBK B/ fi~E/ th puB ehsk T[E/ r[o{ BkBe d/
xo dh gqPz;k ehsh r[opkDh jh n;b Pesh nkfynk s/ b'eK fJjh gq/oBk fd~s h fe T[j i/eo
ihtB ;|b eoBk ukj[zd/ jB s/ nkgD/ nzdo e[M nksfwe pb g?dk eoBk ukj[zd/ jB sK r[opkDh ok-
jhA gqG{ dk f;woB eo'. f;woB s/ ;/tk jh ihtB :ksok dh ;|bsk dh ez[ih j?.
;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih dk fJfsjk;e :'rdkB, r[o{ gfotko Bkb'A N[~N/ j'J/ nkgD/ ykBdkB w[V e/
r[o{ xo Bkb i'VBk j?. fJjBK dk gfotkoe fgS'eV sK r[o{ okw dk; ih d/ ;'Yh tzP Bkb j?. S/thA
BkBe i'V r[o{ jor'fpzd ;kfjp d/ gzi ;kfjp iKfdnK *u'A ;G s'A t~v/ pkpk r[ofd~sk ih ;B. fijBK d/
n~r/ ;g[Zso pkpk Xho wb ih ;B i' r[o{ jor'fpzd ;kfjp d/ eoskog[o s'A ehosg[o ub/ ikD fg~S'A
eoskog[o ft~u ;koh r[o{ xo dh ikfJdkd s/ ;EkBK dh ;/tk ;zGkb eo oj/ ;B. go id'A r[o^r~dh
r[o{ jfo okJ/ ih fwb rJh sK pkpk Xho wb ih BokI s/ fBokP j' rJ/. fco T[jBK r[o{ xo Bkb'A
N[~N/ r[o{ gfotkoK fgqEh uzd s/ okw okJ/ Bkb oZb e/ eJh r~bK ehshnK fi; d/ cb;o{g r[o{ xo Bkb'A
fJjBK dh N[~N rJh. fco eJh g[PsK s~e r[o{ xo ft~u fJjBK :'r ;EkB Bk fwfbnk go nyho
id'A Xho wb ih s'A fgS'A S/thA ghVQh ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih fJ; gfotko d/ w[yhJ/ pD/ sK T[jBK fgS-
bhnK gfotkoe rbshnK dh ;[XkJh eofdnK yzv/^pkN/ dk nzfwqs Btkp eg{o f;zx s/ i~E/dko i~;k
f;zx ih nkjb{tkbhnk d/ iZE/ s'A Sfenk s/ nkgDk febQk ns/ PhP wfjb ;G e[M db ykb;k
nogD eo fd~sk s/ f;zxK d/ ;zxoP ft~u sB wB s/ XB Bkb fJsB/ ;orow j' e/ i[ZN/ fe fJjBK d/
:'rdkB ;dek fJ; r[o{ gfotko dh r[o{ xo Bkb N[~Nh j'Jh w[V e/ rzYh rJh.
;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih fJ~e pj[s t~vk ukBD^w[Bkok ;B. fijBK s'A frnkB dk ukBD b? e/ T[;
;w/A jIkoK b'eK B/ nkgD/ ihtB o{gh ijkI ;z;ko o{gh Gt;kro ft~u n"eVK s/ w[PebK dhnK uZ-
NkBK Bkb NeokT[D s'A puk fbnk s/ n~i th b~yK b'e T[jBK d/ fJ; o"PB^w[Bko/ s'A frnkB dk gqekP
b? e/ r[opkDh d/ nk;o/ nkgD/ ihtB o{gh ijkI s/ ihtB^;co ;cb eo oj/ jB.
T[; IwkB/ ft~u b'eK ft~u ikd{^N{D/, sths s/ o~yK s/ nDfd;dhnK pdo{jK dh Pesh dh uouk
;h. j[D s~e pj[s ;kok tor fJjBK r[gs PeshnK wzBdk jh BjhA ;r'A fJ; ekb/ fJbw ikBD
tkfbnK B/ p/nzs d[BhnK o'rh ehsk j'fJnk ;h. e[~M o'rK dk fJbki jehwK, vkeNoK ns/ t?dK gk;
j[zdk j? go edh nfij/ o'r fJjBK vkeNoh f;nkfDnK dh geV ft~u BjhA nkT[Ad/ ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx
ih B/ r[owfs d/ fJ; T[gd/P ;kjwD/ o~yfdnK
;op o'r ek nT[yX Bkw

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 r[owfs dh Pesh Bkb fJjBK pdo{jK s/ ekp{ gkT[D dk n;bh ;p{s fd~sk j?. nfijh wkBf;e
Pesh T[Gkoh fe j[D s~e nB/eK b'e ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih dk Bkw b? e/ fJjBK pdo{jK s'A S[Nekok gk
oj/ jB.
w?A ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih dh ;z;ko :ksok dh n;b ejkDh id bZGD bJh s[fonk sK u'y/ ;w/A dh
Gkb fg~S'A w? i' ;wkuko fwb/ T[jBK fJfsjk;e fdqPNhe'D s'A goy e/ rbg okjhA ihtBh o{g ft~u
fpnkB eoB dk :sB ehsk j?. w/ok w[~y wzs T[; wjkB g[oy pkpk tvGkr f;zx ih dk mhe fuso
gkmeK ;kjwD/ o{gwkB eoB dk T[gokbk j?. i/ w/oh fJj ouBk gVQ e/ e[~M j'o b'e th mhe ihtB
:ksok bJh e[~M o"PBh b? ;eD sK fJj w/o/ t~v/^Gkr j'Dr/.
vkH frnkBh GiB f;zx
J/^^^1$8 toD ngkoNw?AN
;?eNo^9 o'fjBh
fdZbh^85
N?bhc'B BzL 7264098

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 gqekPe t~b'A
fJj T[jBK fdBK dh r~b j? fe fiBK fdBK ft~u ;kv/ gotkfoe ihtB dhnK e[M xNBktK B/ ;k
pkpk tvGkr f;zx ih d/ v/jok ;kfjp Bkb i'fVnk ns/ n;hA pkpk tvGkr f;zx ih dh eEBh s/ eoBh
s/ ekfJb pD/. T[jBK dh nksfwe Pesh r[owfs ft~u ftPtk; ns/ ihtB dh wjkB d/D d/ cb;o{g
n;hA th T[; wjkB nkswk okjhA nksfwe wzvb dhnK T[vkohnK s/ T[jBK dh pyf;P d/ gkso pD/.
r[o{ BkBe dopko dh ;EkgBk, 1967 ft~u j'Jh. fJ; dopko dh ;EkgBk d/ gq/oBk ;o's pkpk
tvGkr f;zx ih jh ;B. r[o{ BkBe dopko dk w[~y fBPkBk r[o{ BkBe Bkw b/tk f;~y ;zrs Xow
Bkb i'VBk fJsjk; dh ikDekoh s/ f;~y ;ZfGnkuko okjhA r"otwJh fto;/ s'A ikD{ eokT[Dk, r[owfs
dhnK bhjK s/ ubd/ j'J/
f;woT[ f;wfo f;wfo ;[y gktT[..
efb eb/; sB wkfj fwNktT[..
d/ wjK tkeK nB[;ko r[opkDh Bkb i[VDk s/ i'VBk j?.
;kvh pVh shpo fJ~Sk ;h fe T[; pqjw frnkBh, ;zs f;gkjh s/ nmkothA ;dh ft~u r[o{ gqtko
Bkb'A N[~N/ fJj ;'Yh gotko dh fit/A N[~Nh rzYh T[; pko/ ft;Eko Bkb ikDhJ/ ns/ nZr'A ;zrsK fJ;
pko/ d; ;ehJ/.
fJfsjk; ft~u feXo/^feXo/ e[~M ftdtkBK B/ fIeo ehsk j? fe pqjw frnkBh pkpk tvGkr f;zx
ih ;'Yh g{oB nzfwqsXkoh, r[of;~y ykb;k ;B. nkg dk iBw r[o{ jor'fpzd ;kfjp ih d/ gfotko ft~u
5 i[bkJh 1710 JhL (18 Gkdo'A 1767 fpeqwh) j'fJnk. nkg ih d/ fgsk dk Bkw okw f;zx s/ wksk
dk Bkw oki e"o ;h. nkg pj[s jh s/I sgZ;th, GiB^pzdrh, f;woB ns/ eoBh tkb/ ;zs wjKg[oP
j'J/ jB. nkg ih B/ db ykb;k gk;'A nzfwqs Sfenk ns/ r[o{ BkBe d/ xo d/ ns/ gzE d/ tckdko
f;gkJh pD/. pkpk ih dh GiB pzdrh dk ;dek n~i th nkg d/ dopko ft~u j'bhnK j'b/ wjZb/ s/
eJh b~y ;zrsK dk i'V w/bk j[zdk j? ns/ ;zrsK wB wzr/ pKSs cb gkTA[dhnK jB. i' th PoXk Bkb
nkg d/ dopko iKdk j? fdb dhnk ;G nk;K g{ohnK j[zdhnK jB. nkg ih B/ I[bw d/ fto[ZX izr
bVh. nkg ih pko/ gzE d/ e[M gqf;~y ftdtkB fbyd/ jBL^
frnkBh eosko f;zx ebk; tkbhJ/ (s/r ykb;k ;ck 81, 82 s/) ns/ fJfsjk;e y'ih gq'L
r[odoPB f;zx gzikp GkPk ftGkr (;'Yh p/; ftu ;ck 60, 65 s/) fbyd/ jB fe fgsk r[o{ r'fpzd
f;zx ih s'A pknd ;'Yh gfotko ft~u'A ;'Yh ;kfjp pkpk tvGkr f;zx ih ns/ ;'Yh ;[oiB f;zx ih B/
I[bw d/ fybkc izr bVh. T[; tes db ykb;k d/ ;ko/ f;~y ns/ ioB?b i~;k f;zx nkjb{tkbhnk
pkpk tvGkr f;zx dk ns/ pkpk ih fJ~e d{;o/ dk pj[s ;fseko eod/ ;B.
GkJh ekjB f;zx BkGk wjkB e'P ;ck 1081 fgzq;hgb s/ik f;zx ns/ vkeNo rzvk f;zx ih (f;~y
fJfsjk; ;ck 179^180) frnkBh nwo f;zx ih (f;~y gzE feE/ s/ feE/ ;ck 150 s'A 154 s~e) s/
fgqz;hgb ;spho f;zx ih (;kvk fJfsjk; Gkr d{ik ;ck 219^220) s/ j'o th eJh b/ye fbyd/ jB
fe fijVk r[od[nkok gzit/A gksPkj B/ nkgD/ eo ewbk Bkb EzwQ ;kfjp eoskog[o ft~u T[;kfonk
;h, T[j r[od[nkok Bk;o nbh B/ nZr bk e/ ;kV fd~sk s/ eJh fjzd{ bVehnK ipoh u[Ze bJhnK.
T[; t/b/ pkpk tvGkr f;zx ih ;'Yh B/ gqD ehsk fe id se Bk;o nbh s'A r[od[nko/ dh p/ndph dk
pdbk BjhA b?Ad/ T[d'A se f;o s/ d;sko BjhA pzBQKr/, e/tb f;o s/ e/;eh jh o~yKr/. ;' pkpk ih B/
r[of;~yK dk iZEk b? e/ Bk;o nbh Bkb izr ehsh. fJj rb 1757 JhL dh j? fJj izr pkpk ih B/

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fiZs bJh ns/ Bk;o nbh ;kV e/ r[L Ezw ;fjp d/ ngwkB dk pdbk fbnk s/ bVehnK th S[vk
bJhnK. fJ; soQK pkpk ih B/ nkgDk gqD g{ok ehsk.
gfjbh tko vkL frL GiB f;zx ih d/ d' fJfsjk;e BktbKL^
1) eoe eb/i/ wkfj ns/ 2) n;hA d{D ;tkJ/ j'J/
ft~u id'A pkpk tvGkr f;zx ih d/ ihtB dk ft;Eko gfVQnk s/ id fJj ;zrs ;kjwD/ nkfJnk
fe pkpk tvGkr f;zx ih B/ ;'Yh Xho wb d/ t/b/ s'A r[o{ gfotko Bkb'A N[~N ikD fg~S'A N[~Nh rzY bJh sK
fJ; wjkB d/D dk gqGkt j'o tX/o/ shyD eoB bJh n;hA fJBQK fJfsjk;e BktbK d/ b/ye vkL frL
GiB f;~y bZGD ns/ fwbD dh fJZSk Bkb id'A :sB ehsk sK ;kvk T[BQK Bkb ;zgoe j' frnk.
n;hA T[BQK pkpk tvGkr f;zx ih d/ fJfsjk; s/ rbg d/ w/b Bkb ouBk fsnko eoB bJh fejk s/
T[BQK B/ fJ; fJfsjk;e ouBk s/ ezw P[o{ eo fd~sk. vkL frL GiB f;zx ih B/ fJ; fJfsjk;e
;wroh fJfsjk;e Bktb d/ u'yN/ ft~u o~y e/ fJj ouBk fsnko eo fd~sh.
n;hA vkL frnkBh GiB f;zx ih d/ XBtkdh jK fiBQK B/ fJ; ouBk okjhA pkpk tvGkr f;zx ih
dk ;zg{oB ihtB ;zrsk dh frnks bJh gfjbh tko pV/ ;[uZi/ Yzr Bkb fby e/ fsnko ehsk j?.
n;hA XzBtkdh jK T[jBK r[o{ BkBe dopko dhnK ;zrsK d/ fiBQK B/ fJ; g[;se fsnko eokT[D bJh
nkgDk :'rdkB gkfJnk.;' fJ; feskp dh sh;oh n?vhPB i' fe nkg ih d/ j~E ft~u j?. fJ;
SkgD ft~u ;kv/ e'b'A ek|h d/o j' rJh. ;zrsK t~b'A ek|h wzr ojh, ;zrsK t~b'A \s th nkJ/, go ;kv/
t~b'A fYb ojhA e[~M ekoBK eoe/ n;hA fywk d/ ikue jK. j[D pkpk ih d/ 300 ;kbk iBw fdB s/ nkg
;kfonK b~y^b~y tXkJh d/Ad/ j'J/, fJ; feskp Sgtk oj/ jK.
;' n~i pkpk tvGkrk f;zx ih dh wjkB nksfwe Py;hns fgnko eoB tkfbnK s/ r[o{ gzE
bJh uVQdh ebk dk iIpk o~yD tkfbnK fJj g[;se r[o{ BkBe dopko t~b'A G/AN eoB dh y[Ph b?
oj/ jK.
dk; irw'jB f;zx
r[o{ BkBe dopko
7^n?c r'fpzd ekb'Bh okig[ok
gfNnkbk.
c'BL 01762^224053

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 pz;ktbh
r[o{ okwdk; ih
r[o{ noiB d/t ih
r[o{ jfor'fpzd ;kfjp ih
pkpk r[ofd~sk ih
pkpk Xhowb ih
pkpk pjko uzd ih
pkpk BfoziB okJ/ ih
pkpk fpeow f;zx ih
pkpk okw f;zx ih
pkpk tvGkr f;~y ih
(GkJh ekjB f;zx BkGk d/ wjkB e'P u'A)

;G f;yB e' j[ew j?

r[o{ wkfBU rqzE

pqjwfrnkBh ;G f;q;fN ek eosk..

pqjwfrnkBh ;d iht? Bjh wosk..
pqjwfrnkBh w[efs i[rfs ihn ek dksk..
pqjwfrnkBh g{oB g[oy[ fpXksk..
pqjwfrnkBh nBkE ek BkE[..
pqjwfrnkBh ek ;G T{gfo jkE[..
pqjwfrnkBh ek ;rb neko[..
pqjwfrnkBh nkfg fBozeko[..
pqjwfrnkBh eh ;'Gk pqjwfrnkBh pBh..
BkBe pqjwfrnkBh ;op ek XBh..

(1)

8
 ;t/o dk t/bk ;h. pkjo mzvh mzvh jtk uZb ojh ;h. ;odh dk w';w P[o{ ;h fi; ekoB ;t/o/
mzvh fwZmh o[Zs ;h. xo ft~u ezw eoB tkbhnK n"osK ;ckJh nkfd dk ezw eo es ns/ MkV{ g'uk
w[Zek e/ GKfvnK dh ;ckJh ft~u b~rhnK j'JhnK ;B. T[E/ jh osBh B/ uko^u[c/o/ Mks wko e/ d/yD
fg~S'A fe e'Jh xo dk ihn B/V/ BjhA T[jB/ ihtBh nkfynk n~i nkgK wksk ih Bkb r~b eo e/
ikDk j?. eJh fdBK s'A n;hA ske ft~u ;K fe T[jBK Bkb r~b eohJ/ go j"A;bk BjhA ;h g?Adk. n~i
gZek wB pDk fbnk fe n~i Io{o T[jBK wB dh r~b efj e/ ikDk J/.
s[jkvh r~b mhe J/ ihtBh B/ nkfynk, go wksk ih sK fJ; t/b/ nkgD/ ewo/ ft~u p?m/ gkm
eo oj/ B/. gsk BjhA eZd T[mDr/ c/o ;k fJj th t/yDk gJ/rk fe T[j ;kvh r~b ;[DB bJh fsnko
th j[zd/ jB fe BjhA. t~v/ b'eK dk ;[Gkn nkgDh fe;w dk j[zdk J/. T[j fe;/ t/b/ sK t~vh s'A t~vh r~b
;[D e/ guk b?Ad/ B/ s/ fe;/ t/b/ T[j fBZeh s'A fBZeh r~b ;[D e/ nkg/ s'A pkjo j' iKd/ B/.
;kvh th sK wip{oh J/. fJ~e gk;/ fvT[Yh dko ;k efjzd/ B/ fe n;hA wksk ih Bkb r~b eohJ/
s/ id'A ezw eo e/ tkg; iKdhnK jK sK T[j g[ZSd/ B/ fe s[;hA r~b ehsh J/ fe BjhA, wksk ih B/ eh
nkfynk osBh B/ rb s/ I'o fdzfdnK fejk, pkjo th fJ; gfotko d/ PoXkb{nK fJjBK ft~u nk
ojh spdhbh uzrh BjhA b~rdh. T[j efjzd/ B/ fJj gfotko ;kvk g{fink r[[o{ gfotko j?. fJjdh
nkgDh tZyoh r~dh J/ fJj feT[A nkBzd g[ohnK d/ fgZS/ b~rD dk :sB eo oj/ B/ b'eh fezs{ eo oj/
B/ fe wjkoki s/ wksk ih dk M[ekn nkgD/ t~v/ tv/fonK s'A T[bN j' fojk j?.
n;hA pj[s S'N/ s/ nBgVQ ;/tkdko jK. ;kvh fe;/ r~b dk T[jBK s/ eh n;o j' ;edk ihtBh
B/ fejk, ub' n;hA nkgD/ t~b'A sK e[~M Bk eohJ/ sK jh uzrk J/. i/eo b'eK dh okfJ s/ fvT[YhA dkoK
ft~u j[zdh uouk T[jBK d/ ezBh gk d/JhJ/ sK PkfJd T[j ;kv/ Bkb r[Z;/ Bk j'D s/ n;hA pkjo'A ;kv/ ok-
jhA ;[B/j/ G/iD tkfbnK th efj ;eKr/ fe n;hA s[jkvh r~b wksk ih Bkb eo fd~sh j?. nkgK
fvT[Yh tkfbnK th efj fdnKr/ fe s[;hA wjkoki ih Bkb nkg jh r~b eo bt'. wjkoki pV/ uzr/
fdnkb{ ;[Gkn d/ d/tsk g[oP jB. T[jBK Bkb f;~Xh r~b ehfsnK PkfJd fInkdk n;o gt/.
ni/ fJj r~b pks eo jh ojhnK ;B fe o;'Jh d/ pkjo'A g?oK dk yVke j'fJnk fi; ekoB
fJjBK d'jK B/ nkgDh r~b^pks dk fJj f;bf;bk pzd eo fd~sk ns/ w{zj fXnkB nkgD/ ezw ft~u b~r
rJhnK.
wksk oki e"o o;'Jh ft~u nk rJh. T[jBK B/ d{o'A jh fJjBK d'jK dh r~b^pks dh nktki ;[D
bJh ;h. go T[jBK ;wM BjhA ;h nkJh fe d'jK ftueko eh rb^pks j' ojh ;h. wksk ih d/
nzdo nkT[AfdnK eh rb^pks j' ojh ;h. wksk ih d/ nzdo nkT[AfdnK d'jK fJe dw u[Zg eofdnK
t/y e/ oki e'o B/ nkfynk, eh r~b pJh fejVh G/d Goh r~bpks s[;hA eo ojhnK ;h s/ j[D ;kv/
nkT[AfdnK fJ~e dw u[Zg j' rJhnK w? ;kc r~b eoB tkb/ b'ehA g;zd B/. T[jb/ r~bK eoB tkfbnK
w?A podkPs BjhA eodh.
s[jkv/ s'A ekjdk Sgkn J/ s[jkvk fd~sk yKd/ jK s[jkvk jh ;dk i; rkT[Ad/ jK, osBh B/ pVh
fBwosk Bkb s/ vofdnK vofdnK nkgDh n;b r~b t~b nkT[D s'A gfjbK fJj gq;zPk d/ Ppd nky/.
T[j ;wMdh ;h fe fJjBK PpdK ;[D e/ wksk ih T[jBK dh nrbh r~b ;[DB bJh fsnko j' ikDr/
ns/ T[jBK dh nrbh r~b P[o{ eoB s'A gfjbK jh wksk, oki e"o B/ T[jd/ gq;zPk d/ Ppd s/ T[j N'e
fd~sk s/ fejk, n~i fJj r~b nkyh s/ w[V Bk efjDh. n;hA s[;hA ;ko/ T[; gqG{ gowkswk dk fd~sk
yKd/ nK, ;G d/D tkbk T[j tkfjr[o{ J/ n;hA ;ko/ T[; s'A wzrd/ nk fJ; bJh T[; gqG{ dk XzBtkd
eoBk ukjhdk J/. pzdk pzd/ eh d/ ;edk J/ w/o/ ;kjwD/ n~i s'A pknd ed/ fJj r~b BjhA eoBh
;kvk fd~sk s[;hA yKd/ i/` d/D tkbk T[j tkfjr[o{ J/ s/ s[jkvh feos dk cb s[jk fwbdk J/.

9
 G[Zb j' rJh n;hA nZr'A ed/ nfijh rb BjhA eoKr/ s[;hA ikDd/ j' n;hA nBgVQ rtkj jK s/
fit/A b'eK efjd/ ;[Dd/ jK T[;/ soQK dh r~b pd'^pdh ;kv/ w{zj'A th fBeb iKdh J/ ihtBh B/ M~N
fywk wzrD d/ bfji/ ft~u r~b ehsh. n;hA s[jkv/ s~e b'eK ft~u j[zdh uouk gj[zukT[Dk ukj[zd/ ;K go
;kvk jhnk BjhA ;h g?Adk. n;hA pj[s S'N/ jK b'ehA ukj[zd/ B/ fe s[;hA ;'Yh gksPkj ;kv/ r[o{ pD/ oj/.
pkjo b'eK ft~u th uouk J/ s/ nkgD/ feb/ dh fvT[Yh ft~u nkgD/ w[yh th wfj;{; eod/ B/.
eh spdhbh wfj;{; eod/ B/< wksk oki e"o B/ r~b sK ;wM bJh go T[jB/ j'o ;gZPNsk Bkb
r~b eoB bJh fJj gqPB eo fd~sk, b'ehA fejV/ fJj th sK Iok y[bQ e/ d;' s[jkv/ Bkb fe;^fe; B/
r~b ehsh J/ s/ i' fejk J/ n;hA dbhb Bkb jo r~b ;[DB bJh fsnko jK go e/tb iIpksh r~bK Bkb
;kv/ s/ e'Jh n;o BjhA.
wksk ih ;kvh r~b dk r[Z;k Bk efoT[.osBh B/ pVh fBwosk Bkb jZE i'V e/ noi ehsh
b'ehA ukj[zd/ B/ fe s[;hA nkgDh fgsk g[oyh tkbh r[o r~dh s/ oj', s[jkvh b'eh uoB S[j gqkgs eoB
bJh so;d/ B/ s/ s[;hA ;t/o/ Pkw EzwQ ;kfjp ikD b~r gJ/ j'. T[E/ s[;hA MkV{ fdzd/ s/ j'o ;/tk eod/ j'
nkw b'eK dh.
T[j sK w/o/ t~v/ Gkr B/ i' ;fsr[oK B/ w? nkgD/ B/V/ ofjD dk ;[Gkr pyfPnk J/. ;z;ko ft~u
wB[Zy nkgD/ s'A tZfvnK dh ;/tk eo e/ y[P j[zdk j? EzwQ ;kfjp r[o{ xo J/ fJj ;kv/ r[od/t fgsk
Pjhdk d/ ;oski dk t;kfJnk j'fJnk ;EkB J/ s/ fJ~E/ dh gqzgok J/ fe T[ZE/ gqG{ i; j[zdk ofjzdk j?.
fJj T[j ;EkB J/ i' ;kv/ bJh nfs g{iD:'r j?.
fiE/ ikJ? pj/ w/ok ;fsr[o{ ;' EkB ;[jktk.
nkw b'eh sK ;kv/ T[E/ ikD s/ y[P B/ eZ[M e[ b'eK B/ fijBK fJj g;zd BjhA T[jh b'e ukjz[d/ B/
fe n;hA r[o{ xo Bkb'A fB~yV/ ojhJ/. s/ T[jBK d/ fBih bkG bJh n;hA nkgDh r[o{ gqzgok Bkb'A N[~N/
ojhJ/. s[;hA b'eK dk sK n?t/A BK b?Ad/ j' s[jk fJj r~b efjD tkb/ n?At/ frDsh d/ b'e B/. s[;hA gzi
;~s s'A t~X fJ; okJ/ tkfbnk dk Bkw BjhA dZ; ;ed/. fJ; soQK wksk ih B/ pVh PKsh Bkb T[jBK
;wMkfJnk fe ;kvk s/ s[jkvk ;kfonK dk Gbk fJ;/ ft~u j? fe r[o{ gfotkoK ft~u i' so/V nk rJh
T[j fwZN ikJ/, tkfjr[o{ ;k ;kfonK ;[wZs pyP/ s/ n;hA r[opkDh dk gZbk cV e/ nkgDk fJj
ihtB th ;tko bJhJ/ s/ nrb/ ihtB bJh th e'Jh okw w{Vh pDk bJhJ/. T[jh Bkb ikdh J/, pkeh
dhnK ;G t;sK fJ~E/ jh ofj ikDrhnK.
osBh s/ ihtDh B/ fvT{Yh ft~u nk e/ T[ZE/ p?m/ dopkohnK w;zdK s/ w[BPhnK wksk ih Bkb
j'Jh ;koh r~b^pks fJzB fpzB ;[Dk fd~sh s/ nkgDk fJj gqGkt th dZ; fd~sk fe T[j r~b sK pVh moQw/
Bkb ;[Dd/ jB ekjb/ BjhA g?Ad/, r[Z;/ BjhA j[zd/, ;r'A pVhnK dbhbK Bkb nkgD/ tsho/ mhe f;~X
eod/ jB. Bkb jh T[jBK B/ nkgD/ t~b'A gfjb/ ;'uh j'Jh r~b fJjBK ;ko/ pzfdnK ;kjwD/ eo fd~sh fe
T[jBK wjkoki ;'Yh gksPkj Bkb r~b eoBh ukjhdh J/. s/ c/o T[jBK Bkb dbhb Bkb r~b ehfsnK
PkfJd e[~M n;o j'J/. T[j d't/A n"osK nkgD/ wB dk p'M j"bk eo e/ nkgD/ xoK ubhnK rJhnK.
T[jBK d/ ikD fg~S'A fvT[Yh ft~u p?m/ wodK ft~u fJ; ftP/ s/ r~b pks uZb gJh. p'X oki B/ nkfynk,
jkbks pVh s/Ih Bkb pdb oj/ B/. w? s/ fJj ikgdk J/ fe i/ wjkoki Bk ;zGb/ sK nkgDk ;kok
ezw eki mZg j' ikJ/rk.
s[jkv/ ;'uD dk e'Jh ckfJdk BjhA s/ Bk jh n;hA jtk d/ fJ; o[~y m~bQ gk ;ed/ jK feogk
okw B/ ;kc r~b eofdnK efj fd~sk. b'ehA sK XVk^XV f;zx ;~i oj/ B/. jo gk;/ r[o{ BkBe d/ T[;
xo dh uouk J/ fi; xo B/ r[o^r~dh s/ p?m e/ Xow dh nkIknh dh ykfso fdZbh ft~u ik e/ nkgDk
;h; d/ fd~sk. b'e T[;/ xo n;b r[o{ xo feT[A Bk wzBD fi; r[o{ xo d/ r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih B/
10
nkgD/ uko/ ;kfjpIkd/ tko fdZs/ s/ wksk Pjhd eotk fbnk. T[; ;opz;dkBh d/ w[ekpb/ e'Jh j'o
fet/A r[o{ pD e/ r[o^r~dh dk dkt/dko j' ;edk j?.
s[jkvk eh wsbp J/ n;hA ;o/ nkgDhnK ;ck bg/N bJhJ/ s/ nkgD/ o'Ih o[Irko bJh e'Jh j'o
fNekDk bZGhJ/ p'X oki B/ feogk okw dh r~b ;[DfdnK s[ozs nkfynk n~r/ jh fdB pfdB ;kvh
wkBsk xZN ojh J/ fijV/ b'ehA n~r/ PoXk s/ y[Ph Bkb r[o{ gfotko G/NK fdzd/ ;B T[j j[D eJh
uZeo wkoB s/ th d/y e/ y[P BjhA j[zd/ Gkt/A ;kc BKj th BjhA eod/ go n;hA d/yd/ jK fe T[j Nkb
wN'bK eo oj/ B/. b'eK dk M[ekn fgSb/ ;kbK ft~u nkBzdg[o t~b pj[sk j' frnk ;h go j[D sK
nkBzdg[o T[iV frnk j?. r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx izrK :[~XK ft~u u'yk B[e;kB T[mk e/ s/ wkbt/ ft~u e[M ;wK
ofj e/ d~yD t~b ub/ rJ/ B/ fJ; bJh j[D fgV \kbh fgnk J/. i/ ;kv/ ;'Yh gksPkj jzGbk wkoB sK
fBPu/ jh eoskog[o fJ~e tko fco r[oXkw pD ;edk J/.
w/oh r~b dk s[;K e'Jh T[so BjhA fd~sk, p'X oki B/ M~N T[jdh r~b eN e/ nkfynk, b'ehA
fe; r[o{ wzBD, e[opkBhnK eoB tkfbnK iK wfjbK ft~u p?m/ ;[~y nkokw wkBD tkfbnK <
r[o{ xo ft~u sK ;/tk s/ f;woB dk w[~b g?Adk J/. r[o{ s/r pjkdo s~e jo r[o{ ftnesh B/ ;/tk s/
f;woB Bkb r[fonkJh gkJh J/. ;kv/ gfjb/ ;'Yh gksPkj r[o{ okw dk; fesB/ ;kXkoB gfotko d/
wkbe ;B. fiBQK d/ fBZeh T[wo/ wksk fgsk ubkDk eo rJ/ s/ T[j pkbe nkgDh BkBh gk; pk;oe/
nk frnk. fi~E'A ;/tk s/ f;woB dh nfijh brB b~rh fe r'fJzdtkb ft~u x[zrDhnK t/ufdnK ;/tk s/
f;woB dh Pesh Bkb fJ~e gk;/ r[o{ nwodk; d/ itkJh pD rJ/ s/ d{i/ gk;/ u"Eh BkBe i's pD
rJ/. i/mk ih s'A r[o{ okw dk; pD rJ/. fJ; bJh r[o r~dh dk dkntk eoBk j[D s~e sK mhe f;~X
BjhA j'fJnk. r[o{ ;fjpkB t~b'A r[or~dh d/ tkfo; dh u'D jh mhe ;kps j'Jh j?.
fvT[YhdkoK B/ nkg; ft~u'A jh uko pzfdnK dh u'D eo bJh i' fe ;'Yh ;kfjp Bkb y[ZbQ e/ rb
eo ;ed/ ;B s/ fijBK fJ; gfotko ft~u nk ojhnK spdhbhnK ;G s'A t~X oVedhnK ;B.
fJjBK d/ nzdo ikD s'A gfjbK jh wksk oki e"o B/ ;'Yh gksPkj T[j ;koh r~bpks dZ; fd~sh ;h i'
;t/o/ osBh s/ ihtBh B/ T[jBK Bkb ehsh ;h. fJ; s'A ;'Yh ih nB[wkB b~r frnk fe fvT[Yh tkb/
eh r~b eoB nk oj/ jB. gfjbK T[jBK dk fynkb ;h fe PkfJd T[j nkgDhnK wkbh n"eVK s/
wip{ohnK d; e/ sBykj s/ ;j{bsK tXkT[D dhnK r~bK eoB nk oj/ jB. go oki e"o dh r~b fgS'A
T[j T[jBK d/ nkT[D dk wzst ;wM rJ/.
T[jBK nk e/ Bw;eko ehsk s/ r~b^pks P[o{ eofdnK fejk f;~y irs pVh p[oh soQK wfj;{;
eo fojk j? fe gzE s/ fpgsk nk pDh j?. nkBzdg[o dk r[o{^xo ;w/A dh je{ws B/ brGr Ykj^Y/oh
eo fd~sk J/. T[E/ dk ;kok r[o{ gfotko Pjhd j' frnk j?. j[D i/ s[;hA T[Zdw eo' sK ;ko/ f;~y s[jk
wzB ;ed/ jB. n;hA sK fJj jh noI eoB nkJ/ jK fe f;~yh dh p/Vh wzMXko ft~u c; rJh j?, s[;hA
fJ; pzB/ bk ;ed/ j'.
fJj r~b ;kc ;wM bt' fe n;b r[o{^xo T[jh J/, fi; r[o{^xo r[o{ ;kfjpK B/ nkgDh i's
pyPh J/. n;hA r[o{ gfotko Io{o jK go r[o{^xo BjhA ;'Yh okw dk; B/ pVk ;gZPN nky fd~sk,
r[o{^xo Bkb fszB r[o{ gfotko fByV/ s/ T[jBK B/ r[fonkJh dk nkg' nkgDk dkntk ehsk go f;~yK
B/ T[jBK ft~u'A fe;/ th gotkB BjhA ehsk. gfjbK r[fonkJh r[o{ noiB d/t ih fwbD s/ T[jBK
d/ t~v/ Gok fgqEh uzd B/ r[fonkJh dk dkntk ehsk go T[j ;cb Bk j'J/. b'eK B/ T[jBK dk ;kE Bk
fd~sk. c/o okw okJ/ B/ r[o{ jo feqPB ;kfjp r[o r~dh fwbD s/ nkgDk dkntk b'eK s/ je{ws
;kjwD/ oZfynk go T[jdh g/P Bk rJh. ;kv/ pI[or pkpk Xho wb ih B/ r[fonkJh dk dkntk ehsk.
T[jBK gk; pkDh dh nkfd phV th ;h s/ eoskog[o dk fJj r[o n;EkB th T[jBK d/ epI/ ft~u ;h
go f;~yK B/, e[~M e[ S~v e/, ;kE r[o{ s/r pjkdo s/ r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx dk fd~sk j[D f;~y irs s/
11
BkBe Bkw b/tk XVk^XV nzfwqs Se e/ f;zx ;i oj/ B/. n;hA gfjbK j'JhnK rbshnK ;[XkoBhnK B/
s/ n;b r[o{^xo Bkb i[VBk J/ fJj ;w/A dh wzr J/ n;hA n;bh r[o{^xo Bkb'A N[~N e/ e[~M y~fNnk
Bjh, rtkfJnk pj[s e[~M J/, pkeh j[D r[o{gdth ftneshnk d/D dk f;bf;bk pzd eo e/ r[o{ rqzE
;kfjp oki r~dh d/ fd~sh rJh sK n;hA th d; gksPkjhnK dh i' s fJ; r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp wB e/
fJ;/ i[r' i[~r nN~b r[o{ wzBD dk gquko s/ gq/oBk eoKr/.
go nkBzdg[o i' ikBh s/ wkbh B[e;kB j' frnk j? eh T[; Bkb f;~yh Ykj BjhA b~r/rh, b~y/
Pkj g[ZfSnk PjhdhnK s/ e[opkBhnK ;dk ozr bKdhnK jB. fJj pbhdkB jh BthnK eoKshnK
iBw fdzd/ jB ;'Yh okw dk; ih B/ ;wMkfJnk fJj E'V^fdb/ wB[ZyK dh ;'u J/ go e[opkBh eoB
tkb/ ikDd/ jB fe fJ; dk io{ Bshik fBeb/rk. ;kv/ r[od/t fgsk r[o{ noiB d/t ih B/ bkj"o ft~u
fit/A Pjhdh gkJh T[; Bkb f;~y b'e bfjo \sw BjhA j'Jh, ;r'A T[Goh s/ ;kv/ r[o{ jfor'fpzd ih B/
whoh s/ ghoh dhnK d' feogkBK gfjD e/ ;w/A dhnK ikpo skesK Bkb uko :[~X bV e/ ;zs o{g f;~ yK
;zs f;gkjh pDk fd~sk j[D fJj s/r pjkd[o ih dh u"th ;kb gfjbK fdZbh ft~u j'Jh Pjkds B/
f;~yK ft~u Yfjzdh ebK dh EK nfijk i'P s/ iIpk g?dk ehsk fe r[o{ r'fpzd f;~y ih B/ f;~yK f;~y
;ik e/ s/ nzfwqs dh dks p\P e/ ;dk bJh nwo eo fd~sk. j[D e'Jh MZyV^jB/oh iK ipo^i[bw
f;~yh d/ fJ; p{N/ \sw BjhA eo ;edk. fJ; bJh fJj Bk ;'u' fe j[D ;kvh pKj cVB tkbk e'Jh
BjhA. fJ; soQK fJfsjk; dhnK fw;kbK d/ e/ ;'Yh okw dk; ih B/ T[jBK ;kfonK bkitkp eo
fd~sk s/ T[jBK nkPktkdh s/ uVQdh ebk tkbh ;'u ngDkT[D dh gq/oDk fd~sh.
(2)
oki e"o dk ftnkj j'fJnk nZm ;kb phs rJ/. go T[jdh e[Zy joh Bk j'Jh T[j sK jo t/b/ gqG{
d/ Bkw f;woB s/ gVQB ;[DB ft~u fJsBh wrB ;h fe T[; pj[s xZN fJj fynkb nkT[Adk fe T[;
d/ xo e'Jh pkb BjhA j' fojk. gsh gsBh id'A th fJeZm/ j' e/ fgnko iIp/ nXhB ed/ fJ; ftP/ s/
r~b th eod/ sK d'jK dk fJj fBPuk ;KMk d[jokfJnk iKdk fe fJj dk gqG{ d/ jZE j? id'A T[j fdnkb
j'fJnk sK ;kv/ ftjV/ th pkb y/v/rk. T[jBK sK ed/ fJ; ftP/ s/ Bk gfotko dhnK f;nkDhnK
shthnK s'A e'Jh T[gkn g[ZfSnk s/ Bk ed/ f;nkfDnK, jehwK, t?dK s'A e'Jh fJbki g[ZfSnk. go
T[jBK d/ wB dh PKsh nkb/ d[nkb/ d/ b'ehA s/ yk; eo e/ tv/oh T[wo dhnK n"osK tko^tko fJ;
w;b/ s/ r~b^pks S/V, T[jBK dh PKsh Gzr eoB s/ wB nPKs eoB dk :sB eodhnK. nkb/ d[nkb/
dk nfijk gqGkt tZfvnK^tZfvnK G[Zbk fdzdk j? go r[opkDh Bkb i[V/ wksk oki e"o s/ fJjBK
;bkjK d/D tkfbnK dk e'Jh n;o Bk j[zdk T[j ;r'A nfijhnK r~bK eoB tkbhnK fJj efj e/ u[Zg
eok fdzdh fe T[j gqG{ gowkswk d/ xo d/o j' ;edh j? go jB/o BjhA. id'A tkfjr[o{ dh feogk
fdqPNh j'Jh ;k fJj y[PhnK dk nt;o fwb ikt/rk.
fe;/ n"os B/ ;bkj fd~sh fe Mzv/ tkb/ gho dh epo s/ i/ thotko dhtk pkbD ikU sK wjhB/ d'
wjhB/ ft~u s[jk T[; dh eokwks dk gsk b~r ikt/rk. fJj ;bkj d/D tkbh B/ eJh n"osK d/ BK bJ/
fijBK T[; Mzv/ tkb/ gho s'A g[Zso dh dks fwbh ;h. wksk oki e"o T[jdh ;koh r~b ;[D e/ p'bh,
;kvk r[o{ ekwb j? n;hA ghoK dhnK ykBrkjK s/ pZu/ dh dks wzrD BjhA ikDk fJj f;~yh gqzgok d/
T[bN j?. ;k pkDh B/ fJj jh f;Zfynk fd~sh J/ fe fJ~e tkfjr[o{ d/ bV b~r' s/ T[j jh ;kv/ ;ko/ ezw
;tko ;edk j?. wksk ih B/ r[o{ noiB d/t ih wjkoki dk fJj ;b'e gVQ e/ ;bkj d/d tkbh n"os
u[Zg eok fd~sk
Xo ihno/ fJ~e N/e s{z bkfj fpvkDh nk;.
BkBe Bkw fXnkJhn? ekoi nkt/ ok;..

