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CP/M
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

CP/M,originallystandingforControlProgram/MonitorandlaterControlProgramforMicrocomputers,[3][4][5]isamassmarketoperatingsystemcreatedforIntel8080/85based
CP/M
microcomputersbyGaryKildallofDigitalResearch,Inc.Initiallyconfinedtosingletaskingon8bitprocessorsandnomorethan64kilobytesofmemory,laterversionsofCP/Madded
multiuservariationsandweremigratedto16bitprocessors. Developer DigitalResearch,Inc./Gary
Kildall
ThecombinationofCP/MandS100buscomputerslooselypatternedontheMITSAltairwasanearlyindustrystandardformicrocomputers,andthiscomputerplatformwaswidely
Writtenin PL/M
usedinbusinessthroughthelate1970sandintothemid1980s.[6]CP/Mincreasedthemarketsizeforbothhardwareandsoftwarebygreatlyreducingtheamountofprogramming
requiredtoinstallanapplicationonanewmanufacturer'scomputer.[7][8]Animportantdriverofsoftwareinnovationwastheadventof(comparatively)lowcostmicrocomputersrunning Workingstate Historic

CP/M,asindependentprogrammersandhackersboughtthemandsharedtheircreationsinusergroups.[9]CP/MwasdisplacedbyMSDOSsoonafterthe1981introductionoftheIBM Sourcemodel Originallyclosedsource,

PC. nowopensource[1]
Initialrelease 1974
Latestrelease 3.1/1983[2]
Contents
Platforms Intel8080,Intel8085,
1 Hardwaremodel ZilogZ80,ZilogZ8000,
2 Componentsoftheoperatingsystem Intel8086,Motorola68000
2.1 ConsoleCommandProcessor
Kerneltype Monolithickernel
2.2 BasicDiskOperatingSystem
2.3 BasicInputOutputSystem Defaultuserinterface Commandlineinterface
2.4 Filesystem License Originallyproprietary,now
2.5 TransientProgramArea
BSDlike
2.6 Debuggingapplication
2.7 Residentprograms Officialwebsite DigitalResearchofficialCP
2.8 Installation /Mpage(http://www.digita
3 History lresearch.biz/CPM.HTM)
3.1 ThebeginningandCP/M'sheyday
3.1.1 Thename
3.1.2 Portability
3.1.3 Applications
3.1.4 Diskformats
3.1.5 Graphics
3.2 CP/MPlus
3.3 The16bitworld
3.4 MSDOStakesover
3.5 ZCPR
4 Legacy
4.1 Sourcecodereleases
5 Seealso
6 References
7 Furtherreading
8 Externallinks

Hardwaremodel
Aminimal8bitCP/Msystemwouldcontainthefollowingcomponents:

AcomputerterminalusingtheASCIIcharacterset
AnIntel8080(andlaterthe8085)orZilogZ80microprocessor
TheNECV20andV30processorssupportan8080emulationmodethatcanrunCP/MonaPCDOS/MSDOScomputersoequipped[10]
Atleast16kilobytesofRAM(beginningataddress0)
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Ameanstobootstrapthefirstsectorofthediskette
Atleastonefloppydiskdrive

TheonlyhardwaresystemthatCP/M,assoldbyDigitalResearch,wouldsupportwastheIntel8080DevelopmentSystem.ManufacturersofCP/Mcompatiblesystemscustomizedportionsoftheoperatingsystemfortheirown
combinationofinstalledmemory,diskdrives,andconsoledevices.CP/MwouldalsorunonsystemsbasedontheZilogZ80processorsincetheZ80wascompatiblewith8080code.WhiletheDigitalResearchdistributedcoreofCP/M
(BDOS,CCP,coretransientcommands)didnotuseanyoftheZ80specificinstructions,manyZ80basedsystemsusedZ80codeinthesystemspecificBIOS,andmanyapplicationswerededicatedtoZ80basedCP/Mmachines.

OnmostmachinesthebootstrapwasaminimalbootloaderinROMcombinedwithsomemeansofminimalbankswitchingorameansofinjectingcodeonthebus(sincethe8080needstoseebootcodeatAddress0forstartup,while
CP/MneedsRAMthere)forothers,thisbootstraphadtobeenteredintomemoryusingfrontpanelcontrolseachtimethesystemwasstarted.

CP/Musedthe7bitASCIIset.Theother128charactersmadepossiblebythe8bitbytewerenotstandardized.Forexample,oneKayprousedthemforGreekcharacters,andOsbornemachinesusedthe8thbitsettoindicatean
underlinedcharacter.WordStarusedthe8thbitasanendofwordmarker.InternationalCP/MsystemsmostcommonlyusedtheISO646normforlocalizedcharactersets,replacingcertainASCIIcharacterswithlocalizedcharacters
ratherthanaddingthembeyondthe7bitboundary.

Componentsoftheoperatingsystem
Inthe8bitversions,whilerunning,theCP/Moperatingsystemloadedintomemoryhadthreecomponents:

BasicInput/OutputSystemorBIOS,
BasicDiskOperatingSystemorBDOS,
ConsoleCommandProcessororCCP.

TheBIOSandBDOSwerememoryresident,whiletheCCPwasmemoryresidentunlessoverwrittenbyanapplication,inwhichcaseitwasautomaticallyreloadedaftertheapplicationfinishedrunning.Anumberoftransient
commandsforstandardutilitieswerealsoprovided.Thetransientcommandsresidedinfileswiththeextension.COMondisk.

