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Key Concepts
Naming Branched-Chain Alkanes:
alkyl alkane
branch name stem name
prefix suffix
Name
Number of carbon atoms in branch (side chain) Structure
(alkyl)
-stem-
|
1 H-C-H methyl
|
H
-stem-
|
H-C-H
2 | ethyl
H-C-H
|
H
-stem-
|
H-C-H
|
3 H-C-H propyl
|
H-C-H
|
H
Number the carbon atoms making up the stem so that the branches have the lowest possible
numbers.
Separate the number of the stem carbon atom from the name of the branch by a hyphen (-).
(ii) Indicate the location of the stem carbon atoms to which each branch is attached by
writing the numbers separated by a comma (,) in ascending order.
(iii) Separate the final number from the prefix of the branch name by a hyphen (-).
Divide the name into the name of the branches and the name of the stem.
Determine the location of the carbon atom on the stem to which each branch (side chain) is
attached.
Note the locations of the branches on the numbered stem chain you have already drawn.
Draw the required number of carbon atoms for each branch at the specified location along
the stem's carbon chain.
Complete the structure by adding a hydrogen atom at the end of any vacant covalent bond.
Write a skeletal molecular formula using the symbols for carbon and hydrogen:
C H
Write the number of carbon atoms as a subscript number to the right of the symbol for
carbon
CnH
Write the number of hydrogen atoms as a subscript number to the right of the symbol for
carbon
CnHy
The general molecular formula for a branched-chain alkane is CnH2n+2
H H
| |
H H H-C-H H-C-H H H
| | | | | |
H- C - C - C - C - C - C -H
| | | | | |
H H H-C-H H H H
|
H-C-H
|
H
H H
| |
H H H-C-H H-C-H H H
| | | | | |
H- C - C - C - C - C - C -H
| | | | | |
H H H-C-H H H H
|
H-C-H
|
H
H H
methyl methyl
| |
H H H-C-H H-C-H H H
| | | | | |
H- C - C - C - C - C - C -H
| | | | | |
H H H-C-H H H H
|
H-C-H
|
ethyl
H
Step 4. Number the carbon atoms making up the stem so that the branches have the lowest
possible numbers.
H H
methyl methyl
| |
H H H-C-H H-C-H H H
| | | | | |
H- C - C2 -
1
C3 - C4 - C - C6
5
-H
| | | | | |
H H H-C-H H H H
|
H-C-H
|
ethyl
H
Step 5. Separate the number of the stem carbon atom from the name of the branch by a hyphen
(-).
H H
3-methyl 4-methyl
| |
H H H-C-H H-C-H H H
| | | | | |
H- C1 - C2 - C3 - C4 - C5 - C6 -H
| | | | | |
H H H-C-H H H H
|
H-C-H
|
3-ethyl
H
Step 6 (a) Branch name(s) added as a prefix to the name of the stem.
(ii) Indicate the location of the stem carbon atoms to which each branch is attached by writing
the numbers in ascending order separated by a comma (,).
3,4
(iii) Separate the final number from the prefix of the branch name by a hyphen (-).
3,4-dimethyl
Step 6 (c) If two or more different branches (side chains) are present:
(i) Identify and name each branch (side chain).
1 x ethyl
2 x methyl named above as 3,4-dimethyl
(ii) Indicate the location of the stem carbon atoms to which each branch is attached by writing
the number then a hyphen and then the name of the branch.
3-ethyl
3,4-dimethyl
(ii) Write the names of the branches in alphabetical order (ignoring any di, tri, tetra, etc prefix)
separating numbers from letters by a hyphen.
3-ethyl-3,4-dimethyl
Write the complete name by adding the prefix (name of all the branches) to the suffix (name of
the stem alkane)
3-ethyl-3,4-dimethylhexane
Step 1: Divide the name of the branched-chain alkane into two parts:
stem = propane
suffix = type of bonds between carbon atoms in chain = single bonds (ane)
| | |
- C - C - C -
| | |
Note that each carbon atom can make 4 covalent bonds and that we are drawing in all 4 bonds,
even the ones that are not joining two carbon atoms together in the chain.
| | |
- C1 - C2 - C3 -
| | |
Step 4: Break the the branch name up into individual branch (side chain) names:
2,2-dimethyl
2,2-dimethyl
Step 6: Determine the location of the carbon atom on the stem to which each branch (side chain)
is attached:
2,2-dimethyl
Both methyl branches are attached to carbon number 2 along the stem: 2,2-
| | |
- C1 - C2 - C3 -
| | |
Step 5: Draw in the required number of carbon atoms for each branch at the specified location
along the stem's carbon chain:
|
-C-
| | |
- C1 - C2 - C3 -
| | |
-C-
|
Notice that we are still drawing in all 4 covalent bonds for each carbon atom, even when the
bond is not between two carbon atoms.