12
 fJ;/ soQK e'Jh nk e/ fe;/ N{D/ sths iK c{eK wkoB tkb/ ;kXK gk; ikD bJh efj fdzdh ns/ id'A
;G iBkBhnK B/ wfj;{; eo fbnk fe oki e"o fEzdk xVk j? fi; s/ T[jBK dh fe;/ r~b dk fNek BjhA
j[zdk. fijV/ tor dh fJj okJ/ ;h fe fJj gfotko nkgDh tZyoh r[fonkJh ikoh o~y/. T[jBK d/
fto[ZX gquko bJh fJ~E'A s~e efjDk P[o{ eo fd~sk fe id'A d/ fJj ;'Yh gfotko dk M[ekn r[o{ r'fpzd
f;~y t~b j[zdk frnk J/, fJjBK bJh ;zeN g?dk j[zd/ ik oj/ jB. fJj gfotko b'eK g[ZsoK dh dks
pyPD tkbk ;h n~i nkgDh ykbh r'd Go BjhA ;edk nfijhnK r~bK nZy'A T[jb/ s/ pkjo b'eK ft~u
sK ehshnK ik ojhnK ;B. go T[jBK fJj r~b ;'Yh gfotko ;kjwD/ eoB dk jhnk BjhA ;h g?
fojk.
fJ~e gk;/ e[okj/ gkT[D tkb/ s/ rbs ;bkjK d/D tkb/ e[~M b'e ;B go d{i/ gk;/ r[o{^xo Bkb i[Vh
f;~y ;zrs s/ wksk r[ioh d/ g/e/ gfotko d/ b'e ;B. i' fJj r[o{ gfotko f;~yh dh w[~y Xkok ft~u
t/yDk ukj[zd/ ;B. T[j wksk oki e"o d/ EzwQ ;kfjp nk e/ ;zrs ft~u ;/tk s/ f;woB ft~u i[VB ekoB
fJ; ;'Yh gfotko d/ P[ZG fuzse pDd/ ik oj/ ;B. fJ; gfotko d/ w[yhnK dk pdbdk tshok t/y e/
nkw BkBe Bkw b/tk fJ; gfotko gqsh gfjbh fto'Xh GktBk fsnkr oj/ ;B. fijBK B/ fJ; gfotko
dk fgSb/ e[~M ;w/A s'A pkJhekN ehsk j'fJnk ;h, T[j j[D ;KM gkT[D s/ tXkT[D dk :sB eo oj/
;B. fJ;/ GktBk dh ;zrs B/ eJh tko nodk; ft~u th gqG{ s'A wzr ehsh fe fJ; ;'Yh gfotko dh
nZr'A t/b t~X/ s/ wksk oki e"o ;zskB dh gqkgsh j't/. nfijh nodk; eoB tkb/ pkDh dh fJ; s[e
d[jokT[Ad/,
ehsk b'Vhn? ezw[ ;[ jfo gfj nkyhn?.
ekoi[ d/fJ ;tkfo, ;fsr[o ;u ;kyhn?..
wksk oki e"o ih ;/tk f;woB dh fposh s/ tkfjr[o{ s/ nNZb Go';/ d/ Bkb ;zrs dh nodk; nk
fwbh sK T[j fdB nk frnk id'A oki e"o dh e[Zy joh j' rJh s/ gsk brk frnk fe pkb j'D dh
;zGktBk pD rJh. fJj r~b wksk oki e"o sK S/sh jh gsk br rJh go T[; B/ d'^fszB wjhB/ Bk
fe;/ Bkb r~b ehsh s/ Bk fe;/ nkgD/ nt;Ek pko/ dZf;nk e/tb nkgD/ gsh jh fJ; pko/ fIeo
ehsk. ;'Yh ih B/ fJj' ;bkj fd?Zsh fe T[j xo dhnK f;nkDhnK n"osK Bkb ;bkj eo/ s/ nfijh
;ktXkBh tos/ fe pkb d/ iBw ;w/A s~e e'Jh n"eV Bk nkt/. fJ; fgS'A oki e"o B/ ;'Yh gfotko
dhnK tv/oh T[wo dhnK ;ke^;zpzXh n"osK Bkb r~b eoBh P[o{ eo fd~sh s/ T[jBK dh okJ/ nB[;ko
;ktXkBh tosBh P[o{ eo fd~sh.
fJ; soQK ;wK phsdk frnk s/ pkb d/ iBw dk tes B/V/ nkT[Adk frnk s/ f;nkDhnK dkJhnK
gfjbK jh ;Zd e/ T[; pko/ T[jBK dh ;bkj bJh rJh. dkJh e[btzsh d/ i[zw/ fJj ezw bkfJnk frnk
fe T[j fJjBK fdBK ft~u pkjo Bk ikJ/ fe;/ t/b/ th T[jdh b'V g? ;edh j?. dkJh e[btzsh th gsk
;h fe fJj r[o{ gfotko u'yk XBkY xo J/ s/ fJjBK d/ xo pkb d/ iBw ;w/A ;/ tk eoB s/ t~vh u'yh
pyPhP fwb ;edh j?.
id pkb d/ iBw dk ;wK B/V/ nkfJnk sK dkJh e[btzsh M~N p[bk fbnk frnk. ;ktD dk
wjhBk bzx u[fenk ;h fe Gkd'A d/ o[;Vd/ fdjkV/ ;B ns/ T[; oks fBzwh fBzwh po;ks j'D br gJh
fi; Bkb ;kok tksktoD pVk y[P rtko pD frnk. fJT[A brdk ;h fe ekdo dh e[dos fJ; pkbe
d/ iBw ;w/A y[P j' e/ ;[jktDk tksktoD pDk ojh ;h.
nZXh oks fgS'A id nrb/ fdB dk gfjbk gfjo P[o{ j'fJnk sK fJ; ;'Yh gfotko d/ xo wksk
oki e"o dh e[Zy s'A pkbe B/ iBw fbnk. iBw fdB 5 i[bkJh 1710 Jh;th dk j? (vkH rzvk f;zx)
(18 Gkdo'A 1767 fpeqwh) y[Ph Bkb pkbe d/ iBw dh gfjbK wksk oki e"o tXkJh fd~sh s/ fco
13
pkjo nkJh s/ pkpk okw dk; tXkJh fd~sh fe T[jBK d/ xo o{jkBh w[~yV/ tkb/ pkbe B/ iBw fbnk
j?. dkJh e[btzsh dk gqGkt ;h fe iBw ;w/A sK T[jB/ nkw pkbe pkjobh jtk brfdnK o'Ad/ d/y/ jB
go fJj pkbe gfjbk nfijk pZuk j? fi; B/ w[;eokT[AfdnK doPB fdZs/ jB.
fJj ypo s[ozs fvT[Yhdkok gk; gj[zu rJh T[j th oks d/ fJ;/ T[vhe ft~u xVhnK frD oj/ ;B
fe e'Jh nzdo'A ;{uBk nkT[Adh j?. dkJh e[btzsh B/ oks fJE/ mfjoD s'A T[jBK nB[wkB brk fbnk ;h
fe n~i pkbe dk iBw j'D tkbk j?. T[j sK T[;/ t/b/ ;'Yh wjkoki tXkJhnK d/D bJh T[jBK d/
fBtk; n;EkB s/ nk gj[zu/. c/o eoskog[o Bro ft~u pVh s/Ih Bkb r~b X[zw rJh s/ EzwQ ;kfjp th
;zrsK gsk br frnk. fJ; soQK fdB uVQfdnK s~e eoskog[o ft~u ;G gk;/ X[zw g? rJh s/ nkb/
d[nkb/ d/ fgzvK s~e th fJj ypo ngZVD b~r gJh. febQ/ dh fvT[Yh ft~u bZv{ s/ wfmnkJhnK o~y
fd~shnK rJhnK. fijVk th tXkJh d/D nkT[Adk T[j w{zj fwZmk eotkT[Ad/ s/ ;'Yh gfotko d/ w[yhJ/
b'eK dhnK tXkJhnK s/ P[ZG ekwBktK XBtkd ;kfjp ep{b eod/.
gzit/A fdB wksk ih fJPBkB eokfJnk frnk. pkbe dh ;ohoe ;ckJh eoe/ ;[zdo u'bk gtk
fd~sk frnk. ni/ gfotko dhnK pI[or IBkBhnK fJ; ezw s'A ftjbhnK j'JhnK jh ;B fe gzfvs
PoXk Bzd nk frnk s/ T[jB/ nzdo ;[B/jk G/fink fe T[j fJ; pkbe dh iBw gZsoh s/ N/t k nkfd
fsnko eoBk ukj[zdk j?. fJ; bJh T[j doPB eoB s/ fJ; pko/ b'VhAdh ikDekoh gqkgs eoB dk
w"ek fd~sk frnk. gzfvs PoXk Bzd eoskog[o ft~u jh BjhA nk;/ gk;/ d[o d[okv/ s~e wzfBnk gqwzfBnk
i'sPh ;h i' i'fsP ftfdnk d/ eJh gZyK dk ikD{ ;h. j;s o/yk dk T[j u' yk frnkB ;h s/ w;se
s'A th T[j mhe nB[wkB bk b?D dk dkntk eodk ;h. iBw ;w/A s/ rqfjnK dh ;fEsh s'A th T[j
fj;kp bkT[d dk wkfjo ;h.
T[jB/ pkbe d/ doPB ehs/ iBw ;wK g[ZfSnk s/ fs~E tko dk th fj;kp bkfJnk. M~N ;'uD s/
;wMD fg~S'A T[jB/ nkfynk w?A iBw gZsoh ft;Eko Bkb fby e/ S/sh b? nktKrk. w?A s[jk tXkJh
d/Adk jK fe s[jkv/ xo tvGkrk pkbe iBfwnk j?. fJj ;kXkoB pkbe BjhA. fJj t~vk P{opho j't/rk
fJ; wjK g[oy ikD e/ fJ; dk b[ekJh ft~u ;fseko ;BwkB j'J/rk. fJ; dhnK o/yktK s/ rqfj
dZ;d/ B/ fe fJj pj[s T[u nkswk s/ Pesh tkbk w[~yh j'J/rk fi; gk;/ th fJjB/ o[uh ehsh T[; gk;/
f;yo s~e ikJ/rk.
gzfvs PoXk Bzd d/ fJ; fpnkB s/ y[Ph s/ j?okBh dk tksktoD Sk frnk. gzfvs PoXk Bzd
u'yh wkfJnk, ;[zdo g[PkeK s/ wfmnkJhnK nkfd e/ d/ ftdk ehsk frnk. pkbe dk ni/ s~e Bkw BjhA
;h oZfynk frnk. gzfvs PoXk Bzd dhnK r~bK ft~u'A gfotko d/ fJ~e ;~iD B/ ;[Mkn fd~sk fe i/ fJj
t~v/ GkrK tkbk j? sK fJ; dk Bkw tvGkr dk; tX/o/ Y[ZetK oj/rk. fJ; soQK pkbe dk Bkw o~y
fbnk frnk.
eZ[M fdB fg~S'A i~E/dko eow f;~y th eoskog[o gos nkfJnk. fJj d[nkp/ s'A f;~yK dk iEk b?
e/ pzdk f;~y pjkdo d/ ;Zd/ s/ ;ofjzd csfj eoB tkbh ykb;k c'i ft~u ik Pkwb j'fJnk ;h. eos-
kog[o ft~u wksk r[ioh dk g/ek gfotko ofjzdk ;h ns/ T[; gfotko B/ d[nkp/ ft~u f;~yh dh b'e
bfjo dh uVQdh ebk dh ;/tk ;zGkb bJh ;h. fJ;/ gfotko dk B"itkB eowk r[o{ r'fpzd f;~y ih
;kp' dh sbt~vh ik e/ fwfbnk ;h s/ T[E'A jh nzfwqs dh dks gqkgs eo e/ eoskog[o w[fVnk ;h. fco
r[o{ r'fpzd f;~y ih d/ i'sh i's ;wk ikD fg~S'A fJj fd~bh ik e/ wksk ;[zdoh ih fwfbnk s/ fdZbh
B/V/ Bzd/V s'A nkJ/ pzdk f;~y pjkdo fwfbnk ;h. pzdk f;~y pjkdo dh gqo / Bk s/ jh fJj d[nkp/ dk
w[~y i~E/dko Ekfgnk frnk s/ pzdk f;~y pjkdo dh uVs ;w/A eJh :[~XK ft~u fJ; B/ fjZ;k fbnk.
;ofjzd dh csfj fgS'A fJj id eoskog[o nkfJnk sK fJj fJj ;wkuko fwfbnk fe ;'Yh okw dk;
d/ xo pkbe B/ iBw fbnk j?. fJ; bJh fJj T[; gfotko tXkJh d/D s/ y[Ph gqrN eoB bJh
14
T[jBK d/ fBtk; n;EkB s/ ikDk ukj[zdk ;h fJ; bJh fJ~e f;~y gfjbK fJj g[~SD bJh G/fink fe
w?A ed'A nk ;edk jK.
T[; f;~y B/ M~N nk e/ d~f;nk fe ;'Yh ih T[jBK dk ;[B/jk ;[D e/ pV/ y[P j'J/ B/, T[jBK d~f;nk
fe T[j nkg i~E/dko eow f;~y fwbD nkT[Dk ukj[zd/ B/. T[j efjzd/ B/ fe i~E/dko eow f;zx
d{joh tXkJh d/Dh J/ fJ~e sK i~E/dko ih d/ xo th pkbe B/ iBw fbnk s/ d{ik ykb;/ B/ ;ofjzd
csfj ehsh J/ ns/ S'N/ ;kfjpIkfdnK Pjhd eoB tkb/ Ikbw tIho yK ehs/ dh ;Ik d/ e/ nk
rJ/ B/. T[; f;~y B/ fJj th d~f;nk fe ;'Yh ih dh wIp{oh fJj j? fe jo t/b/ tXkJh d/D tkb/
nkT[Ad/ ofjzd/ B/ s/ T[j nkgD/ rqfj s'A pkjo fBebD dk ;wK jh BjhA e~Y ;ed/. fJ; bJh i~E/dko
eow f;zx id'A th tes fwb/ T[j nk ;ed/ B/ n;hA T[jBK ih nkfJnk nkyKr/.
(3)
i~E/dko eow f;zx ;'Yh gfotko d/ fBtk; n;EkB s/ nkfJnk sK fvT[Yhdko eowukohnK B/ pV/
;fseko Bkb T[j ih nkfJnk nkfynk. fJj jh eowukoh ;B, fijV/ fJ; gfotko f;zxK Bkb
w/b i'b s'A d{o o~yDk ukj[zd/ ;B. i' e'Jh f;zx ;'Yh ih fwbD nk th iKdk sK fJj w[bkiw e'Jh Bk
e'Jh nfijh r~b efj fdzd/ fijBK Bkb f;zx fJjBK fwb/ fpBK tkg; w[V iKd/. i~E/dko eow f;zx
pko/ th fJjBK dh fto'Xh GktBk ;h go j[D okw dk; ih B/ T[u/u/ s"o s/ fJj skehd ehsh j'Jh ;h fe
T[j eow f;zx g{o/ ;fseko Bkb nzdo b? e/ nkT[D.
i~E/dko eow f;zx s/ T[jdh wksk d't/A nkJ/ fJjBK B/ eJh ;[rksK s/ wfmnkJhnK nkfd fbnk e/
tXkJh fd~sh. wksk ih sK nzdo oki e"o gk; ub/ rJ/ fi~E/ pkbe r'd ft~u bJh p?m/ ;B. ;'Yh
gfotko d/ wod pkjo w{fVnK s/ p?m/ e[dos d/ mzv/ fwm/ w";w dk nkBzd b? oj/ ;B. eow f;~y B/
T[jBK cfsj p[bkJh s/ id'A T[jB/ tkfjr[o{ ih dk ykb;k nkfynk sK okw dk; ih B/ s[ozs tkfjr[o{
ih dh csfj p[bkJh. tXkJh d/ Ppd ;[D d/ okw dk; ih B/ fejk s[;hA jo gk;/ gfjb eo e/ n~r/
t~X iKd/ j' s/ n;hA gsk BjhA feT[A gSV iKd/ jK. n;hA f;~y ;~iD dk ;'ud/ jh oj/ s/ s[;hA ik e/ yzv/
pkD/ dk nzfwqs gkB eo e/ f;~y ;~i nkJ/ j'.
;kv/ fgsk ih sK fezBh d/o s'A wfj;{; eo oj/ ;B fe n;hA d't/A r[o{ gfotko fJ~e d{i/ Bkb
B/Vsk BjhA pDk ;ed/. s[;hA r[o{ ;kfjp d/ dkde/ gfotko ftu'A j' s/ n;hA ebrhXo gksPkj d/ BkBe/
gfotko ftu'A jK. e[dos B/ ;k d'jK gfotkoK eoskog[o ft~u tZ;D dk nt;o fd~sk j?. s[jkvh
GktBk sK mhe J/ go s[;hA eJh wIp{ohnK ekoB S/sh BtK c?;bk BjhA b? ;ed/. i~E/dko eow f;zx
B/ pVh rzGhosk Bkb r~bpks d/ f;bf;b/ ft~u nkgDh okJ/ gqrN eo fd~sh.
;kv/ pI[orK s'A i' G[Zb j' rJ/ T[; ;[XkoBk ek|h n"yk ezw J/ go n;hA fJj n;zGt BjhA
;wMd. okw dk; ih d/ fdb dh r~b fBM~e j' e/ efj fd~sk. n;hA nkgD/ t~v/ tv/fonK fBzd
BjhA ;ed/. gfjbK r[o{ j'D dk dkntk rbs j'fJnk. fco r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih B/ id'A nkfd rqzE dh
phV wzrtk G/ih s/ T[j Bk fd~sh rJh, fJ; Bkb n;hA r[o{ xo Bkb'A j'o d[o/v/ j' rJ/. c/o w"ek
nkfJnk id'A r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx B/ ykb;/ dh ;kiBk bJh gzE dk nkBzdg[o ft~u fJe~m p[bkfJnk ;kv/
pI[or T[d'A th T[E/ Bk ik ;e/. n;hA s/ ;kv/ fgsk ih ukj[zd/ ;B fe nkBzdg[o Bkb ;KM pDkJhJ/ s/
nzfwqs S~e e/ f;~y ;i ikJhJ/ go ;k e'Jh nt;o jh BjhA fwfbnk fe n;hA nzfwqs gkB eo b?Ad/.
s[;hA i' ;kp' eh sbt~vh ikD s'A gfjbK fwb g?Ad/ sK PkfJd w?A th s[jkv/ Bkb ubk iKdk s/ r[o{ r'fpzd
f;zx ih wjkoki d/ doPB th j' iKd/ s/ PkfJd r[o{ feqgk eoe/ nzfwqs dh dks th gqkgs j' iKdh.
v[~bQ/ p/oK dk ni/ th e[M BjhA frnk. i~E/dko eow f;zx B/ ftuko gqrN eofdnK d~f;nk, ;t/o
dk G[~bk i/ Pkw xo nk ikt/ sK T[j G[fbnk j'fJnk BjhA ;wMd/. r[o{^xo sK pyPDjko j?.
15
fijVk th ;~uh PoXk s/ gq/w Bkb r[o^xo nkT[Adk j? T[j M'bhnK Go e/ w[Vdk j?. s[;hA fgSb/ ehs/ s/
j[D gSsktk Bk eo' s/ nkgD/ nkg ykb;k gzE dk nfByVtK nzr pDkT[D bJh :sB P[o{ eo fdT[.
fJ; gk;/ tXD bJh gfjbK nkgD/ Bkw Bkb f;zx bkT[ sK fe s[;hA ykb;/ d/ GkJhuko/ ft~u Pkwb j'
;ehJ/. d;sko ;ikT[ s/ id'A th w"ek pfDnk s/ B/V/ s/V/ id'A th gzi fgnkfonK B/ nzfwqs dk pkNk
fsnko ehsk sK s[;hA nzfwqs gkB eo ;ed/ j'.
fJ~E/ jh r~bpks d/ |b;o{g okw dk; ih B/ pVh fdqVsk Bkb fejk, bT[ fco n~i s'A w/ok Bkw
okw f;zx j'J/rk,* ns/ w/o/ pIo[r fpeow f;zx d/ Bkw Bkb :kd ehsk ikDr/ i~E/dko eow f;zx
B/ y[Ph dk gqrNktk eofdnK i?ekok p[bkfJnk p'b/ ;' fBjkb ;fs ;qh nekb. nzdo'A eow f;zx d/
wksk ih M~N T[m e/ pkjo nkJ/ s/ T[j ikDBk ukj[zd/ ;B fe fe; y[Ph ft~u i?ekok p[bkfJnk ik fojk
j?. ;'Yh okw f;zx ih B/ wksk ih d~f;nk n;hA f;zx ;~iD bJh gfjb edw g[~fNnk j?. wksk ih
s[;hA y[P j't'r/ fe ;kvk gfotko r[o{^xo d/ B/V/ j'D dk ukjtkB j?. ;k fJ; gk;/ ikD dh brB
w/oh Xow gsBh oki e"o g/feT[A jh nkgD/ Bkb b? e/ nkJh j?. j[D sK i~E/dko eow f;zx dh fjzws
j? fe T[j ;k gzE dh w[~y Xkok ft~u fbnkT[D dk :sB eo fojk j?.
nkgK nkgDhnK r~bK ft~u jh b~r/ ojKr/ iK w? pkbe d/ doPB th eokT[r/ eow f;zx B/
w[;eokT[AfdnK s/ r~bpks d/ o[~y w'VfdnK nkfynk ;[fDnk J/ fe pkbe t~v/ GkrK tkbk J/ eow
f;zx s/ wksk ih nzdo rJ/ oki e"o gfjbK jh pkbe pkjo fbnkT[D bJh T[jdh fsnkoh eo ojh
;h. xo dh fJ~e tv/oh n"os B/ ;[ow/ dkBh ft~u'A ;[ow/ dh f;bkJh Go e/ pkbe d/ w~E/ s/ ;[ow/ Bkb
fBPkB brk fd~sk. id'A pkbe pkjo fbnkJ/ sK i~E/dko eow f;zx B/ t/yfdnK fejk, pVk
GkrPkbh pkbe J/. go s[;hA fJjd/ w{zj s/ fJj ekbkdkr feT[A brk fd~s/< e'b yVh ;[ow/ Bkb fJj
fBPkB bkT[D tkbh pI[or n"os B/ fejk, fJj ekby fJ; bJh bkJh J/ fe pkbe BIo Bk b~r/
fijVk th fJjd/ doPB eodk T[j jh efjD b~r g?Adk j? fe fJj e'Jh wjkB nkswk j?. e'Jh fJ;
foPh w[Bh s/ d/tsk efjzdk j?, fe;/ dk nB[wkB j? fe fJj e'Jh t~vk :'Xk s/ c"iK dk wkbe j't/rk.
;k s/ vo b~rdk j? fe fe;/ dh BIo Bk b~r ikJ/.
fJj s[jkvk tfjw j? nfij/ wjkB nkswk d/ wkbe pkbe fe;/ dh eh BIo b~r ;edh J/,
i~E/dko eow f;zx B/ s[ozs nkgDk gqGkt gqrN eofdnK nkfynk, nfij/ ihtK d/ doPB eo e/
nkw ;z;koh wB[~yK dk ihtB ;[Xo iKdk J/. nfijh nkswk d{finK gqGkts eodh J/ fJ; s/ d{finK
dh BIo dk wkVk n;o BjhA j' ;edk. fJjdh s~eDh Bkb sK nB/eK dk efbnkD j' ;edk j?.
j[D d~;' n;hA ed'A tXkJh d/D nkJhJ/, ;k nkgD/ pkbe d/ doPB eoB dk w"ek fdT[ ;'Yh
okw f;zx ih B/ fejk s[jkvk e'Jh gsk BjhA ed'A s/ fe; gk;/ ub/ ikT[. ;[fDnk J/ fe pzdk f;zx
pjkdo B/ ykb;k oki dh BhAj o~y e/ BkBe Pkjh f;~ek ukb{ eo fd~sk J/. ed/ ;k th T[; BkBe
Pkjh f;~e/ d/ doPB eotk fdT[ s/ i/ gzE d/ ioB?b pzdk f;zx pjkdo B/ fJ; y/so t~b nkT[Dk j't/ sK
n;hA T[jBK d/ doPB eoB s/ nkgDhnK ;/tktK T[jBK d/ ;g[od eoBk ukj[zd/ jK.
(4)
wksk oki e"o y[Ph s/ j?okBh d/ fwbt/A gqGkt Bkb nkgD/ pkbe t~b t/ydh, id th T[j r'd ft~u
b?Adh fJ~e nB'yk fijk fB~x s/ ;[nkd nkT[Adk. fezBk fezBk fuo T[j N[~e pzB e/ nkgD/ p~u/ t~b t/ydh
ed/ T[jd/ B?D^BeP BhM Bkb d/y e/ nB[wkB brkT[Adh fe fJj fe; tork b~rdk j?. go id'A gzfvs
PoXk Bzd dhnK r~bK T[j u/s/ nkT[AfdnK s/ T[j nB[wkB bkT[D dk :sB eoB b~r g?Adh fe T[; dk
fJj ;g[~so eh pD/rk fej' fijh Py;hns fJ; dh T[Go/rh. T[jdh pj[s ;'u ftuko fJ; d[nkb/
e/Adfos j' iKdh fe eh fJj e'Jh tZvk Grs s/ foPh w[Bh T[jdh e[Zy ft~u'A g?dk j'fJnk j?. fJj sK
T[j nksfwe ;zs[PNsk d/D tkbk ikgdk ;h. go fJj rZb T[jd/ fenk; ft~u BjhA ;h nk ojh fe
16
fJj fet/A tZvk :'Xk s/ c"iK tkbk pD/rk. fJj ;'Yh gfotko B/ fgSbhnK eJh g[PsK s'A ;?fBe ihtB
dk fsnkr ehsk j'fJnk ;h. fJ;/ eoe/ T[j E'VQ/^E'VQ/ fdBK fgS'A fJ; pkbe d/ Gft~y pko/ ;'u szd
i'V b?Adh.
T[jB/ nkgD/ ;g[~so pkbe tvGkr f;zx ih dh ihtB ftek; fefonk pV/ fXnkB Bkb d/fynk.
T[j nzfwqs t/b/ T[m e/ fJPBkB eodh s/ gqG{ f;woB ft~u nzfwqs t/bk fpskT[D dh nkdh ;h. T[j
r[opkDh s/ gqG{ Bkw f;woB dh fJj brB nkgD/ gfotko s'A b~rh j'Jh ;h s/ j[D ;'Yh gfotko ft~u
nk e/ T[jB/ nkgDk fBs B/w g{oh soQK fBGkT[D dk :sB ehsk. T[j ;'udh ;h fe T[jd/ xo pkb j'
ikD Bkb s/ pkb dh gkbDk d/ o[M/t/A fe;/ soQK T[jd/ Bkw f;woB ft~u ftxB Bk gkT[D. fJ;/ bJh
T[jdk :sB j[zdk ;h fe id'A T[j nzfwqs t/b/ ikr/ sK T[j T[; dk pkb ;[Zsk oj/ sK fe T[j fBoftxB
fBZsB/w eo bt/. go T[; dh fJj ;'u mhe ;kps Bk j'Jh feT[Afe T[j id ikrdh sK pZuk th s[ozs
ikr g?Adk s/ BhAdo fsnkr e/ gbzx s/ fgnk b~sK g?o fjbkT[Adk s/ nkg/ nkgD/ Bkb y/vdk. Bk T[j
o'Adk s/ Bk jh fJ; ;w/A wK szr eodk. ;r'A eJh tko oki e"o fJj wfj;{p j[zdk fe e[M
wjhfBnK dk pkbe fit/A pkDh ;[D fojk j't/. T[j fJj th ikgdk fe fJj ;[D jh BjhA fojk ;wM
th fojk J/. fco T[j nkg jh nkgD/ gqPB dk T[Zso b~G b?Adh. id T[jdh ;'u fJE/ nk fNedh fe
pZu/ sK wksk d/ roG ft~u ;G s'A t~vk gqGkt wK dh fefonk, ;'u s/ o[uh dk j[zdk j?. y[P s/ ;szP[N
wK dk p~uk th fJjBK r[DK iBw ;w/A Bkb jh b? nkT[Adk j?. c/o T[j ;'udh fe fJ; pkbe d/ iBw
s'A gfjbK fijVh ;/tk s/ fw;os dh o[uh wK ft~u gqpb ;h T[; dk ;[~s/ f;~X fJ; pkb s/ n;o j?.
wK B/ d/fynk ;h fe id'A p~u/ p?mDk P[o{ eod/ B/ sK gfjbK fe;/ Y'n iK nk;o/ Bkb pfjDk P[o{
eod/ jB s/ fco T[j r'fvnK Gko j' j~EK jE/bhnK nk;o/ foVd/ jB. fco fe;/ ;jko/ Bkb s[oBk P[o{
eod/ jB s/ fco T[j r'fvnK Gko j' jZEK dhnK jE/bhnK nk;o/ foVd/ jB. fco fe;/ ;jko/ Bkb
s[oBk P[o{ eod/ jB. go fJj ;'Yh pkbe nkw p~funK dh fposh Bkb'A t~yok pkbgB jzvk fojk ;h.
Bk fJjB/ fe;/ nk;o/ pfjDk P[o{ ehsk s/ Bk fJjB/ r'fvnK s/ j~EK Gko foVB dk sohek ngDkfJnk.
id gfjbh tko S/ e[ wjhB/ d/ pkbe tvGkr f;zx fpmkfJnk frnk sK fpBK sehJ/ dk ;jkok bJ/
T[j f;~Xk p?m frnk ns/ c/o fJ~e d' wjhB/ fg~S'A yVQk ehfsnK j"bh, j"bh edw g[~N e/ s[oBk P[o{ eo
fd~sk.
fJ~e fdB gzfvs PoXk Bzd fco ;'Yh gfotko d/ xo nkfJnk sK wksk oki e"o B/ nkgD/ pkb dh
fJ; nB'yh y/v pko/ r~b eofdnK nkfynk, fJj p?mDk, T[mDk s/ s[oBk fe;/ d/ ;jko/ g;zd BjhA.
n;hA fJj gfjbk pkbe t/fynk j? i' T[Arbh cVe/ s[oBk th g;zd BjhA eodk.
fJjh sK w?A fJ; dh iBw g~soh pDkT[AfdnK s[jk d~f;nk ;h, gzfvs PoXk Bzd B/ T[Zso
fd~sk. fJj fe;/ dh T[Arbh cV e/ s[oB tkbk BjhA w? sK ;k| BIo nk fojk j? fe fJj nkgDh
T[Arb cVk e/ nB/eK ihtB fgV ft~u s[oBk f;ykJ/rk. fJj fposh jh fJ; dk gqs~y ;p{s j? fe
fJ; pkbe fe;/ wB[~y d/ ;jko/ dh b'V BjhA, fJj nB/eK dk ;jkok pDB dh Pesh s/ ;wo~Ek dk
wkbe j't/rk. id'A pkbe tZvGkr ih B/ s[oBk P[o{ ehsk sK T[j M~N nkgD/ gbzx s'A T[Zso e/ wK d/
e'b nk pfjzd/ s/ pj[s S/sh jh jo r~b dh Beb eoB b~rd/. wksk r'm wko p?mdh ;h, p~u/ B/ th id
wK d/ e'b p?mDk sK b~s fybko iK g?oK Gko pfjD dh EK r'm wko e/ p?mDk. fco wK tKr jh j~E
i'VB/ s/ Bkw f;owB ft~u b~frnk n~yK whNDhnK t/y e/ pkbe B/ fJ;/ soQK eoBk P[o{ eo fd~sk. fJj
sk fe;/ gsk BjhA ;h b~r ;edk fd nzso fXnkB j' e/ pkbe fe;/ soQK s/ fe; pkDh dk f;woB
eo fojk j?. feT[Afe ni/ T[j p'bD dh nt;Ek ft~u BjhA ;h go T[jdh u[~g s/ f;woB ft~u p?mD d/
sohe/ s'A ikgdk ;h fe f;woB nfGnk; T[; ;G s'A t~X uzrk b~rdk j?.