TheBIOSdirectlycontrolledhardwarecomponentsotherthantheCPUandmainmemory.Itcontainedfunctionssuchascharacterinputandoutputandthereadingandwritingofdisksectors.TheBDOSimplementedtheCP/Mfile
systemandsomeinput/outputabstractions(suchasredirection)ontopoftheBIOS.TheCCPtookusercommandsandeitherexecutedthemdirectly(internalcommandssuchasDIRtoshowadirectoryorERAtodeleteafile)or
loadedandstartedanexecutablefileofthegivenname(transientcommandssuchasPIP.COMtocopyfilesorSTAT.COMtoshowvariousfileandsysteminformation).ThirdpartyapplicationsforCP/Mwerealsoessentiallytransient
commands.

TheBDOS,CCPandstandardtransientcommandswere(ideally)thesameinallinstallationsofaparticularrevisionofCP/M,buttheBIOSportionwasalwaysadaptedtotheparticularhardware.Addingmemorytoacomputer,for
example,meantthattheCP/MsystemhadtobereinstalledwithanupdatedBIOScapableofaddressingtheadditionalmemory.AutililtywasprovidedtopatchthesuppliedBIOS,BDOSandCCPtoallowthemtoberunfromhigher
memory.Onceinstalled,theoperatingsystem(BIOS,BDOSandCCP)wasstoredinreservedareasatthebeginningofanydiskwhichwouldbeusedtobootthesystem.Onstartup,thebootloader(usuallycontainedinaROM
firmwarechip)wouldloadtheoperatingsystemfromthediskindriveA:.

BymodernstandardsCP/Mwasprimitive,owingtotheextremeconstraintsonprogramsize.Withversion1.0therewasnoprovisionfordetectingachangeddisk.Ifauserchangeddiskswithoutmanuallyrereadingthediskdirectory
thesystemwouldwriteonthenewdiskusingtheolddisk'sdirectoryinformation,ruiningthedatastoredonthedisk.Startingwith1.1or1.2thisdangerwasreduced:ifonechangeddiskswithoutreadingthenewdisk'sdirectory,and
triedtowritetoit,theoperatingsystemwouldsignalafatalerror,avoidingoverwritingbutrequiringareboot(whichtooknomorethanafewseconds,butentailedlosingwhateverdatayouweretryingtosave).

ThemajorityofthecomplexityinCP/MwasisolatedintheBDOS,andtoalesserextent,theCCPandtransientcommands.ThismeantthatbyportingthelimitednumberofsimpleroutinesintheBIOStoaparticularhardware
platform,theentireOSwouldwork.Thissignificantlyreducedthedevelopmenttimeneededtosupportnewmachines,andwasoneofthemainreasonsforCP/M'swidespreaduse.TodaythissortofabstractioniscommontomostOSs
(ahardwareabstractionlayer),butatthetimeofCP/M'sbirth,OSsweretypicallyintendedtorunononlyonemachineplatform,andmultilayerdesignswereconsideredunnecessary.

ConsoleCommandProcessor

TheConsoleCommandProcessor,orCCP,acceptedinputfromthekeyboardandconveyedresultstotheterminal.CP/Mitselfwouldworkwitheitheraprintingterminaloravideoterminal.AllCP/Mcommandshadtobetypedinon
thecommandline.TheconsolewouldmostoftendisplaytheA>prompt,toindicatethecurrentdefaultdiskdrive.Whenusedwithavideoterminal,thiswouldusuallybefollowedbyablinkingcursorsuppliedbytheterminal.TheCCP
wouldawaitinputfromtheuser.

ACCPinternalcommand,oftheformdriveletterfollowedbyacolon,couldbeusedtoselectthedefaultdrive.Forexample,typingB:andpressingenteratthecommandpromptwouldchangethedefaultdrivetoB,andthecommand
promptwouldthenbecomeB>toindicatethischange.

CP/M'scommandlineinterfacewaspatternedaftertheoperatingsystemsfromDigitalEquipment,suchasRT11forthePDP11andOS/8forthePDP8.

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Commandstooktheformofakeywordfollowedbyalistofparametersseparatedbyspacesorspecialcharacters.SimilartoaUnixshellbuiltin,ifaninternalcommandwasrecognized,itwascarriedoutbytheCCPitself.Otherwiseit
wouldattempttofindanexecutablefileonthecurrentlyloggeddiskdriveand(inlaterversions)userarea,loadit,andpassitanyadditionalparametersfromthecommandline.Thesewerereferredtoas"transient"programs.On
completion,CP/MwouldreloadthepartoftheCCPthathadbeenoverwrittenbyapplicationprogramsthisallowedtransientprogramsalargermemoryspace.

Thecommandsthemselvescouldsometimesbeobscure.Forinstance,thecommandtoduplicatefileswasnamedPIP(PeripheralInterchangeProgram),thenameoftheoldDECutilityusedforthatpurpose.Theformatofparameters
giventoaprogramwasnotstandardized,sothattherewasnosingleoptioncharacterthatdifferentiatedoptionsfromfilenames.Differentprogramscouldanddidusedifferentcharacters.