Step 6: Complete the structure by placing a hydrogen atom (H) at the end of any vacant covalent
bond:
H
|
H-C-H
H H
|
| |
H- C - C - C -H
| |
|
H H
H-C-H
|
H
H
|
H-C-H
H H
|
| |
H- C - C - C -H
| | |
H H H
Step 2: Write a skeleton molecular formula using the symbols for carbon (C) and hydrogen (H)
CH
Step 3: Count the total number of carbon atoms in the branched-chain alkane molecule.
H
|
H-C1-H
H H
|
| |
H- C2 - C3 - C4 -H
| | |
H H H
Step 4: Write the number of of carbon atoms into the skeleton molecular formula as a subscript
number to the right of the symbol for carbon (C).
C4H
Step 5: Count the total number of hydrogen atoms in the branched-chain alkane molecule.
H4
|
H3-C-H5
H2 H6
|
| |
H1- C - C - C -H7
| | |
H10 H9 H8
Step 6: Write the number of of hydrogen atoms into the skeleton molecular formula as a
subscript number to the right of the symbol for hydrogen (H).
C4H10
Step 7: Check that your completed molecular formula makes sense (CnH2n+2)
when n = 4
2n + 2 = (2 x 4) + 2 = 8 + 2 = 10
So, C4H10 is the molecular formula for the alkane
Introduction to the IUPAC System for Naming
Carbon Compounds
Key Concepts
Nomenclature is a system of rules by which the names of compounds are formed.
For nomenclature purposes, all compounds containing carbon are said to be organic
compounds.
When naming organic compounds, punctuation marks are used for specific purposes:1:
(i) the first letter of the name is not a capital letter unless the name occurs at the beginning
of a sentence
Example: Acetone is the preferred IUPAC name for propan-2-one.
(ii) commas (,) are used to separate one number from another number
Example: the numbers 1 and 2 are written as 1,2
(iv) there are no spaces (gaps) between letters unless the compound is a
(c) acid halides: a space between name derived from carboxylic acid (alkanoyl) and the
halogen (halide)
Example: butanoyl chloride
(d) ester : a space between name derived from alcohol (alkyl) and that derived from
alkanoic acid (alkanoate)
Example: ethyl butanoate
Hydrocarbon molecules, those made up of only carbon and hydrogen atoms, are the basis
upon which the name of an organic molecule is constructed.
The name of the hydrocarbon used as the basis for the construction of the name of an
organic molecule is referred to as the parent hydrocarbon2.
parent hydrocarbon
prefix suffix
The principal nomenclature used in organic chemistry, and which forms the basis of most
IUPAC3 preferred names, is substitutive nomenclature.
Note that the prefixes and/or suffixes themselves may include infixes (numbers which tell
us the location of the substituent).
For simple organic compounds containing only one type of functional group:
(i) Prefixes are modified by branches (side chains) and by the presence of halogens
(ii) Suffixes are modified by the presence of the functional groups OH, C=O, COOH, NH2
(iii) polymers : the name of the repeating unit can be based on either its source or its
structure
Parent Hydrocarbon
The parent hydrocarbon can be
The prefix for the name of an aliphatic parent hydrocarbon is determined by the number of carbon
atoms in the chain or ring.
The prefix for the first four hydrocarbons in the series is based on a traditional name and the prefix
has been retained.
Prefixes for aliphatic parent hydrocarbons containing more than four carbon atoms are based on
multiplying prefixes (that is, the multiplying prefix with the final "a" removed, eg, penta becomes
pent).
Number of carbon
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
atoms:
met pro
Prefix: eth but pent hex hept oct non dec
h p
The suffix of an aliphatic parent hydrocarbon is determined by the nature of the covalent bonding
between carbon atoms in the chain or the ring:
When one double or triple bond is present, an infix is required to tell us the location of the double
or triple bond.
