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Definitions:
Complex numbers numbers which take the form x + yi where x and y are real numbers.
x is the real part
y is the imaginary part
i is the imaginary unit which is equal to 1
Examples: 2 + 3i, 3 4i, -2 + 5i
Rational number a number which can be expressed as the ratio of two integers such as
, , 3, 0.25.
Irrational number - a number which can not be expressed as the ratio of two integers such
as 3, 3
4 , , e.
Integer any whole number which can be either negative, zero or positive such as 3, 0, 7.
1. a m a n a mn 1. a1 / n n a
am
a mn
2. a n
2.
a m / n n a m (n a ) m
3. (a m ) n a mn 3.
(n a ) n n a n a
4.
(ab) n a n b n 4.
n
a n b n ab
n
a
n
an a a
n n
5. b b 5.
n
b b
6.
m n
a mn a
3
A surd is a radical expressing an irrational number such as 3 ( a quadratic surd), 5 (a
4
cubic surd), 2 (a quartic surd), etc.
constants. The roots of this equation are expressed by the quadratic formula shown below.
b b 2 4ac
x
2a
where the discriminant, b 4ac determines the nature of the roots.
2
b c
Sum of the roots = a Product of the roots = a
Logarithms
Definition: The logarithm of a given number is the exponent to which the base must be
bx N , x log b N
raised in order to yield the number. Thus, if then .
Types of Logarithms:
Properties of Logarithms:
y log b x
Graph of the logarithmic function
I. Arithmetic Progression: - a sequence of numbers called terms, each of which, after the
first, is obtained from the preceding term by adding to it a fixed number called the
common difference (d). The sequence a1, a2, a3, . . . . .,an is an arithmetic
progression if a2 a1 = a3 a2 = . . . . . . = an an-1 = d.
Example: 17, 14, 11, 9, . . . . with d = 3
n n
Sn a1 a n S n 2a1 n 1 d
2 or 2 where Sn the sum of the first n terms
Arithmetic Mean: - the term between any two given terms of an arithmetic progression.
Between two numbers a and b, the arithmetic mean (AM) is
ab
AM = 2
II. Geometric Progression: - a sequence of numbers called terms, each of which, after the
first, is obtained by multiplying the preceding term by a fixed number called the
common ratio (r). The sequence a1, a2, a3, . . . . .,an is a geometric progression if
a 2 a3 a
...... n r
a1 a 2 a n 1
Example: 27, 9, 3, 1, 1/3, . . . . . with common ratio, r = 1/3
a n a1 r n 1
r n 1 1 rn
S n a1 S n a1
r 1 or 1 r
a1
S r
1 r where <1 or its equivalent 1 < r < 1
Geometric mean: - the term between any two given terms of a geometric progression.
Between two numbers a and b, the geometric mean (GM) is
GM = ab
If n is a positive integer,
n n 1 n( n 1) n 2 2 n( n 1)( n 2) n 3 3
( a b) n a n a b a b a b ..... b n
1! 2! 3!
The numerical coefficients in the binomial expansion of (a b) can also be obtained using a
n
( a b) 0 1
( a b) 1
1 1
( a b) 2
1 2 1
( a b) 3
1 3 3 1
( a b) 4 1 4 6 4 1
( a b) 5 1 5 10 10 5 1
( a b) 6
1 6 15 20 15 6 1
( a b) 7
1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
. . . . . . . . . .
Properties of the binomial expansion (a b) :
n
In general,
n(n 1)( n 2) (n r 2) n r 1 r 1
rth term a b n C r 1 a n r 1b r 1
(r 1)!
Remainder Theorem:
If a polynomial f(x) is divided by a binomial of the form x r, then the remainder R = f(r).
Example: Find the remainder if 3x3 x2 3x + 1 is divided by x 2.
Solution: Let f(x) = 3x3 x2 3x + 1
x r = x 2, hence x = 2
R = f(2) = 3(2)3 (2)2 3(2) + 1 = 15
A number is prime if it is greater than 1 and has no other factor except itself and 1.
Examples of prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, etc.
The lowest common multiple (LCM) of several numbers is the smallest number of which
each of the given numbers is a factor. It is obtained by taking the product of all the different
prime factors raised to the highest power to which it occurs in any of those numbers.
Example: Find the lowest common multiple of 60 and 72.
Solution: Expressing each of the given numbers as the product of prime factors, we have
60 = 2235 72 = 2332
3 2
LCM = 2 3 5 = 360
The highest common factor (HCF) of several numbers is the largest number which is a
factor of the given numbers. It is obtained by taking the product of all the different prime
factors that are common to the given numbers, each taken to the lowest power to which it
occurs in any of these numbers.
