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Civil Engineering
University of the Philippines Diliman

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Second level
Third CE
level 15: Fluid Mechanics I
Fourth level Lecture 12
Fifth level
Internal Viscous Effects,
Laminar and Turbulent Flows

Prepared by:
Dominic M. Bautista
UPNEC Instructor
Copyright 2011
1
Institute of Civil
CE 16 Engineering, CollegeIIof- Engineering,
Fluid Mechanics Villalba UP Diliman
 ClickLearning
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Outcomes
At the end of the lecture, the student should be able to:
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Characterize laminar and turbulent flows
Second level
Third
Derive leveldistributions on different laminar flow
velocity
Fourth level
conditions
Fifth level

Describe the concept of a laminar and turbulent boundary

layer

Solve and analyze problems involving laminar and

turbulent flows
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 Click to edit Master title style
Outline
I. Internal Viscous Effects
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A. Introduction
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B. Laminar Flow
Second level
C. Turbulent Flow
Third level
Fourth level
II. Boundary Layer Concept
Fifth level
A. Laminar Boundary Layer
B. Turbulent Boundary Layer

IV. Examples

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Reynolds Experiment Laminar
Flow
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Second level
Third level
Transition
Fourth level
Flow
Fifth level
Reynolds Number

Osborne Reynolds
dimensionless
Source: httpetc.usf.edulit2gostaticimages2940m.gif parameter that Turbulent
characterize the Flow
fluid flow regime
= =

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 Internal
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Laminar Flow
Click tobyedit
characterized an Master text styles
uninterrupted flow in
whichthe
Second level
direction
of flow at any
Third level
point
is constant Fourth level
Fifth level Source:

Properties of Laminar flow: httpwww.nature.comnaturejournalv440n7085images440754a-f1.2.jpg

1) Defined velocity distribution

2) Newtons Law of Viscosity governs =


3) Relatively low Reynolds number = < for pipes

4) Pressure gradient is directly proportional to5velocity
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 Internal
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Flow produced by a moving plate: Couette Flow
Click the
Consider to steady, incompressible,
edit Master fully developed, laminar
text styles
flow between two plates. The lower plate is fixed while the
Second
upper level at a speed, U. There is no pressure
plate is moving
gradient and
Thirdthe
level
plates is separated by a distance, a.
Fourth level
Fifth level
U

Q y
x
Navier-Stokes Equation along x: Boundary Conditions:
= =

=
=
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 Internal
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Flow produced by a moving plate: Couette Flow
Click to edit Master text styles U
u
Second
Q level y
Third level x
Fourth level
Velocity distribution: Maximum Velocity is at y = a:
Fifth level =
=

Discharge assuming unit width: Average velocity:


= = = =



Shear stress : = =
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 Internal
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Master title style
Flow between two horizontal plates:
Click the
Consider to steady, incompressible,
edit Master fully developed, laminar
text styles
flow between two horizontal plates. Both plates are stationary
and isSecond
separated level
by a distance, a. A pressure gradient along
x drives the
Third level
flow from left to right.
Fourth level
Fifth level

Q y
x
Navier-Stokes Equation along x: Boundary Conditions:
= =
=
= =
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 Internal
Click to editViscous Effects
Master title style
Flow between two horizontal plates:
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u
Second
Q level y
Third level x
Fourth level
Velocity Distribution: Maximum Velocity is at y = a/2:
Fifth level

= =

Discharge assuming unit width: Average velocity:


= = = = =

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 Internal
Click to editViscous Effects
Master title style
Flow between two horizontal plates:
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u
Second
Q level y
Third level x
Fourth level
Average velocity: Shear stress :
level
Fifth
= = = =

Assuming L = distance between upstream section 1
and downstream section 2,

= , = =

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 Internal
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Flow between two inclined plates:
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Second level
Third level
Fourth level
z Fifth level
Velocity Distribution: Average Velocity:


= ( + ) = = ( + )

Energy Equation from section 1 upstream to section 2 downstream:

+ = + +

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 Internal
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Laminar Flow through Horizontal Pipes:
Click the
Consider to steady,
edit Masterincompressible, fully developed, laminar
text styles
flow along a horizontal pipe of diameter, D. A pressure
Second
gradient along xlevel
drives the flow from left to right.
Third level
NOTE:
Fourth level
r r = radial axis
Fifth level
Q
x
FBD of a fluid element with radius, r, and length x


W +

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 Internal
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Laminar Flow through Horizontal Pipes:
Click
FBD of a fluid
toelement with radius,
edit Master textr, and length x
styles

Second level
Third
level W +

Fourth level
Fifth level
= = Steady, fully developed, horizontal flow

= + =


=
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 Internal
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Laminar Flow through Horizontal Pipes:
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r
SecondQlevel
Third level x
Fourth level

= For
Fifth Laminar flows,
level = =

Integrating,
Boundary Condition:
=

= +
= =


Velocity Distribution: =

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 Internal
Click to editViscous Effects
Master title style
Laminar Flow through Horizontal Pipes:
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r
SecondQlevel u
Third level x
Fourth level
Velocity Distribution: Maximum Velocity is at r = 0:
Fifth level

= =

Discharge: Volume of the Paraboloid Average velocity:
/
= = = =

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 Internal
Click to editViscous Effects
Master title style
Laminar Flow through Horizontal Pipes:
Click to edit Master text styles
r
SecondQlevel u
Third level x
Fourth level
Average velocity: Shear stress :
Fifth


level
= = = =

Assuming L = distance between upstream
=
section and downstream section,
Hagen-Poiseuille
= = =
Equation 16
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 Internal
Click to editViscous Effects
Master title style
Flow through an inclined pipe:
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Second level
Third level
zFourth level
Fifth level
Velocity Distribution:
Average Velocity:


= ( + ) = = ( + )

Energy Equation from section 1 upstream to section 2 downstream:

+ = + +

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 Internal
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Turbulent Flow
characterized by chaotic
Click to edit Master movement of fluid particles in
text styles
which the velocity at a given point varies erratically in
Second
magnitude andlevel
direction
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level

Source: Source:
httpspeople.rit.edupnvemeMECE356dragturbulent.jpg
httpwww.nature.comnaturejournalv440n7085images440754a-f1.2.jpg

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 Internal
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Characteristics of Turbulent Flow
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Temporal to edit Master
Concept text styles
Second level The velocity is then represented
Third level as the sum of a time-averaged
velocity, , and the fluctuating
Fourth level
component
Fifth level

Due to turbulence, the velocity

of any fluid particle fluctuates
as time progresses 19
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 Internal
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Characteristics of Turbulent Flow
Click towith
Comparison editLaminar
Master text
Flow styles
Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level

Comparison of the mean-

velocity curves in laminar Change in resistance from
and turbulent flow laminar to turbulent flow
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 Internal
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Characteristics of Turbulent Flow
Click
Shear to in
Stress edit Master
Turbulent text
Flow styles
Second level
Third level =
Fourth level
= +
Fifth level
where is eddy viscosity

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 Internal
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Prandtls Mixing Length Theory
Clickthat
assumes a fluidMaster
to edit particle istext
displaced a
styles
distance before its momentum is changed
Second
by the level
new environment
Third level

~ ~
Fourth level
Fifth level
=
Ludwig Prandtl

Source:

httpsupload.wikimedia.orgwikipediacommonsthumbeeaPrand
tl_portrait.jpg220px-Prandtl_portrait.jpg

=

=
where = Von Karman constant
=
= . for flat plates = . for smooth
22 pipes 22
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 Internal
Click to editViscous Effects
Master title style
Characteristics of Turbulent Flow
Clickflow
Turbulent to inedit
Pipes Master text styles
Darcy-Weisbach
where: Second level =
f = friction factor Equation
Third level
f = accounts for
Fourth
thelevel
shear resistance Fifth
duelevel
to the contact between
the fluid particles and
the wall of the pipe
f = f(Re, /D)
f = solved using the
Moody Diagram 23 23
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 Boundary
Click to edit Layer
MasterConcept
title style
Boundary Layer
Click
- the region to
adjacent to a
edit Master text styles
surface over which the velocity
changes Second
from thelevel
free stream
Third
value to zero level
at the surface.
Fourth level
- narrow region surrounding
Fifth level
the boundary where viscous
effects are concentrated

