Scribd Logo
Importer

Bienvenue sur Scribd !

  • Us 20170074918 A 1

    Transféré par

    Fred Lamert
    33K vues16 pages
    Us 20170074918 a 1

    Titre original

    Us 20170074918 a 1

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Formats disponibles

    PDF ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd

    Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

    Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

    Signaler ce document
    Us 20170074918 a 1

    Droits d'auteur :

    © All Rights Reserved
    Téléchargez comme PDF ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
    Signaler comme contenu inapproprié
    33K vues16 pages

    Us 20170074918 A 1

    Transféré par

    Fred Lamert
    Us 20170074918 a 1

    Droits d'auteur :

    © All Rights Reserved
    Téléchargez comme PDF ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
    Signaler comme contenu inapproprié
    sur 16
    US 2017007491841 us) United States 2) Patent Application Publication co) Pub. No.: US 2017/0074918 Al Stewart et al. 0) an @ (60) (60) BATTERIES SAFELY Applicant: Tesla Motors, Ine, Palo Alto, CA (US) Inventors: Sarah G, Stewart, San Franeiseo, CA (US), Christopher Dangler, Chapel Hill, NC (US); Clay H. Kishivam San Mateo, CA (US): Weston A. Hermann, Palo Ali, CA (US); Seott I Koh, Menlo Park, CA (US); Kurt R Kelty, Palo Alio, CA (US) Assignee: Tesla Motors, Inc, Palo Alto, CA (US) Appl. Nos 18/389,210 Filed: Nov. 22, 2016 Related U.S. Application Data Continuation of application No, 14/499.757, filed on Sep. 29, 2014, now Pat, No, 9,506,990, which is 3 division of application No, 12970,838, filed on Dec 16, 2010, now Pat, No, 8,866,444 Provisional aplication No. 61/35 8.2010, filed on Jun 205 (43) Pub. Date: Mar. 16, 2017 Publication Classification Int. C1 GoIR 3102 GOR 3136 ca) (2006.01) (2006.01), HOIM 1048 (2006.01), M023 700 (200601), v. coe Go1k 31/025 (2013.01); HO2s 70026 (201301); GOIR 31648 (2013.01): GOIR 31/3606 (2013.01); GOIR 313688 (201301) HOLM 10482 (201301); Hots 222020 (01301) 6 ABSTRACT An apparanis and method for identifying a presence of a short circuit ina battery pack. fault-detection apparatus for 4 chaning system that rapidly charges. a collection of interconnected lithium ion battery cells, the safety system ineludes a data-acquistion system for oseivinga st of data parameters from the collection while the charging system is Actively charging the eollecton; a monitoring system eval ting the set of data parameters to identify a set of anoma- Jous conditions, and a controller comparing the set of ‘anomalous conditions spainst a set of predetermined profiles indicative of an intemal short in one or more eels of the collection the controler establishing an interal-short state for the collection when the comparing has a predetermined relationship to the set of predetemnined profiles. 200 ” BS \ 220 Patent Application Publication Mar. 16,2017 Sheet 1 of 8 US 2017/0074918 AL vBAT iBAT TIME FG. 1 Patent Application Publication Mar. 16,2017 Sheet 2 of 8 US 2017/0074918 AI VOLTAGE CHARGE PASSED (Ah) FIG. 3 Patent Application Publication Mar. 16,2017 Sheet 3 of 8 US 2017/0074918 Al VOLTAGE ‘CURRENT ‘CHARGE PASSED (Ah) FG. 4 Patent Application Publication Mar. 16,2017 Sheet 4 of 8 US 2017/0074918 AL VOLTAGE (V) a sooo 10000-5000 oooSasoo «30000 TBTTINE FiG.5 Patent Application Publication Mar. 16,2017 Sheet 5 of 8 US 2017/0074918 AI CURRENT (A) VOLTAGE (V) TST_TIMES) FIG.6 Patent Application Publication Mar. 16,2017 Sheet 6 of 8 US 2017/0074918 AL ‘CURRENT (A) & qh is Patent Application Publication Mar. 16,2017 Sheet 7 of 8 US 2017/0074918 AL 2 55 1s 50 1 as ro4 45 a aa 4 g Bas t \ “3 S } ‘ z at— t \ | ' : 3 as f 2 as Patent Application Publication Mar. 16, 2017 Sheet 8 of 8 US 2017/0074918 AI fer ANOMALOUS ANOMALOUS DECREASE IN INCREASE IN AMOUNT OF BATTERY BATTERY IMPEDANCE are) TEMPERATURE INTERNAL~SHORT FLAG MODIFY CHARGE BEHAVIOR FIG.9 US 2017/0074918 Al METHODOLOGY FOR CHARGING BATTERIES SAFELY CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS, 10001] The present U-S. Utility patent application claims Priority pursuant to 3S US.C. $120.5 a continuation of US. Ulity applicaion Ser. No. 14/499,757, entitled “METH ODOLOGY FOR CHARGING BATTERIES SAFELY", filed Sep. 29, 2014, issuing as US. Pat, No, 9,506,990 on Nov: 29, 2016, which is a divisional of US. Uility appli cation Ser. No. 