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This in turn implied that the refractive index contains an imaginary component
If then also
If you delve deep into your memory for Fourier theory, youll remember (yes?)
In the following slides, we will work out the right side of the equation.
described by
finite cosine amplitude at zero frequency
described by
We now have
and
well now write this convolution in terms of the known Fourier components above
Using the result derived on the previous slide, we found that the relation
we find that
These Kramers-Kronig relations for X() relate X() to X() and vice versa
Note that these integrals run over positive angular frequencies only
and
We also derived so
With and
the relation
can be written as
One can get the frequency dependent refractive index from an absorption spectrum
We simplified the math by assuming dilute media, but the result is true in general!
'/res
2 2 Above
y=1/(2 -1.1
y=1/( 1.12)
-4 (') small and positive
weighing factor positive
small positive contribution
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
'/res
50 [n() - 1]
-4 (')
'/res
We can also use Cauchys integral theorem to derive the KK relations for X()
We will show this by solving the integral using Cauchys integral theorem
=0
1 c
1 2 3
3 + + =0
2
If we make complex, the CIT still holds. We now have a closed path of which
=0
c
Half-circle section: the value of the integrand goes to zero for large || =0
goes to zero
For large real part of , this term oscillates fast over small t
Fundamentals of Optical Science Spring 2006 - Class 4
slide 20
Integration around a pole
=0
c
We can calculate the small path integral around using the residue theorem:
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ResidueTheorem.html
3 2
We have found - =
2 3
It turns out that avoiding the infinitely small section around omega is reasonable
(recall the example integrations earlier this lecture)
with X of the form X + i X (this linked the X integral to X and vice versa)
Using the Cauchy Integral Theorem and the residue theorem we find
Show that oscillating electrons radiate, and show that this can slow down light
microscopic view of refractive index
Low frequency
Amplitude in phase with Ein