CHAPTER 2: Structural Steel Beams

2.1 Composite Beam Section Properties

Description

This application calculates the horizontal shear and section properties for composite steel beam and concrete
slab sections with solid slabs, composite steel decks, or haunches. Computations are made for beams and slabs
over a complete usable range of composite action from 25% to 100%.

The user must identify the steel section that is used. The user must also enter the dimensions and section
properties of the steel section, the dimensions of the slab section and "haunch", the compressive strength of
the concrete, the unit weight of concrete and the yield strength of the steel section.

Composite steel beams consisting of rolled structural beams and either solid slabs or slabs of composite steel
deck and concrete in-fill are commonly used, especially in office construction. In composite construction the
slab and beam are connected together and made to act as one unit by field welding steel shear studs to the
beam prior to placing the concrete. Some added economy may be achieved by using the AISC Specifications
provisions of Section I1 for partial composite action. These provisions permit the use of fewer studs than
required for full composite behavior when the strength and stiffness of a given beam section is adequate with
partial composite behavior.

A summary of input and computed values is shown on pages 11-13.

Reference: AISC "Specification for Structural Steel Buildings -- Allowable Stress Design and Plastic Design
with Commentary." June 1, 1989
Input

Notation

Input Variables

The user should enter the steel section designation and plate size in text.

Steel Section: W16x26 Plate: None

Depth of the steel beam: d 15.69

Dimension from bottom of

d
steel section to neutral axis ybs
of steel section: 2

Cross-sectional area 2
As 7.68
of the steel section:

Moment of inertia of 4
Is 298.10
steel section:

Thickness of solid slab

or thickness of concrete t 3.5
above top of steel deck:

Effective concrete flange width: b 77.5

Width of concrete haunch or

equivalent width of the
concrete filled ribs of a steel xh 0
deck parallel to the beam
span of steel deck ribs:
 Depth of concrete haunch or depth
yh 2
of steel deck parallel to beam span:

Notes

For sections with a composite steel deck parallel to the span, xh is equal to the equivalent width of concrete in
the ribs of the deck and yh is equal to the depth of the steel deck.

For sections with a composite steel deck transverse to the beam span, xh is equal to 0 inches and yh is equal to
the depth of steel deck.

Computed Variables

h total depth of composite section

yt dimension from top of slab to neutral axis of composite section

yb dimension from bottom of steel section to neutral axis of composite section

Ac cross-sectional area of concrete

Itr moment of inertia of composite section with 100% composite action

Ieff effective moment of inertia of composite section with partial composite action

Ss section modulus of steel section referred to bottom of section

Str section modulus of fully composite section to bottom of steel section

St section modulus of composite section to top of slab

Seff effective section modulus to bottom of steel beam for section with partial composite action

Vh total horizontal shear between point of maximum positive moment and points
of zero moment for full composite action

V'h total horizontal shear between point of maximum positive moment and points of zero moment for
partial composite action

N.A. neutral axis of composite section

Material Properties

Enter the compressive strength of concrete, yield strength of steel section and the unit weight of concrete.

Specified compressive
f'c 4
strength of concrete:

Specified yield strength

fy 36
of steel section:

Weight of concrete
wc 145
(minimum weight of 90 pcf):

Modulus of elasticity of steel: Es 29000

The following variables are computed from the entered material properties.

Modulus of elasticity of concrete:

1.5
wc
f'c
Ec 33 Ec = 3644

Es
Modular ratio: n n = 7.958
Ec

For lightweight concrete the modular ratio for normal weight is used for stress calculations, and the modular
ratio for lightweight concrete is used for deflection calculations.