The infix is a number which is separated from the prefix and the suffix by a hyphen:
prefix-infix-suffix
If more than one double or triple bond is present in the parent hydrocarbon,
(i) an "a" may be added to the prefix of the parent hydrocarbon for euphonic reasons
buta, penta
(ii) a multiplying prefix (di, tri, tetra, etc) is also required and is added to the beginning of the
suffix, in addition to an infix to describe the loction of each double or triple bond:
prefix-infix-multiplyingsuffix
If both double and triple bonds are present in the parent hydrocabon, an enyne molecule, then the
en suffix is written before the yne suffix (that is, written in alphabetical order).
However, when numbering the carbon chain, the triple bond takes precedence over the double
bond, so the set of locants will be chosen to give the triple bond(s) the lowest number(s) in
preference to the double bond(s).
prefix-infix-multiplyingen-infix-multiplyingyne
If the aliphatic compound is a ring rather than a chain, cyclo is added to the beginning if the prefix:
cycloprefix-infix-multiplyingsuffix
Substituents
A substituent is an atom, or group of atoms, that substitutes for one or more hydrogen atoms on the
parent hydrocarbon.
Alkyl groups are hydrocarbons that are themselves attached to the parent hydrocarbon
molecule. The alkyl groups "branch off" the main "stem" of the parent, so these alkyl
groups are often referred to as branches (or alternatively as side-chains). The presence of
alkyl groups modifies the name of the parent hydrocarbon by adding a prefix to it.
The prefix attached to the name of the parent hydrocarbon to represent a branch or side-
chain ends in yl.
Alkyl groups can thought of a straight chain alkane in which a hydrogen atom (H.)6 has
been removed. This hydrogen atom can be removed from a terminal (end) carbon atom, or
from a non-terminal carbon atom.
(i) Removal of one hydrogen atom from a terminal (end) carbon atom of the alkane
Named by removing the "ane" from the alkane and replacing it with yl to make alkyl:
(ii) Removal of one hydrogen atom form a non-terminal carbon atom of an alkane.
Named by dropping the final e of alkane then inserting an infix for the location of the
missing hydrogen atom followed by a hyphen and the yl ending to make alkan-infix-yl:
Alkyl groups are written in ascending alphabetical order, using an infix to identify the
location of each alkyl group, and a muliplying prefix if there is more than one of each type
of alkyl group:
example: infix-multiplyingethyl-infix-multiplyingmethyl-infix-multiplyingpropyl
and all of this is added as a prefix to the name of the parent hydrocarbon.
A halogen atom (fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atom) can replace any or all of the
hydrogen atoms on a parent hydrocarbon molecule.
When naming an organic molecule containing halogen substituents, the halogen is named
by dropping the "ine" ending on the name of the element and adding "o" as an ending.
These "halo" names are written in alphabetical order, preceded by an infix to identify the
location of each halogen atom along the chain, as well as a multiplying prefix if more than
one type of halogen is present:
infix-multiplyingbromo-infix-multiplyingchloro-infix-multiplyingfluoro-infix-
multiplyingiodo
and all of this is then added as a prefix to the name of the parent hydrocarbon.
Note that if the compound contains both alkyl substituents and halogen substituents, then
the names of all these substituents are placed in alphabetical order
Example: infix-multiplyingbromo-infix-multiplyingchloro-infix-multiplyingethyl-infix-multiplyingflouro-infix-multiplyingmethyl
(i) Organic molecules in which only one type of functional group is present.
When only one type of functional group is present in an organic molecule, then the
functional group modifies the suffix attached to the name of the parent hydrocarbon:
The functional groups you are most likely to meet during an introductory chemistry course
are:
Notice that these functional groups will modify the suffix of the parent hydrocarbon as
shown in the table above.
If only one type of functional group is present in the organic molecule, an infix is not
required when naming carboxylic acids or aldehydes as the functional group will also be
defined as attached to the first carbon atom in the chain or ring.
If only one type of functional group is present, but only one atom of carbon is present in the
parent hydrocarbon, no infix is required since the functional group can only be attached to
the first carbon atom by definition. Similarly, if the molecule contains 2 carbon atoms
which are otherwise identical except that one is attached to the functional group, then the
infix may not be required.