121970,838, entitled. “METHODOLOGY FOR CHARGING BATTERIES SAFELY”, fled Dec. 16, 2010, now US. Pat, No. 8866444, issued on Oct. 21,2014, ‘which claims priority pursuant to 35 USC. §119(6) to US. Provisional Application No. 61/352,689, entitled "METH: ‘ODOLOGY FOR CHARGING BATTERIES SAFELY”, filed Jun. 8, 2010, all of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in ther entirety and made part of the present US. Usility patent application forall purposes BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 0002} ‘The present invention relates generally to hateries ‘and battery packs and, more particularly, 0 a method of idemifying the presence of an intemal short within a cell of ‘a batery or batery pack 10003] intema-cell shorts may reduce the performance ‘capability of, or cause hazardous conditions for, a battery pack, These shorts may be eaused by manafactring design Aefects 2, metal-paticle contamination that punctures the Separator creating a path for electrons between the two ‘electrodes or extends around an edge of the separator), poor cell design (ea. 2 configuration permitting edges of the ‘electrodes to touch, oF meta contamination in the active material that dissolves and plates to form a bridge between the electrodes). or electrochemical abuse. Shots caused by manufacturing defects have resulted in the recall of many thiumsion batteries and have motivated significant improvements in manuficturing-gualty control (eg. mple- mentation of clean manvfacturing conditions, maunets to ‘capture metal contamination, and the lke.) Throogh these improvements, the ure rate of Iihiumion batteries 10 thermal events caused by interal short in consumer appli cations has decreased to ~1-5 ppm for the large-volume manufacturers. Intemal-ell shorts may also be eased by hatery aging (e active material dissolution and plating) Because of the small, though finite possiblity that an ‘inernal-ell short nay form in one or more cells during the life of a battery pack, which may lead to performance ‘degradation or hazardous operating coitions (ex, exces sive heat generation, over-discharye, and the ike), itis important to identify the presence of cll shoas, particularly a presence of call short daring charging 0004] Typical batery cell packs use in electric vehicles (EVs) employ a mulitude (eg. thousands) of individual batery cells organized in sub-unit (sometimes refered to as modules or bricks) that are interconnected. The eells and modules are combined variously in series and parallel to provide sstaned high-nemy storage and output a desired for any particular application. 10005] Obtsining and evaluating specific and accurate ‘information regarding an individual ell n this envionment ‘ean be difficult. Data is evaluated individally and at a Mar. 16, 2017, specific level but also takes into account macroscopic and toss level conditions of the application and battery pack to provide some context forthe specific detailed information. [0006] Accordingly, what is needed is an apparatus and method for identifying the presence of a short circuit in a battery pack. [BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 0007] Disclosed is an apparatus and method for iden ‘ving a presence of a short eireit in a collection of inter connected batery eels, the collection including one or more cells used in one or more battery packs. Preferably the collection includes & lithium-ion eel chemistry oF the ike, ‘and the calletion vse in electic-vehiele-batery packs. A Tult-detetion apparatus for a charging system that changes acolletion of interconnected battery cell, the safety system includes data-aequisiion system for receiving a set of data parameters from the collection while the charging system is setvely charging the collection; a monitoring system evalu- ftng the set of data parameters to identify a set of anoma- lous conditions: and a controller comparing. the set of ‘anomalous conditions against st of predetermined profiles indicative of an intemal short in one oF more cells of the collection the controler establishing an interal-short state for the collection when the comparing has a predetermined relationship to the set of predetermined profiles. [0008] A foult-etcction method fora charging system that charges a collection of interconnected battery cells, the ‘method incuding a) receiving a set of data parameters from the collection while the charging