17
 id'A pkbe tvGkr ih e[M t~v/ j'J/ sK T[jBK dh shyD p[~Xh s/ jo r~b dk frnkB gqkgs eoB dh
G[~y t/y e/ wkfgnK B/ T[jdh gVQkJh fbykJh dk ftP/P gqpzX eo fd~sk. gfjbK fJ~e gzfvs T[jdk
w[~Ybk nfXnkge pDkfJnk frnk fi; B/ T[; n~yo frnkB s/ rfDs ft~fdnk E'V/ fij/ ;w/A ft~u
f;yk fd~sh. gzfvs dk efjDk ;h fe fJ~e tko i' Ppd fJ; ;wMk fd~sk iKdk J/ T[j fco d[jokT[D
dh b'V BjhA g?Adh. fJj T[; s[ozs ;wMD s/ ezm eoB dh ;wo~Ek o~ydk j?. fco gzikph s/ r[ow~[yh
d/ frnkB bJh i~E/dko eow f;zx dh ;bkj Bkb frnkBh fBowb f;zx bk fbnk frnk fijVk
i~E/dko eow f;zx d/ ;g[~so csfj f;zx gVQkT[Adk ;h. fJ; ;KM/ nfXnkge dh gq/oBk Bkb d'jK
pkbeK fJe~m/ gVQkT[Dk P[o{ eo fd~sk. frnkBh ih dk ;wK pu frnk s/ fJjBK d'jK pkbeK fJ~e
d{i/ dk ;kE fwb frnk. e[dosh s"o s/ fJjBK d'jK dh fJ~e d{i/ t~b fy~u tXh. ;'Yh gfotko d/
pkbe eoskog[o d/ nkw ;XkoB pkbeK Bkb Bk y/vd/ ;B s/ Bk T[jBK fBtk; n;EkB d/ pkjo
y[~b/ s[oB fcoB dh nkfrnk ;h. fJ; bJh T[j nkw s"o s/ fJ~eb/ ns/ fJeKs ft~u ofjzd/ go gVQB
fbyD dh o[uh s/ jkbks eoe/ d'jK pkbeK fJ; ;kE ft~u y[Ph s/ ;zs[PNsk fwbdh ojh.
fJjBK d'jK pkbeK ft~u e[~M r~bK ;[Gkn ns/ tsho/ d/ g~y s'A fJ~e' fijhnK ;B. go fJ~e jh t~vk
coe ;h. ;'Yh pkbe tX/o/ f;woB s/ gqG{ Grsh t~b pj[s S'Nh T[wo s'A b~rk j'fJnk ;h s/ T[j id'A
ftjb fwbdk T[j wK s'A f;~yh pkDh d/ PpdK dhnK s[eK p'bdk ofjzdk go csfj f;zx Xkofwe iIp/ d/
Bkb^Bkb fB~e/ j[zfdnK s'A jh PPso ftfdnk t~b tX/o/ o[uh o~ydk ;h. T[j Bro d/ fB~e/^fB~e/ pkbeK
Bkb b? e/ pkjo y[Zb/ EK ed/ e[PshnK eotkT[Adk s/ eodk s/ ed/ S'N/ S'N/ ekfBnk d/ sho ewkB b?
e/ T[jBK pkbeK dhnK N'bhnK pDk e/ T[jBK ft~u w[ekpbk eokT[Adk. T[j nkgDh T[wo d/ S'N/^S'N/
pkbeK th fJ; fposh d/ tkX/ bJh gq/odk ;h.
d'jK fJ~e d{i/ dh tZyoh fposh *s/ gfjb/ fdB s'A jh ed/ fJsokI BjhA ;h j'fJnk. frnkBh
fBowb f;zx B/ fJjBK d'jK nfijh r~b fBPu/ ft~u fpmk fd~sh fe jo wB[~y dh ;'u s/ ;wo~Ek nkg'
nkgDh j?. i' gqG{ f;woB ft~u y[P j? T[j fJ; gk;/ t~X s'A t~X ;wK d't/A s/ fi; dh o{uh j'o gk;/ j?
T[j uVQdh ebk dh o{uh d/t/. T[;/ o[uh d/ ftek; bJh jZbk P/oh d/Dh ukjhdh j?.
(5)
fJj pkbgB dh nt;Ek ft~u'A id'A bzx oj/ ;B sK d/P e"w d/ jkbks ft~u t~vh spdhbh nk ojh
;h. fJjBK pkbeK d/ iBw ;w/A f;~yh dh b'e bfjo g{o/ T[sPkj Bkb pbtkB j' ojh ;h. ;ojzd dh
csfj s/ tiho yK dh w"s fJ~e gk;/ jtk dk o[~y fJj d~; ojh ;h fe f;~y ;z;ko Bkb N~eo b?D tkb/
ikbwK j[D gzEe Pesh ;'X d/t/rh. go fJj wkj"b S/sh jh \sw j' frnk, id'A 1713 ft~u pzdk
f;zx pjkdo ;Y"o/ d/ feb/ S~v e/ gjkVK ft~u dh j[zdk j'fJnk izw{ d/ fJbke/ ft~u fe~Xo/ ubk
frnk. T[jBK fdBK ft~u fszB ;kbK d/ pkbeK fJ; fJfsjk;e pdbh dk e'Jh frnkB BjhA ;h go
id'A 1716 pzdk f;zx pjkdo fd~bh fbik e/ s/ fit/A s;hj/ d/ e/ Pjhd ehsk frnk T[; dk n;o
S/ ;kb d/ fJjBK pkbeK s/ pj[s j'fJnk. yk; eoe/ id'A T[jBK ;[fDnk fe pzdk pjkdo d/ S'N/ fij/
pkb ;g[~so B/i/ s/ Nzr e/ Bk e/tb wkfonk s/ Pjhd ehsk ;r'A T[; dk ;hBk uho e/ fdb eZfYnk
s/ T[j ipod;sh fgsk d/ w{zj ft~u d/D dk :sB j'fJnk. fJjBK d'jK pkbeK dh nkswk fJ; ;w/A
sVg T[mh s/ eJh fdB gVQkJh ft~u fdb bkT[D dh EK fJ;/ pko/ uouk j[zdh ojh. pkbe csfj f;zx
fJ~e fdB efjD bZrk, w?A t~vk j' e/ pdbk btKrk. pkbe t~vGkr f;zx ih p'b T[fmnk, w?A th
nfijk G?Vk ezw eoB tkfbnK BjhA SvKrk.i/ s/oh th fJj jh ;bkj j? s/ nkgK t~v/ j' e/ fwb e/
pdbk b? ;ed/ jK. fJ; soQK pzdk f;zx pjkdo dh Pjhdh fJjBK d'jK pkbeK fJ~e BthA ;'u d/
okj gk rJh.

18
 fco eJh ;kb phs rJ/. d'jK B/ ;KM/ s"o s/ ftfdnk gqkgsh fg~S'A ;Pso ftfdnk t~b th ;wK
d/Dk P[o{ eo fd~sk. Gkt/A ;'Yh gfotko d/ eJh pI[or wod s/ n"osK BjhA ;B g;zd eod/ fe fJ;
:[te jfEnko pzd c"ih ihtB t~b gq/fonk ikJ/. eJhnK B/ ;'Yh okw f;zx ih fJ~E/ s~e efj
fd~sk fe fJj gfotko je{ws Bkb pDkJh o~ydk fojk j?. oki dopko/ fJ; gfotko dh fJ~Is s/ g[~S
th ;h. T[BQK g[~fSnk eJh M~yVK s/ jBQ/fonK ft~u th jkewK B/ ;kv/ gfotko dk e'Jh B[e;kB BjhA
ehsk. c/o n;hA feT[A pd' pdh jkewK dhnK BIoK ft~u nkgD/ nkg P~eh pDkJhJ/. i/ n;hA izrh
:[~XK ft~u BjhA ikDk sK ;k jfEnko pzd j' e/ ofjD dh eh b'V j?.
jkbks ;dk fJ~e' fij/ BjhA ofjzd/. pdb/ j'J/ jkbksK ft~u jo f;nkDk wB[~y nkgDh Bhsh s/
Bt/A f;o/ s'A ftuko eodk j?. ;'Yh okw f;zx B/ T[Zso fd~sk, gzuw gksPkj dh Pjhdh. fg~S'A ;kv/
r[od/t fgsk r[o{ jfor'fpzd ih B/ gfjbhnK gzi gksPkjhnK s'A t~yoh Bhsh ngDkJh s/ ;w/A dh b'V
nB[;ko c"ih o~y e/ :[~X bV/. j'o t/y' r[o{ noiB ;kfjp Pjhd eotkT[D tkb/ w[rb pkdPkj
ijKrho Bkb S/t/A gksPkj dh N~eo th j'Jh. rtkbhno d/ feb/ ft~u e?d th j'J/ s/ c/o fw~sosk th
;Ekgs j'Jh. d{o dh r~b Bk th eohJ/ sK r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih B/ w[rb PfjIkfdnK ft~u okir~dh dh
bVkJh ;w/A pjkdo Pkj dh ;jkfJsk ehsh. fJ; bJh e'Jh g~e/ s"o s/ BjhA efj ;edk fe e~b eh
Bhsh j'J/rh. n~i dk ;~iD e~b dk d[PwD j' ;edk j? s/ n~i d/ t?oh Bkb e~b d';sh j' ;edh j?.
fJ; ihtB ft~u fJj ;G e[~M ;zGt j?. f;nkDk wB[~y T[j jh j? i' ;w/A dh b'V ns/ BIkes
;wM/.
fJ; soQK ihtB ftek; dhnK g"VhnK uVQfdnK ;skoK ;kb dk ;wK phs frnk. fgSb/ d; ;kbK
ft~u e'Jh ftP/P xNBk sK BjhA j'Jh, go jkew tor B/ f;~yh dh b'e bfjo dpkT[D bJh eJh
:sB ehs/. fJ; bJh f;~y irs ft~u pzdk f;zx pjkdo dh Pfjdh fgS'A i~E/pzd j'D d/ ns/ uVQdh
ebk pDkJh o~yD bJh T[gokb/ j[zd/ oj/. ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx B/ fJ; ;w/A ft~u f;~yh dh ofjDh pfjDh
s/ gzi eekoK dh ofjs g{oh soQK rqfjD eo fbnk. j[D T[jBK dh fJj shpo fJ~Sk ;h fe id'A th
fe~Xo/ nzfsqs ;zuko j' fojk j't/ sK T[j th gzi fgnkfonK gk;'A nzfwqs dh dks gqkgs eo b?D. T[jB
dk fJj ftPtk; ;h fe nzfwqs Se/ fpBK T[j nX{o/ jB fiBQK fuo T[j nzfwqs BjhA Sed/ T[j ;zg{oD
f;zx BjhA pD ;ed/ go ;wK pVk fpyVk ;h. fJ; bJh Bk ;fji/ ehs/ gzi fgnko/ fJ~em/ j' ;ed/ ;B
s/ Bk S/sh nzfwqs dh dks nfGbkPhnK gqkgs j' ;edh ;h. edh edkJhA PKsh d/ fdBK ft~u ;kp' eh
sbtzvh pkpk dhg f;zx ih nzfwqs ;zuko dk gqpzX eo oj/ ;B iK fco r'fJzdtkb ft~u wkM/ d/ f;zx
fJj T[dw eo oj/ ;B.
fJ~e fdB csfj f;zx B/ fejk, w?A fgsk ih efj fd~sk J/ T[j S/sh jh nzfwqs ;zuko bJh gqpzX
eoBr/. s[;hA fBPfuzs oj' n;hA fJ; gkf;T[A ed/ nt/;b/ BjhA j'tKr/.
;kvh gfjbh s/ t~vh ;'u fJj j? fe n;hA r[o{^xo Bkb'A N[~Nh nkgDh fet/A rzYhJ/. n;hA r[o{
gfotko ft~u'A j[zd/ j'J/ r[o{ xo Bkb'A N[~N e/ fezBk e[ fuo ihn btKr/, ;'Yh t~vGkr f;zx ih B/
nkfynk w?A nkgD/ Bkw Bkb dk; d/ Ppd bkj fd~s/ B/ w?A j[D tvGkr f;zx jK s/ w?A g{oh fdqVsk Bkb
efjzdk jK fe w?A r[o{ xo Bkb'A N[~Nh rzYKrK s/ fJ; ekoi bJh i/ w? nkgD/ ;oho dh nj[sh d/D gJh
s/ Pjhd j'Dk fgnk sK th w?A ;ze'u BjhA eoKrk. w/ok fJj th fBPuk j? fe i/eo nkBzdg[o ft~u ;zeN
;w/A p/dktk fby e/ nkT[D tkb/ w[V nkgDh rbsh dk nfj;k; eo e/ fydokD/ dh Ykp s/ PjhdhnK gk
e/ w[es j' ;ed/ jB sK n;hA th nkgDh e[opkDh Bkb w[V e/ r[o{ xo ft~u ngDkJ/ ik ;ed/ jK.
s[jkvh ;'u fpbe[b mhe J/, fJfsjk; u'A j'o th eJh xNBktK s[jkvh fJ; ;'u dh g[PNh
eodhnK jB, csfj f;zx B/ tvGkr f;zx ih d/ ftukoK j'o pb fdzfdnK nkfynk. fJ~e w"ek
nkfJnk ;h id'A pkpk okw okJ/ r[o{^xo Bkb'A N[~N rJ/ s/ eJh ;kb r[o{^xo B/ T[jBK w{zj BjhA
19
bkfJnk s/ Bk jh f;~yK B/ T[jBK e'Jh wkBsk fd~sh go r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih d/ gkT[ANk ;kfjp j[zfdnK
id'A pkpk okw okJ/ ih B/ nkgDh rbsh dk nfj;k; ehsk sK r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih B/ T[jBK fwbDk
;fteko eo fbnk. T[j r[o{^xo Bkb i[V rJ/ s/ fijBK w;zdK B/ fJ; eoe/ pkpk okw okJ/ ih X'y/
Bkb \sw eo fd~sk ;h T[jBK w;zdK ;Ik d/D bJh ebrhXo gkT{AN/ s'A nkg d/jokd{B rJ/. fJ;
soQK fJjBK d'BK fw~soK ft~u w/b fwbkg d/ nt;oK s/ f;~yh^f;XKsK, f;~y fJfsjk; s/ toswkB
gq;fEshnK pko/ fezBk^fezBk bzwK ;wK rZbpks j[zdh ofjzdh. ;' T[j ;wK nk frnk id'A i~E/dko eow
f;zx ih dh p/Bsh *s/ db ykb;k, i~E/dko i~;k f;zx nkjb{tkbhnk d/ Bkb d[nkp/ dhnK ;zrsK
nzfwqsgkB eokT[D bJh nk gj[zu/ s/ pkpk t~vGkr f;zx ih nzfwqs dh dks jk;b j'Jh.
(6)
eoskog[o dh ;fEsh j[D ekch pdb u[~eh ;h. fJ~E/ gfjbK Xho w~b dh ;zskB s/ wksk r[ioh d/
g/e/ gotko ft~u ekch NeokU ;h. ;'Yh ykBdkB je{ws d/ B/V/ s/ f;~y b'e bfjo s'A d{o ;h go pzdk
f;zx pjkdo dh uVQs s/ fco Pjhdh fg~S'A fJj ;'Yh gfotko th f;~y b'e bfjo ft~u Pkfwb j' frnk.
fgSbh e[fV~sD xND br gJh. fJ; eoskog[ohJ/ ;'Yh gfotko dk w[~yhnk nzfwqs Se e/ okw f;zx
pD frnk s/ T[;dh ;[gsBh oki e"o T[jd/ bJh t~vh gq/oBk ;o's pD rJh. fJ~e sK d/P e"w d/ jkbks
B/ ;'Yh gfotko ft~u fJj spdhbh b? nKdh s/ d{ik i~E/dko eow f;zx dh g/qoBk s/ fwbkgV/ ;[Gkn
ekoB fJj f;~y b'e bfjo dk nzr pD rJ/.
id'A d't/A gfotko ;KM/ gzEe fj~sK bJh ;'uD s/ nwb eoB b~r/ sK e[dosh s"o s/ gfotkoK
ftueko th ;KM j[zdh rJh. BthA gBhoh d/ d't/A pkbe csfj f;zx s/ tvGkr f;zx fJ~e d{i/ d/ fw~so
s/ fdb dh ;KM tkb/ ;ZiD pD rJ/. d'jK d/ ;[Gkn s/ nkdsK ft~u ;wkBsk ;h. t~vGkr f;zx tX/o/
;{M^p{M s/ frnkB d/ wkbe ;h. csfj f;zx ihtB d/ nwbh ;zxoP ft~u fgsk s/ wK dh nrtkJh
ekoB tX/o/ u/szB ;h. d't/A :[te fJ; nt;Ek ft~u gj[zu e/ gzEe ;orowhnK ft~u th fwb e/ fj~;k
b?D b~r gJ/.
id'A csfj f;zx ;[bskBg[o b'Xh s'A bkj"o iKdk yIkBk okj ft~u b[ND bJh frnk s/ Iywh j' e/
xo eoskog[o nkfJnk sK fJ; dh ;{uBk fwbd/ ;ko t~vGkr f;zx T[j fwbD s/ T[jdh jkbs dk
gsk b?D nkfJnk. T[jd/ s'A b~rhnK ;~NK dk ft;Eko s/ jkbs ikBD fg~S'A t~vGkr f;zx B/ frbk ehsk,
w? feT[A BjhA Bkb b? e/ rJ/< :[teK dh i' i~E/pzdh pDk oj/ j', T[; pko/ w/o/ Bkb r~b feT[A BjhA
ehsh< w? ikgdk J/ fe ni/ s[;hA w/oh ;zihdrh ;Zu BjhA wzfBnk.
fJj rZb BjhA. csfj f;zx B/ T[jdk j~E cV e/ x[~NfdnK fejk, n;b ft~u w?A gfjbh tko
:[~X ft~u frnk ;K. i~Ek ikD b~rk ;h id'A w?A Bkb ikD dh fJ~Sk gqrN ehsh. fJj M~N gqtkB j' rJh
s/ w?A M~N T[; Bkb ub fgnk. ;wK jh BjhA ;h fe s[jk p[bk b?Adk.
w?A BjhA fJ; dbhb wzBdk. t~vGkr f;zx B/ fejk, s[;hA B"itkBK dk iEk b? e/ rJ/ j' s/ w?A
T[; ft~u BjhA ;K ik ;edk.
ub' G[~b j' rJh. csfj f;zx B/ ;[Mkn fd~sk, fJzM eo', s[;hA th fJ~e i~Ek pDk bT[ s/ n~r/
s[jk th ;zxoP ft~u ;/tk fwb ikJ/rh. ;/tk s/ e[opkBh d/ pE/o/ w"e/ nk oj/ jB. w?A s[jk fJ~e
f;gkjh BjhA, fJZe i~E/dko s/ ioB?b wfj;{; eodk jK s/ ukj[zdk jK fe s[;hA fJ~e PeshPkbh i~E/ d/
w[~yh pD e/ fj~;k gkU.
E'VQ/ fdB bzx/ ;B fe iE/dko eow f;zx dh gsBh dhg' B/ T[u/uk ;[B/jk G/i e/ ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx
ih p[bkfJnk s/ csfj f;zx d/ ;kjwD/ r~b P[o{ ehsh, csfj f;zx dk ftnkj J/ nrbh g{oBwkPh
d/ fdB s/ s[;hA izR Bkb ikD dh fsnkoh eoBh J/.
20
 tXkJhnK j'D ukuh. ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih B/ pVh y[Ph dk gqrNktk eofdnK fejk, b? csfj
f;zx B/ fJj r~b th w/o/ Bkb BjhA ehsh. fe~E/ foPsk ehsk J/< ;kvh GoikJh pVh y[Pfe;ws J/ fi;
csfj f;zx tork gsh fwb/rk.
;G nekb g[oy dh feogk J/ dhg' B/ fejk, w?A sK d't/A t/b/ fJjh nodk; eodh jK fe
tkfjr[o{ ;[~y dk ;wK fbnkJ/ s/ ekoi y[PhnK Bkb f;o/ uVQ/. e[Vh tkbk th r[of;~y gotko J/ s/ T[j
;[GkBg[o d/ ofjD tkb/ B/.
fco sK uku/ d/ i~E/ ft~u'A jh foPsk nk frnk j't/rk< tvGkr f;zx B/ gqPB ehsk.
BjhA, e[Vh dh wK w/oh pugB dh ;j/bh J/. n;hA fdnkbg[o fJ~emhnK y/v t~vhnK j'JhnK
;K, dhg' B/ d~f;nk, n~r'A d't/A r[of;~y gotkoK tkbhnK pD rJhnK. pV/ uzr/ ;[Gkn dh J/ w/oh
;j/bh ns/ T[; dh p/Nh ;[zdoK.
uzr/ wkfgnK d/ p~u/ th n~r/ uzr/ j' fBpVd/ B/. tvGkr f;zx B/ nkgdh T[wo Bkb'A tv/fonK
tKr r~b ehsh, w? ;/tk d~;' ftnkj dh fsnkoh bJh w?A eh j~E tNk ;edk jK<
n;hA pj[s ;kdk ftnkj eoBk J/, dhg' B/ df;nk, fJ~e sK ;kvk gfotko n?t/A cI{b s/
j'fSnK tkfbnK owwK BjhA g;zd eodk. rkT[D th fJ~e fdB jh fpmktKr/. gkm o~y e/ T[jdh
;wkgsh s/ bzro ft~u ftP/P xoK dh o'Nh eoKr/ s/ bzro ft~u jh ;G gqPkfd Sek fdnKr/. d/P d/
jkbks nfij/ B/ fe pj[s/ fdB BjhA fJ; bJh bk ;ed/. n;hA izR th fJ~e fdB fbiktKr/ s/ d{i/ fdB
jh gos nktKr/. gzi ;~s fdB poks BjhA ;[GkBg[o o~yDh.
fJj pj[s uzrk J/. tvGkr f;zx B/ gq'Vsk ehsh. ;[Xko jw/Pk t~fvnK s'A jh P[o{ j't/ sK mhe
ofjzdk J/.
e[M fdB j'o phs rJ/ fJ~e fdB ;t/o/ tvGkr f;zx j'ohA nk rJ/ s/ nkT[AfdnK T[jB/ i~E/dko
eow f;zx nkfynk, w?A eJh fdB T[vhedk fojk fe s[;hA ;~d'r/ go s[;hA BjhA p[bkfJnk. n~i w?A
nkg jh gsk eoB nk fojk ;h fe okj ft~u s[jkvk ;[B/jk th gj[zu frnk. i~E/dko eow f;zx B/
fgnko s/ ;fseko Bkb fpmkfJnk. Gkt/A tvGkr f;zx ih T[jBK Bkb'A T[wo ft~u pj[s S'N/ ;B, csfj
f;zx d/ jkDh, go i~E/dko eow f;zx d/ wB ft~u T[BQK Bkb p/j~d ;B/j ;h. T[BQK B/ nkgD/ gfotko dh
;'u jh pdb fdZsh ;h s/ gzE dh b'e bfjo Bkb i'VB dk ezw ehsk ;h.
fe; soQK :kd ehsk ;h, tvGkr f;zx ih B/ g[~fSnk.
csfj f;zx dk ftnkj J/ g{oBwkPh d/ fdB. i~E/dko eow f;zx B/ d~f;nk, T[; pko/ ;bkj
eoBh ;h. fJ~e sK s[;hA f;nkD/ j'. d{ik csfj f;zx d/ Bkb s[jkvk i'V J/, yk; fw~sosk J/.
s[;hA t~v/ j'. n;hA fejVhnK e~YhnK gkJhn B/, ;odko tvGkr f;zx B/ T[Zso fd~sk, ;k
sK fJj d~;' fe ;kv/ fizw/ eh ;/tk J/. n;hA i' eoB :'r jK, T[j nt~P eoKr/ . w? d~;' fsnkoh eh
eoBh J/< ;kvk jbtkJh pj[s f;nkDk J/, jo soQK dh wfmnkJh pDk d/t/rk.
s[jkv/ Bkb ;bkj fJj eoBh ;h e/ ftnkj dh wfmnkJh j[D/ tzv dJhJ/ iK ftnkj^nBzd ekoi
s'A pknd< i~E/dko eow f;zx B/ ;bkj g[~Sh, T[Xo'A ypo nkJh J/ fe bkj"o s'A fIeohnk yK B/
fdbkto yK d[nkp/ ft~u f;~yK dk ykswk eoB bJh G/fink j?. T[jB/ B{o wjb ;ko/ jkew tor
fJ~em/ eo e/ fgzvK ft~u'A f;~yK u[D u[D e/ Pjhd eoB bJh c"ih N[eVhnK G/i fd~shnK jB. T[j
fe;/ fdB eoskog[o th nk ;ed/ B/. fJ; bJh ftnkj dk o'bk gkJhJ/ iK u[~g u[ghs/ nBzd ekoi eo
e/ v'bh xo b? nkJhJ/<