BasicDiskOperatingSystem

TheBasicDiskOperatingSystem,[11][12]orBDOS,[11][12]providedaccesstosuchoperationsasopeningafile,outputtotheconsole,orprinting.Applicationprogramswouldloadprocessorregisterswithafunctioncodeforthe
operation,andaddressesforparametersormemorybuffers,andcallafixedaddressinmemory.Sincetheaddresswasthesameindependentoftheamountofmemoryinthesystem,applicationprogramswouldrunthesamewayforany
typeorconfigurationofhardware.

BasicInputOutputSystem

TheBasicInputOutputSystem,[11][12]orBIOS,[11][12]providedthelowestlevelfunctionsrequiredbytheoperatingsystem.

Theseincludedreadingorwritingsinglecharacterstothesystemconsoleandreadingorwritingasectorofdatafromthedisk.TheBDOShandledsomeofthebufferingofdatafromthediskette,
butbeforeCP/M3.0itassumedadisksectorsizefixedat128bytes,asusedonsingledensity8inchfloppydisks.Sincemost5.25inchdiskformatsusedlargersectors,theblockingand
deblockingandthemanagementofadiskbufferareawashandledbymodelspecificcodeintheBIOS.

Customizationwasrequiredbecausehardwarechoiceswerenotconstrainedbycompatibilitywithanyonepopularstandard.Forexample,somemanufacturersusedseparatecomputerterminal,
whileothersdesignedabuiltinintegratedvideodisplaysystem.SerialportsforprintersandmodemscouldusedifferenttypesofUARTchips,andportaddresseswerenotfixed.Somemachines
usedmemorymappedI/Oinsteadofthe8080I/Oaddressspace.AllofthesevariationsinthehardwarewereconcealedfromothermodulesofthesystembyuseoftheBIOS,whichusedstandard
entrypointsfortheservicesrequiredtorunCP/MsuchascharacterI/Ooraccessingadiskblock.SincesupportforserialcommunicationtoamodemwasveryrudimentaryintheBIOSormay
havebeenabsentaltogether,itwascommonpracticeforCP/Mprogramsthatusedmodemstohaveauserinstalledoverlaycontainingallthecoderequiredtoaccessaparticularmachine'sserial
port.

Filesystem

Filenameswerespecifiedasastringofuptoeightcharacters,followedbyaperiod,followedbyafilenameextensionofuptothreecharacters("8.3"filenameformat).Theextensionusually
CP/MadvertisementintheDecember
identifiedthetypeofthefile.Forexample,.COMindicatedanexecutableprogramfile,and.TXTindicatedafilecontainingASCIItext.
11,1978issueofInfoWorld
Eachdiskdrivewasidentifiedbyadriveletter,forexampledriveAanddriveB.Torefertoafileonaspecificdrive,thedriveletterwasprefixedtothefilename,separatedbyacolon,e.g. magazine

A:FILE.TXT.Withnodriveletterprefixed,accesswastofilesonthecurrentdefaultdrive.[13]

The"8.3"filenameformatandthedriveletter+coloncombinationsurvivedintoMSDOS.Thedriveletter+colonconventionhassurvivedinMicrosoftWindowsandisstillusedtoday.Inaddition,fileextensions(forexample,.txt,
.com(acompiledfile),or.exe(anexecutablefile))arestillusedtoidentifyfiletypesonmanyoperatingsystems.

Filesizewasspecifiedasthenumberof128byterecords(directlycorrespondingtodisksectorson8inchdrives)occupiedbyafileonthedisk.Therewasnogenerallysupportedwayofspecifyingbyteexactfilesizes.Thecurrentsize
ofafilewasmaintainedinthefile'sfilecontrolblock(FCB)bytheoperatingsystem.Sincemanyapplicationprograms(suchastexteditors)prefertodealwithfilesassequencesofcharactersratherthanassequencesofrecords,by
conventiontextfileswereterminatedwithacontrolZcharacter(ASCIISUB,hexadecimal1A).DeterminingtheendofatextfilethereforeinvolvedexaminingthelastrecordofthefiletolocatetheterminatingcontrolZ.Thisalso
meantthatinsertingacontrolZcharacterintothemiddleofafileusuallyhadtheeffectoftruncatingthetextcontentsofthefile.

Withtheadventoflargerremovableandfixeddiskdrives,diskdeblockingformulaswereemployedwhichresultedinmorediskblocksperlogicalfileallocationblock.Whilethisallowedforlargerfilesizes,italsomeantthatthe
smallestfilewhichcouldbeallocatedincreasedinsizefrom1KB(onsingledensitydrives)to2KB(ondoubledensitydrives)andsoon,upto32KBforafilecontainingonlyasinglebyte.Thismadeforinefficientuseofdiskspaceif
thediskcontainedalargenumberofsmallfiles.

FilemodificationtimestampswerenotsupportedinreleasesuptoCP/M2.2,butwereanoptionalfeatureinMP/MandCP/M3.0.