When the suffix is added directly to the name of the parent hydrocarbon, the name of the
parent hydrocarbon may be changed by removal of the final "e" from a parent alkane,
alkene or alkyne, if the suffix to be added begins with a vowel or the letter "y"
Example: ethanol not ethaneol but, ethane-1,2-diol is preferred to ethan-1,2-diol
(ii) The construction of the name of an organic molecule that includes more than one
functional (characteristic) group relies on the principle of seniority of classes.
The order of seniority is used to choose a parent hydrocarbon.
The senior parent structure has the maximum number of substituents corresponding to the
principal characteristic (functional) group in accord with the seniority of classes and
suffixes shown in the table below:
Within the same class, the preferred IUPAC nomenclature gives seniority to a ring over a
chain.
The most senior class is used to construct the suffix for the parent hydrocarbon.
Other less senior functional groups are then used to construct modifying prefixes (including
infixes and multiplying prefixes) to add to the name of the parent hydrocarbon.
(ii) If more than one structural feature is present, the longest carbon chain is numbered so that
locants are assigned to each structural feature in order of decreasing seniority.
For simple organic molecules you are likely to encounter in an introductory chemistry course, the
lowest locants are assigned in the following order:
Example,
Since both numbering methods result in the OH group having a locant of 4, we move on to
compare the locants for the double bond.
Numbering from left to right results in the lowest locant for the double bond, so the preferred
numbering is from left to right.
The name of the molecule is therefore 6-methylhept-2-en-4-ol
H Cl CH3 H H
| | | | | Locant for the hydroxy (hydroxyl) group, is 1
H- C - C - C - C - C1 -OH
5 4 3 2
Locant for the methyl group, is 3
| | | | | Locant for the chlorine atom, is 4
H H H H H
Locants are placed immediately before that part of the name to which they relate, forming the basis
of the infix of a name7.
Example:
1-ol
3-methyl
4-chloro
If more than one of the same structural feature is present, then a locant must be included for each
and every feature.
For multiple instances of structural features with the same seniority, the lowest set of locants is
used.
The lowest set of locants is defined as the set that, when compared term by term with other locant
sets, each cited in order of increasing value, has the lowest term at the point of difference.
Example:
the compound contains only two carbon atoms and only one functional group is present
example: CH3-CH2-OH is named ethanol (not ethan-1-ol)
the compound results from the single substitution of a hydrogen atom on a benzene ring or
cyclic alkane
numbe
11 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
r
triacont tetracont pentacont hexacont heptacont octacont nonacont
prefix hendeca icosa hecta
a a a a a a a
numbe
101 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
r
henhect
prefix dicta tricta tetracta pentacta hexacta heptacta octacta nonacta kilia
a
numbe
1001 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
r
prefix henkilia dilia trilia tetralia pentalia hexalia heptalia octalia nonalia
There must be as many numbers representing the locants of each feature as are indicated by the
multiplying prefix.
Example: the infix 1,1- requires the multiplying prefix di because there are two numbers
Example: the infix 2,2,3,5- requires the multiplying prefix tetra because there are four numbers
Example: 2,2-dimethylbutane tells us there are two methyl groups (dimethyl) and that both methyl
groups are attached to the second carbon atom (2,2-) in the chain.
Note that a multiplying prefix is not required if there is only one instance of a particular structural
feature
Example: 2-chlorobutane (not 2-chlorohenbutane and not 2-chloromonobutane)
For the substituents you are likely to meet during your introductory chemistry course, the order of
citation will be:
The addition of a multiplying prefix (di, tri, tetra etc) to the beginning of the name of the
substituent does NOT change the order of citation:
example: tetrabromo would still be cited before dichloro
1
Parenthese (), brackets [] and braces {} are also used when naming oganic molecules.
While you will probably not be needing these in an introductory chemistry course, you might need them when writing a linear (condensed
structural) formula :
(i) parentheses (round brackets) used when a functional group is attached to part of a chain
example: CH3-CH(OH)-CO-CH3 is the linear formula for 3-hydroxybutan-2-one.
(ii) brackets [square brackets] used when a group is repeated in a chain
example: CH3-[CH2]68-CH3 is the linear formula for heptacontane
2
More correctly we should refer to the parent hydride rather than the parent hydrocarbon since other atoms can substitute for carbon within the
parent structure.