21
 fJj sK s[;hA c?;bk eoBk J/, ;odko tvGkr f;zx B/ T[Zso fd~sk, w?A fJj jh efj ;edk jK
fe n?sehA ftnkj s~e eoskog[o dh okyh dh ;/tk w/o/ ;g[od eo fdT[. s[;hA fBPfuzs j' e/ ftnkj
G[rskT{. nkgK ftnkj fg~S'A ;ko/ Bro dh o'Nh th efj btKr/ s/ wfmnkJh th tzv btKr/.
csfj f;zx efjzdk J/ fe ftnkj fg~S/ gk d/JhJ/. eow f;zx B/ n;b r~b t~b nkT[AfdnK
fejk, T[j efjzdk J/ fe gzE s/ fpgsk nkJh j'Jh J/. t?oh EK^EK fBod'P b'eK dk esb eo oj/
jB. n;hA ;oekoh yIkBk bkj'o Bk ikD d/D ft~u o[~M/ j'J/ jK. i/ fe~Xo/ ftnkj t~b fXnkB j'D
ekoB e'Jh ewI'oh nk rJh sK T[j wkVh j't/rh.
s[;hA fJ;dh fuzsk jh Bk eo' ;odko tvGkr f;zx B/ fejk, w? i/eo efj fdT[ fe w?A
ibzXo gj[zuD tkbh w[}b c'i gfjbK jh o'e btK sK T[j ftnkj se j'o gk;/ jh T[bMkJh
oyKrk.w/oh sK fJj ;bkj j? fe ;k T[jBK dk Gow th d{o eo d/Dk ukjhdk J/. fJ; Bkb d[nkp/ d/
b'eK th gsk b~r ikJ/rk fe fdbkto yK d/ dzd th f;zx fJ~em/ j' e/ y~N/ eo ;ed/ jB. fJ~E'A d/
;ko/ S'N/ w'N/ jkew th y[P j'Dr/ fe bkj'oh c"i dk w{zj G~i frnk J/.
r~b s[jkvh mhe J/. iE/dko eow f;zx B/ fejk, ftnkj s/ s[;hA th ubDk j?. csfj f;zx d/
jkDhnK Bkb sK izR ;'G/rh.
;k th csfj f;zx d/ ftnkj dk ukn J/ go ;wK th d/yDk J/. t?oh ;fEsh dk n:'r bkG
th sK BjhA T[mkD d/Dk ukjhdk, ;odko tvGkr f;zx ih B/ ftuko bJh :'iBk o~yh, n;hA Be'do
s/ Pkje'N tb ik e/ w[rbJh c'ih N[eVh x/od/ jK. w"ek d/y e/ jwbk eoKr/ s/ g{oBwkPh se T[Xo
N~eo ikoh o~yKr/. s[;hA nkBzdg[o s/ pbku'o, o'gV d/ f;zxK nkd/P fdT[ fe T[j okj'A s'A pzrk
ftueko :[~X eoB. bkj'o iKd/ okjK s/ yIkBk ;zGkbD tkb/ nkgD/ gfjo/ s/ g~e/ j' e/ vN/ ofjD.
s[;hA ftnkj s'A ftjb/ j' e/ fco nrbh ekotkJh dk ;'u b?Dk. fJj ftT[As ;G g;zd nkJh.*
fJ~Xo ftnkj dh fsnkoh j' ojh ;h s/ T[Xo f;zxK dk fJ~e i~Ek b? e/ ;odko tvGkr f;zx ih
Pkje'N d/ fJbke/ t~b u~b gJ/. fJj T[jBK dk gfjbk w"ek ;h id'A T[j w[rb oki dhnK c'iK Bkb
N~eo b?D bJh u~b/ ;B. i~E/dko eow f;zx gsk ;h fe ;odko tvGkr f;zx ih pV/ sg~;th s/
nkswe pb tkb/ wB[~y jB. T[jBK d/ nzfwqsXkoh ;iD Bkb gfotko d/ gqGkt j/m nkJ/ PoXkb{ b'e
th t~vh frDsh ft~u f;zx ;i rJ/ ;B. go fco th T[jBK dh wdd bJh fe~eo f;zx s/ fePB f;zx
i~E/ th Bkb G/i/ rJ/ sK fe fe;/ ;w/A th g?AsV/ s/ wko Bk ykXh ikJ/.
(7)
;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih dh nrtkJh j/m ykb;/ dk i~Ek Pkje'N B/V/ gj[zfunk sK gsk b~rk fe
bkj"oh c"i dh N[eVh dfonk ;sb[i d/ Bkb d/ fgzvK d/ f;~yK cVB s/ wkoB bJh s[bh j'Jh j?.
fiBQK fgzvK d/ f;~yK iK T[BQK d/ ;woEeK gsk br frnk T[j sK s[ozs dfonk gko eo e/ wkbt/ t~b
fBeb rJ/. eJh fgzvK d/ t;BheK B/ vN e/ Nkeok eoB s/ fgzv S~v e/ Bk ikD dk c?;bk eo fbnk.
nfijk jh fJ~e fgzv fB~ekg[o ;h. T[E'A d/ t;BheK feXo'A ;{j brh fe f;zxK dk i~Ek fJbke/ ft~u
nkfJnk j'fJnk j?. T[jBK s[ozs s/I x'V ;tko G/i e/ p/Bsh ehsh fe T[jBK dh wdd ehsh ikJ/.
T[j fgzv S~v e/ th BjhA G~iDk ukj[zd/ s/ Bk jh fJe~b/ c"i dk Nkeok eoB d/ ;wZoE jB.
f;zxK d/ i~E/ d/ i~E/dko ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx s/ fe~eo f;zx B/ ;bkj ehsh s/ fJj tXhnk nt;o
;wfMnk. :[~X bJh fJ~e tXhnk fNekDk ;h. fJ~e gk;/ dfonk d{i/ gk;/ fgzv s/ w[rb c"i d/ fJ~Xo
nkT[D bJh e/tb fJ~e gk;k jh pudk ;h. d{ik fJj gfjbk w"ek ;h, id'A fgzv dh ;koh t~;'A fi;
ft~u f;~y, fjzd{ s/ w[;bwkB ;G ;B, fJ~e w[~m ;h s/ T[; fe;/ th pkjob/ jwb/ dk w[ekpbk eoB bJh
fsnko ;B. w[;bwkBK dh t;'A pj[sh gmkDK dh ;h. fJj gmkD id'A th pkjobh c"i Bkb gzikp s/
22
jwbk eo e/ nkJ/, fJ; Xosh s/ jw/Pk bJh fNe rJ/, fJ~E'A d/ g~e/ t;Bhe pD rJ/. fJbke/ ft~u
nB/eK fgzvK d/ wkbe pD rJ/. fgzvK d/ Bkw T[jBK d/ BktK s/ o~y fd~s/ rJ/. eJh fgzv T[jBK nk e/
Bt/A t;k bJ/. B{o wfjb d/ B/V/ pkdb yK gmkD B/ pVk t~vk fgzv e'N pkdb yK t;k fbnk. T[jd/
d{i/ Gok ykB fB~ek ykB B/ dfonk ezY/ wfjsg[o B/V/ fgzv fB~ekg[o nkpkd ehsk. j[D fB~ek ykB sK
wo frnk go T[jdh ;zskB g{oh soQK fJE'A dh izwgb j'D ekoD gzikph jh pD u[~eh ;h.
wfjsg[o d/ u"Xoh dk ;[B/jk nk u[~fenk ;h fe fB~ekg[o dk pDdk eo fJ~emk eo e/ s[ozs
wfjsg[o gjz[ukfJnk ikJ/ s/ i/eo fBPfus ;w/A s~e oew Bk gj[zuh sK bkj"o s'A nkJh je{ws dh c"i
ipoh t;{bh bJh nk ojh J/. fJ; ;fEsh s'A T[jBK nB[wkB bk fbnk ;h fe c"i n~tP T[jBK d/ fgzv
nkJ/rh s/ T[jBK fto[~X ;ysh eo/rh. fJ;/ bJh T[jBK f;zxK p[bk fbnk ;h.
f;zxK B/ ;sb[i dfonk d/ ezY/ v/o/ bk bJ/. T[j EK tXhnk ;h. dfonk dk ezYk fJPBkB gkDh s/
j'o ib dh b'V g{oh eoB tkbk ;h. T[AM th dfonk d/ ezY/ o[~yK d/ M[zv j/m v/o/ bkJ/ jo fbjki Bkb
;[jktD/ brd/ ;B. fgzvK d/ b'eK B/ bzro gkDh dh ;/tk nkg eoB dh g/PeP ehsh go f;zxK B/
df;nk fe T[j ykD^ghD dhnK t;sK yohd ;ed/ jB s/ w[~b d/ e/ jh b?Dr/. bzro nkgDk th nkg
jh fsnko eoBr/. ;r'A ;G efj fd~sk fe id f;zxK dk bzro fsnko j't/rk, Brko/ s/ u'N wkoh
ikJ/rh s/ i' th bzro ft~u nk e/ gqPkdk SeDk ukj/ S~e ;edk j?. fgzv tkfbnK B/ fJj fdqP th
t/fynk fe bzro fsnko j'D s/ nodk; eofdnK fJj Ppd nky/ iKd/ jB fe, nzB dkDk r[o{ dk s/
Nfjb ;/tk f;zxK dh.
bkj"oh c"i dh N[eVh B/ fgzv x/o fbnk s/ c/o fJj c"i fgzv ftueko nfij/ u[okj/ s/ yVh ;h
fi~E/ fJ; u[c/foT[A x/fonk ik ;edk ;h. fgzv d/ u[okj/ B/V/ xoK s/ T[j itkB uVQ rJ/ fijBK gk;
sho ewkB ;B. e[~M sho ewkB f;zxK B/ th fJjBK fd~s/ j'J/ ;B. d' gkf;T[A pzd{eK tkb/ nk rJ/.
d' gkf;T[A pofSnK s/ feogkBK tkfbnK B/ jwbk eo fd~sk. p'b/ ;' fBjkb, ;fs ;qh nekb d/
i?ekfonK Bkb nkekP r{zi T[Zfmnk s/ d[PwD ft~u xpokjN w~u rJh. T[jBK d/ ykp' fynkb ft~u jh
BjhA ;h fe fJ; t/b/ jwbk j' ;edk j?. i?ekok don;b ;G gkf;nK fJj ;{uBk d/D bJh ;h fe
T[j ekotkJh P[o{ eoB.
gfjbK fJ~e gk;/ bkj"oh c"i d/ itkB w[ekpb/ bJh s[o/ sK T[jBK d/ w[yhJ/ B/ d{i/ gkf;T[A tXd/ ik
oj/ f;zxK o'eD bJh e[~M pzfdnK w'fVnk. fJT[A ed/ nkgD/ pzfdnK T[j fJ~e gk;/ eodk s/ ed/
d{i/ gk;/. T[j ;wM BjhA ;h nk ojh fe fe; soQK uko/ gk;/ fJ~e' fijh skes G/i/. id'A T[j fJ~e
gk;/ Nkeok eo oj/ pzfdnK fg~S/ jN e/ d{i/ gk;/ tb s'odk sK T[E/ bV oj/ itkBK ft~u fBok;sk s/
r[~;k nk iKdk. e'Jh th BjhA ;h ukj[zdk ;h T[jdk gk;k ewI'o j't/ s/ bVQkJh d/ w?dkB ft~u'A pzd/ fg~S/
fy;ek bJ/ ikD.
e'm/ s/ uVQ e/ ezX d/ T[jb/ yV/ fgzv e/ fJ~e r~Go{ B/ sho ewkB dk fBPkBk pzB e/ c"ih w[yhJ/ t~b
sho S~fvnk. T[j f;~Xk ik e/ T[jd/ f;o ft~u t~ik s/ y{B dh Bkbh ft~u nfijk b~rk fe T[j M~N w"e/
s/ jh fv~r fgnk. fv~rd/ d{ik sho th t~ik. T[jB/ nkgD/ B/V/ yV/ c"ih T[; e'm/ t~b th fJPkok
eo e/ d~f;nk fe fJXo'A sho nkfJnk ;h go T[; ;w/A fe; gk; ftjb ;h fe T[j :[~X u'A fBeb e/
T[; e'm/ t~b ikJ/ s/ nkgDh ikD Bt/A yso/ ft~u gk bt/.
:[~X fJ; fg~S'A S/sh ysw j' frnk. nkgD/ nkr{ w[yhJ/ dh w"s fgS'A fe; B/ bVkJh bJh jdkfJsK
d/DhnK ;B. ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih B/ nkgD/ ;?fBeK nkd/P fd~sk fe j[D fe;/ dk ikBh B[e;kB Bk
eo'. i' ikB puk e/ ikDk ukj[zdk j?, T[jBK okj d/ fdT[ feT[Afe n;hA fJjBK pzdh pDk e/ BjhA
o~yDk ukj[zd/. fJj r~b jo fe;/ efj fdT[ fe T[j S/sh d[nkp/ s'A pkjo fBeb ikD*.

23
 fgzv d/ b'eK B/ :[~X ft~u wo/ f;zxK dk ;z;eko eo fd~sk. i' w[;bwkB wo rJ/, T[jBK
fJ;bkwh s"o sohe/ Bkb dcBkfJnk frnk. fgzv d/ fJe~m B/ T[;/ fdB nkgD/ fgzv dk Bkw fB~ek g[o
s'A pdb e/ f;zxg[o o~y fd~sk.
(8)
;'Yh tvGkr f;zx eoskog[o s'A j' e/ fdnkbg[o ft~u i~E/dko eowf;zx nk e/ fwb/ s/ T[jBK
wfjsg[o wfjsg[o d/ B/V/ bkj"oh c"i Bkb N~eo s/ ykb;/ dh fi~s d/ ;wkuko ;[DkJ/. T[jBK d~f;nk
fe fe; soQK fgzv d/ b'eK B/ ;kE fd~sk s/ bkj"oh fgzv d/ u[okj/ ft~u x/o e/ T[BQK dk w[~yhnk fgzv d/
itkBK B/ wkfonk s/ fco fet/A fdb S~v u[~eh c"ih N[~eVh d/ itkBK B/ jfEnko ;[~N/. T[jBK pu e/
fBebD bJh okj s/ fd~sk s/ T[j fpnk;k N~g e/ ub/ rJ/, fe;/ fg~S/ w[V e/ th Bjha d/fynk.
fJj ;[D e/ i~E/dko eow f;zx B/ ;L tvGkr f;zx dk XzBtkd ehsk. fi~s dh y[Ph ft~u j~E i'V
e/ nekb g[oy dk P[eokBk ehsk s/ fco fejk, j' ;edk j? fdbkto yK th nkgDh jko ;[D e/ T[Xo
ubk frnk j't/. ;k T[jBK fgzv tk;hnK fJe~b/ BjhA S~vDk ukjhdk.
fe~eo f;zx i~E/ ;w/s T[E/ jh j?. ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx B/ d~f;nk, w?A T[j fejk ;h fe w?A T[E/
mfjodk jK s/ s[;hA ik e/ Bkb/ ;wkuko d~;' s/ Bkb ftnkj dhnK y[PhnK ft~u Pkwb j't', go T[jB/
fi~d ehsh fe T[j mfjo/rk. fgzv tkb/ uVQdh ebk ft~u jB s/ T[jBK fgzv dk Bkw f;zxg[o o~y fbnk
j?. nk; gk; d/ fgzvK tkb/ th nkgD/ i~E/ ;~dD b~r gJ/ B/.
wfjsg[o d/ u"Xoh dk eh jkb j?< T[j fe; gk;/ ;h< iE/dko eow f;zx B/ g[~fSnk.
T[j d'jK gk;/ ;h. ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx B/ fwzN e[ nNe e/ d~f;nk, nkgD/ pzd/ T[jB/ bkj"oh
c"i Bkb G/i/ ;B s/ nkg fg~S'A n~gVB bJh efjzdk ;h go bkj"oh c"i dh wdd s/ nkg BjhA nkfJnk<
T[jB/ jh bkj"oh c"i fB~ekg[o t~b s'fonk ;h s/ T[j fgzv j~bk P/oh th d/ fojk ;h. ;kv/ fto[~X th
j? go T[jB/ bkj"oh c"i fJj BjhA d~f;nk fe fJbke/ ft~u f;zxK dk i~Ek th nk frnk J/, fJ; s'A
nkg jh nB[wkB bk bT[ fe T[j feXo ;h.
fJj jkew b'e jw/PK d[pkio/ j[zd/ B/. eow f;zx dk gqGkt ;h, T[j ubke pDd/ B/ fe ;~g
th wo ikJ/ s/ bkmh th p~u ikJ/. b'e th fto[~X Bk j'D s/ T[Zgob/ jkew th y[P ofjD.
v'bh b? e/ izR tkg; eoskog[o nk rJh. ;ko/ eoskog[o ft~u y[PhnK Bkb nB'yk w"ek pfDnk
j'fJnk ;h. xo dhnK tXkJhnK s'A ftjb/ j' e/ i~E/dko eow f;zx s/ ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih pkjobh
jt/bh t~b u~b gJ/. o;s/ ft~u ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih B/ ;[Mkn fd~sk fe e[~M fdB csfj f;zx s/ T[jdh
gsBh T[jBK d/ febQ/ ft~u G/i fd~sk ikt/, T[j tX/o/ ;[o~fyns s/ fJeKs EK j?. T[j fJ; r[ow[~y
i'Vh dh ;/tk eoBk ukj[zd/ jB. ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih dk csfj f;zx Bkb fdb'A pj[s fgnko ;h s/
T[jBK B/ T[go fd~sh g/PeP fJ;/ iIp/ nXhB eo fd~sh w? e'Jh fJsoki BjhA i~E/dko eow f;zx
B/ T[Zso fd~sk fiE/ s~e ;[o~fyns EK dk ;zpzX j? T[j sK eoskog[o ft~u ;G EktK ;B go j[D e'Jh
th BjhA. id s~e s[jkvk xo gzE s'A T~yok ;h T[d'A s~e je{ws s[jkv/ t~b j'o BIo Bkb t/ydh ;h.
go j[D je{ws dhnK BIoK ft~u s[;h~ th ;kv/ tor/ j' rJ/. fco id'A f;zxg[o dh bVkJh d/ ;wkuko
je{ws s~e gj[zu/ sK s[;hA th T[;/ soQK pkrh ;wM/ ikT[r/, j[D nkgK fJ~e' fij/ j' rJ/ jK.
jt/bh ft~u gj[zu/ sK T[ZE/ pj[s ;ko/ f;zx nkJ/ j'J/ ;B. T[ZE/ jh fJj th ;{uBk fwb rJh fe ok-
j'A B/V/ bkj"oh c"i dh d{ih N[eVh Bkb th f;zxK dh N~eo j' rJh J/ go T[E/ bkj"oh c"i dk fi~E/ ikBh
B[e;kB j' frnk J/ T[ZE/ f;zxK dk fJ~e i~Ek g{o/ dk g{ok Pjhd j' frnk J/. fijV/ f;zx okj'A d/ febQ/
s/ ekpi ;B, T[jBK v~N e/ w[ekpbk ehsk J/ go pkjo'A T[jBK ;w/A f;o wdd BjhA fwb ;eh.

24
pbku"o s'A i~Ek ;w/A f;o T[ZE/ BjhA gj[zu ;fenk. okj'A d/ febQ/ s/ w[V e/ bkj"oh c"i ekpi j' rJh J/
s/ T[jB/ fJbke/ ft~u G? dk tksktoD g?dk eo fd~sk j?.
;k j[D/ okj' t~b e{u eoBk ukjhdk J/. i~E/dko eow f;zx B/ ;koh ftfEnk ;[DB fg~S'A s[ozs
c?;bk fd~sk, w?A nkg fJ; w[fjzw s/ Bkb iktKrk. ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx th fJ; ;w/A Bkb ikD bJh
fsnko j' rJ/ go i~E/dko eow f;zx B/ T[jBK o'e fd~sk s/ ;wMkfJnk, j[D eoskog[o dh okyh
dk ezw s[;hA eoBk J/. d{ik ezw s[jkv/ ;g[od T[jh j? fe fe;/ gkf;T[A yIkBk bkj"o Bk gjz[u gkJ/
;ko/ o;fsnK s/ i~E/ bkJ/ j'J/ jB, s[;hA T[jBK Bkb ;zgoe o~yDk. jK, s[;hA fe~eo f;zx dh th ypo
;[os b?Ad/ ofjDk, Iywh P/o pVk r[~;/ ft~u jwbk eodk J/. j' ;edk J/ fe je{ws nkgDh jko s/
fyM e/ e'Jh eoVh ekotkJh eo/. ;kvk eos~t j? fe ykb;/ dh feXo/ ezv Bk b~r/. fijVh b'e bfjo
T[Zm gJh J/, fJj X~ek Bk b~r/. ;kvk jo edw jo ekotkJh s/ jo ;'uDh b'eK dh fiZs tkbh j'Dh
ukjhdh J/.
w?A th s[jkv/ Bkb iktKrk. csfj f;zx B/ jt/bh ft~u gj[zu e/ ;koh r~b ;[DB fg~S'A nkfynk,
w?A okj'A d/ febQ/ dk w[V e/ epik btKrk. BjhA s{z BjhA ik ;edk. i~E/dko eow f;zx B/ M~N
nkfynk, s{z ni/ eoskog[o jh mfjo s/ ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx Bkb ;fj:'r eo. s[;hA d't/A fw~so j' e/
s[;hA n~r/ fJe~fmnK jh ubDk J/. fJj pV/ Bkw f;woB tkb/ wB[~y B/, s{z fJjBK s'A nkswe frnkB
dhnK r~bK f;~yDhnK jB. fJjBK s/o/ s'A f;~y otkfJsK d/ :[~X d/ T[j g?AsV/ ikDB/ jB i' s{z itkB j'D
s~e xo ft~u d/ydk, ;[Ddk s/ rqfjD eodk fojk J/.
fJ; r~bpks dk f;bf;bk fJE/ jh ysw j' frnk s/ nrb/ ekoi dh s[ozs fsnkoh P[o{ j' rJh.
;odko eow f;zx B/ nk;gk; d/ f;zxK fJe~m/ eo fbnk s/ fdB v[~pD fgS'A oks jh iE/ B/
nodk; eoe/ ukb/ gk fd~s/. ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx s/ csfj f;zx ih i~E/ S~vD bJh d{o s~e Bro s'A
pkjo nkJ/ s/ tkg;h s/ ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx B/ T[j g/PeP w[V d[jokJh fe T[j febQ/ ft~u nk ikD s/
fJ~E/ jh e[M ;wK ofjD, go csfj f;zx Bk wzfBnk. T[jB/ ;kc fejk fe T[j xo oj/rk, gsk BjhA
fe; t/b/ s/ fejV/ gkf;T[A ;~dk nk ikJ/. i/ b'V gJh sK w?A ;[B/jk G/i e/ s[jk p[bk btKrk iK nkg
nk iktKrk.
i~E/dko eow f;zx ih okj'a dh bVkJh s'A ftjb/ j'e/ eoskog[o nk rJ/ ;B. d' e[ jcs/ bzx/ ;B
fe fJ~e fdB ;t/o/^;t/o/ ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih nk rJ/ s/ T[jBK d~f;nk fe eoskog[o s/ fdbkto yK
dk t~vk jwbk j'D tkbk j?. fJ; bJh i'o P'o Bkb fsnkoh j' ojh J/. fJ; bJh ;k th f;~y fJ~em/
eoB/ ukjhd/ jB. T[jBK gfjbK csfj f;zx Bkb r~b ehsh s/ fco i~E/dko eow f;zx d~f;nk.
T[jBK s[ozs nk;/^gk;/ d/ f;zxK d/ fNekfDnK s/ x'V ;tko G/i fd~s/ sK fe t~X s'A t~X f;zx eoskog[o
gjz[u ikD. edh th nfijh ;fEsh ft~u fBokP Bk j'D tkbh dhg' th n~i e[~M wk:{; j' rJh. T[j
ukjz[dh ;h fe p~uk j'D s~e ;[zdoK PKsh ft~u ;wK e~N bJ/. T[j nkgD/ wB ft~u vo wfj;{; j'fJnk
fe i' ;[zdoK B/ fuzsk ehsh, T[j j"b fgnk sK fJjBK fdBK ft~u e'Jh nDj'Dh j' ;edh J/. p~uk s/
i~uk dh ikB ysok j' ;edk j?. T[jB/ nkgD/ gsh nkgD/ wB dh r~b d~;h s/ T[jBK ;bkj fd~sh
fe fJj nkBzdg[o G/i fdT[ iK e[~M fdBK bJh ;[GkBg[o G/i fdT[. w[V jkbks mhe j'D s/ tkg; b?
nktKr/.
cfsj f;zx nkgD/ pkg{ Bkb sK fJ; w;b/ s/ r~b BjhA ;h eo ;edk T[jB/ ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx
Bkb r~b ehsh sK T[jBK ;bkj fd~sh fe ;ko/ gfotko fe~bQ/ ft~u G/i fdT[. T[ZE/ ;[o~fyns ofjDr/.
csfj f;zx B/ nkfynk, i/ sK d[PwD n;hA eoskog[o d/ pkjo jh Gik fbnk sK fJj xo tkbh
EK th ;[o~fyns j? go i/eo t?oh ;kvhnK bkrK s'A bzx e/ Bro d/ nzdo nk tfVnk sK T[jdk ;G s'A
gfjbk fBPkBk r[od[nkok Ezw ;kfjp j't/rk s/ fco T[j febQ/ s/ ekpI j'J/rk.
25
 n;hA fJ; soQK feT[A ;'ud/ jK, ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx dh okJ/ ;h, ykb;/ dh fJ; ;w/A uVQs j?.
i/ n;hA bkj"o d/ Ieohnk ykB ;~s ;kbK s'A b'j/ d/ uD/ upk ;ed/ jK sK fJj fdbkto ykB e"D
j[zdk j?. i/ w[rb ;oeko dhnK r'vhnK br rJhnK sK fJj gfjbK G~i e/ ;kv/ Bkb ;[bkj eoB dk
:sB eoBr/.
d't/A fJ; ;w/A fg~S'A ;kok fj;kp feskp eoB b~r gJ/ fe d[PwD dh fesBh skes j' ;edh j? s/
;k T[jd/ Nkeo/ bJh fesB/ f;zx ukjhd/ jB.
(9)
fdbkto ykB B/ u'yh c"i fJ~emh eo bJh ;h s/ T[j ;'udk ;h fe i/eo eoskog[o dh fJ~N Bkb
fJ~N tik bJ/ sK T[jdhnK fgSbhnK jkoK s/ th godk g? ikJ/rk. T[jdh fJ; Bh:s dk eoskog[o th
gsk b~r u[~fenk ;h. ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx s/ csfj f;zx fdbkto ykB d/ Nkeo/ bJh fsnkoh eoB br
gJ/. i~E/dko eow f;zx B/ T[jBK ;wMk fd~sk fe ;{oK s/ B{;h fgzvK d/ e'b dk izrb tXhnk fNekDk
j?. d[PwD T[E/ s[jkvh skes dk nzdkIk BjhA br ;e/rk s/ s[;hA ;G e[M d/y ;ed/ j'. o[yK d/ M[zv
nfij/ B/, T[jBK ftueko bzxdk okj s/ c"ih fszB gkf;T[A x/o/ ik ;ed/ jB. i/eo y~p/^;~i/ d/ i~E/
T[jBK s/ fJ~e' t/b/ jwbk eo e/ fgSbk gk;k x/o b?D sK je{ws dhnK c'iK fgS'A nkT[Adh wdd
o[e ;edh J/, fJXo'A fgS'A s[jk n;bk, pko{d s/ ykD ghD dhnk t;sK gj[zukD dk ezw ;kv/ ;g[od
oj/rk. T[AR fJj th ;wM bT[ fe Pkjh c"iK d' fdB th G[~y BjhA eN ;edhnK id fe f;zxK
eJh^eJh fdB eVke/ e~ND dh nkds j' rJh J/.
ibzXo s'A c"iK d/ s[oB dh ;{jhnK B/ gfjbK ypo fd~sh s/ fco ;{uBk nk rJh fe eoskog[o t~b
nkT[D dh EK c"iK ;[bskBg[o d/ okj/ g? rJhnK jB. fco ykb;/ d/ fJ~e ;{jhJ/ nbh j?do B/ nk e/
d~f;n fe fdbkto yK bkj"o s'A jdkfJs nkJh j? fe T[j eoskog[o s/ jwbk Bk eo/ s/ s[ozs
nkgDh c"i b? e/ bkj"o nk ikJ/. i~E/dko eow f;zx th ykb;/ d/ fJjBK ;kEhnK gk; gj[zu rJ/.
c?;bk j'fJnk fe fJ~e i~Ek fJ; w'ou/ s/ p?mk oj/ s/ fJ~e i~Ek tkg; eoskog[o ubk ikJ/. w?A J/ZE/
jh nyho s~e fNeKrk ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih B/ ;[Mkn g/P ehs csfj f;zx eoskog[o G/i fd~sk
ikJ/ c/o ;'Yh ih B/ fBzwh fijh jk;h j~;fdnK Xhwh ;[o ft~u nkfynk, GoikJh y[P j? ikJ/rh,
fJjBK fdBK ft~u T[j y[P o~yDk ;kvh ;G dh i[zw/tkoh j?. nyho c?;bk j' frnk fe d't/A fJE/ jh
ofjDr/.
(10)
f;zxK Bkb Ieohnk yK dk i' fe T[; ;w/A bkj"o dk jkew ;h, brksko :[~X ubdk ofjzdk ;h ns/
f;zxZk t~b'A T[; ikD tkb/ yIkB/ ne;o b[~N bJ/ iKd/ ;B. T[; B/ fJjBK jkbsK s'A szr nk e/
fdbkto yK d[nkp/ dk ioB?b fB:[es ehsk sK f;zxK B/ fJj ypo ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih gk;
gjz[ukJh sK T[jBK B/ fejk, i/ n;hA Ieohnk yK ;~s ;kb s'A b'j/ d/ uD/ uptk ;ed/ jK sK fJj
fdbkto yK e'D j[zdk j?. i/ w[rb ;oeko dhnK r'YhnK br rJhnK sK fJj gfjbK G~i e/ ;kv/ Bkb
;[bkj eoB dk :sB eoBr/. Ieohnk ykB ykb;/ dh nkofEe Bkek pzdh s'A szr nk e/ nyho ;[bkj
tb s[o fgnk s/ ;odko ;/te f;zx G/i e/ T[jB/ ykb;/ Bkb 1733 ft~u fJ~e ;zXh eo bJh fi;
okjhA ykb;/ d/ w[~y i~E/dko ;odko eg{o f;zx Btkph dh gdth fd~sh rJh. Mpkb d/ fJbke/ ft~u
fJ~e t~vh ikrho ykb;/ d/ Bkw brkJh rJh s/ bkj"o dh je{ws t~b'A fJj tuB fd~sk frnk fe ykb;k
nkgD/ r[o n;EkBK dh ;/tk ;zGkb s/ y[~bQ/ doPB dhdko/ bJh ;[szso j'J/rk.
i~E/dko eow f;zx B/ nzfwqs;o dh fJ; ;zXh ;w/A gzEe fJ~em s'A w[VfdnK ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih
s/ cfsj f;zx fJj ezw ;"Ag fd~sk fe T[j ;ko/ fJbke/ ft~u r[o{ n;EkBK dh ;{uh fsnko eoB. c/o
26
fJjBK r[o n;EkBK dh ;/tk ;zGkb s/ T[;koh d/ ekoiK bJh t~y' t~y i~fEnK ;/tk ;zGkb s/ T[;koh
d/ ekoiK bJh t~y' t~y i~fEnK ;/tk ;"AgD dh ftT[As pDkJh rJh. d[nkp/ d/ fJ;/ gzEe fJe~m ft~u
;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih p/Bsh ehsh rJh fe s[;hA eoskog[o d/ r[o n;EkBK dh ;zGkb eoBh J/. Ezw
;kfjp s'A fpBK Bro ft~u j'o th eJh fJfsjk;e n;EkB jB fijBK dh fBPkB d/jh Io{oh j?. r[o{
s/r pjkdo ih dk ftnkj fJE/ j'fJnk ;h T[; ;EkB s/ :kdro pDBh ukjhdh j?. i~E/dko eow f;zx
B/ ;kfonK ;wMkfJnk fe fiE/ th r[o{ ;kfjpkB d/ uoB gJ/ B/ iK T[jBK dh fBPkBh ekfJw j? T[;
;G s'A gfjbK ;zGkb'. fJj fJfsjjk;e t;sK nkT[AfdnK B;bK bJh T[sPkj s/ gq/w Gkt irkT[D
ft~u ;jkfJe j'DrhnK.
fJe ;kb phs frnk. nwB PKsh d/ fdBK ft~u f;zxK B/ nkgDh i~E/pzdh jo g~y s'A wIp{s eo
fbnk go fco ypo nkJh fe bkj"o dh je{ws fJj t/y e/ nwB PKsh d/ fdBK ft~u f;~y nkg; ft~u
bV/ BjhA s/ Bk jh XB ikrho dh tzv s/ e'Jh c[~N gJh J/. fJ; bJh je{ws B/ ;kb gfjbK ehsh ;zXh
ysw eo e/ f;zxK s/ Bt/A f;foT[A jwb/ eoB/ s/ u[D^u[D e/ Pjhd eoBk P[o{ eo fd~sk j?. Btkp eg{o
f;zx ih B/ wkM/, wkbt/ s/ d[nkp/ d/ i~fEnK d/ w[~yhnK dh r'fJzdtkb B/V/ dwdwk ;kfjp ft~u fJe~sosk
p[bkJh, ;koh jkbs s/ rzGho ftuko j'fJnk, fIzdrh w"s dh w[V bVkJh P[o{ j'D pko/ id Btkp eg{o
f;zx B/ n?bkB ehsk sK fJeZsosk ft~u Pkfwb ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx B/ nkfynk, fJ~e tko w[V f;o
ikJ/ sK ikJ/ w/ok f;~yh f;de Bk ikJ/.
fJ~E/ jh ;{uBk fwbh fe nzfwqs;o s/ bkj"o dh c"i dk jwbk j' frnk. fJ; bJh dwdwk ;kfjp
ft~u i[V/ ;G i~E/dkoK B/ s[ozs nzfwqs;o t~b ikD dk c?;bk eo fbnk. i~E/dko eow f;zx nzfwqs;o
ub/ rJ/ s/ ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih eoskog[o G/fink sK fe T[j s/ csfj f;zx d[nkp/ ft~u g{oh
soQK ;[u/s ofjD ns/ c"idko ibzXo dhnK ;orowhnK s/ fBrokBh o~yD. nkBzdg[o ns/ ;G EktK s/
fsnkoh bJh ;[B/j/ G/i d/D. ;zxoP Bt/A d"o ft~u dkyb j' fojk J/ s/ i~fEnK ft~u j'o ;{opho th
Pkwb eoB bJh :sB eo d/D. fJ; soQK d[nkp/ ft~u f;~y ;zxoP dh ewkB ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx s/
i~E/dko csfj f;zx d'jK d/ ;g[od j' rJh. d't/A T[; t//b/ nkgDh Go itkBh d/ u'tht/A toQ/ ft~u ;B.
soB skoB s/ yv{o ;kfjp ft~u th f;~y i~E/ ;B. T[BQK th Bkb b? fbnk. soB skoB s'A
;{jhJ/ nrT[A G/i fd~s/ sKfe T[j ;fEsh dh ;jh ikDekoh fbnk e/ d/D. Btkp eg{o f;zx ih B/ |?;bk
ehsk fe je{ws dh |"i *s/ fJj jwbk fdB v[~pd/ ;ko ehsk ikJ/ s/ nzfwqs;o Pfjo s'A d' whb go/
jN e/ uko u[|/o/ i~E/ fybko fd~s/ ikD. i~fEnK ftueko ft~E fJsBh e[ oyh ikJ/ fe id i?ekok r{zi/
sK uko u[c/o/ i?eko/ dh r{zi ;[DkJh d/t/. w[}b |"i xpok ikJ/ s/ T[j fJj th gsk Bk br/ fe f;zxK
dh frDsh fesBh e[ J/.
fJ; soQK xw;kB dk :[~X P[o{ j' frnk. Pfjo nzdo f;zx th gsk b~r frnk fe \kb;k |"i
gjz[u rJh J/. T[jBK d/ j"A;b/ tX rJ/. w[}b |"i B/ pkjob/ jwb/ tX/o/ \soBke ;wM e/
nkgDhnK s'gK s/ pzd{eK d/ w{zj pkjob/ jwb/ tb eo fd~s/. fJ; fg~S'A c"iK dh ft~E xNdh rJh s/ j~E'A
jEh bVkJh P[o{ j' rJh. fJ; bVkJh ft~u nkgD/ i~E/ dh nrtkJh eofdnK i~E/ dko eow f;zx ;\s
Iywh j' rJ/. ;koh oks T[j Iywh gJ/ oj/ s/ ;t/o/ c~N^pzBQK d/ gjz[uD s~e T[jdk G"o ;oho Sv e/
T[vkoh wko frnk. Btkp eg{o f;x gsk brk sK T[jBk i~E/dko eow f;zx dh d/j nodk;
eoe/ eoskog[o G/iD dk gqpzX eo fd~sk.
(11)
nzfwqs;o s/ j'J/ w[}bJh c"i d/ jwb/ ft~u i~E/dko eow f;zx Pjhd j' rJ/. ;ko/ d[nkp/ ft~u
fJj ypo n~r tKr c?b rJh. T[jBK dk fwqse ;oho f;zxK B/ pV/ ;fseko Bkb eoskog[o b? nKdk.
;ko/ d[nkp/ ft~u fjzd{, f;~y s/ w[;bwkB t~vh frDsh ft~u eoskog[o s[o gJ/. ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx s/
27
i~E/dko csfj f;zx nc;'; eoB nkfJnK Xhoi fdzd/. ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih B/ eJh wodK s/
n"osK b? nKdk. fJj eh r~b, ni/ i~E/dko ih dk ;z;eko th BjhA j'fJnk s/ s[;hA o'NhnK
gekT[DhnK s/ ykDhnK P[o{ eo fd~shnk B/, fdnkbg[o s'A nkJ/ Pkw{ Pkj d/ GshfinK B/ o'; gqrN
ehsk, ;kv/ sK ;z;eko j'D s~e u[bQ/ n~r BjhA pbd/. fco ;z;eko fg~S'A o'Nh e[VwK dh j[zdh J/.
n;hA T[j o'Nh fsnko eoKr/. n;hA fgzv efj e/ nkJ/ jK, id'A ;[B/jk G/iKr/, ;G e[M T[E'A nkJ/rk iK
n;hA fJ~E/ gqpzX eoKr/. s[;hA fJj uzrk BjhA ehsk.
f;~yK ft~u nfijk e'Jh M{mk tfjw BjhA fe u[bQ/ n~r BjhA pkbDh, ;L tvGkr f;zx B/ fejk,
o'Nh th ed/ S[~Ndh J/< T[AM sK fgzv iK Bro ft~u efjD fe;/ d{i/ d/ xo th u[bQk BjhA Gydk, go
eh ;ko/ b[e^fSg e/ p~funK bJh ykDk fsnko BjhA eod/ s/ fJ; pjkB/ nkg BjhA yKd/. Bkb/ fJ;
soQK G[~y/ ofjD Bkb s[o rJ/ B/ tkg; BjhA nkT[Dk. fJT[A eJh dbhbK d/ e/ T[jBK B/ nkgDh ekot-
kJh mhe ;kps eo fd~sk. Pjhd eow f;zx dh noEh gfjbK xo fbnKdh rJh s/ fco pkjobh
jt/bh ft~u b'eK d/ doPBK bJh o~yh rJh g{oB r[o^wfonkdK nB[;ko ;oho dk ;z;eko ehsk frnk.
pkjo'A nkJ/ jIkoK b'eK bJh bzro gkDh dk gqpzX ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih B/ ehsk.
fco gkm d/ G'r s/ nzfsw nodk; s'A pknd d[nkp/ d/ ;ko/ i~E/dkoK dh fJe~sodk j'Jh. fi;
ft~u T[u/u/ s"o s/ Pkwb j'D bJh Btkp eg{o f;zx ih th gj[zu/. ;kp' dh sbtzvh s'A pkpk dhg f;zx
ih th nkJ/. T[j nkw s"o s/ ;kp' eh sbtzvh dwdwk ;kfjp s'A x~N jh feXo/ pkjo iKd/ ;B. T[E/
r[owfs dh Ne;kb ft~u gVQ oj/ ftfdnkoEhnK s'A T[jBK x~N jh ftjbk ;wk fwbdk ;h. r[o{
r'fpzd f;zx ih d~yD t~b iKd/ j'J/ i' ;/tk ;"Ag rJ/ ;B, T[; T[j fBGkT[Dk jh nkgDk w[~y coI
;wMd/ ;B. pkpk dhg f;zx ih Bkb i~E/dko eow f;zx dh T[jBK fdBK dh ;KM s/ B/Vsk ;h, id'A T[j
ebrhXo gkfsPkj gk; ;kp' eh sbtzvh nkJ/ ;B s/ nzfwqs dh dks gqkgs eo e/ f;zx ;~i/ ;B. fg~S'A
th eJh tko i~E/dko eow f;zx ;bkj wPto/ bJh s/ nrbh :'iBk bJh r~bpks eoB nkT[Ad/ oj/
;B. nzfsw nodk; fg~S'A i~E/dko eow f;zx dh EK d[nkp/ dk w[~y i~E/dko EkgD pko/ ftukoK j'D br
gJhnK. e[M i~E/dkoK B/ i~E/dko csfj f;zx w[~y i~E/dko pDkT[D dh r~b ehsh. csfj f;zx jo
fe;/ fJj jh ;[Mkn d/ fojk ;h fe d[nkp/ dk i~E/dko ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih pDkfJnk ikJ/. ;'Yh
tvGkr f;zx d/ r[DK s/ ftdtsk dh csfj f;zx uouk eodk fe f;woB ft~u T[j ;G s'A nr/o/ jB.
;L tvGkr f;zx d/ r[DK s/ ftdtsk dh csfj f;zx uouk eodk s/ efjzdk fe T[j pV/ GiBhe jB.
Bkw pkDh s/ f;woB ft~u T[jd/ Bkb'A nr/o/ jB. jo ;zeN ft~u T[jBK ;kvk ;kEk fd~sk j?. go (n~r'A
eJh i~E/dko fJsokI eod/ fe fJj T[; Xhowb dh ;zskB jB fi; B/ r[o{ s/r pjkdo T[s/ pkp/ pekb/
jwbk ehsk ;h. fJjh gfotko j? fi; B/ ebrhXo gksPkj Bz{ nkfd phV d/D s'A fJBeko ehsk ;h s/
r[o{ wjkoki w[V dwdw/ ;kfjp p?m e/ BthA phV fsnko eotkT[Dh gJh ;h.
fJjd/ ft~u ;L tvGkr f;zx dk eh d'P j?< csfj f;zx jo fe;/ n~r/ fJ; soQK dk gqPB
eodk, fJBQK d/ t~v/ tv/fonK d/ fe;/ th eow dh ;Ik fJBQK feT[A< fJj sK nzfwqs Se ebrhXo
gkfsPkj d/ \kb;/ ft~u Pkwb j' rJ/ ;B. fJBQK B/ fgSb/ eJh ;kbK ft~u t~vh e[opkBh ehsh j?. ;kv/
;zxoP ft~u ;kE fd~sk j?. uzr/ nkr{ ;kps j'J/ jB, w?A fJjBK dh nrtkJh j/m ;/tk eoBh ukj[zdk
jK. fJjBK d'tK BktK dk uouk j'D fg~S'A nyho Btkp eg{o f;zx fJ; wkwb/ ft~u dyb d/D
fgnk, T[jBK B/ csfj f;zx s/ tvGkr f;zx t~yfonK fJe ewo/ ft~u fbik e/ ;wMkfJnk fe s[;hA
d't/A nkg; ft~u c?;bk eo bT[, go T[j id d't/A nkgDh nkgDh okJ/ s/ nV/ oj/ sK nyho T[BQK B/
wkwbk Btkp eg{o f;zx s/ S~v fd~sk sK Btkp eg{o f;zx B/ fco d{i/ i~E/dkoK Bkb ;bkj eoe/ gzEe
fJe~m ft~u r[owsk eo fd~sk fe ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx d[nkp/ ft~u f;zx ;zxoP d/ ;ogq;s s/ ;odko
csfj f;zx i~E/pzdh d/ i~E/dko j'Dr/*. frnkBh GiB f;zx n;hA d{D ;tkJ/ j'J/. fJj d't/A fwb e/