Defined Units

3
pcf

ORIGIN defined equal to 1 to match Case numbers defined on page 6:

1
Calculations

Cross-sectional area of concrete:

2
Ac b t + xh yh Ac = 271.25

Total horizontal shear for 100% composite action, using AISC Specification, Eqs. (14-1) and (14-2),
combined:
As fy 0.85 f'c Ac 0.85 f'c Ac As fy
Vh , ,
2 2 2 2

Vh = 138.24

Section modulus of the steel section referred to the bottom flange:

Is 3
Ss Ss = 37.999
ybs

Dimension from the neutral axis of the steel section to the top of the steel section:

yts d ybs yts = 7.845

Total depth of composite section:

h t + yh + d h = 21.19

Test for Location of Neutral Axis

This section determines if the neutral axis for the 100% composite section lies within the steel beam, within
the haunch or the ribs of the steel deck parallel to the beam span, between the slab and the steel beam, or
within the slab.

These conditions are summarized by the following four cases:

Case 1: The neutral axis lies within the steel beam.

Case 2: The neutral axis lies within the haunch or the ribs of the steel deck parallel to the beam span.

Case 3: The neutral axis lies between the slab and the steel beam with the steel deck transverse to the beam.
Case 4: The neutral axis lies within the slab.

2
t xh yh bt
2
Case n As yts b t + yh + , 1 , n As yts + yh , xh > 0 , 2 , 3 , 4
2 2 2

Case = 3

Case 1 The neutral axis lies within the steel beam.

Dimension from top of slab to neutral axis of composite section:

2
bt yh
+ xh yh t + + n As h ybs
2 2
yt Case 1 , , 0
1 Ac + n As

yt = 0
1

Dimension from bottom of steel section to the neutral axis of composite section:

yb Case 1 , h yt , 0
1 1

yb = 0
1

Moment of inertia of composite section with 100% composite action:

2 3 2
3
b t t 2 xh yh yh 1 4
Itr Case 1 , + b t yt + n Is + n As yb ybs + + xh yh yt t , 0
1 1 1 1 2 n
12 2 12

4
Itr = 0
1
Case 2 The neutral axis lies within the haunch or the ribs of a steel deck parallel to beam span.

Dimension from top of slab to the neutral axis of composite section:

2
2 xh b t 2 xh t
xh t + b t + n As + xh t + b t + n As 4 n As h ybs +
2 2 2
yt Case 2 , , 0
2
xh

yt = 0 in
2

Dimension from bottom of steel section to the neutral axis of composite section:

yb Case 2 , h yt , 0
2 2

yb = 0
2

Moment of inertia of composite section with 100% composite action:

2
bt
3
t 2 1 3 1 4

Itr Case 2 , + b t yt + n Is + n As yb ybs + xh yt t , 0
2
12 2 2 2 3 2 n

4
Itr = 0
2

Case 3 The neutral axis lies between the slab and the steel beam.
(Note: The steel deck is transverse to the beam span)

Dimension from top of slab to neutral axis of composite section:

1 2
b t + n As h ybs
2
yt Case 3 , , 0
3 b t + n As

yt = 3.882
3
Dimension from bottom of steel section to the neutral axis of composite section:

yb Case 3 , h yt , 0
3 3

yb = 17.308
3

Moment of inertia of composite section with 100% composite action:

2
bt
3
t 2 1 4

Itr Case 3 , + b t yt + n I s + n A s yb ybs
,0
3
12 3 2 3 n

4
Itr = 1175.559
3

Case 4 The neutral axis lies within the slab.

Dimension from top of slab to the neutral axis of composite section:

2
n As + n As + 2 b n As h ybs
yt Case 4 , ,0
4 b

yt = 0
4

Dimension from bottom of steel section to the neutral axis of composite section:

yb Case 4 , h yt , 0
4 4

yb = 0
4

Moment of inertia of composite section with 100% composite action:

3
b y t
2
4
4
Itr Case 4 , Is + As yb ybs + , 0
4 4 3n

4
Itr = 0
4
Section Properties for 100% Composite Action

Dimension from top of slab to neutral axis of composite section:

yt yt yt = 3.882

Dimension from bottom of steel section to neutral axis of composite section:

yb yb yb = 17.308

Moment of inertia of composite section with 100% composite action:

4
Itr Itr Itr = 1175.559

Transformed section modulus of composite section with 100% composite action referred to the bottom flange
of the steel section:

Itr 3
Str Str = 67.921
yb

Transformed section modulus of composite section with 100% composite action referred to the bottom flange
of the steel section:

Itr 3
St St = 302.812
yt

Seff and V'h as Functions of the Percent of Composite Action (CA) from 25% to 100%

Values for the horizontal shear, effective section modulus and effective moment of inertia are displayed in the
Summary section that begins on the following page:

CA Vh CA 25 , 30 100
V'h (CA)
100
Effective section modulus computed using a AISC Specification, Eq. (I2-1) with percent of composite action
substituted for Vh and V'h:

CA
Seff (CA) Ss + Str Ss
100

Effective moment of inertia computed using a AISC Specification, Eq. (I4-4) with percent of composite action
substituted for Vh and V'h:

CA
Ieff (CA) Is + Itr Is
100

Summary

Steel Section Designation: W16x26 Cover Plate: None

Input

Specified compressive
f'c = 4
strength of concrete:

Specified yield strength

fy = 36
of steel section:

Weight of concrete
wc = 145
(minimum weight of 90 pcf):

Modulus of
Es = 29000
elasticity of steel:

Depth of the steel beam: d = 15.69

Dimension from
bottom of steel
ybs = 7.845
section to neutral
axis of steel section:

Cross sectional area 2

As = 7.68
of the steel section:

Moment of inertia 4
Is = 298.1
of steel section:
 Thickness of solid slab
or thickness of concrete t = 3.5
above top of steel deck:

Effective concrete
b = 77.5
flange width:

Width of concrete haunch or

equivalent width of the
concrete filled ribs of a steel xh = 0
deck parallel to the beam
span of steel deck ribs:

Depth of concrete haunch

or depth of steel deck yh = 2
parallel to beam span:

Computed Variables

Modulus of elasticity
Ec = 3644
of concrete:

Modular ratio: n = 7.958

Total depth of
composite section: h = 21.19

Dimension from top

of slab to neutral axis yt = 3.882
of composite section:

Dimension from bottom

of steel section to neutral yb = 17.308
axis of composite section:

Cross section area 2

Ac = 271.25
of concrete:

Moment of inertia of
4
composite section with Itr = 1175.6
100% composite action:
Section modulus of steel
3
section referred to bottom Ss = 37.999
of section:

Section modulus of fully

3
composite section to Str = 67.921
bottom of steel section:

Section modulus of fully

3
composite section to top St = 302.812
of slab:

Total horizontal shear

between point of
maximum positive Vh = 138.24
moment and points
of zero moment for full
composite action:

Plot V'h in kip for (25% to 100% Composite Action) versus Seff in in:

V'h (kip) vs. Seff (in)

140

130

120

110

100

90

V'h (CA) ( ) 80

70

60

50

40

30
52.5 54 55.5 57 58.5 60 61.5 63 64.5 66 67.5 69

3
Seff (CA)
 25 34.56 52.96 736.83
30 41.472 54.388 778.704
35 48.384 55.701 817.212
40 55.296 56.923 853.054
45 62.208 58.071 886.718

50 69.12 59.157 918.557

55 76.032 60.189 948.841
60 82.944 61.176 3 977.777
CA = V'h (CA) = Seff (CA) = 1.006 10
3 4
65 89.856 62.122 Ieff (CA) =
70 96.768 63.033 1.032 10
3
75 103.68 63.912 3
1.058 10
80 110.592 64.762 3
85 117.504 65.585 1.083 10
3
90 124.416 66.385 1.107 10
95 131.328 67.163 3
1.131 10
100 138.24 67.921 3
1.153 10
3
1.176 10