3
IUPAC is the abbreviation for the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
IUPAC nomenclature began in 1892 when an international assembly of Chemists met in Geneva, Switzerland, to try to come up with a rational
system for naming organic molecules.
The rules for naming organic compounds are still being developed.
The most recent document for referral is "Preferred names in the nomenclature of organic compounds" (Draft 7 October 2004).
This document supercedes 'Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, 1979 Edition' and 'A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds,
Recommendations 1993'.
The current document recognises that there is more than one way to systematically name organic compounds, and develops rules for assigning
"preferred IUPAC names", but any other name, as long as it is unambiguous and follows the principles of the IUPAC recommendations is
acceptable as a "general IUPAC name".
As a result, there are examples of "preferred IUPAC" names that are based on the tradition of use, rather than a system of naming. Examples of
these traditional names that students may be expected to know are acetone, acetic acid and its derivatives such as ethyl acetate and acetic
anhydride, formic acid and its derivatives such as ethyl formate.
4
The term aliphatic comes from the Greek aleiphatos meaning "fat". Early Chemists did not know the structure of a fat, but they did know that
compounds containing long hydrocarbon chains behaved in a similar way to fats. So compounds containing hydrocarbon chains came to be
known as aliphatic compounds.
5
Benzene is a member of a class of compounds known as aromatic compounds. It was noted that many compounds containing benzene had a
distinctive odour or aroma, so historically they came to be known as aromatic compounds.
6
Note that this is a hydrogen atom, that is the nucleus of the hydrogen atom as well as its valence electron, also known as monohydrogen
Removal of the hydrogen atom's valence electron would produce a positively charged hydrogen ion, H +, known as a hydron (or a proton if the
original hydrogen atom was 1H)
Addition of an electron to the hydrogen atom would produce a negatively charged hydrogen ion, H-, known as hydride ("ide" indicating a
negatively charged ion)
7
Except in the case of the traditional contracted names when locants are added at the front of the name.
Naming Straight-Chain Alkenes
Key Concepts
Alkenes are hydrocarbons in which there is a double bond between two carbon atoms1:
C=C
The systematic IUPAC2 name of all simple straight-chain alkenes ends in "ene".
(i) A prefix which tells us how many carbon atoms are in the chain (alk).
(ii) An infix which is a number that tells us the location of the double bond (-n-)
(ii) The suffix ene telling us that a double bond is present within the chain.
Note that the preferred IUPAC name4 may not be the same as the systematic IUPAC name:
The preferred IUPAC name for the compound H2C=CH2 is ethylene rather than the
systematic IUPAC name ethene.
Determine the prefix for the name of the alkene based on the number of carbon atoms in the
chain.
Number each carbon atom along the longest carbon chain so that the double bonded carbon
atoms have the lowest possible number.
Determine the infix for the name of the alkene based on the location of the double bond
(use the lowest number out of the two carbon atoms joined by the double bond).
Note that the infix may not be required if the longest carbon chain contains only two or
three carbon atoms.
Determine the suffix for the name of the alkene. All straight chain alkenes containing one
double bond will end in "ene".
Example
H H H H
| | | |
H- C - C = C - C -H
| |
H H
H H H H
| | | |
H- C - C = C - C -H
| |
H H
Determine the prefix for the name of the alkene based on the number of carbon atoms in the
chain.
prefix is but
Number each carbon atom along the longest carbon chain so that the double bonded carbon
atoms have the lowest possible number.
In this case the double bond occurs between C2 and C3 in both cases.
Determine the infix for the name of the alkene based on the location of the double bond
(use the lowest number out of the two carbon atoms joined by the double bond).
H H H H
| | | |
H- C - C2 = C - C -H
| |
H H
infix is -2-
All straight chain alkenes containing one double bond will end in "ene".
Suffix is ene
Write the systematic IUPAC name for the alkene in the form of prefix-infix-suffix
Determine the number of carbon atoms in the longest carbon chain using the prefix.
Draw a chain of carbon atoms of the required length using dashes to represent a single
covalent bond between each pair of carbon atoms.
Draw dashes around each carbon atom in the chain such that each carbon atom makes 4
bonds.
Note that the carbon atoms involved in the double bond have already used 2 out of the 4
possible bonds in making the double bond!