CP/M2.2hadnosubdirectoriesinthefilestructure,butprovided16numbereduserareastoorganizefilesonadisk.Tochangeuseronehadtosimplytype"UserX"atthecommandprompt,Xbeingthenumberoftheuserwanted
securitywasnonexistentandnotbelievedtobenecessary.TheuserareaconceptwastomakethesingleuserversionofCP/MsomewhatcompatiblewithmultiuserMP/Msystems.AcommonpatchfortheCP/Mandderivative
operatingsystemswastomakeoneuserareaaccessibletotheuserindependentofthecurrentlysetuserarea.AUSERcommandallowedtheuserareatobechangedtoanyareafrom0to15.User0wasthedefault.Ifonechangedto
anotheruser,suchasUSER1,thematerialsavedonthediskforthisuserwouldonlybeavailabletoUSER1USER2wouldnotbeabletoseeitoraccessit.However,filesstoredintheUSER0areawereaccessibletoallotherusers

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theirlocationwasspecifiedwithaprefatorypath,sincethefilesofUSER0wereonlyvisibletosomeoneloggedinasUSER0.Theuserareafeaturearguablyhadlittleutilityonsmallfloppydisks,butitwasusefulfororganizingfiles
onmachineswithharddrives.Theintentofthefeaturewastoeaseuseofthesamecomputerfordifferenttasks.Forexample,asecretarycoulddodataentry,then,afterswitchingUSERareas,anotheremployeecouldusethemachine
todobillingwithouttheirfilesintermixing.

TransientProgramArea

Theread/writememorybetweenaddress0100hexadecimalandthelowestaddressoftheBDOSwastheTransientProgramArea(TPA)availableforCP/Mapplicationprograms.AlthoughallZ80and8080processorscouldaddress64
kilobytesofmemory,theamountavailableforapplicationprogramscouldvary,dependingonthedesignoftheparticularcomputer.SomecomputersusedlargepartsoftheaddressspaceforsuchthingsasBIOSROMs,orvideodisplay
memory.Asaresult,somesystemshadmoreTPAmemoryavailablethanothers.BankswitchingwasacommontechniquethatallowedsystemstohavealargeTPAwhileswitchingoutROMorvideomemoryspaceasneeded.CP/M
3.0allowedpartsoftheBDOStobeinbankswitchedmemoryaswell.

Debuggingapplication

CP/McamewithaDynamicDebuggingTool,nicknamedDDT(aftertheinsecticide,i.e.abugkiller),whichallowedmemoryandprogrammodulestobeexaminedandmanipulated,andallowedaprogramtobeexecutedonestepata
time.[14]

Residentprograms

CP/MoriginallydidnotsupporttheequivalentofterminateandstayresidentprogramasunderDOS.Programmerscouldwritesoftwarethatcouldinterceptcertainoperatingsystemcallsandextendoraltertheirfunctionality.Usingthis
capability,programmersdevelopedandsoldauxiliarydeskaccessoryprograms,suchasSmartKey,akeyboardutilitytoassignanystringofbytestoanykey.[15]CP/M3,however,addedsupportfordynamicallyloadableResident
SystemExtensions(RSX),[16]andsimilarsolutions(likeRSM[17][18][19])werealsoretrofittedtoCP/M2.2systemsbythirdparties.

Installation

AlthoughCP/MprovidedsomehardwareabstractiontostandardizetheinterfacetodiskI/OorconsoleI/O,typicallyapplicationprogramsstillrequiredinstallationtomakeuseofallthefeaturesofsuchequipmentasprintersand
terminals.Oftenthesewerecontrolledbyescapesequenceswhichhadtobealteredfordifferentdevices.Forexample,theescapesequencetoselectboldfaceonaprinterwouldhavedifferedamongmanufacturers,andsometimes
amongmodelswithinamanufacturer'srange.Thisprocedurewasnotdefinedbytheoperatingsystemauserwouldtypicallyrunaninstallationprogramthatwouldeitherallowselectionfromarangeofdevices,orelseallowfeature
byfeatureeditingoftheescapesequencesrequiredtoaccessafunction.Thishadtoberepeatedforeachapplicationprogram,sincetherewasnocentraloperatingsystemserviceprovidedforthesedevices.

Theinitializingcodesforeachmodelofprinterhadtobewrittenintotheapplication.TouseaprogramsuchasWordstarwithmorethanoneprinter(say,afastdotmatrixprinteroraslowerbutpresentationqualitydaisywheelprinter),
aseparateversionofWordstarhadtobeprepared,andonehadtoloadtheWordstarversionthatcorrespondedtotheprinterselected(andexitingandreloadingtochangeprinters).

History
ThebeginningandCP/M'sheyday

GaryKildalloriginallydevelopedCP/Mduring1974,[3][4]asanoperatingsystemtorunonanIntelIntellec8developmentsystem,equippedwithaShugartAssociates8inchfloppydiskdriveinterfacedviaacustomfloppydisk
controller.[12]ItwaswritteninKildall'sownPL/M(ProgrammingLanguageforMicrocomputers).[11]VariousaspectsofCP/MwereinfluencedbytheTOPS10operatingsystemoftheDECsystem10mainframecomputer,which
Kildallhadusedasadevelopmentenvironment.[20][21][22]

Thename

CP/Moriginallystoodfor"ControlProgram/Monitor".However,duringtheconversionofCP/Mtoacommercialproduct,trademarkregistrationdocumentsfiledinNovember1977gavetheproduct'snameas"ControlProgramfor
Microcomputers".TheCP/Mnamefollowsaprevailingnamingschemeofthetime,asinKildall'sPL/Mlanguage,andPrimeComputer'sPL/P(ProgrammingLanguageforPrime),bothsuggestingIBM'sPL/IandIBM'sCP/CMS
operatingsystem,whichKildallhadusedwhenworkingattheNavalPostgraduateSchool.