Example: Find the highest common factor of 60 and 72.
Solution: Expressing each of the given numbers as the product of prime factors, we have
60 = 2235 72 = 2332
HCF = 223 = 12
The ratio of a number a to another number b is the fraction a/b usually written as a:b where
a is called the antecedent and b is called the consequent.
A proportion is a statement that two ratios are equal, e.g. a:b = c:d. Here, a and d are
called extremes while b and c are called the means, d is called the fourth proportional to
a, b and c. If the means are equal, e.g. a:x = x:b, then x is called the mean proportional to a
and b while b is called the third proportional to a and x. The mean proportional between a
and b is also equal to their geometric mean, i.e. x ab .
Example: Find the fourth proportional to 3, 5, and 21.
Solution: Let x be the fourth proportional.
3 21 21(5)
x 35
3 : 5 21 : x 5 x 3
Equations
An equation is a statement that two quantities are equal. It has two members, the left
member and the right member. Numbers which, when substituted for the variables (or the
unknowns), make the two members of the equation equal are said to satisfy or be a
solution (or root) of the equation.
A conditional equation is an equation which is satisfied by some, but not all, of the values
of the variables for which the members of the equation are defined.
An identical equation (or identity) is an equation which is satisfied by all the values of the
variables for which the members of the equation are defined.
Variation
Direct variation: If a variable y is equal to a constant times another variable x, then y is said
to vary directly as x, i.e.
y kx
where k is called the constant of proportionality, or the constant of variation.
The expressions
y varies directly as x
y varies as x
y is directly proportional to x
y is proportional to x
are all used with the same meaning.
Inverse variation: If a variable y is always equal to a constant times the reciprocal of another
variable x, then y is said to vary inversely as x, or y is inversely proportional to x.
This relation is expressed by the equation
k
y
x
Joint variation: If a variable z is equal to a constant times the product of variables x and y,
then z is said to vary jointly as x and y. This relation is expressed by the equation
z kxy
Example: The time required for an elevator to lift a weight varies directly with the weight and
the distance through which it is to be lifted and inversely as the power of the motor. If
it takes 30 seconds for a 10 HP motor to lift 100 lbs through 50 ft., what size of motor
is required to lift 800 lbs in 40 seconds through 40 ft.?
Solution:
Let t time in seconds
W weight in lbs
d distance in ft.
P the power of the motor in HP
Wd Wd (100)50 3
t tk 30 k k
P P 10 50
Wd 3 (800)40
Pk 48
t 50 40 HP
REVIEW QUESTIONS IN ALGEBRA
2
a
5
4. 2
a2 a2 5 a2 5
25 a 25 a 25
a. 4 4 2 b. 4 2
a2 a2 a2
25 5a 25 5a 25
c. 4 4 d. 4
11.The length of a rectangle with an area of (x2 + 10x) square units if the width is x units is
a. x2 b. x2 + 10 c. x + 10 d. (x + 10)2
2
3x 2x 4
2 y 3y
2
12.
3x 6
3x 6 x8 x8
4
a. 2 y b. 2y4 c. y3 d. y
3
3
4
13. The reduced form of 5 is
64 125 64 125
a. 125 b. 64 c. 125 d. 64
14. 36 x
1
8
y2 2
is identical to
36 y y 6x 4 6y
c. y
4 4 4
a. x b. 36x d. x
4y
2
43 ,
15. If 4 then y =
a. 1/5 b. 1/5 c. 5 d. 5
2x 5 5x
x
22. What is the solution set of the equation 2 x 1 ?
a. x = 1 b. x = 5/11 c. x = 1 d. x = 5/11
23. If 2.5 kg of dressed chicken cost Php 105.00, what will be the cost of 3.75 kg?
a. Php 393.75 b. Php 262.50 c. Php 157.50 d. Php 147.00
25. In the equation kx2 6x + 3 = 0, determine the value of k so that the roots are equal.
a. 4 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3
26. In the equation x2 + 9x + k = 0, find the value of k so that one root of the equation is
twice the other root.