Complete the structure by placing a hydrogen atom (H) at the end of all the vacant dashes.
Example:
Draw the structure for the molecule with the systematic IUPAC name of hex-2-ene.
Break the systematic IUPAC name of the alkene into its three parts:
Determine the number of carbon atoms in the longest carbon chain using the prefix.
Prefix is hex so there are 6 carbon atoms in the longest carbon chain.
Draw a chain of carbon atoms of the required length using dashes to represent a single
covalent bond between each pair of carbon atoms.
C - C - C - C - C - C
C1 - C2 - C3 - C4 - C5 - C6
C - C2 - C - C - C - C
Draw a second dash, a second covalent bond, between the carbon with the same number as
the infix, and the carbon atom with a number equal to the infix + 1 (that is, the adjacent
carbon atom on the right hand side if you have numbered your carbon chain from left to
right).
C - C2 = C3 - C - C - C
Draw dashes around each carbon atom in the chain such that each carbon atom makes 4
bonds.
Note that the carbon atoms involved in the double bond have already used 2 out of the 4
possible bonds in making the double bond!
| | | | | |
- C - C = C - C - C - C -
| | | |
Complete the structure by placing a hydrogen atom (H) at the end of all the vacant dashes.
H H H H H H
| | | | | |
H- C - C = C - C - C - C -H
| | | |
H H H H
Write a skeletal molecular formula using the symbols for carbon and hydrogen:
C H
Write the number of carbon atoms as a subscript number to the right of the symbol for
carbon
CnH
Write the number of hydrogen atoms as a subscript number to the right of the symbol for
carbon
CnHy
Example:
Write the molecular formula for the molecule with the systematic IUPAC name of but-1-ene.
H H H H
| | | |
H- C = C - C - C -H
| |
H H
Write a skeletal molecular formula using the symbols for carbon and hydrogen:
C H
H H H H
| | | |
H- C1 = C2 - C3 - C4 -H
| |
H H
Write the number of carbon atoms as a subscript number to the right of the symbol for
carbon
C4H
H2 H3 H4 H5
| | | |
H1- C = C - C - C -H6
| |
H8 H7
Write the number of hydrogen atoms as a subscript number to the right of the symbol for
carbon
C4H8
When n = 4 = number of carbon atoms in alkene, then, the number of hydrogen atoms in
the alkene will equal 2 x 4 = 8
H H
1-propene | |
3 prop-1-ene propene C3H6 C = C - C -H
| | |
propylene H H H
H H H H
| | | |
pent-1-ene 1-pentene C5H10 C = C - C - C - C -H
| | | | |
H H H H H
5 H H H H H
| | | | |
pent-2-ene 2-pentene C5H10 H- C - C = C - C - C -H
| | |
H H H
H H H H H
| | | | |
hex-1-ene 1-hexene C6H12 C = C - C - C - C - C -H
| | | | | |
H H H H H H
H H H H H H
| | | | | |
6 hex-2-ene 2-hexene C6H12 H- C - C = C - C - C - C -H
| | | |
H H H H
H H H H H H
| | | | | |
hex-3-ene 3-hexene C6H12 H- C - C - C = C - C - C -H
| | | |
H H H H
H H H H H H
| | | | | |
hept-1-ene 1-heptene C7H14 C = C - C - C - C - C - C -H
| | | | | | |
H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H
| | | | | | |
7 hept-2-ene 2-heptene C7H14 H- C - C = C - C - C - C - C -H
| | | | |
H H H H H
H H H H H H H
| | | | | | |
hept-3-ene 3-heptene C7H14 H- C - C - C = C - C - C - C -H
| | | | |
H H H H H
8 H H H H H H H
| | | | | | |
oct-1-ene 1-octene C8H16 C = C - C - C - C - C - C - C -H
| | | | | | | |
H H H H H H H H
oct-2-ene 2-octene C8H16 H H H H H H H H
| | | | | | | |
H- C - C = C - C - C - C - C - C -H
| | | | | |
H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H
| | | | | | | |
oct-3-ene 3-octene C8H16 H- C - C - C = C - C - C - C - C -H
| | | | | |
H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H
| | | | | | | |
oct-4-ene 4-octene C8H16 H- C - C - C - C = C - C - C - C -H
| | | | | |
H H H H H H