ThisrenamingofCP/MwaspartofalargereffortbyKildallandhiswife/businesspartnertoconvertKildall'spersonalprojectofCP/MandtheIntelcontractedPL/Mcompilerintoacommercialenterprise.TheKildallsintendedto
establishtheDigitalResearchbrandanditsproductlinesassynonymouswith"microcomputer"intheconsumer'smind,similartowhatIBMandMicrosofttogetherlatersuccessfullyaccomplishedinmaking"personalcomputer"
synonymouswithIBMandMicrosoftproductofferings.IntergalacticDigitalResearch,Inc.waslaterrenamedviaacorporationchangeofnamefilingtoDigitalResearch,Inc.

Portability

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CompanieschosetosupportCP/Mbecauseofitslargelibraryofsoftware.TheXerox820ranitbecause"wherethereareliterallythousandsofprogramswrittenforit,itwouldbeunwisenotto
takeadvantageofit",Xeroxsaid.[23]By1984ColumbiaUniversityusedthesamesourcecodetobuildKermitbinariesformorethanadozendifferentCP/Msystems,plusagenericversion.[24]
Theoperatingsystemwasdescribedasa"softwarebus",allowingmultipleprogramstointeractwithdifferenthardwareinastandardizedway.[25]ProgramswrittenforCP/Mweretypically
portableamongdifferentmachines,usuallyrequiringonlythespecificationoftheescapesequencesforcontrolofthescreenandprinter.ThisportabilitymadeCP/Mpopular,andmuchmore
softwarewaswrittenforCP/Mthanforoperatingsystemsthatranononlyonebrandofhardware.Onerestrictiononportabilitywasthatcertainprogramsusedtheextendedinstructionsetofthe
Z80processorandwouldnotoperateonan8080or8085processor.

BillGatesclaimedthattheAppleIIfamilywithaZ80SoftCardwasthesinglemostpopularCP/Mhardwareplatform.[26]Manydifferentbrandsofmachinesrantheoperatingsystem,some
notableexamplesbeingtheAltair8800,theIMSAI8080,theOsborne1andKayproluggables,andMSXcomputers.ThebestsellingCP/McapablesystemofalltimewasprobablytheAmstrad
PCW.IntheUK,CP/MwasalsoavailableonResearchMachineseducationalcomputers(withtheCP/Msourcecodepublishedasaneducationalresource),andfortheBBCMicrowhenequipped
withaZ80coprocessor.Furthermore,itwasavailablefortheAmstradCPCseries,theCommodore128,TRS80,andlatermodelsoftheZXSpectrum.

Applications

WordStar,oneofthefirstwidelyusedwordprocessors,anddBASE,anearlyandpopulardatabaseprogramforsmallcomputers,wereoriginallywrittenforCP/M.Twoearlyoutliners,KAMAS
(KnowledgeandMindAmplificationSystem)anditscutdownsuccessorOutThink(withoutprogrammingfacilitiesandretooledfor8080/V20compatibility)werealsowrittenforCP/M,though
laterrewrittenforMSDOS.TurboPascal,theancestorofBorlandDelphi,andMultiplan,theancestorofMicrosoftExcel,alsodebutedonCP/MbeforeMSDOSversionsbecameavailable. CP/MadvertisementintheNovember
Visicalc,thefirsteverspreadsheetprogram,wasnevermadeavailableforCP/M.Anothercompany,Sorcim,rosetothechallengeandcreateditsSupercalcspreadsheetforCP/M,whichwouldgo 29,1982issueofInfoWorldmagazine
ontobecomethemarketleaderanddefactostandardonCP/M.SupercalcwouldgoontobeacompetitorinthespreadsheetmarketintheMSDOSworld.AutoCAD,aCADapplicationfrom
AutodeskdebutedonCP/M.Ahostofcompilersandinterpretersforpopularprogramminglanguagesofthetime(suchasBASIC,Borland'sTurboPascalandFORTRAN)wereavailable,among
themseveraloftheearliestMicrosoftproducts.

CP/Msoftwareoftencamewithinstallersthatadaptedittoawidevarietyofcomputers.[27]Mostformsofcopyprotectionwereineffectiveontheoperatingsystem,andthesourcecodeforBASICprogramswaseasilyaccessible.[28]
Thelackofstandardizedgraphicssupportlimitedvideogames,butvariouscharacterandtextbasedgameswereported,suchasTelengard,[29]Gorillas(videogame),[30]Hamurabi,LunarLander,alongwithearlyinteractivefiction
includingtheZorkseriesandColossalCaveAdventure.Atextadventurespecialist,InfocomwasoneofthefewpublisherstoconsistentlyreleasetheirgamesinCP/Mformat.LifeboatAssociatesstartedcollectinganddistributinguser
written"free"software.OneofthefirstwasXMODEM,whichallowedreliablefiletransfersviamodemandphoneline.ThelastsignificantprogramnativetoCP/MwastheoutlineprocessorKAMAS.

Diskformats

Whilethe8inchsingledensityfloppydiskformat(socalled"distributionformat")wasstandardized,various51/4inchformatswereuseddependingonthecharacteristicsofparticularsystemsandtosomedegreethechoicesofthe
designers.CP/Msupportedoptionstocontrolthesizeofreservedanddirectoryareasonthedisk,andthemappingbetweenlogicaldisksectors(asseenbyCP/Mprograms)andphysicalsectorsasallocatedonthedisk.Thereweremany
waystocustomizetheseparametersforeverysystem[31]butoncetheyhadbeenset,nostandardizedwayexistedforasystemtoloadparametersfromadiskformattedonanothersystem.