28
c?;bk eoB fe fJ~e dk w[~y e/Ado nkBzdg[o j't/ s/ d{i/ dk eoskog[o j' t/. d'tK B/ gzEe c?;bk gqtkB
eo fbnk pj[sh y[Ph fJj r~b dh ;h fe Xhowb dk \kBdkB w[V e/ gzE dh w[~y Xkok ft~u nk frnk.
;'Yh tvGkr f;zx s/ csfj f;zx B/ fwb e/ c?;bk ehsk fe jo wjhB/ ft~u fJ~e tkoh f;zx K d/
;ko/ i~fEnK dh fJe~sosk j'fJnk eo/ s/ jo tko EK pdb bJh ikJ/. fJ; soQK ed/ gbkjh, ed/
fpbr/, ed/ fYbtK s/ c/o pzrk, wfjbg[o s/ nkBzdg[o ft~u fJe~sosk ehsh rJh. fJ; soQK ;ko/
d[nkp/ ft~u f;zxK nzdo BtK T[sPkj s/ uVQdh ebk nk rJh. nkBzdg[o ft~u w[V e/ o'DeK j'D br
gJhnK s/ T[j c/o fJe tko rVQ pD frnk.
w[}b je{ws t~b'A rPsh d;s/ ;G gk;/ s'o/ rJ/ sKfe fgzvK s'A u[D^u[D e/ f;zxK ysw ehsk
ikJ/ s/ fijV/ xo pko S~v e/ u~eotosh j' rJ/ jB T[jBK d/ gfotkoK cV fbnk ikJ/. fJ; s/
Btkp eg{o f;zx B/ ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih ;B/jk G/fink fe wkM/ ft~u fiBQK f;~y gfotkoK dk ofjDk
efmB eo fd~sk frnk j? T[jBK dfonk fpnk; gko eotk oj/ jK. e[M gfotkoK wkbt/ tb G/iD
ik gqpzX eo fdT[ s/ e[M gjkVK tb ;[o~fyns EktK s/ gj[zukD dh ;/tk eo'. nfsnkukoK dk
fPeko j' oj/ f;~y gfotkoK d/ ;[o~fyns w[V t;/p/ bJh ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx B/ gqpzX eoBk P[o{ eo
fd~sk. gfjbK nkBzdg[o ;kfjp s/ ehosg[o ft~u fJjBK gfotkoK fNekfDnK s/ j"bh^j"bh n~r/
T[jBK gjkVh y/soK ft~u fNekD/ pDkT[D/ P[o{ eo fd~s/.fiBQK ft~u S'N/^S'N/ fjzd{ oitkfVnK dk oki
;h. fJj fNekD/ b~GD/ pVk t~vk ezw ;h. fJ~e sK ;[o~fynsk dh fdqPNh s'A EK dh u'D eoBh ;h, d{ik
fJj d/yDk j[zdk ;h fe B/V/ gkDh dk gqpzX j't/. gjkVK ft~u e[M EktK s/ jh gkDh d/ uPw/, u'n s/
BdhnK Bkb/ j[zd/ jB.
nkBzdg[o ofjzdhnK pkpk tvGkr f;zx ih B/ ;t/o/, Pkw dhtkB ;ikD/, eEk ehosB s/ r[owfs dh
ftnkfynk eoBh. r[opkDh dh wj~ssk ;wMkDh c/o gjkVh tb d{o d[okv/ ub/ ikDk. fJ~e sK
ehosg[o s'A fpbk;g[o tkb/ gk;/ eJh fdB iKd/ oj/ s/ c/o T{B/ s'A j[fPnkog[o t~b ikD b~r gJ/.
T[jBk Bkb jo t/b/ f;zxK dk fJe i~Ek ofjzdk. pkeh e/ nkgD/ i~E/ d/ f;zxK EK^EK ;/tk s/ f;woB
d/ ekoi ft~u bk fd~sk. fJsB/ t~X o[M/ftnK d/ pkti{d ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih fco th ;wK e~Y b?Ad/ s/
fJeKs ft~u Bkw f;woB Bkb nkgD/ nkswe pb j'o pbtkB eod/. fJj Bkw f;woB d/ cb;o{g
T[jBK dh nkswk gow^nkswk Bkb fJ~e ;[o j' rJh. b'e j?okB ;B fe fJ~e/ gk;/ fJj gow frnkBh
Bkw f;woB ft~u fe; j~d s~e n~r/ tX u[~fenk j? d{i/ gk;/ b'e ;/tk s/ d[yh dodhnK dh ;jkfJsk
bJh th jo t/b/ ss~go j?. shi/ gk;/ fJj g{oB ;zs f;gkjh j?, i' b'V g?D s/ iK pDh GhV ;w/A yzvk
yVekT[D s/ P;so ft~fdnk d/ uwseko fdykT[D ft~u th fe;/ s'A fg~S/ BjhA.
;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih eoskog[o ft~u mfjo/ j'J/ ;B. id'A fJe fdB soekbK t/b/ d' pzfdnK B/
nke/ d~f;nk fe w[}b c"i dh fJe N[eVh wkbt/ t~b'A okj s'A dfonk gko eoe/ d[nkp/ ft~u s'A bzxdh
bkj"o ik ojh J/ s/ T[; c"ih N[eVh B/ fi~E/ o;s/ ft~u b'eK s'A nzB^dkDk Ipod;sh y'j fbnk J/,
wk; ykD bJH nB/eK gP{ wkod/ ik oj/ jB, T[ZE/ ;G s'A wkVh r~b fJj j? fe fgzvK ft~u B"itkB fjzd{
bVehnK ipoh u[~e e/ pzdh pDkJhnK ik ojhnK jB. T[BQK Bkb d[o^ftjko ehsk ik fojk J/. fJj
;{uBk d/D tkfbnK B/ d~f;nk fe T[jBK nkg w[fNnkoK dhnK uheK ;[DhnK B/ s/ je{ws d/ f;gkjhnK
T[jBK d/ e~gV/ ckVB dh wkVh jksb n~yhA t/yh J/. ;'Yh tvGkr f;xz ih B/ fJj ;wkuko ;[DfdnK
s[ozs nkgD/ ;kEhnK P;so ;zGkbD s/ T[jBK ikpo c"ihnK ehs/ dh ;Ik d/D dk c?;bk eo
fd~sk. fe;/ B/ e'b'A nkfynk, bzro fsnko j?, s[;hA bzro Se bT[ i~Ek th G'iB yk bt/ c/o ub/
u~bDr/. ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih B/ pVh roithA s/ fdqVsk Goh ntkI ft~u nkfynk, fJj BjhA j'
;edk gfjbK n;hA T[jBK XhnK, G?Dk IotkfDnK s'A S[vktKr/ s/ id se T[jBK IkbwK ehs/ dh
;Ik BjhA d/ b?Ad/ n;hA nzB^gkB BjhA eoKr/.

29
 c"ihnK dk fNekDk ;[bskBg[o tkb/ okj s/ t/JhA d/ ezY/ s/ ;h. f;zxK dk i~Ek T[X~o ub fgnk.
i' ;{jhJ/ fsnkoh eofdnK e[~M ;wK gfjbK G/i/ ;B T[jBK nk e/ d~f;nk fe c"ih N[eVh ft~u d' ;" e/
b~rGr i[nkB jB. j[D fJj t/b/ PokpK ghshnK ik ojhnK jB s/ e[VhnK wIp{o ehsk ik fojk j?
fe T[jBK ;kjwD/ Bku eoB. BP/ ft~u c"ih j'o th eJh soQK dhnK S/VykBhnK eo oj/ jB.
;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih dh nrtkJh j/m I'odko jwbk ehsk frnk. e[M c"ih wko/ rJ/ s/ e[M B~;
rJ/. T[jBK ;zGbD s/ jfEnko u[~eD dk w"ek jh Bk fwfbnk. f;zxK B/ ;kohnK w[fNnkoK nIkd
eotk bJhnK s/ eoskog[o fbnk e/ T[jBK d{i/ fdB T[jBK d/ nkg' nkgD/ xohA gjz[ukD dk gqpzX
eo fd~sk frnk.
(12)
;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih fJe S'Nh G?D phph GkBh ;h. fi; dk iBw tvGkr f;zx ih s'A T[ZBh ;kb
fg~S'A j'fJnk. gfotko ft~u fJ; p~uh d/ iBw s/ pj[s y[Ph wBkJh rJh. tkfjr[o{ d/ P[eokB/ s/ gkm
oykJ/ rJ/. xo d/ ftjV/ ft~u id'A t~fvnK pzfdnK s/ p~funK ftueko e'Jh S'Nk p~uk nkT[Adk j? sK
fJ~e nB'yh jh o"De dk tksktoD pD iKdk j?. ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih j'o fe;/ Bkb fJsBk ;B/j
j't/ iK Bk j't/ go T[j nkgDh S'Nh G?D phph GkBh pj[s jh fgnko eod/. fe~Xo/ pkjo ikD b~rd/
sK fJ; G?D T[u/uk fwb e/ iKd/ s/ id'A pkjo'A nkT[Ad/ sK th gfjbK g[~Sd/ fe GkBh fe~E/ j?. phph
GkBh dk th tho Bk nEkj fgnko ;h. fJ; d/ th eJh ekoB ;B, fJ~e sK gfotko ft~u fJj d't/A G?D
Gok ;B s/ d{ih d'jK dh o[uh Xow tb s/ Bkw f;woB tb ;h. fit/A ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih ;t/o/^Pkw
Bkw f;woB ft~u i[Vd/ fJ;/ soQK phph GkBh th gqG{ Grsh dk jh jo t/b/ fXnkB o~ydh. e[VhnK
nkw eoe/ r[~vhnK gN'fbnK Bkb y/vDk uzrk brdk J/ go phph GkBh Xkofwe ihtB, ;kyhnK ;[DB
dh brB ;h.
id'A T[j d; ;kb dh j' rJh sK gsk BjhA T[jd/ nzdo'A fJj iIpk ikfrnk sK gfotko dhnK
n"osK s'A T[jB/ fJj r~b cV bJh fe T[jdk t~vk tho ftnkj feT[A BjhA eotkT[Adk. fJj r~b d/ fg~S/
jh g? rJh s/ id'A th ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih xo nkT[Ad/ s/ ;ko/ fJe~m/ j[zd/ sK phph GkBh e'b nk
p?mdh, fgnko Bkb fw~mhnK^fw~mhnK r~bK eodh s/ c/o Io{o fJj gqPB eo fdzdh fe T[j ftnkj
feT[A BjhA eotkT[Ad/. ed/ T[j efjzdh, GoikJh ed'A fbnkT[Ar/, ;kv/ xo ed'A o"DeK b~rDrhnK, ed'A
tki/ t~iDr/< Gkt/A gfotko d/ j'o b'e th ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih Bkb ed/^ed/ T[jBK d/ ftnkj dh
r~b S/V b?Ad/ go T[jBK dh Py;hns s/ o[jkBh gqGkt ;kjwD/ I'o Bkb j'o e'Jh r~b Bk eo ;edk.
fJ; bJh T[j S'Nh G??D GkBh jh fJ; ezw bJh n~r/ j' e/ r~b eoB bJh g/qod/ ofjzd/. nyho phph
GkBh B/ fJ~e fdb i~E/dko csfj f;zx nkfynk, s[;hA sK ftnkj eotk fbnk J/ j[D tho ih dk
ftnkj th eotkT[. s[;hA I'o feT[A BjhA d/Ad/. fe;/ t/b/ fe;/ dh nkyh j'Jh r~b fdb s/ v{zxK n;o
eo iKdh J/. i~E/dko csfj f;zx B/ th I'o d/ e/ nkfynk, GkBh mhe efjzdh J/, s[jk ftnkj eotk
b?Dk ukjhdk j?. nyho T[j ;wK nk frnk s/ fJjBK d/ ;z:'r y[~b rJ/. izfvnkb/ d/ ofjD tkb/
BokfJD dk; dh ;g[~soh okXk ih dk foPsk nk frnk s/ ftu'fbnK B/ fJ; ;z:'r bJh nfijhnK
gqGktPkbh r~bK ehshnK fe fJj foPsk gqtkB eo fbnk frnk. ;'Yh tvGkr f;xz ih B/ fJ~e Pos
bkJh fe fJj ftnkj g{oB r[o wfonkdk nB[;ko j'Dk ukjhdk j?. w?A Btkp eg{o f;zx ih dh
nrtkJh j/m gzi fgnkohnK s'A nzfwqs dh dks gqkgs eo u[fenk jK. fJ; bJh w/oh gsBh pDB
tkbh bVeh th nzfwqs gkB eo b?Dk ukjhdk j?. BokfJD dk; dk gfotko ;fji Xkoh f;~y gfotko
;h. fJ; bJh T[jBK r[o wfonkdk nB[;ko nBzd ekoi eoB dk Go';k fd~sk. izR izfvnkb/ rJh s/
fpBK fe;/ Y'b Yw~e/ s/ pkjo^w[~yh fdykt/ d/ fJj ftnkj j' frnk.

30
 ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih dk ftnkj j'fJnk ni/ e[M fdB jh phs/ ;B fe fJj ;wkuko nk frnk fe
Bkdo Pkj pj[s t~vh c"ih Pesh Bkb s{ckB tKr{ uVQ e/ ekpb ezXko t~b'A gzikp nk frnk j? s/ pVh
s/Ih Bkb fpBK o'e N'e d/ T[j n~r/ t~X fojk j?. gzikp d/ w[}b s/ gmkD jkewK T[jdk fe~Xo/ Nkeok
Bk ehsk. fJ;/ bJh T[j e~[M fdBK ft~u jh fd~bh ik gj[zfunk s/ T[E/ id'A T[; dh c"i d/ e[~M itkBK
Bkb fd~bh ft~u e'Jh nD;[ykthA xNBk tkgoh sK T[jB/ r[~;/ ft~u nk e/ nkgDh sbtko fwnkB ft~u'A
e~Y bJh ns/ c"i fd~bh tk;hnK d/ esb/nkw dk j[ew d/ fd~sk. b~y s'A T[go b'e fd~bh ft~u esb
eo fd~s/ rJ/ s/ c/o T[jB/ fd~bh dk w[}b yIkBk P;so s/ T{m, x'V/, XzB s/ j'o ehwsh ;wkB Bkb
b~d bJ/ s/ jIkoK w[fNnkoK pzdh pDk fbnk.
fco ypo nkJh fe Bkdo Pkj fd~bh d/ sys d/ epIk eo e/ fJ~E/ ofjD tkbk BjhA T[j S/sh
tkg; nkgD/ d/P ik fojk j?. f;zxK d/ i~E/ fJ; t/b/ gzikp ft~u nkg' nkgD/ fJbkfenK ft~u nkgDk
;?fBe ;zrmB seVk eo oj/ ;B. T[jBK gsk ;h fe fJE/ ofjzd/ w[}b s/ gmkD ;EkBe jkew
fBok;sk s/ Yfjzdh ebk ft~u jB s/ Bkdo Pkj s'A vod/ fcod/ fJ~Xo^T[Xo G~id/ fcod/ ;B. fJ;
bJh Btkp eg{o f;zx, i~;k f;zx nkjb{tkbhnk dh nrtkJh j/m p[~Yk db s/ soBk db B/ fwb e/
c?;bk ehsk fe Bkdo Pkj b'j/ d/ uD/ upkJ/ ikD. j[D ;ko/ Gkos gsk b~r ikDk ukjhdk J/ fe
fi; BkdoPkj dk Nkeok Gkos ft~u j'o e'Jh Pesh BjhA eo ;edh, T[; Bkb f;zx jh b'jk b? ;ed/
jB. fJ; bJh fi~E/ w[ekpb/ bJh fsnkoh ehsh ikD b~rh T[E/ gzikp d/ e[~M d/P Grs w[;bwkB ;{jhJ/
fd~bh t~b G/i/ rJ/ sKfe T[j nke/ d~; ;eD fe fezBh e[ c"ih skes Bkb Bkdo Pkj nk fojk j? s/
T[;B/ nkgD/ tsB ikD dk okj fejVk u[fDnk.
fco fJj gsk b~r frnk fe rowhnk d/ fdB j'D ekoB w?dkBh y/soK ft~u Bkdo Pkj dh c"i
rowh podkPs eoBk n"yk b~rdk j?. fJ; bJh T[jBK dh :'iBk j? fe T[j gzikp d/ Bhw gjkVh
y/soK s/ yk; eo e/ ezvh d/ fJbke/ ft~u dh j' e/ bzxDr/ sK fe rowh wfj;{; Bk j't/.
fJj ;{uBk tX/o/ wj~stg{oB ;h. fJ; s/ p[~Yk db s/ soBk db d/ w[~yh i~E/dkoK B/ ft;Eko Bkb
ftuko ehsk. Bkdo Pkj dhnK d' t~vhnK }bshnK B/ f;zxK fJj |?;bk eoB bJh fsnko eo fd~sk
fe T[j Bkdo Pkj gzikp s'A ;[~ek BjhA bzxD d/Dr/ s/ T[jd/ ehs/ esb/nkw s/ b[~N e/ fbik ojh
fJ~Is dh T[j ;Ik fd~sh ikJ/rh. fJj th |?;bk j'fJnk fe gzikp ft~u Bkdo Pkj dk w[ekpbk
r[ohbk :[~X dh seBhe nB[;ko ehsk ikJ/. fJ; bJh Btkp eg{o f;zx, ;L i~;k f;zx nkjb{tkbhnk,
;L joh f;zx Gzrh, i~E/dko |sfj f;zx s/ ;L tvGkr f;zx s/ nkXkos fJ~e ew/Nh pDkJh rJh i'
s[ozs w[ekpb/ bJh ftT[As pDk e/ nkg d[nkp/ ft~u gj[zu ikJ/. f;zxK B/ fJj fBPuk eo fbnk fe T[j
fjzd{;skB dh fJ~Is, w[fNnkoK jo ehws s/ Bkdo Pkj s'A S[vkT[Dr/. d{ik |?;bk fJj j'fJnk fe
p[~Yk db d/ soBk db fi; nkofEe n"eVK d/ d"o ft~u'A bzx fojk j?, T[j th j[D Bkdo Pkj s'A wkb
y'j e/ ;w~f;nk jb eo bJh ikJ/. x'V/ s/ jfEnko th f;zxK dh t~vh b'V ;B. fJT[A Bkdo Pkj dk
okj o'eD dk |?;bk i?ekfonK dh r{zi Bkb r[ows/ d/ o{g ft~u j' frnk.! frnkBh GiB f;zx n;h
d{D ;tkJ/ j'J/.
fJ; ;w/A fco Btkp eg{o f;zx ih B/ fJj jh okJ/ fd~sh fe ;sb[i s/ fpnk;k d/ ftueko f;zxK
d/ i~E/ ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih dh nrtkJh j/m ftT[Aspzd sohe/ Bkb ekotkJh eoB. feT[A fe fJ; ;ko/
y/so ft~u j[D u~g/^u~g/ d/ ikD{ ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih jh ;B. ;'Yh ih B/ fJ; ;w/A th fejk,
;fsr[oK B/ i' ;/tk b?Dh j? T[j T[jBK dh ngko pyfPP Bkb nkg/ b? b?Dr/. w?A wkBtsk dk ;/tkdko
jK. w? i~E/dkoh BjhA ukjhdh i' ;/tk gzE w? ;'Ag/rk T[j fpBK jhb fj~is d/ B/go/ ukVKr/. T[jBK
;[Mkn fd~sk fe Btkp eg{o f;zx ih s/ i~;k f;zx nkjb{tkbhnk nkg fJ; w[fjzw dh ewkB ;zGkbD.
n;hA ;ko/ T[jBK d/ w'Y/ Bkb w'Yk i'V e/ jo e[opkBh eoB bJh fsnko jK.

