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explanations are out of the scope of this document, but could tool for describing the dynamic behavior of complex physical
be found in the references provided. systems. In ATP, it can be used for describing the operation of
circuit components and of control components. It can also be
A. Static Load Modeling
used for generating signals or for analyzing measurements
Static load models are those which generally can be from the circuit. Finally, it can be used as the interface
represented as polynomial functions of the applied voltage [5] between ATP and outside programs [12].
[6] [7]. In general, load could be represented as (1).
III. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
np nq
The proposed methodology is divided into three stages. The
k =0
(
S = Pn a pk V p .u . )b pk
(
+ jQn aqk V p.u .
k =0
)b qk
first is oriented to the power distribution circuit modeling
s.a (1) using ATP, which was modeled as a base case (Loads
modeled as Zcte using the elements of ATP). Additional
np nq
models were proposed, using modeling tools provided by the
a pk = aqk = 1 Models tool of ATP.
k =0 k =0
- Snom: Load power [VA] with the load. The test power system was modeled using
- FP: Power factor of the load elements and the load Zcte from the ATP (Base Case). Next,
- Vnom: Nominal voltage [V] new load models at the same circuit, but considering those
- Vopi: Initial operating voltage [V] coded using the tool Models of ATP, to obtain the proposed
- Vbreak: Breakdown voltage of the load model in p.u. Its different load models (Zcte, Icte, Scte, 80%Icte plus 20%Zcte [5]
default value is 0.6 p.u as suggested in [15]. and the hybrid model circuit IEEE34 [8]).
- bp y bq: Parameters that define the type of model used, 0 Fig. 2(a) and 2(b), shows the test circuit modeled in
for Scte, 1 for Icte and 2 for Zcte [5] [7]. ATPDraw with loads modeled with elements of the ATP (base
- ap0, ap1, ap2: Are the values of the coefficients ZIP load case) and loads modeled with the tool of Models.
model between 0 and 1 which indicates the percentage
distribution of each type of load for the active power; i.e. that,
if one has a load placed with an active power distribution
DG2
Scte=10%, Icte=30% and Zcte=60%, these coefficients will be
ap0=0.1, ap1=0.3 and ap2=0.6. Ap0 is the coefficient for Scte,
ap1 for Icte and ap2 for Zcte.
- aq0, aq1, aq2: Are the values of the coefficients ZIP load
model between 0 and 1 which indicates the percentage DG1
distribution of each type of load for the reactive power. Aq0 is
the coefficient for Scte, aq1 for Icte and aq2 for Zcte.
If a hybrid model is required, exponential bp and bq values Fig. 2(a). Test circuit with loads modeled with elements of ATP.
can change; on the other hand, if the hybrid model is desired
ZIP bp and bq values are equal to 1 and change the values of
the model coefficients ZIP (ap0, ap1, ap2 y aq0, aq1, aq2).
Fig. 1(a), shows the data window load model coded using
the tool Models of ATP (Type 94), and Fig. 1(b), shows the
model in ATPDraw.
DG1
DG2
Fig. 2(b). Test circuit with loads coded using Models of ATP.
C. Analysis of Results lower than 0.35 degrees from the base case, presented errors
The most relevant results are shown in this analysis section. more pronounced with the load model corresponding to Scte,
followed by the Icte model, then the cases of the hybrid models
1) Analysis of Pre-fault Steady State and finally with errors approximately 0% in the case Zcte
The voltages (V), currents (I) and impedances (Z) have to model (As was expected for this last case).
be equal for all types of loads considered in pre-fault steady
state. From fig. 3 to 6, show the percentage error obtained
respect to the base circuit for DG1 and DG2.
For all graphs are taking the following symbolic
convention:
Circuit with load model for Zcte.
Circuit with load model for Icte.
Circuit with load model for Scte.
Circuit with hybrid load model with 80% Icte plus 20%
Zcte [5].
Circuit with hybrid load model that was taken from the
database IEEE34 circuit [8].
Fig. 8. Comparative graph for angle of current at fault steady state in DG2.
Fig. 7. Comparative graph for current magnitude at fault steady state in DG2.
Fig. 11. Comparative graph for current magnitude at fault steady state in
DG1.
Fig. 10. Comparative graph for impedance angle at fault steady state in DG2.
Fig. 13. Comparative graph for impedance magnitude at fault steady state in
DG1.
Fig. 15. Comparative graph for voltage magnitude at fault steady state in
DG2.
Fig. 14. Comparative graph for impedance angle at fault steady state in DG1.
differences, also for the magnitude of Z has a similar behavior. [8] Distribution System Analysis Subcommittee. IEEE 34 Node Test
Feeder. [Online]. Available: http://www.ewh.ieee.org/soc/pes/dsacom
On the values of I, it was noted that with high RF and near /testfeeders/index.html
distances of DG1, Icte load models and hybrids show [9] C. Orozco-Henao. J. Mora-Florez, and S. Prez. A robust method for
differences, although they are less than 6% below the base single phase fault location considering distributed generation and current
compensation. Transmission and Distribution Latin America
case.
Conference. September, 2012 / Montevideo Uruguay.
[10] User Group. Rule Book Alternative transient program (ATP).