JRTPascal,forexample,providedversionson514inchdiskforNorthStar,Osborne,Apple,Heathhardsectorandsoftsector,andSuperbrain,andasingle8inchversion.[32]Certaindiskformatsweremorepopularthanothers.The
Xerox820'sbecamewidelysupported,forexamplemuchsoftwarewasavailableonit,andothercomputerssuchastheKayproIIwerecompatiblewiththeformat.[33][34]Nosinglemanufacturer,however,prevailedinthe514inchera
ofCP/Muse,anddiskformatswerenotportablebetweenhardwaremanufacturers.Asoftwaremanufacturerhadtoprepareaseparateversionoftheprogramforeachbrandofhardwareonwhichitwastorun.Withsomemanufacturers
(Kayproisanexample),therewasnotevenstandardizationacrossthecompany'sdifferentmodels.Becauseofthissituation,diskformattranslationprograms,whichallowedamachinetoreadmanydifferentformats,becamepopular
andreducedtheconfusion,asdidprogramslikeKermitwhichallowedtransferofdataandprogramsfromonemachinetoanotherusingtheserialportsthatmostCP/Mmachineshad.

ThefragmentedCP/Mmarket,requiringdistributorseithertostockmultipleformatsofdisksortoinvestinmultiformatduplicationequipment,comparedwiththemorestandardizedIBMPCdiskformats,wasacontributingfactorto
therapidobsolescenceofCP/Mafter1981.

Graphics

AlthoughgraphicscapableS100systemsexistedfromthecommercializationoftheS100bus,CP/Mdidnotprovideanystandardizedgraphicssupportuntil1982withGSX(GraphicsSystemExtension).Owingtothesmallmemory
available,graphicswasneveracommonfeatureassociatedwith8bitCP/Moperatingsystems.MostsystemscouldonlydisplayrudimentaryASCIIartchartsanddiagramsintextmodeorbyusingacustomcharacterset.

CP/MPlus

Thelast8bitversionofCP/Mwasversion3,oftencalledCP/MPlus,releasedin1983.ItincorporatedthebankswitchingmemorymanagementofMP/MinasingleusersingletaskoperatingsystemcompatiblewithCP/M2.2
applications.CP/M3couldthereforeusemorethan64kBofmemoryonan8080orZ80processor.Thesystemcouldbeconfiguredtosupportdatestampingoffiles.Theoperatingsystemdistributionsoftwarealsoincludedarelocating
assemblerandlinker.[2]CP/M3wasavailableforthelastgenerationof8bitcomputers,notablytheAmstradPCW,theCommodore128,andtheRadioShackTRS80Model4.[35]
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The16bitworld

TherewereversionsofCP/Mforsome16bitCPUsaswell.

Thefirstversioninthe16bitfamilywasCP/M86fortheIntel8086,whichwassoonfollowedbyCP/M68KfortheMotorola68000.TheoriginalversionofCP/M68Kin1982waswritteninPascal/MT+68k,butitwasportedtoC
lateron.Atthispointtheoriginal8bitCP/MbecameknownbytheretronymCP/M80toavoidconfusion.Inca.1982/1983therewasalsoaporttotheZilogZ8000fortheOlivettiM20andwritteninC,namedCP/M8000.[36]

CP/M86wasexpectedtobethestandardoperatingsystemofthenewIBMPCs,butDRIandIBMwereunabletonegotiatedevelopmentandlicensingterms.IBMturnedtoMicrosoftinstead,andMicrosoftdeliveredPCDOSbasedon
aCP/Mclone,86DOS.AlthoughCP/M86becameanoptionfortheIBMPCafterDRIthreatenedlegalaction,itneverovertookMicrosoft'ssystem.

WhenDigitalEquipmentCorporationputouttheRainbow100tocompetewithIBM,itcamewithCP/M80usingaZ80chip,CP/M86orMSDOSusingan8088microprocessor,orCP/M86/80usingboth.TheZ80and8088CPUs
ranconcurrently.[37]AbenefitoftheRainbowwasthatitcouldcontinuetorun8bitCP/Msoftware,preservingauser'spossiblysizableinvestmentastheymovedintothe16bitworldofMSDOS.

CP/M68k,alreadyrunningontheMotorolaEXORmacssystems,wasinitiallytobeusedintheAtariSTcomputer,butAtaridecidedtogowithanewerdiskoperatingsystemcalledGEMDOS.CP/M68kwasalsousedontheSORD
M68andM68MXcomputers.[38]

These16bitversionsofCP/MrequiredapplicationprogramstoberecompiledforthenewCPUsor,iftheywerewritteninassemblylanguage,tobetranslatedusingtoolslikeDigitalResearch'sXLT86,aprogramwrittenbyGary
Kildallin1981,whichtranslated.ASMsourcecodefortheIntel8080processorinto.A86sourcecodefortheIntel8086.Usingglobaldataflowanalysison8080registerusage,thetranslatorwouldalsooptimizetheoutputforcode
sizeandtakecareofcallingconventions,sothatCP/M80andMP/M80programscouldbeportedtotheCP/M86andMP/M86platformsautomatically.XLAT86itselfwaswritteninPL/I80andwasavailableforCP/M80platforms
aswellasforDECVMS(forVAX11/750or11/780).[39]

MSDOStakesover

ManyexpectedthatCP/Mwouldbethestandardoperatingsystemfor16bitcomputers.[40]In1980IBMapproachedDigitalResearch,atBillGates'suggestion,[41]tolicenseaforthcomingversionofCP/Mforitsnewproduct,theIBM
PersonalComputer.Uponthefailuretoobtainasignednondisclosureagreement,thetalksfailed,andIBMinsteadcontractedwithMicrosofttoprovideanoperatingsystem.[42]Theresultingproduct,MSDOS,soonbeganoutselling
CP/M.