system is atively charging the collection: b) evaluating the set of data paramoters 10 identify a st of anomalous conditions; ¢) comparing the st fof anomalows conditions against a set of predetermined profiles indicative of an internal shor in ane or more cells ofthe collection; and d) establishing an intenal-shoet state for the colleson when the comparing step identles predetermined relationship of the set of data parameters to the set of predetemnined profiles [0009] The present invention provides several diferent systems and methods that may be used to idemify when a eel i behaving abnormally and! may have an internal-cell short. A further understanding of the nature and advantages ofthe present invention may be realized by reference to the ‘remaining portions of the specification and the drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0010] FIG. 1 is char of a simplified multistage (4 stoge) ‘ast charge profile for a battery charger, [0011] FIG. 2is a epresentative charging system; [012] FIG. 3 isa chart ofa frst set of anomalous charge behavior responsive to an internal shor; [0013] FIG. 4 is @ chart of a second set of anomalous charge behavior responsive to an intemal short, [0014] FIG. Sis a chart ofa third set of anomalous charge ‘behavior responsive to an internal shor: 0015] FIG. 6 isachart ofa fourth st oFanomalous charge ternal shor FIG. 7 isa char ofa fith set of anomalous charge behavior responsive tan internal shor: [0017] FIG. #is 8 chart ofa sith set of anomalous charge US 2017/0074918 Al 10018] FIG. 9 is.a general Howebn of an intemal-short detection process sccording to an embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION {0019} Embodiments of the present invention provide an apparatus and method for identifying a presence of a short circuit in a battery pack. The following description is presented to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to make find use the invention and is provided in the context of @ patent application and its requirements, Various modifica- tions tothe preferred embodiment andthe generic principles ‘and features described herein will be readily appareat 10 those skilled in the ar. Thus, the present invention is not mended be Timited to the embodiment shown but isto be soconde the widest scope consistent with the principles and features described herein In the following text, the terms “enemey-storage " “energy-storage assembly,” “battery,” “col.” “pattery eel,” “battery-cell pack,” “pack,” “elec trolytic-double-layer capacitor,” and “ultracapacitor” may be used interchangeably (unless the context indicates oth- ‘envise) and may refer 10 any of a varity of differen rechangeable configurations and cell chemistries deseribed herein including, but not limited to lithium ion (e-., con- twining a lithium metal oxide eathode and a graphite anode and the like), lihium-ion polymer, nickel-metal hydride nickel eadmium, nickel hydrogen, nickel nc, silver zinc, oF ‘other chargeable high energy storage typeconfiguration. A ‘context for one implementation is use of rechargeable Livio buttery packs designed for plug-in electcic vehicles (PHEV: HEY, and EV and the ike) though other industrial appli ‘ations for sch high-energy battery packs may implement Variations tothe invention described herein without depart- ing fom the present invention, [0021] FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 provide an exemplary imple- mentation to provide one of many different contexts for the present invention to aid in understanding. FIG. 1 is @ chart ‘of a possible change profile 100 for a battery charger applicable to various battery chemistries, most preferably to ‘a battery including lithium ioa/polymer eel chemistry and the like. The prefered embodiment for charge profile 100 Includes first stage “A.” typically followed by one or more other stages, shown collectively as “B” in FIG. 1. The various stages may include a constant current (CC) stage, & ‘constant voltage (CV) stage: a constant power (CP) stage, ‘combinations of these, and the like. 10022] A representative asic charge algorithm, though the invention is not so limited, includes charge at constant ccurent (eg, 0.2 C to 0.7 C depending on manufacturer, Where C represents the current required to reach 100% ‘capacity in one hour) until the battery reaches a desired VEC (Golts per cell) for example 4.2 VPC, and hold the voltage ‘at 