Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
TECHNICAL SEMINAR
On
Of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
TECHNICAL SEMINAR
On
Of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my sincere thanks to our seminar supervisor Mr. V.GOPI, Asst. Professor
for his guidelines and suggestions, which have contributed to complete the technical seminar.
Above all the moral support given by the parents and during this period of tribulation
had been invaluable and will long remain etched in our memory.
.
DECLERATION
We declare that the technical seminar reported in present thesis titled DETECTING
POWERGRID SYNCHRONIZAION FAILURE ON SENSING FREQUENCY OR
VOLTAGE BEYOND ACCEPTABLE RANGE is a record of work done by me from the
department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Sai Spurthi Institute of Technology,
B.Gangaram.
No parts of these are copied from books/journals/internet and whenever the portion is
taken, the same has been duly referred in text. The reports are based on the work done
entirely by us and not copied from any source.
Yours sincerely
D.NAGA SRI HARIKA (13C51A0208)
ABSTRACT
The project is designed to develop a system to detect the synchronization failure of
any external supply source to the power grid on sensing the abnormalities in frequency and
voltage.
There are several power generation units connected to the grid such as hydel, thermal,
solar etc to supply power to the load. These generating units need to supply power according
to the rules of the grid. These rules involve maintaining a voltage variation within limits and
also the frequency. If any deviation from the acceptable limit of the grid it is mandatory that
the same feeder should automatically get disconnected from the grid which by effect is
termed as islanding. This prevents in large scale brown out or black out of the grid power. So
it is preferable to have a system which can warn the grid in advance so that alternate
arrangements are kept on standby to avoid complete grid failure.
Further the project can be enhanced by using power electronic devices to isolate the
grid from the erring supply source by sensing cycle by cycle deviation for more sophisticated
means of detection.
INDEX
S.NO TITLE PAGE NO
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 2
2.1 What is Embedded System 2
2.2 Characteristics of Embedded System 2
2.3 Applications 3
3. BLOCK DIAGRAM 4
4. HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS 5
4.1 Power Supply Block 5
4.1.1 Transformer 5
4.1.2 Voltage Regulator 7805 6
4.1.3 Rectifier 6
4.1.4 Filter 7
4.2 Microcontroller AT89S52 8
4.3 Liquid Crystal Display 12
4.4 555 Timer 13
4.5 LM358 (Dual Operational Amplifier) 14
4.6 LM339 15
4.7 Relay 15
4.8 Push Buttons 16
4.9 BC 547 16
4.10 LED 17
4.11 1N4007 (Diode) 17
4.12 Resistors 17
4.13 Capacitors 18
5. OPERATIONAL EXPLANATION 19
5.1 Connections 19
5.2 Working 19
5.3 Voltage Sensing Part 20
5.4 Frequency Sensing Part 20
CONCLUSION 22
REFERENCES 23
LIST OF FIGURES
3 Block Diagram 4
4.6 LM 339 15
4.7 Relay 15
4.12 Resistors 18
4.13 Capacitors 18
1. INTRODUCTION
2. EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
2.3 APPLICATIONS:
1) Military and aerospace embedded software applications
2) C o mmu n i ca t io n App l ic a t io ns
3) I nd us t r ia l au to ma t io n a nd p ro ce s s c on tr o l s o ft w a re
4) Mastering the complexity of applications.
5) Reduction of product design time.
6) Real time processing of ever increasing amounts of data.
7) Intelligent, autonomous sensors.
3.BLOCK DIAGRAM
Fig 3:Block Diagram
4.HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
HARDWARE COMPONENTS:
4. 555 TIMER
5. LM358
6. LM339
7. RELAYS
8. PUSH BUTTONS
9. BC547
10. LED
11. IN4007
12. RESISTORS
13. CAPACITORS
4.1.3 Rectifier:
4.1.4 Filter:
Pin Description:
VCC:
Supply voltage.
GND:
Ground
Port 0:
Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can
sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-
impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data
bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-
ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes
during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification.
Port 1:
Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled
high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are
externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. In
addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input
(P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX).
Port 2:
Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled
high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are
externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2
emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during
accesses to external data memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this
application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external
data memory that uses 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2
Special Function Register.
Port 3:
Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled
high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are
externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups.
RST:
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running
resets the device. This pin drives high for 98 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out.
The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the
default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.
ALE/PROG:
Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the
address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG)
during Flash programming.
In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency
and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse
is skipped during each access to external data memory.
PSEN:
Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When
the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each
machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external
data memory.
EA/VPP:
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to
fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note,
however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should
be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt
programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming.
XTAL1:
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating
circuit.
XTAL2:
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier
Oscillator Characteristics
XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier
which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 1. Either a quartz
crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source,
XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 6.2. There are
no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal
clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage
high and low time specifications must be observed.
Idle Mode
In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the on chip peripherals remain
active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special
functions registers remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by
any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset.
Power down Mode
In the power down mode the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes
power down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function
Registers retain their values until the power down mode is terminated. The only exit from
power down is a hardware reset. Reset redefines the SFRs but does not change the on-chip
RAM. The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating level
and must be held active long enough to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize.
The 555 Timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) implementing a variety of timer and
multi vibrator applications. The IC was designed by Hans R. Camenzind in 1970 and brought
to market in 1971 by Signetics (later acquired by Philips). The original name was the SE555
(metal can)/NE555 (plastic DIP) and the part was described as "The IC Time Machine".
Fig 4.4(a): 555 Timer IC
Usage
The connection of the pins is as follows:
Pin Name Purpose
1 GND Ground, low level (0 V)
2 TRIG OUT rises, and interval starts, when this input falls below 1/3 VCC.
3 OUT This output is driven to +VCC or GND.
4 RESET A timing interval may be interrupted by driving this input to GND.
5 CTRL "Control" access to the internal voltage divider (by default, 2/3 VCC).
6 THR The interval ends when the voltage at THR is greater than at CTRL.
7 DIS Open collector output; may discharge a capacitor between intervals.
8 V+, VCC Positive supply voltage is usually between 3 and 15 V.
4.6 LM339:
These comparators are designed for use in level detection, low level sensing and memory
applications in consumer automotive and industrial electronic applications.
4.7 Relay:
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to
operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used.
Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with
complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several
circuits must be controlled by one signal.
Fig 4.7: Relay
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of the relay
creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts
The BC547 transistor is an NPN Epitaxial Silicon Transistor. The BC547 transistor is
a general-purpose transistor in small plastic packages. It is used in general-purpose switching
and amplification BC847/BC547 series 45 V, 100 mA NPN general-purpose transistors.
Fig 4.9: BC 547 Transistor
4.10 LED:
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as
indicator lamps in many devices, and are increasingly used for lighting. When a light-
emitting diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with holes
within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons.
Diodes are used to convert AC into DC these are used as half wave rectifier or full wave
rectifier. Three points must he kept in mind while using any type of diode.
4.12 Resistors:
A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component designed to oppose an electric
current by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to the current i.e, in
accordance with Ohm's law:
V = IR
4.13 Capacitors:
A capacitor (formerly known as condenser) is a device for storing electric charge. The
forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two conductors separated by
a non-conductor. Capacitors used as parts of electrical systems, for example, consist of metal
foils separated by a layer of insulating film.
Fig 4.13: Capacitors
5. OPERATIONAL EXPLANATION
5.1 Connections:
The output of power supply which is 5v is connected to the 40 th pin. Pin 0.0, pin 0.2
of port 0 of microcontroller are connected to 1 st LM339, 2nd LM339 & Relay. Pin 2.0 to pin
2.7 of port 2 of microcontroller are connected to data lines of LCD. Read, Write & Enable
pins of LCD are given to pin 3.5, pin 3.6, pin 3.7 of port 3 of microcontroller. Pin 3.4 of port
3 of microcontroller is connected to side switch.
The microcontroller is connected to the zero voltage sensing circuit to ensure the
frequency of the supply is at normal frequency of 50Hz. A VARIAC is used to get variable
voltage.
Initially both the presets are adjusted such that both the output pins of the OP-AMP IC
are at normal low and normal high level. The VARIAC is adjusted so as to get the input AC
voltage more than the normal value. Now the normally high pin of the OPAMP IC will go
low, giving an interruption pulse to the pin of the microcontroller. The microcontroller
accordingly sends a high logic pulse to switch on the relay driver, which in turn energizes the
relay and the lamp glows as it gets the AC power supply. Similarly when the VARIAC is
adjusted so as to get input AC voltage less than the normal value, at some point, the normally
low pin of the OPAMP IC goes high and the microcontroller on receiving this interruption,
sends a high logic signal to the relay driver to switch on the relay and hence the lamp which
starts glowing.
5.3 Frequency Sensing Part:
The VARIAC is adjusted such that the AC input voltage is at its normal value. The
microcontroller pin is connected to the output of the timer through a PNP transistor. The timer
works in astable mode to produce signals at frequencies which can be adjusted using the
variable frequency. This output is connected to the internal timer of the microcontroller which
accordingly calculates the frequency of the pulses and when the frequency of the pulses goes
beyond the normal frequency or less than the normal frequency, the relay driver is triggered,
which in turn energizes the relay and the AC supply is given to the lamp which starts to glow.
5.4 Working:
Islanding of grid is basically to manage two parameters. One parameter is voltage and
other parameter is frequency. Since we cannot change the frequency we have taken a 555
timer in a free running astable mode, the frequency of which can be varied by R. We know
that by the R & C combination, the multi-vibrator mode of the 555 timer output can be
generated at different frequencies. This output is given to the MC pin 3.0 of port 3 of MC
which has the provision of changing the frequency 46Hz 54Hz by varying R as explained
above through selector slide switch. So, the MC will get the changed frequency at pin 3.0 of
port 3. We also have provision of feeding the direct frequency at pin 3.0 of port 3 by the
selector slide switch since we are not sure of the direct frequency and it could be somewhere
always near 50Hz it is difficult to test it. This is the reason why we use a 555 timer for giving
precisely 52Hz or 50 KHz or 49 KHz which has to be tested by the program. In the program
it is so written that if the output from 555 timer which is fed to the MC goes to below 48 Hz
or above 52Hz the corresponding outputs of MC will go high , which will result in switching
ON or OFF a load to indicate that the islanding has taken place. (Frequency related).
As far as the voltage is concerned we have taken 2 comparators. Both the comparators
are given to i.e., one for inverting input and other for non-inverting input which are given at a
particular voltage. Initially they are so set that the output of these two comparators going to
MC pin 0.1 and pin 0.2 of port 2 remain high for low voltage and for the high voltage it is
held low. So, when the input voltage changes at R8 which is a rectified voltage which is
coming from the DC voltage, when the input voltage changes i.e., if it goes high, (it given a
high command) and if it goes low (it gives a low command) to the microcontroller. That is
how the low-high, high-low commands are handled by microcontroller then the program
takes ones.
CONCLUSION
There are several power generation units connected to the grid such as hydel, thermal,
solar etc to supply power to the load. These generating units need to supply power according
to the rules of the grid. These rules involve maintaining a voltage variation within limits and
also the frequency. If any deviation from the acceptable limit of the grid it is mandatory that
the same feeder should automatically get disconnected from the grid which by effect is
termed as islanding. This prevents in large scale brown out or black out of the grid power. So
it is preferable to have a system which can warn the grid in advance so that alternate
arrangements are kept on standby to avoid complete grid failure.
REFERENCES
www.atmel.com
www.beyondlogic.org
www.wikipedia.org
www.howstuffworks.com
www.alldatasheets.com
www.Scribd.com