31
 s[jkvk nkswe pb s/ fgSb/ e[M ;w/A ft~u ehsh ;/tk ;edk ;ko/ gzE fJj Go';k j? fe s[jkvh
nrtkJh ft~u jo w'ouk csfj j'J/rk. Btkp eg{o f;zx ih B/ fejk, fJ; fJbke/ ft~u s[;hA i'
f;~yh ik p{Nk gqc[~bs ehsk J/ T[; dh y[Pp' ;edk J/. :[~X fi~sD bJh iB ;kXkoB d/ fgnko s/
;fj:'r dh i' b'V j[zdh j? T[j s[jkvh nrtkJh ft~u ;k fwb/rh. nkgK ;ko/ gzE d/ ;/tkdko jK s/
;ko/ ;fjws jK fe fJ; w[fjzw ft~u s[;hA ;kv/ ;kfonK d/ w[~yh nkr{ j't'. fJ; soQK o'gV d/ e'b'A
fiE/ Bkdo Pkj dhnK c"iK B/ ;sb[i gko eoBk ;h T[E'A b? e/ fpnk;k se T[j^T[j fNekD/ u[D bJ/
rJ/ fi~E/ Bkdo Pkj dhnK c"iK d/ fNekD/ j' ;ed/ ;B.
nkBzdg[o s/ ehosg[o t~b'A nkJ/ f;zxK d/ iE/ B/ ;L tvGkr f;zx dh nrtkJh ft~u Bkdo Pkj dh
|"i dh T[; N[~eVh s/ jwbk eo fd~sk i' ;G s'A fg~S'A v/o/ bkJh p?mh ;h. p'b/ ;' fBjkb, ;fs ;qh
nekb d/ i?eko/ bKd/ id'A T[j |"i d/ szp{nK ft~u ik tV/ sK jfEnkoK fJ~e gk;/ ;KG e/ p?mh |"i,
BP/ s/ BhAdo d/ I'o ekoB w[ekpb/ bJh fsnko jh Bk j' ;eh. T[jBK gfjbh tko f;zxK d/ i?eko/
;[D/. fe;/ ;wM jh Bk nkJh fe fJj nbkto fe; gkf;T[A nkJ/ jB, e"D b'e jB s/ Bk jh T[j
gzikph ft~u nktkIK s/ bbekoK gSkD ;e/.
f;zxK B/ jwbk eoB s'A gfjbK fJj ikDekoh jk;b eo bJh ;h fe fJj N[eVh ft~u fesB/ e[ b'e
jB s/ T[BQK gk; fe; fe;/ fe;w d/ jfEnko jB. BP/ dh jkbs ft~u Bkdo Pkj dh |"i ft~u d{i/
fj~f;nK se ;zgoe th Bk j'D fd~sk frnk. f;zxK B/ iE/ d/ e[M itkB, |"i d/ T[; gk;/ gfjo/ s/ yV/
eo fd~s/, fi~Xo |"i d/ j'o d;s/ v/ok bkJh p?m/ ;B.
d' fdBK fg~S'a id Bkdo Pkj dk fJj |"ih ek|bk dfonk fpnk; B/V/ oks fp;okw eo fojk ;h
sK d{ik t~vk jwbk Btkp eg{o f;zx, ;L i~;k f;zx nkjb{tkbhnk s/ ;L joh f;zx dh nrtkJh ft~u j'
frnk. T[;/ soQK oks d/ jB/o/ ft~u n~Xh oks fi; |"ih N[eVh Bkb f;zxK dk NeokU j'fJnk, T[;
|"i gk; jh jIkoK w[fNnkoK e?d ;B. fJE/ ;\s w[ekpbk j'fJnk, Bkdo Pkj dh |"i d/ jIko s'A t~X
|"ih bVd/ wko/ rJ/ s/ pkeh d/ B~; rJ/. f;zxK d/ th ;" e[ itkB :[~X dh G/Nk j' rJ/, go t~vh frDsh
ft~u e?d w[fNnkoK S[vk bJhnK rJhnK. fJBQK f;zxK u'A pj[fsnK gk; x'V/ ;B. jo x'V/ s/
fJ~e^fJ~e w[fNnko fg~S/ fpmk e/, u'n gko eod/ f;zx nkBzdg[o t~b fBeb rJ/. ;t/o/ fco T[j fdqP
;h. fe;/ gsk Bk b~rk fe jwbkto fe~Xo nb'g j' rJ/ jB.
shik jwbk okth dfonk gko eoB fg~S'A j'fJnk, id'A fe BkdoPkj dk v/ok f;nkbe'N d/ B/V/
gjz[u frnk ;h. j[D BkdoPkj B/ IeohnK \K bkj"o s'A p[bk e/ G/fink. T[jd/ jkIo j[zd/ ;ko jh
Bkdo Pkj B/ r[~;/ Bkb g[~fSnk, Ieohnk yK` s{z s/ efjzdk ;h fe gzikp ft~u s/ok fJsBk dpdpk s/
je{ws dk o'jp j? fe fJ~E/ s/oh woIh fpBK g~sk th BjhA fjb ;edk, go ;kv/ s/ fszB jwb/ j'J/ jB`
fJj e"D b'e jB< s[jkvk e'Jh |"idko s/ u"Xoh th T[jBK pko/ e[M BjhA d~; ;fenk. w? fJBQK
b[N/fonK pko/ g{oh ikDekoh fwbDh ukjhdh J/, BjhA s/ w?A s? bkj"o dk jkew BjhA ofjD fdnKrk.
fJBK bVkJhnK ft~u f;zx fi~s rJ/ s/ jIkoK BkohnK IkbwK s'A nkIkdk eotk bJhnK.
(13)
je{ws :ehB j' frnk ;h fe id se d[nkp/ d/ f;zxK dk eoskog[o e/Ado \sw BjhA ehsk
iKdk T[; ;w/A s~e ;w[~uh f;~y b'e bfjo m~bQ BjhA gkJh ik ;edh. fJ; bJh eoskog[o d[nkpk
T[Zs/ je{ws B/ c"i dh uVQkJh dk c?;bk eo e/ e[sp[dhB c"i d/ e/ G/i fd~sk. T[jB/ gfjbK gsk
eotkfJnk fe eoskog[o ft~u csfj f;zx iK ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx BjhA jB. f;~yK dk fJ~e S'Nk fijk
i~Ek jh mfjfonk j'fJnk j?. csfj f;zx je{ws dhnK ;yshnK s/ I[bwK dk Nkeok eoB bJh wkM/
ft~u jh ftuo fojk ;h. Btkp eg{o f;zx s/ ;odko i~;k f;zx nkjb{tkbhnk T[jBK dh fi; y/so
ft~u th ;/tk bkT[Ad/ i~E/dko csfj f;zx T[; gk;/ jh ub g?Ad/. ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx gjkVh fJbkfenK
32
ft~u f;~yK d/ g[Botk; s/ e[M ;wK e~ND d/ ekoi ft~u b~r/ j'J/ ;B. fJ; bJh je{ws dh BthA :'iBk
dh nrkT[A ;{uBk T[jBK Bk fwb ;eh.
e[sp[dhB B/ ibzXo, bkj"o s/ nzfwqs;o s'A w[rbJh c"i fJe~mh eo e/ eoskog[o nk x/fonk.
fJE/ mfjo/ j'J/ thj e[ f;zxK B/ d' xzN/ :[~X bfVnk s/ ;ko/ Pjhd j' rJ/. e[sp[dhB dhnK c"iK B/
r[od[nkok Ezw ;kfjp dk ngwkB ehsk, e[sp[dhB B/ r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp dh phV b~GD dk :sB ehsk go
Bk fwbh. fe;/ B/ Bk d~f;nk fe phV fe~E/ ubh rJh j?. fco eoskog[o d/ febQ/ x/o fbnk go T[j
pzd dotki/ s'V Bk ;fenk. fco r[od[nkok Ezw ;kfjp dh fJwkos Ykj e/ T[jdk Bkw' fBPkB fwNkD
dk :sB ehsk frnk. fJ; spkjh dh ;{uBk ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx gjkVK ft~u fwbh. fi~E/ T[j
nkBzdg[o ;kfjp s'A n~r/ T{B/ dhnK gjkFVhnK t~b rJ/ j'J/ ;B. gzE dk c?;bk ;h fe je{ws dh f;~y
\sw eoB dh w[fjzw m~bQ gkT[D bJh f;zxK d/ i~fEnK fsnkoh bJh ;[o~fyns fNekfDnK dh b'V
j?. fJj fNekD/ w?dkBK ft~u xD/ izrb, dfonktK dhnK M~bK s/ gjkVK ft~u jh j' ;ed/ jB. gjkVK
ft~u f;zxK d/ fNekfDnK dk ezw ;G s'A uzrk ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx eo oj/ ;B. fJ; bJh id'A th T[jBK
;wK fwbdk T[j fJjBK gjkVh y/soK ft~u d{o ^d{o s~e fBeb iKd/ fijVh owDhe EK fwbdh T[E/
p?m e/ ig^sg eod/, ;EkBe b'eK Bkb ;zgoe pDkT[Ad/, T[jBK dk d[~y^;[~y ;[Dd/ s/ T[jBK dhnK
;w~f;nktK nkgD/ nkswe pb, shyD p[~Xh, s/ wkBf;esk d/ frnkB Bkb jb eo b?Ad/.
id eoskog[o s/ e[sp[dhB d/ jwb/ dk gsk bZrk sK nkgD/ i~E/ ;w/s ;'Yh tvGkr f;xz ih
eoskog[o nkJ/ s/ fJ~E'A dh spkjh t/y e/ pV/ r[~;/ s/ i'P Bkb gsk ehsk fe e[sp[dhB fe~Xo frnk
j?. gsk b~rk fe T[j ibzXo eJh fdB mfjo e/ bkj"o ub fgnk J/. ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih s[ozs
fJj efj e/ u~b gJ/ fe n;hA T[j BjhA S~vKr/. i/ bkj"o s~e T[jdk fg~Sk eoBk fgnk sK th
iktKr/. T[j ;[bskBg[o b'Xh B/fVT[A dfonk fpnk; gko eo fojk ;h. T[jdh fJ~e c"ih N[eVh dfonk
d/ gko ik u[~eh ;h. d{ih N[eVh dfonk gko eo ojh ;h. id'A f;zxK B/ ik Xktk p'fbnk s/ fijVh
N[eVh ni/ ;[bskBg[o t~b ;h T[; d/ e[M pzd/ f;zxK Bkb bVd/ wko/ rJ/ s/ e[M e[ B/ vod/ wko/ dfonk
ft~u SkbK wko fd~shnK. fco f;zxK B/ shoK Bkb p/VhnK ft~u ik oj/ c"ihnK Iywh eoBk P[o{ eo
fd~sk. e[sp[dhB fJ; bVkJh ft~u wkfonk frnk. fJT[A ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx B/ fJj :[~X fi~s fbnk s/
eoskog[o spkjh wukD tkb/ e[sp[dhB s'A pdbk b? fbnk. fJ; xNBk B/ ;ko/ gzikp ft~u fJj gqGkt
g?dk eo fd~sk fe i' f;zxK Bkb nfsnkuko eo/rk, fBod'P f;zxK dk eksb nytkJ/rk, T[j nkg th
fizdk BjhA ofj ;edk. f;zx T[; s'A s[ozs pdbk b? b?Dr/.
i~E/dko csfj f;zx dh wK, dhg' i~E/dko eow f;zx dh gsBh e[~M ;w/A fg~S'a d' e[ jcs/ fpwko
ofj e/ nekb ubkDk eo rJh T[jd/ Bfws gkm dh ;wkgsh fg~S'A dhg' d/ g/e/ gfotko B/ fJ; r~b s/
I'o d/Dk P[o{ eo fd~sk fe T[; d/ c[~b s/ nzrhm/ dh oky jfod[nko ik e/ ib gqtkj ehsh ikJ/. f;zx
gfotko efjD b~r gJ/ fe ehosg[o ft~u fJj c[~b ib gqtkj eoB/ jB. ftukoK d/ fJ; wsG/d ft~u
e[~M sbyh g?dk j' rJh. fJ; ;w/A ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih dh f;nkDg Goh r~b s/ dbhbK B/ w;b/ j~b
eo fd~s/. ;'Yh ih B/ d~f;nk fe wksk ih efj rJ/ ;B fe T[jBK d/ c[~b ehosg[o ft~u T[ ;/ EK ib
gqtkj ehs/ ikD fi~E/ S/t/A gksPkj r[o{ jfor'fpzd ;kfjp s/ r[o{ jfo okJ/ ;kfjp d/ ehs/ rJ/ ;B. ;'Yh
tvGkr f;zx ih B/ c?;bk ;[DkfJnk fe T[j nzrhmk b? e/ nkg ehosg[o ikDr/ csfj f;zx n~i fJE/
w"i{d BjhA fJ; bJh T[jBK d/ d' ;g[~so th nkgDh dkdh d/ c[~b ib gqtkj eoB ikDr/.
ni/ fJ~e wjhBk phfsnk ;h fe ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx eoskog[o ft~u d'tK Ezw ;kfjp s/ rzr;o
r[od[nkfonK dh Bt/A f;foT[A T[;koh eo e/ fco T[jBK f;~yK d/ xoK fijBK dk B[e;kB j'fJnk ;h
w[ozws eotkT[D dh ;/tk eod/ oj/ go T[jBK dk fXnkB T[jBK gjkVh fNekfDnK t~b ;h fijBK ft~u
T[jBK B/ u~eotosh i~fEnK bJh fNekfDnK dk gqpzX eoBk ;h. w'ou/ ft~u i~E/dko cfsj f;zx d[nkp/

33
d/ i~E/ ;w/s frnk j'fJnk ;h s/ T[ZE/ ;\s Iywh j' ikD ekoD T[j eoskog[o BjhA ;h nk ;fenk.
;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih i~Ek b? e/ fYbtK s'A dfonk gko eoe/ pkpk pekb/ tb ik oj/ ;B id'A ;ys
Iywh s/ p/j'P gJ/ i~E/dko csfj f;zx b? e/ e[~M f;zx n~r/ fwb gJ/. fJT[A i~E/dko csfj f;zx
s[ozs w~bQw g~Nh eo e/ pVh ;/tk ;zGkb Bkb eoskog[o b? nKdk s/ f;~Xk febQ/ ft~u fbnk e/ ;'Yh ih
B/ nkgD/ fojkfJP n;EkB s/ nkgDh fBrokBh j/m T[; dk fJbki eotkfJnk. fisBk fuo i~E/dko
csfj f;zx mhe j' e/ w[M i~E/ dh nrtkJh bJh fsnko Bk j'fJnk T[sBk fuo ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih B/
i~fEnK dh i~E/dkoh dh g{oh^g{oh ;/tk fBGkJh.
b'ehA fiBQK i~E/dko tvGkr f;zx ih efjD b~r gJ/ go id'A th e'Jh fJjBK d/ ;Bw[~y nk e/
i~E/dko ih efjzdk sK ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih s[ozs efjzd/ w?A i~E/dko BjhA gzE dk fBwkDk ;/te jK.
w? gzE ;/tkdko tZi'A ;theko eo bt/ w/o/ fJjh XzBGkr j'Dr/. gzikp dh okiBhfse dPk pVh s/Ih
Bkb pdb ojh ;h. w[}bK dk I'o g?dk sK T[j ;ko/ jkew tor pdb e/ nkgD/ t|kdoK ;{p/dko,
c"idko s/ febQ/dko bk fdzd/. id'A n|rkBk dk I'o g?dk sK T[j w[[}bK d/ pzfdnK dh EK nkgD/ ;kEh
jkew pDk fdzd/. fJ;/ ndbk^pdbh ft~u ndhBk p/r th ibzXo dk c"idko pD frnk. T[j pVk ub-
ke s/ j[fPnko pzdk ;h. T[jB/ t/y fbnk fe d[nkp/ ft~u f;zxK dk I'o fJsBk t~X frnk j? fe j[D
fJjBK dpkfJnk BjhA ik ;edk. fJ; bJh T[;B/ ftT[As pDkJh fe f;zxK nkgDh c"i ft~u Gosh
eo bt/. fJT[A T[jBK d/ o[Irko dk gqpX z j' ikJ/rk s/ T[jdh c"ih skes fJsBh t~X ikJ/rh fe fco
bkj"o ik fd~bh s'A e'Jh T[j jNkT[D dk :sB BjhA eo ;e/rk. fJ; ;'u nXhB jh T[; B/ i~E/dko
csfj f;zx r~bpks bJh ibzXo p[bkfJnk s/ g/;eP ehsh fe f;zxK d/ i~fEnK T[j nkgDh c"i
ft~u b?D bJh fsnko J/. T[;B/ g/Pe; fJj th ehsh fe T[j i~E/dko csfj f;zx s/ ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx
ih fJjBK ;?fBeK N[eVhnK dk ;?Bkgsh s/ ioB?b th pDkJ/rk. i~E/dko csfj f;zx B/ nkgD/ s/ ;'Yh
tvGkr f;zx t~b'A T[j ;g~PN i[nkp d/ fd~sk fe T[j T[jdh c"i ft~u B"eoh eoB bJh fsnko BjhA.
T[jBK dk fBPkBK o[Irko bJh c"ih ihtB BjhA. T[j sK b'e ;/tk bJh fB~so/ jB s/ I[ bw Bkb N~eo
b?Dk jh T[jBK dk fBPkBk j?. f;zxK B"eohnK dh g/;eP eoBk T[jBK dk ngwkB eoBk j?. id'A
csfj f;zx B/ ;'Yh ih nk e/ ;koh r~b d~;h sK T[jBK fejk. s[;hA mhe ehsk J/ go ndhBk p/r
dh fJ; r~b s'A fJj ;wM bT[ fe T[j fJj jh ;wMdk J/ fe n;hA o[Irko dh ykso fJj bVkJhnK
bV oj/ jK.
id'A eoskog[o s'A ftjb/ j'J/ sK ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih fco nkBzdg[o nk rJ/. T[jBK t/fynk fe
T[jBK dh r?o jkIoh ft~u fJ~E'A dk gqpzX ns/ f;zxK d/ gfotkoK dh ;/tk ;zGkb mhe j' ojh J/ sK
T[jBK B/ gzikp d/ fJ; gjkVh y/so ft~u j'o fNekD/ ;Ekgs eoB dh w[fjzw ft~u nkgDk pj[sk ;wK
bkT[Dk P[o{ eo fd~sk.
eJh wjhB/ T[j fco eoskog[o Bk nk ;e/. T[jBK dh Xow gsBh okXk ih fpwko j' rJ/. T[jBK
dk fJbki nkg dh G?D GkBh ih, i~E/dko csfj f;zx ih dh gsBh ;[zdoK ih d/ fwbt/ :sBK Bkb
f;nkfDnK jehwK t?dK B/ eJh dtkJhnK pdbhnK go T[j nekb g[oy t~b'A p\Ph nk:{ G'r e/ fJ~e
fdB nukBe nekb ubkDk eo rJ/. ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih T[jBK dh fpwkoh dh ;{uBk pVh d/o
Bkb fwbh feT[Afe T[j T{B/ d/ fJbke/ ft~u nfijhnK n"yhnK gjkVh u'NhnK s/ d{o ;B fi~E/ T[jBK
b~GDk th n"yk ;h. fJ~e sK o;s/ ft~u pV/ u'n g?Ad/ ;B i' s/I gkDh nk ikD ekoB ;co ft~u pVh
o[ektN gkT[Ad/ ;B d{ik fJ; gk;/ d{o^d{o s~e t;'A BjhA ;h. fJ; bJh Bt/A pzd/ e'Jh EK fNekDk
bGD ft~u pVh n"eV nkT[Adh. eJh tkoh gjkVh grvzvhnK s/ iKfdnK ;ko/^;ko/ fdB ft~u n~r'A e'Jh
pzdk Bk fwbdk. G/vK^p~eohnK ukoB tkb/ nkiVh jh fJ; y/so ft~u EK, fNekD/ s/ okj d~; ;ed/
;B. fJ; soQK ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih se ;{uBk d/D tkb/ pV/ :sBK Bkb T[jBK s~e gj[zu/.

34
 ;'Yh ih s[ozs eoskog[o t~b u~b gJ/. u~bD s'A gfjbK T[jBK nzso^fXnkB j' e/ nekb^g[oy
gk; nodk; ehsh s/ fco nkfynk s/ok GkDk whmk bkr/. e'b yVQ/ f;zx B/ id'A fJjBK PpdK pko/
g[~fSnk sK ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih B/ nkfynk, GkDk tos u[~fenk j?, okXk ih ;z;ko :ksok g{oh eo
rJ/ jB. nekb g[oy B/ i' ;[nk; pyP/ ;B T[jBK T[j nkgD/ ihtB ft~u ;/tk s/ f;woB Bkb
;cb eo rJ/. ub' n;hA T[jBK Bfws nzfsw nodk; s/ eoskog[o gjz[u iktKr/.
(14)
;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih d/ eoskog[o gjz[uD s/ fco fJ~E/ o'DeK t~X rJhnK. ;EkBe t;BheK ft~u
fJj gqGkt ;h fe tvGkr f;zx ih d/ eoskog[o j[zfdnK e'Jh ;zeN iK ;w~f;nk BjhA nk ;edh.
T[jBK dk sg^fsnkr s/ ;[fjod ;[GkT[ ekoB jo e'Jh nkgDh n"eV d~;D nk iKdk. nkg pV/
fXnkB s/ fgnko Bkb jo fe;/ dh r~b ;[Dd/ s/ c/o T[; dk T[gkn d~;d/. ;oho d/ o'rhnK T[j
f;nkD/ jehw s/ t?d tKr dtkJh dko{ d~;d/. wkBf;e o'rhnK dhnK r~bK fJ; Yzr Bkb g[~Sd/ s/ ;[Dd/
fe T[jBK wkBf;e T[bMDK dk n;b ekoB b~G iKdk s/ fco T[; d/ ;wkXkB bJh T[j ;MkT[ fdzd/.
fJ;/ soQK fiBQK d/ fdwkr ft~u e'Jh B[e; j[zdk T[; dk T[gkn ;[MkT[Ad/.fiBQK pdo{jK dh geV j[zdh
T[jBK ;okfgnK r[opkDh d/ PpdK, nkgDh gft~so s~eDh, fw~m/ p'bK s/ n;h;K Bkb pdo{jK s'A
S[Nekok fdtk fdzd/. jo wB[~y fJj Io{o nkyd/ fe pkDh dk o'I f;woB eo'. ekdo d/ r[D
rkfJnk eo'. T[j e[dos dk wkbe j? T[j jh ;kvh sedho pDkT[D tkbk s/ ;tkoB tkbk j?. fJ;
bJh T[jd/ bV b~r'. fJe r~b j'o T[j pVh fdqVsk Bkb ;wMkT[Ad/ fe nkgd/ nzdo ;t?^ftPtk; g?dk
eo' fijBK nzdo ftPtk; dh GktBk BjhA T[jBK e[~M bkG BjhA j[zdk. n~X/ w;b/ sK s[jkv/ nzdo
;t?^Go';k g?dk j'D Bkb jh j~b j' iKd/ jB.
;~u^w[Zu fiT[A^fiT[A b'eK dk ftPtk; ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih dh sg^sg~f;nk s/ o{jkBh ;y;hns
t/y e/ t~Xdk frnk fsT[A b'eK d/ w;b/ s/ T[bMDK j~b j[zdhnK rJhnK. fJ~e id d/j no'rsk
fwbdh s/ ihtB dhnK j'o T[bMDK j~b j' iKdhnK sK T[j nkgD/ ;ke ;B/jhnK s// ;~iDk fw~soK
nkg phsh ;[DkT[dk s/ fJ; soQK ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih dh ehosh dk i; d{o^d{o s~e c?bD br fgnk
s/ jo fdB gfjbK Bkb'A tX/o/ GhV T[jBK d/ fNekD/ i[VB b~r gJh. Gkt/A T[jBK d/ gfotko s/
nkb/^d[nkb/ d/ ;ke ;B/jh fJ; ;fEsh s'A eJh tko d[~yh j' iKd/ s/ eJhnK iB ;XkoB dhnK r~bK
s'A fy~M th nkT[D b~r gJh. go ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih dh ;/tk dh brB tXdh u~bh rJh. T[j ed/
Bk r[~;/ j'J/ s/ Bk fyM/. T[jBK dk ftneshst fi~E/ j[D s~e g{oh soQK fBoGT[ ;h, T[E/ T[j fBot?o
;yPhns dh XkoBh pD u[~e/ ;B. jkbKfe T[j t~X s'A t~X ;wK gqG{ f;woB ft~u bkT[Dk ukjz[d/ ;B go
fe;/ cfonkdh w'VBk iK T[; dh r~b Bk ;[DBh T[jBK d/ ;[GkT[ ft~u BjhA ;h. fJ;/ bJh T[jBK dh
shpo fJ~Sk jz[dh fe id'A th ;wK fwb/ iK f;~yh dh b'e bfjo PKsh d/ fdBK ft~u'A bzx/ T[j eoskog[o
s'A gzikp d/ gjkVh y/soK ft~u ub/ ikD. T[j fisBh tko nkBzdg[o s'A ezYh d/ fJbke/ ft~u fPtkbe
dhnK gjkVhnK nzdo d{o^d{o s~e rJ/ T[jBK nB[Gt ehsk fe fJj pj[s gSfVnk fJbkek j?.
nBgVQsk dhnK iVQK v{zxhnK jB. b'eK dk ihtB g~Xo T[~uk u[~eD bJh r[owfs frnkB dh toyk
Io{oh j?. fit/A toyk fpBK y/sh BjhA j[zdh T[t/A frnkB fpBK wB[~ysk dk ftek; fet/A j' ;edk j?. fJ;
bJh eJh ;kbK s'A fJj gzikp dk gjkVh s/ Bhw gjkVh y/so T[jBK d/ fXnkB dk e/Ado pfDnk j'fJnk
;h. nkBzdg[o ofjzdhnK T[jBK fJ; ;ko/ y/so dk uzrh soQK ;ot/yD eo fbnk s/ nyho T[jBK B/ T[;
fNekD/ dh fBPkB d/jh eo bJh fi~E/ p?m e/ T[j PKs tksktoD ft~u e[dos d/ wkbe ekdo Bkb i[V
;ed/ jB. fJ;/ y/so ft~u T[j T[d'A ftuo oj/ ;B id'A T[jBK nkgDh gsBh okXk ih d/ fpwko j'D
dh ;{uBk gj[u z h ;h s/ T[j eoskog[o nk rJ/ ;B. T[; fNekD/ s/ ikDk pVk n"yk ;h. T[j T[d'A gsk
BjhA fet/A Bzrb s/ T{B/ s'A j[zd/ nzp d/ B/V/ fJjBK gjkVhnK ft~u gj[zu/ ;B s/ fJXo' A w?dkBh y/so

35
nkT[Adk ;h. ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih nkBzdg[o s'A fJ; gk;/ rJ/ s/ rro/N, j[fPnkog[o d/ o;s/ eos-
kog[o nkJ/.
;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih B/ w[V T[; u[D/ j'J/ y/so ft~u nkgDk v/ok pDkT[D dk ftuko pDk fbnk.
fJ; bJh eoskog[o dk gqpzX T[jBK ;'Yh gfotkoK d/ j'o ihnK ;"Afgnk. T[jBK nkg Bk fJ~E/ dh
ikfJdkd IwhB s/ XzB d"bs Bkb ge~V ;h T[j sK fsnkrh nkswk ;B. fJj T[jBK gsk ;h fe
T[jBK d/ ;ke ;zpzXh fJ~E'A d/ n;EkBK dh ;/tk ;zGkb eo b?Dr/. r[od[nkok rzr;o eoskog[o dh
npkdh s'A pkjotko fJfsjk;e ;EkB ;h fi; dh ;/tk ;zGkb T[jBK nkgDh S'Nh G?D GkBh ih ;"Ag
fd~sh. GkBh ih dh th fposh nkgD/ t~v/ tho ;'Yh tvGkr f;x ih tKr ;/tk s/ f;woB tkbh ;h.
nkgDh fpoX wksk s/ GkBh ih fJj efj e/ fdbk;k fd~sk fe w?A pVh S/sh s[jk nkgd/ Bt/A ;EkB
s/ b? ubKrk. id'A wksk oki e"o B/ fJj g[~fSnk fe j[D feT[A BjhA Bkb b? u~bd/ sK nkg B/
;wMkfJnk fe ni/ T[ZE/ ofjD dk e'Jh fNekDk BjhA. nk;/^gk;/ d{o^d{o s~e e'Jh t~;' BjhA. T[j
gjkVh y/so ft~u gkDh th S/sh BjhA b~Gdk s/ ykD^ghD dhnK t;sK th d{o dokfvT[A fbnkT[DhnK
g?DrhnK. ni/ s/ okj g?Avk th uzrk BjhA. fJ; bJh s[jkv/ Bkb ikD s/ n"eVK jh n"eVK BIo
nkT[DrhnK. nekb g[oy B/ ukfjnk s/ T[; gqG{ dh feqgk j' rJh sK ;fsr[oK dh fwjo ;dek T[E/
;kohnK ;w~f;nktK j~b eoe/ fco s[jk b? ubKr/.
wksk oki e"o B/ fco nkgD/ fdb dh T[j nkgDh r~b eo fd~sh fijVh T[j eJh fdB s'A eoBh
ukj[zfdnK fMie ojh ;h. wksk B/ gqPB ehsk ni/ gsk BjhA fJ; ihtB gzX ft~u s[jk fezBK s[oBK
gJ/ w?A sK j[D Bdh feBko/ o[~yVk jK. okXk ih d/ nekb ubkD/ fg~S'A s[jk d{ik ftnkj eotk b?Dk
ukjhdk j?. fJ~e sK gfotkoe ihtB dh nkgDh jh o'De j[zdh j? s/ d{ik e[~b d/ ftek; bJh th fJj
fJ~e t~vh b'V j?. s[jkvh fJ~Sk dk w?A ;fseko eodk jK, w? r[owfs d/ gzX dk gKXh s[;hA pDkT[D
tkb/ j' ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih B/ fBwosk s/ ;fseko Bkb wksk T[Zso fd~sk. :'rk ;wK nkT[D s/
nfijk ;'funk ik ;edk. fJj b/yK ;zi'rK dh r~b j? i' ;fsr[oK wBi{o j'fJnk T[j nt~P
j't/rk.
jfEnko pzd f;zxK d/ i~E/ ;w/s nkg eoskog[o s'A u~b gJ/ s/ j[fPnkog[o t~b'A rro/N bzx e/
nkg gjkVh y/so ft~u ik gj[zu/. fJ; y/so dhnK gjkVhnK ftueko fJ~e doPBh y~v ;h. fi; ft~u
T[go'A gjkVK s'A mzvk fw~mk s/ ;t~S ib nk fojk ;h. fJjh fJ; y/so ft~u gkDh dk t~vk ;kXB ;h.
Bkb dhnK gjkVhnK ft~u gkDh dh pj[s t~vh E[VQ ;h. fJ; y~v B/V/ o[~yK dk fJ~e M[zv ;h s/ fJe gk;/
p/ohnK d/ o[~y ;B. fJ; fJbke/ dk e[dos t~b'A fJ~e |b p/ohnK d/ p/o ;B. ;'Yh tvGkr f;z x ih B/
i~E/ fJ~E/ ftPokw eoB dh jdkfJs ehsh s/ nkfrnk fd~sh fe fJ; mzv/ fw~m/ ib d/ gqtkj ftu
fJPBkb eo'. fJjdk jh ib Se' s/ fJ; d/ ezY/ nkg Bkb fbnkd/ nzB^dkD/ Bkb bzro fsnko eo'.
id'A bzro fsnko j' frnk sK tvGkr f;zx ih dh nkfrnk s/ nkd/P nB[;ko T[Zuh ;koh nktkI d/ e/
fJ~e f;zx B/ nk; gk; dhnK gjkVhnK ft~u d{o s~e fJj ;{uBk fd~sh fe r[o{ ek bzro fsnko j?,
bzro S~eD d/ nfGbkPh fJ~E/ bzro S~e ;e~d/ jB.
d{i/ fdB ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih nk;/^gk;/ d/ y/so d/yD bJh fB~eb gJ/. T[jBK Bkb jw/PK gzi
f;zx Io{oh ofjzd/ sKfe e'Jh nD^;[ykthA xNBk Bk tkgo/. Gkt/A ;'Yh ih fJeKs ft~u fJ~eb/ ftuoD
soihj fdzd/ ;B go T[j nkgD/ ;kEh f;zxK dh okJ/ dk th g{ok g{ok ;fseko eod/. doPBh y~v B/V/
E'Vh fij/ d{o e[~M xoK dk fJ~e S'Nk fijk fgzv ;h. id T[jd/ B/V/ gj[zu/ sK d[fgjo dh rowh dk b'o
t~Xdk t/y e/ fJ~e p/o dh Skt/A nkokw eoB bJh mfjo rJ/. ;kEh f;zxK nk;/ gk;/ dk y/so t/yD
s/ fJj fBPfus eoB bJh G/fink fe fezBh^fezBh d{o e'Jh npkdh j?. ;'Yh ih d/ Bkb fJ~e x'V