V. CONCLUSIONS [Online]. Available: http://www.emtp.org
[11] J. U. Nunes. A. S. Bretas. (2010). Impedance-Based Fault Location
The model coded using the tool Models in ATP, adequately Formulation for Unbalanced Primary Distribution Systems with
reproduces the behavior of the load for different fault types. Distributed Generation. Presented at the Int. Conf. on Power System
As demonstrates by simulations, the model that has the lowest Technology. 2010.
[12] Laurent Dub. Users Guide to Models in ATP. April. 1996.
error from to the base case is Zcte. This is because the base [13] J. Dagenhart. The 40-ohms ground-fault phenomenon. IEEE
circuit is also Zcte, but modeled using predefined elements of Transactions on Industry Applications. 2000; 36 (1): 30-32.
ATPDraw. Moreover, the proposed models reproduce [14] N. Watson and J. Arrillaga, Power Systems Electromagnetic Transients
Simulation. IET Power and Energy Series 39. Published by Institution of
adequately the circuit behavior and have relatively small Engineering and Technology, London, United Kingdom. 2007. ISBN: 0
errors in pre-fault conditions. 85296 106 5. Page(s): 68 73.
Additionally, for the different types of simulated faults it is [15] Siemens Energy, Inc. Program Operation Manual PSSE 32.0.5.
October 2010. Section: 5 10.
observed that the difference between the models is similar [16] Mora-Florez, J., Bedoya, J., Melendez, J. Extensive Events Database
from one fault to another. The biggest difference, in most of Development Using ATP and Matlab to Fault Location in Power
the cases, occurs in the Scte model, followed by Icte model, then Distribution Systems. Transmission & Distribution Conference And
Exposition: LA, 2006.
the hybrid model (0.8Icte - 0.2Zcte), next the hybrid IEEE34
and finally the smallest difference that present (0%
VII. BIOGRAPHIES
approximately) is the model of Zcte.
The impedance errors are a reflection of the reason of A. Herrera-Orozco was born in Santa Rosa de
errors in V and I, and therefore have more pronounced Cabal, Risaralda, Colombia in 1987. He received the
differences in both, magnitude and angle. B.Sc. degree in Electrical Engineering from the
Universidad Tecnolgica de Pereira (UTP), Pereira,
It is important to note that in DG2 is where the greatest Colombia, in 2010. He is currently a M.Sc. student
difference is presented, considering the measures of V and I in Electrical Engineering from the UTP and is
with different load models analyzed. It is because it is a researcher at the research group Calidad de la
Energa Elctrica y Estabilidad ICE3 (Col). His
generator with a lower power output, and also at its location
areas of interest are power quality, distribution
(N840) several loads are connected. system modeling and efficient use of energy.
Finally, differences in measures of V and I in DG1 and
DG2, considering the proposed load modeling, will directly S. Perez-Londoo received the B.Sc. degree in
influence the fault locators, since these use the measurements electrical engineering from the Universidad
Tecnolgica de Pereira (UTP), Pereira, Colombia, in
of V and I at the power substations to estimate the fault 2001, the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering
distance. As a good estimation of the fault location is from UTP in 2005. Currently, she is a associated
extremely important, it must take into account the load professor of the Electrical Engineering School, at the
Universidad Tecnolgica de Pereira, Pereira,
modeling at the power system under study. Colombia. Her areas of interest are electric
machines, power system stability, fault analysis and
VI. REFERENCES soft computing techniques. S. Perez-Londoo is a
member of Research Group Calidad de la Energa Elctrica y estabilidad
[1] M. Bollen. Understanding Power Quality Problems: Voltage Sags and ICE3 (Col).
Interruptions. IEEE Press. 2000.
[2] Comisin de Regulacin de Energa y Gas CREG, Resoluciones CREG
070 de 1998, CREG 096 de 2000, CREG 084 de 2002, CREG 097 de J. Mora-Flrez received the B.Sc. degree in
2008. Electrical Engineering from the Universidad
[3] C. Gelling, Power delivery system of the future Power Engineering Industrial de Santander (UIS), Bucaramanga,
Review, IEEE Volume 22, Issue 12, Dec. 2002 Page(s): 712 Colombia, in 1996. The title M.Sc. in electrical
[4] Mora J. Localizacin de Faltas en Sistemas de Distribucin de Energa potency of the UIS in 2001, the M.Sc. degree in
Elctrica usando Mtodos basados en el Modelo y Mtodos de information technology at the Universidad de Girona
Clasificacin Basados en el Conocimiento. Espaa. 2006. Tesis (UdG), Girona, Spain, in 2003, and the Ph.D. degree
Doctoral. Universidad de Girona. ISBN 978-84-690-4513-8 in Information Technology and Electrical
[5] J. L. Aguero, M.B. Barbieri, and M.C. Beroqui,"Voltage depending load Engineering from the UdG in 2006.
models. Validation by voltage step tests", IEEE Power Engineering He currently is associated professor of the Electrical
Society General Meeting, 2006. Engineering School, at the Universidad Tecnolgica
[6] I. D. Serna, C. D. Ferreira, S. A. Martnez, M. F. Surez and G. Carrillo. de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia. His areas of interest are power quality, transient
Impact of static load models on the power distribution fault location analysis, protection, and soft computing techniques.
problem. Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition: J. Mora Flrez is a member of Research Group Calidad de la Energa
Latin America. IEEE/PES 2010. Page(s): 706 711. Elctrica y estabilidad ICE3 (Col).
[7] Taskforce, "Load representation for dynamic performance analysis of
power systems", IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 8, pp. 472-
482, 1993.