- outside the boundary layer, Development of boundary

flow can be considered as layer along a thin plate
non-viscous NOTE:
= UPNEC
nominal limit of the boundary
Copyright 2011
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 Boundary
Click to edit Layer
MasterConcept
title style
Boundary Layer
- solution
Click oftothe boundary
edit Master text styles
layer equations involves
Secondoflevel
determination the
Third
boundary layerlevel
growth,
Fourth level
velocity distribution, and
boundary shear stress
Fifth level

- experimental results are

incorporated into the Development of boundary
analytical solutions layer in a circular pipe

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 Boundary
Click to edit Layer
MasterConcept
title style
Laminar Boundary Layer
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Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level

thickness of
= the laminar Velocity distribution on a laminar
/ boundary layer boundary layer (Blasius, 1908)
.
= shear stress at the surface boundary
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 Boundary
Click to edit Layer
MasterConcept
title style
Turbulent Boundary Layer
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Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level

Sketch of zones in turbulent boundary layer

Define shear velocity, =

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 Boundary
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MasterConcept
title style
Turbulent Boundary Layer
ClickSublayer
Viscous to edit Master text styles
Second level
Velocity
=
Third level
distribution
Fourth level
Fifth level
thickness =

Range < < .

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 Boundary
Click to edit Layer
MasterConcept
title style
Turbulent Boundary Layer
Click toDistribution
Logarithmic edit Master text styles
Second
Velocity level
distribution
Third
level

= Fourth level
+ .

Fifth level

= . + .


Range . < <

NOTE: Law of the wall
Region of viscous sublayer plus logarithmic region
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 Boundary
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MasterConcept
title style
Turbulent Boundary Layer
ClickDefect
Velocity to edit Master text styles
Region
Second
Velocity level
distribution

Third
level
= level
Fourth

Fifth level

Range >

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 Boundary
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MasterConcept
title style
Turbulent Boundary Layer: Summary
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Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level

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 Boundary
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MasterConcept
title style
Turbulent Boundary Layer: Summary
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Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level

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 Boundary
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MasterConcept
title style
Turbulent Boundary Layer: Boundary Roughness
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Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level

= For laminar sublayer = . + .

= roughness of
= . + .
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 Boundary
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MasterConcept
title style
Turbulent Boundary Layer: Power Formula
10
For Click to< edit
5 < Re 107, Master text styles
Second level /
=
Third level
Fourth level
Boundary layer thickness,
Fifth level
. where
= =
/

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 Click to edit Master title style
Examples
Problem 1
Oil (SG = 0.9
Click and kinematic
to edit viscosity
Master text = 0.0002 m2/s) flows
styles
through the inclined pipe as shown. Calculate the flow rate
Second
assuming level
laminar flow. Check whether the flow is indeed
laminar. Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level

+ = + +

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 Click to edit Master title style
Examples
Problem 2
Air (Click
= 1.2 to
kg/m 3 and = 1.51 x 10-5 m2/s) flows through a 14-
edit Master text styles
cm diameter tube under fully developed conditions. The
Second
centreline velocitylevel
U = 5 m/s. Assuming turbulent flow, estimate
Third
the a) shear level u*, b) the wall shear stress o, and c) the
velocity
thickness of the level sublayer .
viscous
Fourth
Fifth level

= . + .


=


=
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 Click to References
edit Master title style
Streeter, V.L., et al., Fluid Mechanics, 9th ed., McGraw-Hill
International, 1998
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Second
Crowe, level
C.T., et al., Engineering Fluid Mechanics, 9th ed.,
Third
John Wiley level Inc., 2009
& Sons,
Fourth level
Fifth level
Alejandrino, A.A., Lecture Notes in Fluid Mechanics, National
Hydraulic Research Center, 1989

White, F.M., Fluid Mechanics, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill

International,1998

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