36
;tko fBPkB ;kfjp u[~eh jo t/b/ ofjzdk ;h. nkg B/ T[j fBPkB ;kfjp T[; p/oh s/ bfjok fd~sk s/
fejk, fe i/ e'Jh f;zx okj G[~b ikJ/ s/ ;kv/ fJ; fNekD/ s/ fBPkB ;kfjp t/y e/ nk ;edk j?.
(15)
fJjBK gjkVhnK s/ nkw b'eK dh nktkIkJh pj[s x~N ;h e/tb G/vK^pe~ohnK ukoB tkb/ fJjBK
gjkVhnK s/ nkT[Ad/ iKd/ s/ T[j pe~ohnK uokT[Ad/ bzx iKd/, fJjBk rvohJ/ uotkfjnK B/ d{o'A p/oh
s/ M[bdk e/;oh fBPkB ;kfjp d/fynk s/ j?okB j' rJ/ feT[Afe T[jBK dk ftPtk; ;h fe fJ; p/oh s/
fizBk, G{sK s/ pdo{jK dk fBtk; j?. fJ; bJh id'A e'Jh wB[~y fJ; p/oh j/m nkT[Adk J/ sK fJj gq/s
T[j fuzpV iKd/ jB s/ eJh soQK d/ ;ohoe ePN d/D b~r g?Ad/ jB. T[jBK e[~M B/V/ nk e/ d/fynk fe
fJ~e wB[~y p/oh E~b/ n~yK whNh p?fmnk j? go T[j vod/ wko/ B/V/ BjhA nk oj/. T[jBK d{o'A nktkIK
fd~shnK go gqG{ f;woB ft~u bhB ;'Yh ih B/ e'Jh nktkI Bk ;[Dh. fJsB/ ft~u fJ~e f;zx x'V/ s/
nkT[Adk t/fynk T[j o'e e/ uotkfjnK B/ d~f;nk fe fJ; p/oh s/ G{sK dk tk;k j? fJ;/ bJh e'Jh
gzSh th fJ; p?oh s/ nk e/ BjhA p?mdk. fJ; p/oh s'A fv~r/ p/o e'Jh wB[~y th u[~eD dk j"A;bk BjhA
eodk. n;hA sK nkgDhnK G/vK p~eohnK th fJ~Xo BjhA ikD fdzd/. s[jkvk fJj ;kEh S/sh fJE'A
T[mk bt/ BjhA s/ fJjdh y?o BjhA.
T[; f;zx B/ s[ozs j~;fdnK nkfynk, fJj gq/s f;zxK dk e[~M BjhA ftrkV ;ed/, f;zxK fi;
r[o{ BkBe dh pkDh s/ ftPtk; j?, T[jBK gk; fJjBK gq/sK ekp{ eoB dk pb th j?. i/ fJj ;~u w[~u
PeshPkbh gq/s j[zd/ sK fJ; E~b/ nk p?m/, ;'Yh ih j[D s~e fe;/ ;zeN ft~u c;/ j[zd/ fco fJ; p/oh s/
uVQ e/ fJE/ fBPkB ;kfjp r~fvnk T[d'A BjhA gq/sK B/ ;k e[M nkfynk j[D fJj eh efj ;ed/ jB.
nkiVhnK f;zx dh r~b s/ fJspko Bk nkfJnk feT[Afe Bk T[jBK r[opkDh dh Pesh dk
frnkB ;h s/ Bk T[jBK ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih d/ nksfwe pb dh ;wM ;h. T[j vod/ wko/ ezBh
esok e/ nkgD/ okj/ g? rJ/.
f;zxK B/ nk e/ ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih uotkfjnK Bkb j'Jh r~bpks d~;h. nkg pV/ y[P j'J/ fe
nkg d/ Bkb i~E/ d/ Bkb ofjD tkb/ f;zx th T[;/ ftukoK ft~u gog~e j' rJ/ jB. fijVh fposh T[j
iB ;kXkoB ft~u g?dk eoBh ukj[zd/ ;B. ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih B/ fejk fe ;kv/ ;fsr[oK d/ puB s/
pkDh Bkb'A t~vh e'Jh Pesh BjhA. fJ; fPqPNh s/ pqfjwzv ft~u ;op Pesh wkB e/tb nekbg[oy j? s/
fJj r[opkDh X[o eh pkDh j?. r[o{ BkBe d/t ih fJ; pkDh T[ukoB ;w/A wodkB/ c[owkfJnk
eod/ ;B wodkfBnK S/V opkp, X[o eh pkDh nkJh j?.fJ; X[o eh pkDh dk f;woB eoB tkbk
nfijhnK PeshnK dk wkbe pD ;edk j?. fijBK dk w[ekpbk fJj gq/s BjhA eo ;ed/.
fJ; p/oh s/ ;~u w[~u fJ~e pVh t~vh gq/s nkswk ofjzdh ;h. fi; B/ fJ; p/oh E~b/ nkT[D tkfbnK
nkgDh G{s ukb Bkb vokfJnk j'fJnk ;h s/ id'A ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx fJ; p/oh E~b/ nk e/ p?m/ sK
T[j r[opkDh dk gkm eo oj/ ;B. fJjh f;woB eofdnK T[jBK p/oh s/ fBPkB ;kfjp pzB fd~sk.
fJ; G{s B/ nkgD/ eJh j~E^ezv/ tos e/ ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih s/ jwb/ eoB/ P[o{ eo fd~s/ go T[; dk
e'Jh tko ;cb Bk j' ;fenk. T[jB/ eJh vokT[DhnK ntkIK e~YhnK s/ uheK wkohnK. go T[jBK
ntkIK dk e'Jh n;o Bk j[zdk j'fJnk d/y e/ T[jB/ ;'funk fe T[;dhnK G{s ukbK dk fJjBK s/ e'Jh
n;o BjhA j' ;edk sk T[jB/ ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih n~r/ nkgDh jko wzBD dk c?;bk eo fbnk sK
;oho ofjs fJ; G{s B/ ;[Yh ih s'A nkgDh nt~frnk dh wkch wzrh. ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih pV/
fdnkb{ g[oP ;B fJ; bJh T[jBK M~N nkfynk, j/ gq/s nkswk s? nkgD/ j[D s~e d/ ehs/ eowK dh
;Ik G[rsDh gJ/rh, s{z fezB/ ;w/A s'A nD^frDs wB[~yK, gzShnK s/ ikBtoK d[~y fd~sk J/. j[D s?
fJ; gq/s ihtB s'A w[esh sK fwb/rh i/ s{z d[~yhnK dodhnK s/ pdo{jK d/ uZeo ft~u nk u[~e/ b'eK dh
;/tk eo/ s/ T[jBK d/ d[~y s/ ;zeN \sw eoB dh ;/tk ;zGkb/. T[; gq/s nkswk B/ ;'Yh tvGkr ih
37
n~r/ fJj tuB ehsk fe T[jBK d/ nkd/P nB[;ko pkDh d/ fi~E/ gkm s/ f;owB j'Dr/ T[E/ T[j N{D/
sths s/ fe;/ wzd nkswk dh jtk s'A S[Nekok fdtkT[D dk :sB eo/rk.
id'A pho Bko f;zx ;'Yh ;kfjp ih dh PoB ft~u nk frnk sK T[; irQk s'A fiE/ pkpk ih p/oh j/m
p?m/ ;B n~Xk whb dh ftE s/ i' fgzv w?Vh j? T[E/ d/ b'eK B/ ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih wjKg[oP eoe/
wzBDk P[o{ eo fd~sk s/ fJj g{oB ;zs jB fo~XhnK^f;~XhnK d/ wkbe jB fijBK B/ ;kv/ fgzv ns/
fJ; fJbke/ fJ; fpgsk s'A S[Nekok d[nkfJnk j? sK T[; s'A pknd T[; fJbke/ ftu'A ;'Yh tvGkr
f;zx ih dk pj[s ;seko t~X frnk. gjkV ftu'A nkw eoe/ pdo{jK dk n;o fInkdk j[zdk j? ns/ Bk
jh e'Jh n?;/ ;kXB j[zd/ jB fe i/ e'Jh fpwkoh nk ikt/ sK S/sh e'Jh t?d jehw fwb ;e/ ;' ;'Yh
tvGkr f;zx ih dh Bkw pkDh d/ f;wo ;dek n?;h wfjwk tdh e/ fi; fe;/ th e'Jh o'r j[zdk fe;/
dk p~uk phwko j[zdk iK pI[or sK T[j pkpk ih e'b b? e/ nk iKd/ sK pkpk ih Bkw f;woB dk ;dk
fwjo Gfonk j~E o~yd/ sK T[; d[yhJ/ d/ d[~y d{o j' iKd/. fJ; soQK gjkV dk fJbkek pkpk ih dk
;/te pD frnk p~funK dhnK E[VQK i' ;B T[j pkpk ih dh nodk; ;dek g{ohnK j'D b~rhnK ns/ o[e/
ezw b'eK d/ u~bD b~r gJ/ sK fJ; soQK pkpk tvGkr f;zx ;G s'A gfjbK gjkV d/ b'eK B/ pkpk ih
eo e/ wzfBnk feT[Afe fdB ;t/o, oks gfjo fe;/ th ;w/A id'A fe;/ e'Jh th d[~y j[zdk T[j pkpk ih
d/ uoDK ft~u g[~i iKdk. pkpk ih T[;/ tes jh T[; dk d[~y ;[D e/ T[; okjs pyPd/ , pkpk ih B/
nkgDk ;kok ihtB f;woB ns/ ;/tk fjs bkfJnk s/ j[D ;'Yh pkpk tvGkr f;zx ih ;kfonK ft~u'A
pkpk ih eoe/ ;fseko/ ikD bZr/.
efjzd/ jB fe eJh g[okDhnK fbysK s/ ouBktK ft~u fJ; xNBk dk fbfynk toDB fwfbnk j?.
;'Yh pkpk tvGkr f;zx ih s/ gq/s nkswk ftueko i' rbpks j'Jh T[j B/V/ yV/ f;zxK B/ ;[Dh go
T[jBK BIo e[~M Bk nkfJnk fJ; bJh id'A fJ; p/o s'A T[m e/ w[V doPBh y~v t~b ik oj/ ;B sK
f;zxK B/ ;'Yh pkpk tvGkr f;zx ih s'A g[~fSnk fJj gq/s e"D ;B, ;k e[~M ;wM BjhA nkfJnk sK j~;
e/ ;'Yh ih B/ T[Zso fd~sk, fJj gq/s Bkjo f;zx thj j? s/ fJ; y/so d/ ;ko/ G{sK gq/sK dk w[~yhnk
nytkT[Adk j?. go n~i id'A T[jB/ t/fynk fe ;kv/ s/ T[jdh Pesh dk e'Jh n;o BjhA sK T[jdk ;kok
jzeko N[~N frnk. n~i ;sr[oK dh ngko feqgk d[nkok s/ nekb g[oy d/ f;woB ;dek T[; nkswk
dk eo~st th pdb ikJ/rk.
fNekD/ nk e/ doPBh y~v d/ ezY/ T[jBK f;zxK B/ pkeh i~E/ th ;ko/ ;wkuko ;[DkJ/ i' T[j t/y
;[D e/ nkJ/ ;B. fco ;'Yh pkpk tvGkr f;zx ih B/ f;zxK nkd/P fd~sk fe T[; p/oh d/ E~b/ s/ T[jd/
Bkb i~E/ d/ mfjoD dk g~ek gqpzX eoBk J/. T[ZE/ e~yK^ekfBnK s/ gqkgs MkVhnK nkfd d/ M'AgV/ pDkJ/
ikD s/ fJ~E/ v/ok bkfJnk ikJ/. d' uko fdBK ft~u jh fJ~E/ t~;D :'r EktK fsnko eo bJhnK
rJhnK. p/oh d/ T[; fBPkB ;kfjp dk pVk bkG j'fJnk. nk;/ gk;/ d{o^d{o s'A fJj bfjoKdk e/;oh
fBPkB ;kfjp fJ~E'A dh fy~u dk e/Ado pD frnk. fco fJ; s'A d' ;' ri dh ft~E s/ fJ~e j'o p/oh E~b/
;'Yh pkpk tvGkr f;zx ih B/ nkgDk f;woB n;EkB fJ~e M'AgVk pDtk fbnk s/ T[ZE/ p?m e/ T[j gqG{
f;woB ft~u bhB ofjDk b~r gJ/ E'VQ/ fdBK ft~u M'AgfVnK dk fJ~e Bro t~;Dk P[o{ j' frnk.
T[j uotkj/ fijV/ e[~M fdB gfjbK pV/ vokT[Ad/ s/ nkg th G?n Ghs j'J/ B/fVT[A bzx/ ;B, T[j
id'A d[pkok fJ; gk;/ nkJ/ sK d/y e/ j?okB j' rJ/. T[jBK nk; ;h fe T[jBK d/ o'eD s/ N'eD d/
pkti{d i' wB[~y T[; p/oh E~b/ p?o/ ;B G{sK^gq/sK B/ T[jBK \sw eo fd~sk j'J/rk go T[jBK dh
j?okBh dh e'Jh j~d Bk ojh id'A T[; T[ikV s/ thokB y/so ft~u fJ~e fgzv t~; frnk s/ T[; p/oh E~b/
j[D wB[~yK dhnK o'DeK b~rdhnK B/ s/ T[jd/ B/V/ jh d{ih p/oh E~b/ p?m/ f;zxK dk bzro ub frnk j?.
fJ; fJbke/ d/ uotkfjnK B/ gfjbh tko r[o{ e/ fJ; bzro s/ gqPkd S~fenk. gfjbK vo/ s/ fMie/ go
id'A f;zxK B/ ;wMkfJnk fe fJj gq/s b'e j[D fe;/ Bk e[M BjhA ftrkVBr/ feT[Afe ;'Yh ih foX-

38
hnK^f;~XhnK d/ wkbe jB. T[jBK gk; r[opkDh dh Pesh J/. T[jBK uotkfjnK B/ ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx
ih B/ doPB eoB s/ T[jBK gqDkw eoB dh fJ~Sk gqrN ehsh. f;zxK B/ ;wMkfJnk fe ;'Yh ih fe;/
nkgD/ uoB S{jD dh nkfrnk BjhA fdzd/ T[jBK dk nkd/P j? fe r[opkDh d/ r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ;kv/
;kfonK d/ i[r'^i[r nN~b r[od/t jB. fJ; bJh w~Ek sK T[jBK N/e' nk;ok sK pkDh dk bt' s/
wB[~y nkg; ft~u fwbD ;w/A fgnko Bkb csfj p[bkD.
fJj uotkj/ fi~E/ fi~E/ th rJ/ fJjBK B/ T[j ;kok e[~M b'eK d~f;nk i' T[j n~yhA t/y e/ nkJ/
;B. ;[Dh^;[DkJh r~b dk n;o x~N j[zdk j?. go id e'Jh n~yhA t/y/ j'J/ dk dkntk eo/ sK nkg w"e/
dk rtkj pD/ sK iB ;kXkoB S/sh ftPtk; nk iKdk j?. fJ; ;ko/ gjkVh y/so ft~u fJ; v/o/ dk
xo^xo uouk j'D b~r fgnk s/ d{o'A^d{o'A b'e T[; wjkB nkswk d/ doPB eoB s/ puB fpbk;
;[DB bJh fJE/ nkT[D b~r gJ/. fi~E/ ed/ e'Jh NktK NktK wB[~y fJ; gkf;T[A bzxdk ;h, T[E/ j[D
;?AeV/ b'e fJ; n;EkB s/ nkT[D b~r gJ/.
(16)
fJ~E/ v/o/ ft~u PKs tksktoD ft~u Bkw f;woB ft~u b~frnk fszB ;kb dk ;wK phs frnk. i~E/ d/
f;zxK B/ nk;/ gk;/ d/ y/so ft~u f;~yh ihtB dh y[Pp{ c?bkJh s/ b'eK ft~u ikrqsh g?dk eoB dk :sB
ehsk. i~E/ d/ f;zx ;ko/ sK fJ; fpqsh d/ BjhA ;B. fJ; bJh id'A e'Jh T[dk; j[zdk iK tkg; nkgD/
xo gfotko ft~u ikD dh fJ~Sk gqrN eodk sK ;'Yh pkpk tvGkr f;zx ih s[ozs T[jBK tkg; G/i
fdzd/. T[jBK fJj sohek ngDkfJnk j'fJnk ;h fe fJe~bk^d[~ebk e'Jh f;zx Bk ikJ/ id'A th gzi e[
f;zx ikD bJh fJe~m/ fsnko j[zd/ sK nkg T[jBK eoskog[o G/i fdzd/ fi~E/ T[j i~E/dko csfj f;zx
fwb e/ nkgD/ xoK ub/ iKd/ s/ i~E/dko csfj f;zx T[jBK dh EK j'o gzi ;~s s/ eJh tko d; e[
f;zxK d/ i~E/ gjkVK ft~u fJ; v/o/ s/ G/i fdzd/. fJ; Bkb fJ~e j'o bkG j'fJnk fe v/o/ s'A w[VB
tkb/ f;zxK dh y?ohns pko/ ;ko/ ;wkuko eoskog[o nk e/ d~;d/ s/ eoskog[o s'A nkT[D tkb/ f;zxK
okjhA d/P e"w s/ xo^pko dh ypo v/o/ gjz[u iKdh.
fJ~e tko Bt/A nkJ/ i~E/ fJj ;[B/jk fd~sk fe wksk oki e"o s/ GkBh ih pV/ T[dk; ;B s/ T[j
efjzd/ ;B fe S/sh nk e/ fwb ikT[. fJjBK okjhA jh fJj th gsk b~rk fe ekpb u'A ncrkBK dh t~vh
c"i b? e/ nfjwd Pkj npdkbh B/ d/P s/ jwbk eo fd~sk j? s/ T[jdk d/P ft~u gfjbk fBPkBk gzikph
pD oj/ jB.
;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih v/o/ dk gqpzX f;nkfDnK f;~yK d/ ;g[~od eo e/ eoskog[o ikD bJh fsnko
j' rJ/. j[D v/o/ ft~u f;zxK s'A S[~N ;EkBe gjkVh okig{s th ofjD b~r gJ/ s/ v/o/ d/ ezw^eki ft~u
j~E tNkT[D b~r gJ/. ;'Yh pkpk tvGkr f;zx B/ ;G i' fJ; ;/tk ft~u b~r/ j'J/ ;B fJ~e' T[gd/P
fd~sk j'fJnk ;h fe fijVk th v/o/ nkJ/ T[; fJjh ihtB dk r[o ;wMkT[ fe jo wB[~y fszB r~bK
dk fBPkBk ihtB ft~u f;~yDk ukjhdk j? Bkw ig', feos eo' s/ tzv S~e'. fJj nfijk ihtB wkor ;h
fi; jo fjzd{, w[;bwkB s/ f;~y ngBk ;edk ;h. fJ; bJh wkBtsk d/ fJ; T[gd/P dk jo tor
s/ pVk uzrk n;o j'D b~r fgnk.
;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih eoskog[o nk rJ/. nkg dk eoskog[o nkT[Dk ;[D e/ fco s'A nkb/ d[nkb/
ftu'A b'e T[jBK d/ doPB eoB, T[jBK s'A nrtkJh gqkgs eoB bJh nkT[D/ P[o{ j' rJ/. wksk oki
e"o s/ G?D GkBh ih B/ P[eo ehsk s/ ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih d/ eoskog[o nkT[D s/ y[Ph ft~u r[o{ rqzE
;kfjp dk nkyzv gkm o~fynk frnk s/ T[; dh ;zgo { Bsk s/ t~vk dhtkB ;fink s/ r[o{ dk nN[~N bzro
b~r frnk. ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih B/ fJ; w"e/ s/ pV/ gqGktPkbh tuB nky/ s/ b'eK d/ fdbK dhnK
v{zxkJhnK s~e n;o eoB tkbk GkPB fd~sk. i~E/dko csfj f;zx B/ fJ; w"e/ s/ nkfynk, eEBh s/
eoBh d/ ;{ow/ wjKpbh s/ wjkB s~g;th ;'Yh brGr f;zx ih d/ tuBK ft~u ikd{ dk n;o j?. fJjBK
39
d/ B{okBh fujo/ d/y e/ t~v/ t~v/ :'X/ th f;o BhtK eo b?Ad/ jB. fJjBK dh s~eDh ft~u T[j gqGkt j?
fe fJjBK dhnK n~yK Bkb n~yK fwbfdnK ;oho ft~u fJ~e M[D^M[Dh fSV iKdh j?. ;kv/ gzE d/ fJ;
;zxoP ft~u fJjBK dk :'rdkB i[rK^i[rK s~e :kd oj/rk.
id'A ;wkrw s'A ftjb/ j'J/ sK i~E/dko csfj f;zx dh jkioh ft~u wksk oki e"o B/ w[V e/ T[jh
r~b nkyh fe j[D sK T[jBK ftnkj eo b?Dk ukjhdk j?. fco T[jBK i~E/dko csfj f;zx t~b ;ze/s
eofdnK nkfynk, s[;hA e[~M I'o bkT[ w?A n~yK whND s'A gfjbK fJ; dk xo t~;dk s/ gfotkoe
ihtB ft~u t~Xdk c[~bdk t/yDk ukj[zdh jK. i~E/dko csfj f;zx B/ th wksk d/ ftukoK dh g'qVsk ehsh
s/ nyho e[~M fdBK d/ ftuko tNKdo/ fg~S'A fJj c?;bk j' frnk fe ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih ftnkj eo
b?Dr/ T[jBK d/ foPs/ bJh j[D s~e eJh gkf;T[A g/PeP j'Jh ;h. go wksk ih T[d'A s~e fe~Xo/ jK
eoB bJh fsnko BjhA ;B. id se fe ;'Yh ih nkg fJ; r~b bJh okIh Bk j'J/. j[D id'A T[jBK
okIh eo fbnk sK wksk ih B/ wB ft~u fJj ftuko pDk fbnk fe fijVk th foPsk j[D gfjb'A
nkfJnk T[; b/yK, ;z:'rK dh r~b wzB e/ gqtkB eo fbnk ikJ/rk. e[~M jh fdB fg~S'A fJ~e okig{s
gfotko dh n~s ;z[do w[fNnko ;zdbh dk foPsk nk frnk. T[j gqtkB eo e/ ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih
dk nBzd ekoi ;zdbh ih Bkb eo fd~sk frnk.
;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih B/ wB pDkfJnk fe T[j npdkbh d/ jwb/ ;w/A fJ~E/ d[nkp/ ft~u ofj e/
f;zx^;zxoP ft~u Pkwb j'Dr/. fJ; bJh i~E/dko csfj f;zx Bkb fwb e/ ;ko/ d[nkp/ ft~u
f;zx^i~E/pzdh PeshPkbh pDkT[D bJh ezw P[o{ eo fdZsk.id'A fJj ;{uBk fwbh fe npdkbh tkg;
ubk frnk j? s/ T[jdk fJE/ ;EkJh s"o s/ nkgDh je{ws ;Ekgs eoB dk ftuko BjhA sK fJj ysok
NbfdnK ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih w[V nkg gjkVh e/Ado ft~u nk rJ/.
id'A d' e[ wjhB/ nkgD/ g[okD/ gjkDh e/Ado ft~u fpskJ/ ;B s/ Btkp eg{o f;zx s/ db ykb;k d/
gfjb/ ;KM/ i~E/dko ;odko i~;k f;zx nkjb{tkbhJ/ dk eoskog[o ft~u ;[B/jk nk frnk fe gzE d/ ;ko/
w[~yhnK dk fJ~e t~vk fJ~em r'fJzdtkb d/ B/V/ dwdwk ;kfjp ft~u p[bkfJnk frnk fi; ft~u i~E/dko
csfj f;zx i~E/ ft~u Pkwb j'D dk ;~dk fd~sk frnk T[E/ Bkb jh fJj th nkfynk frnk fe T[j
;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih th fJ; fJe~sosk ft~u Pkfwb j'D bJh Bkb b? e/ nkT[D. ;' eoskog[o s'A
s[ozs fJj ;{uBk v/o/ gj[zukJh rJh s/ ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih MN^gN w[V gjkVh y/so s'A w?dkBh fJb-
ke/ ft~u nk rJ/ s/ S/sh^S/sh ;co w[ek e/ eoskog[o gj[zud/ ;[bskBg[o b'Xh nk rJ/ s/ dfonk gko
eo e/ gzEe fJe~m tkb/ fNekD/ gj[zu rJ/ s/ d{i/ gzEe nkr{nK Bkb ftuko ftNKdok P[o{ eo fd~sk.
fJ; t/b/ s~e ;koh f;~y e"w ft~u ;'Yh ih dh ftdtsk, d{o nzd/Ph s/ fBowb ;'u dk f;~ek izw u[~fenk
;h.
;kohnK fw;bK d/ nkr{nK dh fJe~sosk ft~u c?;bk j' frnk fe nzfwqs;o dk okw o'Dh febQk
t~vk pDk e/ fJ; dk Bkw okw rVQ o~y fd~sk ikJ/ s/ d{i/ fJ; febQ/ dh okyh dh I[zw/tkoh th ;odko
i~;k f;zx fJu'frbhJ/ d/ ;g[od ehsh ikJ/ fco fJj ftuko ehsk frnk fe i/ nfjwd Pkj npdkbh
w[V jwbk eoB nk ikJ/ sK d/P s/ fJE'A d/ t;BheK dh okyh bJh f;zxK eh eoBk ukjhdk j?. gzEe
fJ~em B/ fJ; ;w/A c?;bk ehsk fe ;ko/ i~E/ nzfwqs;o d/ nk;/ gk;/ fJ~em/ ofjD s/ i/eo npdkbh
bkj"o N~g nkJ/ sK T[; Bkb f;~Xh N~eo bJh ikJ/. nzfwqs;o dh okyh fJ; ftuko ftNKdo/ dk w[~y
;tkb ;h ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih B/ fJ; fJ~em ft~u sithi o~yh, j[D w? s/ w/o/ d[nkp/ s'A nkJ/
f;zxK nrb/ e[~M ;w/a bJh ;qh nzfwqs;o dh ;/tk ;zGkb s/ okyh dk ekoi ;"Afgnk ikJ/. i~E/dko
csfj f;zx B/ fJ; ;w/A ;'Yh ih dh sithI d/ T[bN ;[Mkn o~fynk fe nzfwqs;o dh okyh dh ;/tk T[;
eoB fd~sh ikJ/ s/ ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih d[nkp/ ft~u ik e/ b'eK seVk eoB. T[jB/ nkgD/
ftuko dh ftnkfynk eofdnK d~f;nk fe ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih d[nkp/ d/ b'e s/ fjzd{, w[;bwkB th