42 volts until the charge current has dropped to. 2 predetermined portion (lor example =10%) of the initial ‘charge rate. The termination condition i the deop in charge ‘cureat to a predetermined level. The top charging voltae, the termination curent, number and type of charging stages, varies with the manufacturer, Embodiments of the present invention are generally applicable © any type of charge. [0023] FIG. 2 isa representative embodiment fora ehary- jing system 200, such as may be used in an eletsc vehicle 0020) Mar. 16, 2017, ‘and implement the present invention. The present invention ‘snot limited tothe specifies of the implementation of the charging system or the nature ofthe application System 200 includes a batery 208, a charger 210 coupled to battery 208 and battery management system (BMS) 215 and battery ata acquisition and monitoring subsystem 220, A comm ication bus 228 couples subsystem 220 to BMS 215 and « ‘communication bs 230 couples BMS 215 to charger 210.4 communication bus 288 couples battery data from battery 208 to subsystem 220. [0024] Battery 208 is shown as ser of battery cells, however the arrangement of cells may be & combination of parallel'series connected cells of many di ‘erent arrangements. Charger 210 of the preferred embest sent provides the charging current applied to battery 205. [BMS 215 contols the charging current according toa profile established by the embodiments of the preseat invention. Subsystem 220 acquire the desired data as deseribed herein reparding battery 205. For example, the data may inelude voltage, SOC, temperature, and other applicable data used bby BMS 215. In some embodiments, subsystem 220 may be part of BMS 218 and BMS 218 may be part of charger 210. One or more of changer 210, BMS 218, and subsystem 220 control a switch 240, [002] In actual practice, combinations of eonstan-cur- reat (CC), constant-power (CP), and constant-oltage (CV} stepsiphases are often used, though there are ather charging prales that could be used. Some of the disclosed apparatus ‘and methods are dependleat upon use of one or more of Uses charging steps, or phases, while other apparatus and meth- fds are generically applicable 10a wider range of changing profiles. Otber, less standard, charging profiles may be adapted using the present invention to detect potential fault conditions with the specifies of those implementation ‘without departing from the spirit and seope of the present invention [0026] During charging, the cell und brick volluge is expected to always increase, assuming an unchanging charge current, negligible load on the battery, and taking into ‘account expected variations in cell impedance due to tem- perature and state-of-charge (SOC). When all of these conditions are met, the change in cel and block voltage over time should always be greater than or equal to zero. decrease in voltage may indicate decrease inthe intemal resistance of the cell andlor self-discharge, Similarly, during ‘constant voltage (CV) portion of change, an increwse ia ceurrent would indicate a decrease in the internal resistance of the cell andr self-discharge. Self-dischange of the cell above a certain rate (determined through testing a lage population of cells without intemal shorts) indicates that an inernal-eell short is present [0027] Table I, below, summatizes several different meth= ‘ods that may’ be used fo identify when a eel is behaving Abnormally and may have an intemal-cell short. Corre- spondingly, the battery-management system is able to mea- sre many different properties, a set of data properties, 10 identify the presence of such a shor. connected group US 2017/0074918 Al Mar. 16, 2017, TABLE T Deowuiag votage dae Share core ‘Sha ery dinate CV 2 Abnormally lage roof ag 7 Cine Ahsopa to Sirol tone ‘newest (nae pete ina ting chan ‘sities maa sr oniag mm ‘Ser a esl vas “ crasagvolge VTE = 0 oF ViNQ <0 wow Qi areca) sh ching ret ache ony =e) ak ‘Sag sae ot eceg n e eeof CCS CP. Th tod could ao mes an oneal high SV ‘thea the stores longer active an the cl a 0 Sia voip tee, se 3) ‘ete hat with opt fo Sess vtage ts eto ‘nono er fake ce for eulet ep change om tne kel or CP eve ater, i ein i she ‘ite og power or hier poe mis the presence a0 HV AC oa or exange ipatine rik) rection in impedances ew ss te ade [anne huang cet oer ine > 0 o 1G > She AC kno a he hp FV nao CVeelae CVE oF (where the max value detennined through testing and ‘Sate key al, TE tn is oe ho an i ar (Si a devil ig Safdar mie averge wea change it SOC over IA el Ae ea a ei ir sn ner oad (Sh ie eid hh ig a (Bling he ca cing kro oe tery (Cage effensy (CE (he nn mi enh ig mi [ceeup be for hr om pr te of har uae Cie A Chae Sut 80 — Cae El SOO A > ‘Beceeay pmlc Hate al SOC esol ec mete (CCV = OY dort 00) fpecfe SOV) T eee sen ode ater hen ma te (Bose on onal es f came ftp and SOC Mews tmpera ince fr acelin pl ek of ‘el tpen scene deen of og med hove Tan ‘Mew the tamper difrense sen te ink ad ttf the cog ed, Nota! ao eal Sat) cane ‘srs ns pew difcecs betwee he et ate Tenpersne At ema shor cang charge wl ro i ‘deta tise an pein. A leh eat be levelpe ht pet the ie ao ear te US 2017/0074918 Al ‘TABLE Lcontinued Mar. 16, 2017, THs SOC w cag nal ESS any anti eapeun aa 10028] Each of the above meshods represents different ‘way to deteet @ potential intemal-cell short by evaluating data derived from the battery pack for anomalous condi tions, including. an anomalous change in cell impedance ‘overtime, an anomalous increase in total charge passed, oF an anomalous change in temperature, all of which may be indicative of iternsscel shorts inthe proper context, Pack ‘electronics may be engineered 9 monitor necessary param- ‘eters, for example, brick impedance, for anomalies. This ‘monitoring, depending upon implementation, preferably includes Troquenticontinvous —acgusiion/meastrement ‘evaluation of the relevant data set. Some ofthe conditions ‘are subtle and appropriate evaluation of the particular con- text (eg. driving. charging, parking, and the like) is impor determining the proper conclusion to be drawn fom 10029] ‘conditions nated in Table [are trie an intermalsbort flag ‘ates set indicative oF a potential unsafe condition. This is hot to say that © particular application requires all methods to be implemented or that an application may not have ditional or different methods employed. It may be the case In an exemplary embodiment, when any of the that a single methodology’ is suficent for the particular pplication. 10030] Depending upon a particular implementation, there may be different responses fo the setting of this fag state For example, charging ean be terminated (with further charging inhibited) and a self-discharge be run automatically a6 diagnostic. The operator of the vehicle ‘cold be notified that they will be unable to recharge the vehicle until iis brought to a service station for evaluation. Atthat point, the resuls from the sell-tischange test could be ‘evaluated and 2 simple chorgeischarge test run to deter- mine whether the pock is ina potentially unsafe operating ‘condition, 10031] Additional features and characteristics of the dis- ‘closed methods are seen from a review of the following, figures: FIG. 3 through FG. 9. FIG. 3 provides an example ‘of decreasing voltage during the constan-current or con- uant-power portion of change (solid lines depict normal ‘charge conditions; dashed lines indicate a representative ‘oceuerence if an intemal shoet formed at that point during ‘charge-because some change is dissipated through an inter- ral short, the charge will Be extended), FIG. 4 provides nn ‘eximple of an increasing current during CV portion of ‘charge and an increase in total charge current passed (solid lines depict typical charge behavior—inereasing voltage ‘during the constant-current portion of eharge and constant voltage with decreasing current during the constant-votage portion of charge: dashed Fines depict an anomaly in the ‘charge behavior eased by an internal-cell shor. The total ‘chante curent passed increases as some of the curent is ssipated through the intemal short). FIG. 5 provides test, resulls from a battery showing a decrease in voltae during CC portion of charge wher the cureat to the Bulle is ‘wehanging (aoe that i the ease thatthe eument drops bit Ahring CPorCC deo some other component aking ower from the charger, «drop wouk! be expected) FIG. 6 pro- Vides test results Tom a hatery showing an increase in urent uring the CV potion of charge. FIG. provides test resus fom a bater showing an inerease in eurrent during the CV portion of chante. FIG. 8 provides test results fom 4 batery showing an increase ia cueret during the CV Portion of change witha coincident increase inthe battery femperature (temperature spikes duct inleral-

    Vous aimerez peut-être aussi