ManyofthebasicconceptsandmechanismsofearlyversionsofMSDOSresembledthoseofCP/M.Internalslikefilehandlingdatastructureswereidentical,andbothreferredtodiskdriveswithaletter(A:,B:,etc.).MSDOS'smain
innovationwasitsFATfilesystem.ThissimilaritymadeiteasiertoportpopularCP/MsoftwarelikeWordStaranddBase.However,CP/M'sconceptofseparateuserareasforfilesonthesamediskwasneverportedtoMSDOS.Since
MSDOShadaccesstomorememory(asfewIBMPCsweresoldwithlessthan64KBofmemory,whileCP/Mcouldrunin16KBifnecessary),morecommandswerebuiltintothecommandlineshell,makingMSDOSsomewhat
fasterandeasiertouseonfloppybasedcomputers.

AlthoughoneofthefirstperipheralsfortheIBMPCwasaSoftCardlikeexpansioncardthatletitrun8bitCP/Msoftware,[43]CP/MrapidlylostmarketshareasthemicrocomputingmarketmovedtotheIBMcompatibleplatform,and
itneverregaineditsformerpopularity.Bytemagazine,atthetimeoneoftheleadingindustrymagazinesformicrocomputers,essentiallyceasedcoveringCP/MproductswithinafewyearsoftheintroductionoftheIBMPC.For
example,in1983therewerestillafewadvertisementsforS100boardsandarticlesonCP/Msoftware,butby1987thesewerenolongerfoundinthemagazine.InfoWorldmagazinedescribedtheunsuccessfuleffortsatintroducing
CP/Mbasedhomecomputersin1983[44]andin1986statedthattheKayprocorporationhadstoppedproductionoftheir8bitCP/MbasedmodelstoconcentrateonsalesofMSDOScompatiblesystems,longaftermostothervendors
hadceasedproductionofnewequipmentandsoftwareforCP/M.[45]

LaterversionsofCP/M86madesignificantstridesinperformanceandusabilityandweremadecompatiblewithMSDOS.Toreflectthiscompatibilitythenamewaschanged,andCP/M86becameDOSPlus,whichinturnbecame
DRDOS.

ZCPR

ZCPR(theZ80CommandProcessorReplacement)wasintroducedonFebruary2,1982asadropinreplacementforthestandardDigitalResearchconsolecommandprocessor(CCP)andwasinitiallywrittenbyagroupofcomputer
hobbyistswhocalledthemselves"TheCCPGroup".TheywereFrankWancho,KeithPetersen(thearchivistbehindSimtelatthetime),RonFowler,CharlieStrom,BobMathias,andRichardConn.Richardwas,infact,thedriving
forceinthisgroup(allofwhommaintainedcontactthroughemail).

ZCPR1wasreleasedonadiskputoutbySIG/M(SpecialInterestGroup/Microcomputers),apartoftheAmateurComputerClubofNewJersey.

ZCPR2wasreleasedonFebruary14,1983.ItwasreleasedasasetoftendisksfromSIG/M.ZCPR2wasupgradedto2.3,andalsowasreleasedin8080code,permittingtheuseofZCPR2on8080and8085systems.

ZCPR3wasreleasedonBastilleDay,July14,1984,asasetofninedisksfromSIG/M.ThecodeforZCPR3couldalsobecompiled(withreducedfeatures)forthe8080andwouldrunonsystemsthatdidnothavetherequisiteZ80
microprocessor.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M 6/9
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InJanuary1987,RichardConnstoppeddevelopingZCPR,andEchelonaskedJaySage(whoalreadyhadaprivatelyenhancedZCPR3.1)tocontinueworkonit.Thus,ZCPR3.3wasdevelopedandreleased.ZCPR33nolonger
supportedthe8080seriesofmicroprocessors,andaddedthemostfeaturesofanyupgradeintheZCPRline.

FeaturesofZCPRasofversion3included:

shells
aliases
I/Oredirection
flowcontrol
nameddirectories
searchpaths
custommenus
passwords
onlinehelp

ZCPR3.3alsoincludedafullcomplementofutilitieswithconsiderablyextendedcapabilities.WhileenthusiasticallysupportedbytheCP/Muserbaseofthetime,ZCPRalonewasinsufficienttoslowthedemiseofCP/M.