40
wjkB nkswk tkb/ nkr{ wzBd/ jB. fJ; bJh fJj b'eK tX/o/ ;ktXkB eo ;ed/ jB. gjkVK ft~u
;[o~fyns e/Ado ;Ekfgs eoB dh fi; :'iBk nXhB fJj eJh ;kbK s'A T[Zdw eo oj/ jB T[j fJjBK
dh EK ekoi j'o e'Jh BjhA ;zGkb ;edk. fJ; bJh fJjBK d[nkp/ ft~u jh nkgDk ;wK bkT[Dk
ukjhdk j?. T[j eoskog[o ofjD, nkBzdg[o fNeD iK gjkVK ft~u ub/ ikD, ;G EKJh gzEe ;zxoP
bJh :'rdkB gk ;ed/ jB.
(17)
;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih id th PKsh Bkb e[~M ;wK fpskT[D dk nt;o fwb iKdk sK nkg nkgD/
gjkVh e/Ado ft~u w[V nk iKd/. gfjb/ gfjb sK fJ; e/Ado ft~u e/tb T[jh f;zx nkT[Ad/ fijV/ ;'Yh
ih d/ i~E/ ft~u Pkwb j[zd/ iK ndbk^pbdh ft~u jfEnko pzd x'V ;tko jh fJ; n~s n"y/ okjK s'A
bzx e/ fJ; fNekD/ gj[zud/ ;B. go id'A ;'Yh ih dh sg^sg~f;nk s/ gqGktPkbh Py;hns ;dek
izrb ft~u wzrb b~r fgnk sK t~vh frDsh ft~u nk;/ gk;/ d/ gjkVh t;Bhe fJ~E/ nkT[D b~r gJ/.
yk; eoe/ fJ; fJbke/ dh okig{s pokdoh sK fJjBK o{jkBh PeshnK dk wkbe ikD e/ fJjBK dk
;fseko eoB b~r gJ/. fJj GktBk fJ; j~d s~e t~X rJh fe fJbke/ d/ oki/ nytkT[Ad/ u"Xoh th
;'Yh tvGkr f;zx Bkb nkgDh foPs/dkoh s/ ;KM pDB s/ |yo wfj;{; eoB b~r/. fJ; bJh fJ;
gjkVh y/so d/ nkw b'ehA ;'Yh ih nkgDk ;pzXh s/ okig{sK dk itkJh ;wMD b~r gJ/.
id'A pkpk tvGkr f;zx ih eJh ;kbK s'A j[D fJ; e/Ado ft~u ofjD b~r gJ/ ;B s/ edh edkJhA
T[j eoskog[o iK j'o EktK s/ nkT[Ad/ sK T[jBK d/ fJ; gjkVh e/Ado dk uouk gzikp d/ BroK s/
fgzvK ft~u pj[s j'D b~r fgnk. fJ; soQK gzikp d/ b'e pkpk tvGkr f;zx ih d/ doPB dhdko eoB
s/ T[jBK d/ w[~y s'A r[owfs dk ;zd/P ;[DB bJh fJ; gjkVh fNekD/ s/ nkT[D/ P[o{ j' rJ/. gfjbK
gfjb b'eK pVh n"fynkJh j[zdh feT[A fe fJ; fNekD/ b~GDk ;"yk BjhA ;h. fJ; w/jVh fgzv dk
b'eK nkw gsk BjhA ;h T[j r[zwBkw fgzv ;h. fJ; bJh pkjo'A nkJ/ b'eK bJh w/jVh b~GDk th
n"yk ;h. j[D T[; fgzv Bkb'A pj[sh t~;'A s/ nktkikJh fJ; v/o/ s/ j'D b~r gJh ;h s/ ;kok fJj gjkVh
y/so ikDdk ;h fe ;'Yh pkpk tvGkr f;zx ih fJ~E/ ofjzd/ jB. fJ; bJh fJ; BthA nkpkdh dk Bkw
u~e tvGkr f;zx gqu~fbs j' frnk. id th e'Jh BtK :kso{ fJj efjzdk fe T[jB/ v/ok tvGkr f;zx
ikDk j? sK s[ozs jo e'Jh fJ; ;EkB dh fBPkB d/jh eo fdzdk. d[nkp/ d/ f;zxK s'A fg~S'A wkM/ s/ wkbt/
d/ b'e th pkpk ih d/ gqPz;e fJ; v/o/ :ksok n;EkB ikD e/ fJ~E/ nkT[D b~r gJ/.
e[~M ;w/A fg~S'A gzE d/ T[; t/b/ d/ ioB?b Btkp eg{o f;zx nekb ubkDk eo rJ/. fJj \po n~r
tKr ;ko/ gk;/ c?b rJh feT[Afe Btkp eg{o f;zx dk w[~y j~E b'e bfjo :'rdkB s/ ;~[uih nrtkJh
eoB ft~u ;h. T[jBK dk ;koh f;~y bfjo ft~u pj[s fInkdk :'rdkB ;h. id'A 1748 ft~u p[~Yk db s/
so[Dk db pkoK fw;bK ft~u tzv e/ db ykb;k pDkfJnk frnk sK T[; t/b/ ;G i~fEnK B/ fJjBK
nkgDk Pq'wDh i~E/dko wzfBnk go fJjBK B/ db ykb;/ dh i~E/dkoh ;odko i~;k f;zx nkjb{tkbhnk
;"Agh s/ gzi ;kb fg~S'a gzE d/ ;zxoP ft~u ;orow fj~;k b?AfdnK Btkp eg{o f;zx B/ wkbt/ d/ y/so
ft~u f;~y fonk;sK ekfJw eoB ft~u pVh f;nkDg Bkb ezw ehsk. T[; t/b/ pkpk nkbk f;zx s/ j'o
eJh Bt/A oki ;Ekgs eoB tkfbnk B/ Btkp eg{o f;zx ih dh nrtkJh ft~u jh gzi fgnkfonK s'A
nzfwqs dh dks gqkgs ehsh. ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx eJh tko Btkp eg{o f;zx dh ;[u~isk dk fIeo eo
u[~e/ ;B. fi; s'A ;g~PN ;h fe T[jBK s/ Btkp eg{o f;zx dk pVk gqGkt j? fJ; bJh id'A Btkp eg{o
f;zx ih d/ nekb ubkD/ dk ;wkuko fwfbnk sK ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih B/ T[;/ t/b/ nzfwqs;o ikD dh
fsnkoh eo bJh.
d/P dh oki;h jkbs fdB^p^fdB pdb ojh ;h. jkew tor dk jo c"idko fJ; :sB ft~u ;h
fe T[j gzikp dk wkbe s/ t~vk gqpzXe pD/. fJ; bJh pVh S/sh^S/sh jkew pdb oj/ ;B. npdkbh
41
s/ T[jd/ ;wo~EeK B/ eJhA EktK s/ g[okD/ c"idko pdb e/ Bt/A nkgD/ t|kdko bkT[D/ P[o{ eo fd~s/.
fJ;/ okiBhsh nXhB ibzXo d/ c"idko ndhBk p/r th jNk fd~sk frnk s/ pj[s ;koh c"i bkj"o s/
w[bskB s'A ncrkBK dh c"i Bkb ibzXo G/i fd~sh rJh sK fe ndhBk p/r frqcsko eo b?D.
ndhBk p/r ikDdk ;h fe T[jd/ gk; Nkeo/ dh c"ih Pedh BjhA. fJ; bJh T[j gfjbK jh nkgDh c"i
skes b? e/ gjkVK t~b fBeb frnk. T[j ikDdk ;h fe gzikp d/ w?dkBh fJbke/ ft~u T[j fe;/ t/b/
th c"ih skes Bkb x/fonk s/ cfVnk ik ;edk j?. gzikp d/ izrbK ft~u f;zxK d/ v/o/ ;B s/ T[E/
ndhBk p/r b[~eD bJh fNekD/ BjhA ;B fwb ;ed/. fJ; bJh T[j gjkVK t~b ubk frnk. fezB/ jh
fdB T[j e'Jh nfijh EK Bk fwbh fiE/ T[j nkgDh c"i th o~y ;edk s/ T[jBK d/ nzB gkDh dk th
gqpzX eo ;edk.
ibzXo d/ Bt/A c"idko ;o coki yK dh wdd s/ bkj"o d/ jkew ijkB yK B/ c"i G/ih. bkj"oh c"i
dh nrtkJh p[bzd ykB eo fojk ;h fi; fJj jdkfJs ;h fe T[j d[nkp/ ft~u f;~yK dh skes
ysw eo/. fJ; bJh ;o coki yK B/ d[nkp/ ft~u f;~yK dh skes e[ubD bJh eoskog[o s/ jwbk
eo fd~sk. r[od[nkok Ezw ;kfjp T[jBK dk gfjbk fBPkBK ;h fi; n~r bk e/ ;kfVnk frnk ns/
eoskog[o Bro ft~u fJjBK c"iK B/ pVh b[~N wko ehsh. fjzd{nK, f;~yK esb th ehsk s/ e[~M
n"osK dh p/gsh th ehsh. fco fjzd{^f;~y nkpkdh dhnK n"osK s/ p~funK G?^Ghs eoB bJh Bro
dhnK eJh rT{nK cV e/ b? nKdhnK s/ r[od[nkok Ezw ;kfjp d/ ;kjwD/ T[jBK esb eo e/ c"i
ft~u T[j wk; tzfvnk frnk. fJ; jwb/ dh ewkB Bk;o nbh eo fojk ;h. i' fJj dkntk eodk ;h
fe ibzXo dk c"idko T[j pDkfJnk ikJ/ sK T[j f;~yK dk Bkw'^fBPkB fwNk ;edk j?.
ndhBk p/r gjkVK ft~u fcodk j'fJnk b~Gdk bGKdk u~e tvGkr f;zx gjz[u frnk fJ~E/ T[j gsk
b~rk fe f;zxK d/ e[~M j'o i~E/dko s/ ftP/; eoe/ i~;k f;zx nkjb{tkbhnk th d/P d/ jkbks pko/ ;'Yh
tvGkr f;zx ih Bkb ftuko eoB bJh nkJ/ j'J/ jB. T[jB/ uzrk w"ek ikD e/ ;bkj fd~sh fe i/eo
db ykb;k ibzXo d/ c"idko ;o coki yK s/ Bk;o nbh ehs/ dh ;Ik d/Dk ukj/ sK T[j nkgDh
;koh c"ih Pesh Bkb T[jBK dk ;kE d/t/rk. db ykb;k T[j bkj"o dk jkew pDB bJh n~r'A T[jdh
wdd eo/. ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih s/ ;odko i~;k f;zx nkjb{tkbhJ/ B/ ;bkj eoe/ ndhBk p/r Bkb
fJ~e ;zXh eo bJh. fi; nXhB f;zxK d/ i~fEnK B/ ndhBk p/r dh c"i Bkb b? e/ ibzXo t~b e{u
eo fd~sk. fJ; fwbthA c"ih Pesh ft~u g~uh jIko itkB fJ; ekoi bJh fJ~em/ j' rJ/ ykb;k c"i
dh nrtkJh ;'Yh pkpk tvGkr f;zx eo oj/ ;B.
id'A fJj c"i ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih dh nrtkJh j/m wkbg[o (j[fPnkg[o) d/ B/V/ gj[zuh sK nr'A
Pkjh c"iK Bkb Nkeok j' frnk. PkfJd T[j j[fPnkog[o tb'A j' e/ u~e tvGkr f;zx t~b t~XD dh ;'u
oj/ ;B. fJ; bJh nukBe Nkeok j' ikD Bkb xw;kB :[~X j' frnk. sbtkoK s/ B/i/ yVeD b~r
gJ/. f;zx T[; t/b/ pV/ r[~;/ s/ o'; ft~u ;B. T[jBK d/ ;hB/ n~r b~rh j'Jh ;h fe fiBQK ikbwK B/
r[od[nkok Ezw ;kfjp eoskog[o ;kfVnk s/ ngwkBs ehsk j?, T[jBK fiT[Ad/ BjhA ofjD d/Dk.
Pkjh c"iK sK b[~N wko s/ n"osK dh p/gsh eoB d/ nkdh ;B. fe;/ nkdoP bJh nkgk tkoB tkfbnK
d/ ;kjwD/ T[j fe; soQK yV/ j' ;ed/ ;B. fJ; bJh T[jBK dk e'Jh i~Ek th f;zxK d/ fe;/ i~E/ ;kjwD/
fNe Bk ;fenk. bkj"oh c"i dk fJ~e ioB?b p[bzd ykB fJ; :[~X ft~u wkfonk frnk. Bk;o nbh
;ys c~NV j' frnk s/ w[okd ykB T[; c~NV b? e/ ibzXo d"V frnk. T[jd/ ikD fg~S'A fJ;
bkj"oh c"i d/ j"A;b/ N[~N rJ/ s/ T[j fdB v[~pfdnK jB/o/ dh nkV ft~u wkbg[o s'A d"V rJ/.
f;zxK dh fJ; :[~X ft~u csfj j' rJh. fJj r~b f;zxK th gsk b~r rJh ;h fe c"i d"V rJh
J/. fJ; bJh nzfwqs t/b/ ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih dh nrtkJh ft~u jh S/sh^S/sh ;co eofdnK ibzXo
gj[zu rJ/. fe;/ B/ fJjBK dk ibzXo ft~u Nkeok Bk ehsk. ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih B/ jdkfJs ehsh fe

42
ibzXo s'A pkjo fBebD d/ ;ko/ EktK dh Bkekpzdh eo bJh ikJ/ sK fe c"idko d/ ;kEh c"i pu e/ Bk
fBeb ikD. ndhBk p/r dh c"i jdkfJs j'Jh fe s[;hA w[;bwkBh t;'A tkb/ y/soK ft~u ik e/ S[g/
j'J/ c"ihnK cV e/ fbnkT[. go Bkb jh eoVkJh Bkb fJj r~b nkyh fe nkw b'eK dk e'Jh ikBh
wkbh B[e;kB BjhA j'Dk ukjhdk. s/ Bk fe;/ Xh^G?D dh e'Jh p/gsh eo/. n;hA d'PhnK ;Ik d/Dh
j?. fBod'P b'eK Bkb e'Jh tXheh BjhA j'Dh ukjhdh.
gsk b~rk fe Bk;o nbh c~NV j'D fg~S'A ibzXo gjzu
[ fdnK wo frnk j? s/ T[; d/ ;oho ekjbh
Bkb epo ft~u d|Bk fd~sk frnk. fJ; ;{uBk fg~S'A T[jdh bkP epo ft~u'A e~fYnk frnk. fJj
efj e/ bkP ;kfVnk frnk fe fi; pzd/ B/ r[od[nkok Ezw ;kfjp n~r bkJh, T[jdk ;oho th n~r
ft~u ;VBk ukjhdk j?. fJ; fg~S'A ndhBk p/r w[V ibzXo dk c"idko pDk e/ ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx
eoskog[o nk rJ/.
(18)
eoskog[o ft~u nk e/ ;oekoh c"iK d/ n~fsnkukoK s/ wukJh spkjh d/ ;wkuko ;[D e/ s/ c/o
n~yhA t/y e/ ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih dhnK n~yK ft~u r[~;/ dh bkbh nk rJh. T[j ;dk PKs fus ofjD
tkb/ s/ n~s mzv/ ;[Gkn d/ wkbe bJh th fJj fdqP ;fjD eoBk nfs efmB ;h ns/ id'A T[jBK
r[od[nkok Ezw ;kfjp dk ;fVnk j'fJnk ;EkB t/fynk sK nkg w[jko/ T[jBK d/ B/soK u'A ib tfj
s[fonk. T[j fezBk fuo r[od[nko/ d/ pkjob/ d[nko/ s/ w~Ek N/e e/ o'Ad/ oj/. T[jBK d/ Bkb yV/ b'eK B/
gfjbh tko T[jBK f;;ehnK b?AfdnK s/ jT[e/ GofdnK t/fynk s/ id T[j T[Zm/ sK T[jBK fJT[A
nkfynk fe ;kv/ r[od/t fgsk dk ;kv/ fiT[AfdnK jh e'Jh ngwkB eo ikJ/ sK ;kv/ fiT[D dk eh j~e
j?. n;hA i/eo t?oh d/ fJ; jwb/ ;w/A fJ~E/ j[zd/ sK ;kv/ fiT[Ad/ ihn e'Jh th r[od[nko/ dk fJT[A
ngwkB BjhA ;h eo ;edk. go ehsk eh ikt/ ;kvh fJE/ r?o jkIoh dk n:'r bkG T[jBK T[mkfJnk
;h. T[jBK nkgD/ ehs/ dh ;Ik fwb rJh s/ fit/A Bk;o nbh B/ fJj r[o n;EkB ;kfVnk j? T[jh
jkb T[; dk th j' frnk j?. fco nkg B/ n?bkB ehsk fe fJ; n;EkB dh Bt/A f;foT[A T[;koh eoKr/
s/ gfjbK Bkb'A th tXhnk BthA T[;koh ehsh ikJ/rh. id s~e Ezw ;kfjp g{ok T[;ko BjhA fbnk iKd/
n;hA fJE/ eoskog[o ft~u jh fNeKr/ s/ fJj ;/tk ;zg{oB eok e/ iktKr/.
Ezw ;kfjp dh BthA T[;koh P[o{ eoB s'A gfjbK fJ; ro[ n;EkB s/ r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp dk gkm nozG
ehsk frnk. T[; dh ;zgo { Bsk s/ pVk t~vk gzEe fJ~em j'fJnk. gkm fg~S'A r[opkDh dk ehsoB
j'fJnk s/ T[; fg!S'A pj[s ;ko/ w[~yhnK d/ GkPB j'J/. ndhBk p/r fJ; ;wkrw bJh T[u/u/ s"o s/
ibzXo s'A eoskog[o nkfJnk. T[j nkgD/ Bkb nkgDh fJ~e c"ih N[eVh s/ gqpX z e nfjbeko th b? e/
nkfJnk ;h s/ nkgD/ f;o *s/ eVkj gqPkd dh d/r u[~e e/ fbnkfJnk. T[j f;~yK dh eVkj gqPkd
fsnko eoB dh ;/tk bJh T[;/ soQK wfonkdk nB[;ko fxT[ nkNk s/ yzv^P~eo fJ~e' fisB/ tiB d/ b?
e/ eVkj gqPkd fsnko eotkfJnk Gkt/A T[j eVkj gqPkd gfjbK sK fe;/ p?b r~vh iK v'bh ft~u
fbnKdk frnk go dhtkB ft~u nkT[D ;w/A fJj eVkj gqPkd ndhBk p/r B/ nkgD/ f;o s/ o~y fbnk.
gfjbK T[jB/ ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih fJj ;{uBk G/i fd~sh ;h fe T[j gfjbK gqP kd b? e/ nkg dhtkB
ft~u jkIo j'J/rk s/ c"idkoK dh ehsh rbsh dh gzE s'A wkch wzr/rk.
eoskog[o d/ b'eK B/ gfjbh tko fJj fdqP d/fynk. n~r/ id'A th jkew tor dhnK c"iK iK
f;gkjh fJ; Bro ft~u nkT[Ad/ T[j b[~N wko eod/ s/ fPekohnK tKr pzfdnK dk fPeko eod/ t/y/ ;B
iK ;[D/ ;B. fJj gfjbh tko b'e t/y oj/ ;B fe c"idko s/ T[jd/ ;kEh Bzr/ g?ohA f;o Y~e e/ pV/
;fseko Bkb Ezw ;kfjp ik oj/ jB s/ T[j th w[;bwkb j[zfdnK g{o/ ;fseko Bkb r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp
Bw;eko eo e/ ;zrs ft~u p?m oj/ jB. fi; ;zrs ft~u Bk nwho, rohp dk e'Jh ftseok ;h s/ Bk
jh fe;/ d{ih iks iK Xow ftPtk; tkb/ nS{s ;wfMnk ik fojk ;h. ndhBk p/r B/ eVkj gqPkd
43
dh d/r d' f;zxK geVk e/ gfjbK r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp Bw;eko ehsk s/ c/o ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih
id Bw;eko eoB bJh T[jBK t~b tfXnk sK ;'Yh ih B/ T[j d{o'A o'e e/ nkfynk, r[o{ wjkoi dh
jI{oh ft~u T[jBK jh Bw;eko eoBk ;'Gdk j? ;k sK csfj p[bkDh g;zd j?.
;wkrw ft~u ndhBk p/r B/ th GkPB fd~sk fi; ft~u T[jB/ gfjbK sK ;ko/ f;~yK s/ r[o{^xo d/
PoXkb{nK s'A ibzXo d/ c"idko j[zfdnK f\wk wzrh s/ fejk, fe w/o/ s'A gfjbK d/ c"idko B/ nfijk
PowBke ezw ehsk j? fi; Bkb ;kv/ ;ko/ jkew tor dk f;o ;dk bJh BhtK j'fJnk j?. fJ~e gk;/
eoskog[o ft~u T[jBK dk fJB;kBhns s'A frfonk feodko ;G b'eK B/ t/fynk s/ d{i/ gk;/ f;zxK dk
feodko j?. fi; dh n~i ibzXo dk jo t;Bhe skoh| eo fojk j?. feT[A fe ;'Yh tvGkr f;xz ih
d/ j[ew nB[;ko ibzXo d/ t~;D tkb/ fe;/ pzd/ dk e'Jh th B[e;kB BjhA j'fJnk. n~i ibzXo dk jo
w[;bwkB ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih dh bzwh T[wo bJh n~bk gk; d[nk eo fojk j?.
fJ; soQK fJj ;koh r~b dh uouk eo e/ nyho ndhBk p/r B/ fejk, s[;hA Ezw ;kfjp dh
d[pkok fJwkos yVQh eoB b~r/ j', w?A th ibzXo dk c"idko j[zfdnK fJ; ft~u nkgDk fj~;k gkT[D
nkfJnk jK. n~i f;~y^i~fEnK s/ yk; eoe/ ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih dh fwjo ;dek w?A w[V e/ ibzXo
dk c"idko pfDnk jK. f;zxK dh ns/ w/oh fijVh fi~s j'Jh J/ T[; dh y[Ph ft~u w?A ;tk b~y o[gJ/
G/Nk eodk jK.w? T[whd j? fe w/ok fJj BiokBk ;theko eo'r/. ;'Yh ih B/ T[jd/ iIpks dh skoh|
ehsh. go Bkb jh fejk fe r[o{ BkBe Bkw b/tk f;~y ;zrs nkgDh feos ewkJh ft~u'A e[~M fj~;k e~Y
e/ Ezw ;kfjp dh Bt/A f;foT[A T[;koh eoB dh y[Ph b?Dh ukj[zd/ jB. fJ; s/ ndhBk p/r B/ nkfynk,
fe w/ok fJj ;tk b~y o[fgnk Ezw ;kfjp dh T[;koh s/ bkT[ iK db ykb;/ d/ f;zxK d/
PPsoK^p;soK s/ you bt', w?A Gkt/A s[jk w[;bwkB BIo nkT[Adk jK. go s[;hA w? :'Xk f;zx ;wM
;ed/ j'. Gkt/A w/o/ f;o s/ e/; BjhA go w?A f;~yK dk fJ~e ;kEh s/ s[jkv/ ;zxoP dk fJ~e jwdod Io{o
jK. fJ; soQK i?ekfonK dh r{zi ft~u fi~E/ :[~X ft~u f;zxK dh fi~s dh y[Ph wBkJh rJh, T[E/
r[od[nkok Ezw ;kfjp dh BthA T[;koh s/ nkw b'eK d/ Ykj/ wekBK dh w[ozws dk ekoi th i'o P'o
Bkb ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx dh nrtkJh j/m P[o{ j' frnk.
(19)
fisBk fuo Ezw ;kfjp dh T[;koh dh ;/tk ikoh ojh ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih eoskog[o ft~u oj/.
T[jBK B/ i~E/dko csfj f;zx Bkb fwb e/ eoskog[o dh j'Jh spkjh dh Bt/A f;foT[A T[;koh eotkT[D
bJh wdd ehsh. fco febQ/ dk fijVk B[e;kB j'fJnk ;h T[; w[ozws ehsk frnk. gfjbK T[jBK
d{finK d/ Y~m/ wekBK dk ezw eotkfJnk T[j o'I ;t/o/ Ezw ;kfjp s/ rzr ;o iKd/ T[;koh d/ ekoi
ft~u b~r/ b'eK jdkfJsK fdzd/. T[BQK dhnK b'VK g{ohnK eod/ s/ nrb/ ekoi bJh ;bkj fdzd/. fco
T[j Bro ft~u b'eK d/ xoh iKd/ s/ fJT[A b'VtzdK dh wdd bJh nk gj[zud/. fe;/ T[jBK d/ do s'A
e[~M wzrD bJh nkT[D dh b'V jh BjhA ;h.
id'A T[;koh dk fJj ekoi w[ezwb j' frnk sK ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih B/ w[V nkgD/ gjkVh fNekD/
s/ ikD dh fsnkoh P[o{ eo fd~sh. T[j sK PkfJd e[~M j'o ;wK ni/ eoskog[o ofjzd/ go gjkVh y/so
d/ b'eK d/ ;[B/j/ s/ ;[B/j/ nk oj/ ;B fe S/sh fJ; y/so ft~u nk e/ nkw b'eK dh ;ko bT[. n;b
r~b fJj;h fe ;dhnK s'A gSfVnK fJj gjkVh y/so jkewK t~b'A nD^r'fbnk frnk ;h. b'eK dhnK
ihtB b'VK e'Jh th g{ohnK eoB dk :sB BjhA ;h eo fojk s/ id'A ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih B/ fJ;
y/so ft~u b'e ;/tk dh bfjo ubk fd~sh sK b'ehA efjD b~r gJ/ fe o~p B/ nkgDh fwjo eo e/ ;'Yh
tvGkr f;zx ih fJ; fJbke/ ft~u G/i fd~sk j?. T[j nkgDh Grsh s/ f;woB Bkb b'eK o~p dk
o{g BIo nkT[Ad/ ;B s/ nkgDh jo n"eV d/ j~b bJh T[jBK b'e :kd eod/ ;B. j[D fJ~e' ;kb
T[jBK dh r?o jkIoh fJ; gjkVh y/so d/ b'eK fJ~e ;dh fizBQK bzwk ;wK ikgdk ;h s/ T[j jo
44
wjhB/ jo nkT[D tkb/ f;zxK okjhA nkgDh cfonkd G/id/ ;B fe ;'Yh wjkoki s[;hA nkgD/ fJ; gjkVh
n;EkB s/ nk e/ fpokiwkB j't'.
id'A ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih eoskog[o s'A v/ok tvGkr f;zx (u~e tvGkr f;zx) ikD bJh fsnko
j' oj/ ;B sK wkok oki e"o G?D GkBh s/ gsBh ;zdbh ih B/ fwb e/ I'o fd~sk fe j[D sK n;hA jo
ehws s/ s[jkv/ Bkb ikDk j?. s[;hA j[D ;k S~v e/ BjhA ik ;ed/. gfjbK s[;hA efjzd/ ;h fe T[E/ v/o/
ni/ t;'A BjhA go j[D ;k T[E'A nkT[D tkfbnK B/ d~f;nk j? fe T[ZE/ ekch t~;'A j' rJh J/. j[D T[j
T[ikV BjhA. gfotkoK d/ ofjD bJh EK pD rJh J/. wksk oki e"o B/ fJ~E'A s~e efj fd~sk fe w/ok
nzs ;wK B/V/ nkT[Adk ik fojk j? s/ w/oh fJ~Sk j? fe w?A nkgD/ ;g[~so d/ ;kjwD/ T[j d/yfdnK n~yK
whN iktK. nfijhnK iIp/ Gog{o r~bK phph GkBh s/ ;zdbh ih B/ th ehshnK fi; d/ cb;o{g ;'Yh
tvGkr f;zx ih nkgD/ gfotko v/ok ;kfjp fbikD bJh oIkwzd j' rJ/ T[jBK B/ ;'Yh ykBdkB d/
eoskog[o ft~u t~;d/ gfotkoK d/ w[~yhnK dh fJe~sosk p[bkJh s/ T[; ft~u nkfynk fe s[;hA ;ko/ r[o{
gfotko j' s/ fiBQK B/ ni/ s~e nzfwqs gkB BjhA ehsk T[j nzfwqs dh dks gqkgs eo bt'. i'
nzfwqsXkoh j' u[~e/ jB T[jBK ft~u'A fijV/ Ezw ;kfjp dh ;/tk ;zGkb bJh nkgD/ nkg g/P eod/ jB
T[jBK n;hA eoskog[o ft~u r[o{ gfotko dhnK IwhBK, wekB s/ j'o ikfJdkd d/D bJh fsnko jK.
fijVk gfotko fJ; febQ/ ft~u ofjDk ukj[zdk j? T[; r[od/t fgsk d/ ;w/A dhnK t;sK s/ fBPkBhnK
dh ;/tk s/ okyh eoBh j'J/rh. nkfd rqzE dh i' gktB phV ;kv/ gfotko gk; j? T[j gzE dh nwkBs
j?. T[; dh ;[o~fynk bJh t~vh s'A t~vh e[opkBh eoB s'A ;ze'u BjhA eoBk j'J/rk. fJ; soQK eos-
kog[o dk gqpzX f;nkD/ ftneshnK d/ ;g[od eo e/ ns/ ;G i~E/dko csfj f;zx Bkb jo ;w/A
;fj:'r eoB dh gq/oBk fdzd/ j'J/ ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih nkgD/ gfotko Bkb u~e tvGkr f;zx t~b ub
gJ/. eoskog[o d/ t;Bhe fjzd{, w[;bwkB s/ f;~y t~vh frDrh ft~u fJ; ekcb/ ftdk eoB bJh
eoskog[o s'A pkjo d{o s~e S~vD nkJ/. pj[fsnK dhnK n~yK ft~u'A jzM{ feo oj/ ;B T[jBK d/
fuofonK s'A ;kc ;g~PN ;h fe T[j fJ; ftS'V/ s'A d[~yh jB. ;'Yh ih B/ fJj Xhoi d/ e/ ;G w'V
fd~sk fe id'A th s[jk w/oh b'V wfj;{; j'Jh w?A s[jkv/ gk; gj[zuKrk. w/ok ;oho Gkt/A fe~Xo/ j't/ w/oh
nkswk ;dk s[jkv/ ftueko j't/rh.
(20)
v/ok ;kfjp ft~u id w[V e/ o'DeK j'D b~r gJhnK sK c?;bk j' frnk fe jo ;kb j'bhnK d/
fdBK ft~u fJ~E/ t~vk gzEe fJe~m ehsk ikJ/ s/ j'b/ w[j~b/ d/ fdB fJ~E/ g{o/ ykb;/Jh Yzr Bkb fJj
fsT[jko wBkfJnk ikJ/ s/ f;~y ;~fGnkuko dk uVQdh ebk tkbk g~y gqrN ehsk ikJ/. d{o d{okv/ s'A
nkT[Ad/ :ksohnK okjhA fJj ;zd/Pk ;ko/ d/P ft~u gj[zu frnk s/ fJ; soQK nrb/ d' fszB wjhfBnK
fg~S'A j'bhnK s/ j'b/ fg~S'A ;bkBk fJe~m eoB dh gqzgok P[o{ j' rJh.
fJ; fJbke/ d/ okig{s s/ uotkj/ i' fJ; v/ok ;kfjp dh wkBsk t/yfdnK fJ; nkgDk o{jkBh
e/Ado wzBD b~r gJ/ ;B, T[jBK th c?;bk eo fbnk fe T[j ;kb ft~u fJ~e tkoh fJ; n;EkB dh
:ksok s/ Io{o nkfJnk eoBr/. fJj th ftPtkP pVk g~eh soQK b'eK d/ wBK ft~u xo eo frnk ;h
fe fJ; n;EkB s/ nk e/ ;~u/ fdb' i' ;~[yDk ;[~y e/ iKdk J/, T[; dh ;[~yDk g{oh j[zdh J/. nfij/
gfotko th fJ; v/o/ nkgDk P[eokBk g/P eoB bJh jo ;kb nkT[D b~r gJ/. T[jBK B/ ;'Yh tvGkr
f;zx ih dh nkfrnk Bkb fJj fBoDk eo fbnk fe T[j jo ;kb j'bhnK s'A brGr fJ~e wjhBk fg~S'A
ft;kyh d/ fdjkV/ v/ok ;kfjp dh :ksok s/ nkfJnk eoBr/. T[; fdB s'A fJ; gjkVh y/so d/ ;EkBe
t;Bhe ftyk;h ;w/A nkT[D b~r gJ/. T[jBK fJ; fdB P[eokBk fdt; d/ o{g ft~u wBkT[Dk P[o{ eo
fd~sk. T[j gjkVh b'e ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx ih nkgDk r[o{ efjDk s/ wzBDk ukj[zd ;B go ;'Yh
tvGkr f;zx ih B/ pVh ;ys skVBk ehsh fe e'Jh T[jBK bJh r[o{ Ppd BjhA tos ;edk. T[jBK dh

45
fdqPNh ft~u wB[~yh ;o{g ftu d; r[o{ ;kfjpkB j'J/ jB s/ i[r'^i[r nN~b r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp jh r[o{ jB.
;EkBe gjkVhJ/ f;zxK g[~Sd/ fe n;hA ;'Yh ih fe; soQK p[bkfJnk eohJ/ sK f;nkD/ f;zxK B/
;bkj fd~sh fe s[;hA pkpk tvGkr f;zx ;fseko Bkb jh efj ;ed/ j'. fJj r~b wzBh rJh s/ fJ;
wjKg[oy dk Bkw pkpk tvGkr f;zx gqu~bs j' frnk. eJh pI[or fJjBK s'A tv/oh T[wo d/ th ;B.
T[jBK d~f;nk fe fJ; wjKg[oy d/ Bkw Bkb ;fseko t~i'A eJh Ppd ;w/A ;w/A f;o gqu~bs j[zd/ oj/.
ed/ fJj pkbe ;'Yh fco ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx s/ fco i~E/dko tvGkr f;zx th efj e/ b'e :kd eod/
oj/. go pkpk tvGkr f;zx nfijk Bkw u~fbnk i' ;dhth ekb bJh T[jBK dk ;fseko Gfonk Bkw
pD frnk.
fJ; soQK u~e tGGkr f;zx ft~u b'e ;/tk dk fBozso ekoi eofdnK id 52 ;kb dh ;z;ko
:ksok ft~u nkgD/ EK fJjBK dh irs c/oh ;zg{oB j[zdh fJjBK B/ gfjbK jh nB[Gt eo bJh. Gkt/A
;kXkoB wB[~yK fJj gsk BjhA j[zdk fe ed'A fe~E/ s/ fe; ;kXB Bkb T[jBK dk nzfsw ;wK nk ikDk
j?. fiBQK wjkB nkswktK dh gow^nkswk Bkb fbt i[Vh j[zdh j? T[jBK fJ; r~b dk nt~P gfjbK
frnkB j' iKdk j? fe T[jBK dh ihtB :ksok \sw j'D tkbh j?.
pkpk tvGkr f;zx ih B/ nkgD/ w[~yh ;kEhnK s/ gfotko fJe~m/ eo e/ fejk fe n;hA fijVh
r[o wfonkdk fJ~E/ P[o{ ehsh J/ T[; w/o/ ;~u/ ;kEh s/ gfotko fBozso ikoh o~yD. fJ; soQK gqpzX
j'o j~EK ft~u ;"Ag e/ pkpk tvGkr f;zx ih T[;/ ;EkB s/ ;wkXh bk e/ p?m rJ/, fi~E/ gjkVh s/ T[jBK
B/ gzdoK^;'bK ;kb gfjbK nk e/ gfjbh tko v/ok bkfJnk ;h. n?;h ;wkXh bkJh fe T[jBK dk
nkswe G'o (22 iBtoh 1762 JhH) ;oho dk ;kE S~v e/ fe;/ nrbh :ksok bJh gqG{ uoBK ft~u ik
fpokfink. T[j pVh eoVkJh Bkb fJj nkd/P d/ rJ/ ;B fe T[jBK d// nekb ubkD/ s/ Bk e'Jh o't/ s/
Bk e'Jh ftobkg eo/. r[opkDh dk gkm s/ ehosB jh ;kvh nkswk PKsh gfotko s/ fBeN ;B/jhnK
;po^;zs'y s/ PKsh d/tr / k. T[j gfjbK th nkfynk eod/ ;B fe nzfsw ;z;eko fg~S'A c[~b ehosg[o
jh ib gqtkj eoB/ jB. fJ; bJh T[jBK d/ c[~b ib gqtkj bJh ehosg[o jh fbikD dk |?;bk
j'fJnk. fi~E/ T[jBK dk ;z;eko j'fJnk T[ZE/ Pesh d/ ekfJb b'eK B/ T[jBK dh ;wkX pDk bJh s/
fijVk T[jBK dk sg n;EkB ;h T[; ;zGkb e/ sg ;EkB r[od[nkok wzih ;kfjp ekfJw eo fbnk.
fJ; soQK pkpk tvGkr f;zx ih nkgDh eEBh s/ eoBh Bkb ;/tk s/ f;woB dh Pesh i'V e/ nfijk
wkor doPB eo rJ/ i' ofjzdh d[BhnK s~e b'eK ihtB wkor s/ ukBD w[Bkok pD e/ nrtkJh
eodk jo/rk.
;' ;kX ;zrs ih pkpk ih d/ ihtB s'A ;/X b? e/ nzfwqs S~e e/ g{oB r[of;~y ykb;/ pD'. nekb
g[oy s/ r[opkDh s'A Go';k o~y'. e/;oh fBPkB ;kfjp dk ;fseko eo'. ;zsK GrsK dk ns/ gzE d/
Pjhd f;zxK dk ;fseko eo', Bkw ig', ;op~s dk Gbk eo'.
r[ows s'A T[bN fe;/ th eow eKv s/ ftPtk; Bk oy', r[ows ft~u ofj e/ pkpk ih dhnK y[PhnK
d/ gkso pD' ih.
;jkfJe g[;seK
1H s/r ykb;k
frnkBh eosko f;zx ebk;tkbhnk
2H ;'Yh p/;
gq'L r[odoPB f;x, gzikp GkPk ftGkr
3H wjkB e'P
46
 GkJh ekjB f;zx, BkGk
4H f;~y fJfsjk;
fgqL s/ik f;zx s/ vkeNo rzvk f;zx
5H f;~y gzE feE/ s'A feE/
frnkBh nwo f;zx
6H ;kvk fJfsjk; Gkr d{ik
fgqL ;fspho f;zx
7H eoe eb/i/ wkfj
frnkBh GiB f;zx
8H n;hA d{D ;tkJ/ j'fJ
frnkBh GiB f;zx
9H ihtB fpqsKs ;'Yh tvGkr f;zx No?eN
frnkBh w'jB f;zx
!!!

47
gurduAwrw mMjI swihb (fyrw bwbw vfBBwg isMG jI)

48
gu:QMm swihb jI, krqwrpur swihb

49
byr swihb , AsQwn bwbw vfBwg isMG jI

50
51
jnm AsQwn bwbw vfBwg isMG jI

52
iklHw krqwrpur swihb

53
smwD bwbw vfBwg isMG jI

54
gurU nwnk drbwr rwjpurw

55
 1699-1999
300 swlw Kwlsw idvs
nMU smripq XwdgwrI icMn

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