a. 18 b. 16 c. 12 d. 24
28. What value of k yields a perfect square trinomial for x2 2kx + 49?
a. 7 b. 7 c. 1/7 d. 1/7
2 1 1 1
, , ,
33. The set 3 3 6 12 is
a. an arithmetic sequence b. a geometric sequence
c. a harmonic sequence d. not a sequence
36. The sum of the first eleven terms of the arithmetic sequence beginning with 50, 40, is
a. 0 b. 5 c. 25 d. 50
37. In an arithmetic sequence, the second term is 2 and the fourth term is -6. The common
difference is
a. 4 b. 8 c. -4 d. -6
42. Any combination of symbols and numbers related by the fundamental operations of
algebra is called a/an
a. term b. algebraic expression c. equation d. algebraic sum
43. A number written with the decimal point placed just after the leading digit multiplied by a
power of 10 is said to be in
a. exponential form b. radical form
c. scientific notation d. logarithmic form
44. What do you call the first and fourth terms in the proportion of four quantities?
a. numerators b. extremes c. means d. denominators
45. An equation, which by some mathematical process, acquires an extra root is called a
a. linear equation b. defective equation
c. literal equation d. redundant equation
48. For a quadratic equation, two distinct roots are produced only if the discriminant is
a. equal to zero b. either less than or greater than zero
c. less than zero d. greater than zero
49. When the imaginary number is raised to an even exponent, it becomes
a. a negative imaginary number b. a real number
c. infinite d. a relatively small number
log x
a. log nx b. log xn c. n d. n log x
16
1
x
2
57. The sum of the terms in a geometric progression is 1820. How many terms are there if
the first term is 5, the second term is 15 and the third term is 45?
a. 7 b. 8 c. 5 d. 6
58. The sum of the 4th and the 8th terms of an arithmetic progression is 32. The sum of the
10th and the 14th terms is 68. Find the sum of the first 15 terms.
a. 315 b. 300 c. 345 d. 330
64. A bed sheet mm thick is to be folded over itself 10 times. Find the height of the folded
sheet in mm.
a. 256 b. 512 c. 1024 d. 128
4
69. Given log 2 = x and log 3 = y, find the value of log 48 .
1 1
x 4 y 4x y
a. 4 b. 4 c. 4(x + 4y) d. 4(4x + y)
72. A triangle has sides of lengths 12, 17, and 22 inches. If the length of the shortest side of a
similar triangle is 8 inches, find the length of the longest side in inches.
2 1
14 11
a. 3 b. 3 c. 18 d. 19
74. The length of a rectangle exceeds its width by 2 feet. If each dimension were increased
by 3 feet, the area would be increased by 51 square feet. Find the original dimensions.
a. 9 by 11 ft b. 8 by 10 ft c. 7 by 9 ft d. 6 by 8 ft
75. The altitude of a triangle is the length of its base. If the altitude were increased by 3
feet and the base decreased by 3 feet, the area would be unchanged. Find the length of
the altitude.
a. 12 ft b. 9 ft c. 6 ft d. 15 ft
76. The sum of the three angles of a triangle is 180o. The sum of two of the angles is equal to
the third angle and the difference of the two angles is equal to 2/3 the third angle. Find
the smallest angle.
a. 15o b. 20o c. 25o d. 30o
78. Carry out the following multiplication and express your answer in cubic meters: 8 cm x
5 mm x 2 m.
a. 8 x 10-2 b. 8 x 102 c. 8 x 10-3 d. 8 x 10-4
79. If n is any positive integer, then (n 1)(n 2)(n 3). . . . . .(3)(2)(1) is equal to
a. en-1 b. (n 1)! c. n! d. (n 1)en
80. If a two-digit number has x for its units digit and y for its tens digit, what represents the
number?
a. x + y b. x y c. 10y + x d. 10x + y
82. The sum of three numbers is 138. The second is 5 more than the smallest and the third
is 10 more than the smallest. Find the smallest number.
a. 51 b. 46 c. 41 d. 36
83. Three numbers are so related that the second number is 2 more than the first number and
the third is 4 more than the first. Find the smallest of the numbers if the sum of their
squares is 56 more than three times the square of the smallest number.
a. 3 b. 5 c. 9 d. 15
84. The difference of two numbers is 14 and twice the smaller number is 5 less than the larger
number. Find the larger number.
a. 21 b. 23 c. 25 d. 27
85. If the numerator and denominator of a certain fraction are each decreased by 2, the value
of the new fraction is . But if the numerator of the original fraction is increased by 2 and
the denominator decreased by 2, the resulting fraction is equal to . Find the original
fraction.
a. 5/9 b. 3/7 c. 10/18 d. 12/16
86. The sum of the reciprocals of two numbers is 11. Three times the reciprocal of one of the
numbers is 3 more than twice the reciprocal of the other no. Find one of the numbers.
a. 1/6 b. 5 c. 6 d. 1/3
87. Find the second of three numbers such that the sum of the first and second is 67, the sum
of the first and third is 80, and the sum of the second and third is 91.
a. 17 b. 28 c. 39 d. 52
89. Henrys father is now twice as old as he is. Sixteen years ago, he was four times as old.
How old is the father now?
a. 24 b. 48 c. 18 d. 36
90. In 11 years, Jonathan will be 5 times as old as he was 9 years ago. How old is he now?
a. 10 b. 12 c. 14 d. 16
91. A girl is half as old as her brother and two years younger than her sister. The sum of the
ages of the three children is 34 years. How old is the girl?
a. 8 b. 7 c. 9 d. 10
92. Two or more equations are equivalent if and only if they have the same
a. solution set b. degree c. order d. variable set
93. A can paint a certain house in 10 days and B can paint the house in 12 days. How long
will it take to paint the house if both men work?
