STATICS AND STRENGTH OF

MATERIALS REVIEW:
MODULE #1
 FINDING INTERNAL REACTIONS TO LOADING

In statically determinate problems, the internal

reaction will be found by:
1. Cutting through a body with a section.
2. Isolating the free body on either side of the section.
3. Applying the equilibrium equations.

Forces shown at the cut are the internal reactions.

If we consider those forces to be distributed over
the cross section:
Then we have force per unit of area and call it stress.

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 INTERNAL REACTIONS: THE FBD

Consider the free-body diagram of a member

involving loads and reactions in a plane

Reactions:
Ax, Ay, and B are found from equations
of equilibrium and FBD.

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 INTERNAL REACTIONS: THE FBD

Internal reactions at the cut AA:

1.we cut the member at A-A.
2.separate the member at that cut
3.draw FBD of one side

The axial force F, the shear force V, and the bending

moment M can be found by equations of equilibrium.

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 INTERNAL REACTIONS

Here is the right side of the same beam.

The equal and oppositely directed forces and moment
acting on the right-hand part are shown.
If the two parts are put back together, the internal
reactions add to zero.

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 STRESS IN AN AXIALLY LOADED MEMBER

Consider a straight two-force

member of uniform cross section.

The line of action of the loads passes through

the centroid of the cross section, as shown.

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 AXIAL STRESS

The intensity of the force normal to the area is called the

normal stress.
Represented by Greek lower case letter (sigma).

The average value of the normal stress over the area is defined by:

where P is the axial force and A is the cross-sectional area.

Stress is called tensile stress when it stretches the material on which it acts.
It is called compressive stress when it shortens the material on which it acts.

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 AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS

Many problems feature applied forces transmitted from one body to

another by developing internal reactions on planes parallel to the
applied force.

Two I-bars are connected by a shear pin

The pin is in double shear.

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 AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS

Cutting the shear pin along the planes at A

results in the following:

The average shear stress in this case (double shear) is:

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 AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS

In this example, two plates are joined by a rivet.

The rivet is said to be in single shear

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 BEARING STRESS

In certain structural and mechanical problems,

one body is supported by another, as shown:
Bearing stress between two
bodies in contact can be
calculated by:

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 STRESS: UNITS

Usual U.S. customary system units for stress

are pounds per square inch, abbreviated psi.
Or kip per square inch, abbreviated ksi.

In metric, or SI units, stress is in newtons per

square meter, abbreviated as N/m2, or also
designated as a pascal (Pa).
The pascal is a small unit of stress and it may be
more convenient to use the kilopascal (103 Pa) or
megapascal (106 Pa)

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 STRESS

Several other points concerning stress:

Stress developed in an object is independent of
the material from which that object is made.

Stress is a computed quantity related only to

internal reactions and area of an object.

Strength is defined as the maximum allowable

stress a material can sustain.

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 ALLOWABLE STRESS

Allowable stress:
maximum stress that is considered safe for a material
to support under certain loading conditions.
Values are determined by tests, and experience gained
from performance of previous designs under service
conditions.
Also sometimes called the design stress

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 ALLOWABLE STRESS

With the allowable normal stress a

known, we can solve for the required
area in a compression or tension member:

With the allowable shear stress a

known, we can solve for the required
area in a shear member:

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 FACTOR OF SAFETY

The factor of safety is defined as:

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