Legacy
AnumberofbehaviorsexhibitedbyMicrosoftWindowsarearesultofbackwardcompatibilitytoMSDOS,whichinturnattemptedsomebackwardcompatibilitywithCP/M.Thedriveletterand8.3filenameconventionsinMSDOS
(andearlyWindowsversions)wereoriginallyadoptedfromCP/M.[46]ThewildcardmatchingcharactersusedbyWindows(?and*)arebasedonthoseofCP/M,[47]asarethereservedfilenamesusedtoredirectoutputtoaprinter
("PRN:"),andtheconsole("CON:").ThedrivenamesAandBwereusedtodesignatethe2floppydiskdrivesthatCP/MsystemstypicallyusedwhenharddrivesappearedtheyweredesignatedC,whichsurvivedintoMSDOSasthe
C:\>commandprompt.[48]Also,thecharactermarkingtheendofsometextfilescanalsobeattributedtoCP/M.[49]

Sourcecodereleases

In2001CalderareleasedCP/M'ssourcecodeunderanopensourcelicense,allowingredistributionandmodification,viaTimOlmstead's"TheUnofficialCP/MWebsite".[50][51][52][53]InOctober2014,tomarkthe40thanniversaryof
thefirstpresentationofCP/M,theComputerHistoryMuseumreleasedearlysourcecodeversionsofCP/M.[54]

Seealso
86DOS
EagleComputer
IMDOS
ListofmachinesrunningCP/M
MP/M
MultiuserDOS
Pascal/mt

References
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theOctopusnetwork.LittleattentionwaspaidtoCP/Mforaboutayear.Inmysparetime,Iworkedtoimproveoverall
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37.Snyder,JohnJ.(June1983)."ADEConEveryDesk?".BYTE.pp.104106.Retrieved20150205.
thenotionofaseparatedBasicI/OSystem(BIOS)evolved.Inprinciple,thehardwaredependentportionsofCP/Mwere
38."M68/M68MX".
concentratedintheBIOS,thusallowingGlenn,oranyoneelse,toadaptCP/MtotheImsaiequipment.Imsaiwas
39.DigitalResearch(1981):XLT868080to8086AssemblyLanguageTranslatorUser'sGuide(http://www.s100computer
subsequentlylicensedtodistributeCP/Mversion1.3whicheventuallyevolvedintoanoperatingsystemcalledIMDOS.
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13."CP/MBuiltinCommands".discordia.org.uk.Retrieved20090128.
40.Pournelle,Jerry(March1984)."NewMachines,Networks,andSundrySoftware".BYTE.p.46.Retrieved20131022.
14."CP/MDynamicDebuggingTool",http://www.gaby.de/cpm/manuals/archive/cpm22htm/ch4.htm
41.WalterIsaacson,TheInnovators:HowaGroupofInventors,Hackers,Geniuses,andGeeksCreatedtheDigitalRevolution
http://www.cpm.z80.de/randyfiles/DRI/DDT.pdfhttp://www.shaels.net/index.php/cpm8022documents/usingcpm/7ddt
(2014,Simon&Schuster,ISBN9781476708690),page358
utility,allretrieved20140829
42.MaryBellis,InventorsoftheModernComputerSeries,TheHistoryoftheMSDOSOperatingSystems,Microsoft,Tim
15."WholeEarthSoftwareCatalog".
Paterson,andGaryKildall(http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa033099.htm)(accessedSept9,2010)
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43.Magid,LawrenceJ.(February1982)."BabyBlue".PC.p.49.Retrieved20150104.
1983].Archived(PDF)fromtheoriginalon20161125.Retrieved20161125.
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CP/M".c't(part1)(inGerman).HeiseVerlag(1):124135.
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Zaks,Rodnay(1980).TheCP/MHandbookWithMP/M.SYBEXInc.ISBN0895880482.

Furtherreading
ZCPR3,TheManualbyRichardConn:ISBN0918432596
comp.os.cpmFAQ(http://www.faqs.org/faqs/CPMfaq/)(alsopresentatthisDigitalResearch(http://www.digitalresearch.biz/CPMFAQ.HTM)relatedsite)
ZSystemCorner:TenthAnniversaryofZCPR(https://web.archive.org/web/20101029154106/http://www.cpmwelt.de:80/pool/ad5401.htm)partofTheComputerJournal,issue54

Externallinks
DigitalResearchofficialCP/Mpage(http://www.digitalresearch.biz/CPM.HTM)
TheoriginofCP/M'sname(https://web.archive.org/web/20080611201653/http://www.khet.net/gmc/docs/museum/en_cpmName.html)attheWaybackMachine(archivedJune11,2008) WikimediaCommonshas
mediarelatedtoCP/M.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M 8/9
3/3/2017 CP/MWikipedia

TheoriginofCP/M'sname(https://web.archive.org/web/20080611201653/http://www.khet.net:80/gmc/docs/museum/en_cpmName.html)
CP/M(https://www.dmoz.org//Computers/Software/Operating_Systems/CPM/)atDMOZ
CP/MMainPage(http://www.seasip.demon.co.uk/Cpm/)Technicalinformationsite
CP/MInternals(http://obsolescence.wix.com/obsolescence#!cpminternals/c247i)CP/Minternals
TheUnofficialCP/MWebsite(http://www.cpm.z80.de)Includessourcecode
TriumphoftheNerds(http://www.pbs.org/nerds/)ThisPBSseriesincludesthedetailsofIBM'schoiceofMicrosoftDOSoverDigitalResearch'sCP/MfortheIBMPC
Gaby'sHomepageforCP/MandComputerHistory(http://www.gaby.de/ehome.htm)includesZCPRmaterials
N8VEMGoogleGroup(https://groups.google.com/group/n8vem)Anactivegroup(2009)buildingopensourceCP/Mboards,peripheralsandwirelesslinks.
"CreateacompleteCP/MmachinewithRS232portusingonly9ICs".Archivedfromtheoriginalon20120620.Retrieved20100124.ByGrantSearle
InteliPDS100UsingCP/MVideo(http://www.intelvintage.info/apps/videos/videos/show/18129431intelipds100cpm)

Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CP/M&oldid=767209350"

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