7 5
6 5
a. 11 days b. 11 days c. 5 days d. 6 days
94. A can do a certain job in 4 hours, B can do the job in 6 hours, and C can do the job in 8
hours. How long will it take to do the job if A and B work 1 hour and B and C finish the
job?
a. 2 hr b. 4 hr c. 3 hr d. 3 hr
95. A tank can be filled by one pipe in 9 hours and by another pipe in 12 hours. Starting
empty, how long will it take to fill the tank if water is being taken out by a third pipe at a
rate per hour equal to one-sixth the capacity of the tank?
a. 20 hr b. 28 hr ```` c. 36 hr d. 32 hr
96. The ratio or product of two expressions in direct or inverse relation with each other is
called
a. ratio and proportion b. constant of proportionality
c. means d. extremes
1
3
102. A man drove 220 miles in 2 hours. Part of the trip was at 60 miles per hour and the
rest at 65 miles per hour. Find the time spent at the lower speed.
1 1
1 2
a. 1 hr b. 2 hr c. 2 hr d. 2 hr
103. Town A is 11 miles west of town B. A man walks from A to B at the rate of 3 miles per
hour, and another man, starting at the same time, walks from B to A at the rate of 4
miles per hour. Find the time after starting that the men are 2 miles apart.
2 3 4 5
1 1 1 1
a. 7 hr b. 7 hr c. 7 hr d. 7 hr
104. A motorboat goes 3 miles upstream in the same time required to go 5 miles downstream.
If the rate of flow of the river is 3 miles per hour, find the speed of the motorboat in still
water.
a. 10 mph b. 11 mph c. 12 mph d. 14 mph
105. An airplane travels 360 miles in two hours with the wind and flying back the same route,
3
3
it took 5 hours against the wind. Find the velocity of the wind.
a. 30 mph b. 40 mph c. 100 mph d. 160 mph
107. A certain two-digit number is equal to 9 times the sum of its digits. If 63 were
subtracted from the number the digits would be reversed. Find the number.
a. 81 b. 94 c. 74 d. 69
108. The sum of the second and third digits of a three-digit number is equal to the first digit.
The sum of the first digit and the second digit is 2 more than the third digit. If the
second and third digits were interchanged, the new number would be 54 more than the
original number. Find the number.
a. 844 b. 835 c. 826 d. 817
110. What time after 4 oclock will the hands of a clock be together for the first time?
a. 4:21:49.09 b. 4:21:49.16 c. 4:21:49.02 d. 4:21:49.23
111. How many minutes after 7 oclock will the hands of a clock be directly opposite each
other for the first time?
5 7
5 5
a. 7:05:07.58 b. 7:05:07.46 c. 11 min. d. 11 min.
113. How many ounces of pure silver must be added to 100 ounces, 40% pure, to make an
alloy which is 65% pure silver?
3 3 3 3
67 73 69 71
a. 7 oz. b. 7 oz. c. 7 oz. d. 7 oz.
114. A perfumer wishes to blend perfume valued at $4.10 an ounce with perfume worth $2.50
an ounce to obtain a mixture of 40 ounces worth $3.00 an ounce. How much of the
$4.10 perfume should he use?
a. 7.5 oz. b. 15 oz. c. 12.5 oz. d. 10 0z.
115. A gourmet chef blends a salad dressing by mixing 20 ounces of a solution containing
85% olive oil with pure corn oil, in order that the dressing be 50% olive oil. How much
corn oil should be used?
a. 13 oz. b. 14 oz. c. 15 oz. d. 16 oz.
116. What percentage of a mixture of sand, gravel and cement containing 30% cement
should be replaced by pure cement in order to produce a mixture that is 40% cement?
a. 14.28% b. 15.39% c. 13.72% d. 12.65%
x 4x 8
2
120. Solve the inequality: 2 3
28 28
a. {x | x < 5 } b. {x | x > 5 }
c. {x | 5 < x < 28) d. {x | 5 < x < 28}
ANSWERS: