"Game Changer"

Magnetohydrodynamical Electrical Power

A Breakthrough Disruptive New Energy Technology

For The Global Generation Industry

MHD Topping Cycles can Improve the Efficiency

of Existing Power Plants by 5-10%

Three Related MHD Patents Granted

MHD Efficiency at 65-70%

Reaching New Levels of Power Generation Efficiency and Energy Savings

Energy is One of The Most Serious Challenges Facing Humanity

MHD Power Generation has a Positive Impact on Sustainability and is a Better

Mouse Trap!

MHD Power System Technology Directly Converts

Thermal/Kinetic Power

to Useable Electrical Power

Involves Magnetic Fields (Magneto) and

Fluids (Hydro) That Conduct Electricity and

Interact (Dynamics)

Magnetohydrodynamics is a 20-Letter Way of Saying

"The Study of How Electrically Conducting Fluids (Liquids and Gases)

Interact with Magnetic Fields

Superior Performance

For Utility-Scale and Industrial Global Markets

"MHD (Magneto-Hydrodynamic) Electric Generator will operate more

efficiently than conventional power plants." - NASA

One of The Most Pressing Challenges of Our Time

How to Reduce CO2 Emissions

MHD Offers Solutions to Global Warming

Climate Change is a Problem that Needs to be Solved

More Than 70% of the Worlds Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Come From Energy-Related Sources

"Today, near all of our power plants (coal, natural gas, hydroelectric, wind,
concentrated solar, nuclear, bio-mass) use mechanical turbines to generate
electrical power. In the future, if developed, we may use a more efficient
generator which operates without moving parts. This is called a MHD
generator" - DOE
High-temperature direct-energy conversion capability of an MHD dynamo
combined with an already sophisticated steam-powered turbine industry
knowledge base allows the cascading cycle design to achieve breakthrough
first-law energy efficiencies previously unheard of in the power industry!

MHD Hybrid Power Plants can utilize any heat source, such as combustion of
a fuel e.g., oil, coal, natural gas, chemical reaction, high-grade waste heat,
solar, and geothermal. It can also utilize Atomic MHD - Nuclear-Uranium
Plasma - self-sustained fissioning plasma for closed cycle MHD power
generation using a plasma core reactor.

- What we have. We have a solid patent combining the advances in super

conductive magnets and magneto hydrodynamics for the use of generating
power at higher efficiencies. we also have identified applications and
potential partners for power generation and other applications.

- What we will do with the investment. We need x to build and demonstrate a

prototype.

- What we will have at the end of the investment. With such demonstration
we will seek partners, licensees or possible sale for further development and
commercialization of this technology.

Superiority of MHD Power Generation

Superconducting Permanent Magnets

CSPU on BBC Radio

Concentrated Sunlight Heat Electricity - Solar MHD

Highly Disruptive Technology

CSPU Intellectual Property Portfolio

CSPU Management
CSPU in Forbes

CSPU in the Press

Related Links

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Licenses Novel Magnetohydrodynamics

Technology

Letter from Jian Sun, PhD - Director, Center for Future Energy Systems -
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

MHD Generators Are Energy Conversion Machines

"Magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) electric generator works on the principle that

any conductor of electricity that is moved through a magnetic field will
generate in itself a current of electricity. This applies not only to copper wires
(as in conventional generators), but to gases, which become conductors
when they are made so hot that some of their atoms separate (ionize) into
electrically charged particles. If forced through a magnetic field, a stream of
ionized gas causes an electrical current to flow across it." - TIME Mag

The electricity industry is the biggest source of greenhouse gas emission in

the United States, according to the Environmental Protection Agency.

Global Energy Consumption Market Value Surpassed $9.1 trillion

The chief virtue of the MHD generator is higher efficiency. The more
efficiently power is generated, the cheaper it becomes. MHD Power is the new
frontier. It is Cheaper, more reliable, and cleaner than anything in use today
by the electric power industry.

MHD power generation will massively increase efficiency in electric power

generation! MHD can help reduce carbon emissions, by increasing the
amount of power produced by existing fossil fuel plants for the same amount
of fuel. MHD is the production of electrical power utilizing a high temperature
conducting plasma moving through an intense magnetic field. An MHD
generator consists of a conductor moving through a fixed magnetic field.
MHD will increase power generation without increasing CO2 emissions; it will
reduce pollution per unit of energy produced, and lower life-cycle costs.

It can reduce CO2 emissions while maintaining electric power generation

levels (this could be further enhanced if older, low efficiency, high emission
plants could be retired due to the availability of increased generation from
MHD-enabled plants).

"Let's say that MHD will improve the overall combined cycle plant efficiency
by 5%. Now calculate how the 5% to 10% improvement /MW reduces the
same 5% - 10% reduction in CO2 emission, but calculate the actual savings in
pounds of CO2. We then can calculate the number of natural gas plants and
the MW's they produce and thus the entire savings in the US if MHD was
implement. It should be a gargantuan number - I am guess like 10 Trillion lbs
of CO2 less." - Chief Science and Engineering Officer Professor Doug Chrisey

1942: First recorded to use the word magnetohydrodynamics by Hannes

Alven. Received 1970 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on
magnetohydrodynamics.

Principle: This effect is a result of Faradays Laws of Electro Magnet Induction

(i.e. when the conductor moves through a magnetic field, it generates an
electric field perpendicular to the magnetic field and direction of conductor).

The MHD generation or, also known as magneto hydrodynamic power

generation is a direct energy conversion system which converts the heat
energy directly into electrical energy, without any intermediate mechanical
energy conversion, as opposed to the case in all other power generating
plants. Therefore, in this process, substantial fuel economy can be achieved
due to the elimination of the link process of producing mechanical energy and
then again converting it to electrical energy.

MHD Energy was founded by Thomas P. Kay a former Energy Consultant to

ExxonMobil . The company was incorporated in 2009 as Concentrating Solar
Power Utility Inc, (CSPU). CSPU plans on licensing and developing partners to
build state-of-the-art Utility-Scale MHD Topping Cycles for existing power
plants.

Modern Technological Developments Driving Innovation

Intellectual Property Portfolio - High Efficiency Magnetohydrodynamic Power

Generation Using Ultra- High Magnetic Fields (Superconducting Permanent
Magnets) and Novel Cooling - Patent

Superconducting Permanent Magnets can be Used to Improve the Efficiency

of any Electrical Machine.

Peripheral Components for Other Industries CSPU is Developing

Superconducting Permanent Magnets for MHD Power Generation and Many
other Exciting Applications

Enormous Potential of this Advanced Energy Source

MHD Efficiency at 70-75%

Adapted from N. Harada, The International Conference on Electrical

Engineering

MHD for Advanced Power Generation, No. O-043.

MHD Energy is one of the most important advancements in the energy field in
the last 100 years. The underlying principle of MHD power generation is
elegantly simple. In a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generator an electrically
conducting gas replaces the rotating copper coil of the currently used electric
generator.

This science fiction sounding technology uses superconducting magnets to

strip electrons from high energy plasma jets, and generate power with no
moving parts.

Using patented MHD technology CSPU plans to make MHD power practical
and affordable on a broad commercial scale for the first time. While
addressing some of humanitys most pressing challenges. CSPU is leading the
way to cost-competitive, MHD electricity.

MHD Electric-Power Utilities

MHD Superconducting Generators

Higher Efficiency Power Technology

High Efficiency Magnetohydrodynamic Power Generation

Using Ultra-High Magnetic Fields and Novel Cooling - United States Patent
8,786,140

Print - PDF of Patent

Promising Technologies Patented

New Capabilities for MHD Power Generation

Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Energy Conversion can increase the efficiency
of fossil-fueled power plants.

CSPU innovation - integrated advanced systems design utilizing proven state

of the art technologies and enabling more efficient power systems for utility
applications.

MHD can change the world's use of energy

MHD has high heat/high efficiency

A magnetohydrodynamic generator (MHD generator) is a high performance

magnetohydrodynamic device that transforms thermal energy and kinetic
energy into electricity.

CSPU Plans to design / develop MHD enhancement's to traditional power

plants.

CSPU plans to demonstrate a working MHD system's unique features and

performance potential. Which will represent the intermediate stage between
laboratory scale experiments and an industrial scale demonstration MHD
project.

Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) is a direct-fired scalable electric power

production technology that is being developed as a high-temperature
topping cycle power extraction to higher efficiency for conventional power
plants. , and a new type of super-efficient power plant. The unique value of
MHD is that it permits an older single-cycle fossil-fuel power plant to be
upgraded to high efficiency.

The Stacking of Heat Engines:

1) MHD (magneto hydrodynamics) engine (40-65% conversion) - MHD

Topping Layer Extract Energy 1260C
2) Brayton engine (29 -35% conversion) - Brayton/Core Layer Extract Energy
980C

3) Organic Rankin engine (5-7%c conversion). - Organic Rankin Bottom Layer

Extract Energy 250C

This combination will make the CSPU MHD, hybrid generating system the
most efficient way of converting energy into electricity.

In the MHD generator the advantage of having no moving parts allows to

work at higher temperatures than a conventional energy conversion. It is
possible to work with temperature around 3000K, and at these temperature
the maximum theoretical efficiency would be near 90%.

CPSU was formed in 2008 by Thomas P. Kay to develop and commercialize

high temperature (and high efficiency) novel patented MHD technology,
which it believes will dramatically improve the efficiency of electrical power
generation.

CSPU primary differentiator lies with its suite of intellectual properties that
are ready to be swiftly implemented and commercialized.

Efficiency matters the most for establishing a power plant. A power plant with
MHD alone should achieve 65% theoretical efficiency, but you can harvest
the hot exhaust gas. The latter can yield an additional 10% to add to the
system efficiency or 75%.

"Direct power extraction via magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) principles offers a

potential step improvement in thermal efficiencies over energy systems
utilizing traditional turbomachinery. This is principally due to the lack of
moving parts in an MHD generator, as the temperature limits of the moving
parts tend to limit cycle temperatures in traditional combustion driven
systems." - US Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory
The rocket science is already done - all that remains are to turn the
prototypes into a low-cost, mass-producible design. It is now just a question
of good, old-fashioned engineering. CSPU MHD super-efficient proprietary
energy technology is critical to saving mankind from the ever present danger
of climate change.

We will demonstrate that the MHD generator technology is superior to all

other electricity generators. The successful completion of this project will lead
to the development of a closed loop MHD electric power plant prototype with
estimated efficiencies greater than 60%.

Our long term goal is to develop an integrated system with a useful life of 20
years or more of continuous operation. The system would be scalable in
terms of its electricity output and corresponding purchase and maintenance
cost.

Magnetohydrodynamics or Thermionic Power Conversion

The magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) approach to electric power generation

offers a unique combination of high-efficiency large-scale power generation.
The role of MHD power generation has global significance in the field of
energy. .

Technological advancements show great promise to make MHD a more viable

option to meet society's energy needs. CSPU will be using a new type of
Superconducting Permanent Magnets for the first time with
Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Power Plants.

Because of the higher temperature generated MHD is more efficient than

older types of thermal technologies that work at a much lower temperature.
The laws of thermodynamics tell us that to generate power from a heat
source (e.g. a burning fuel), the higher the temperature, and the more
efficient it will be.

"It is funny for me having published research for 30 years and suddenly I am
interviewed about a topic that I have a recent patent on, but no publications.
The number that catches everyone is the 60% efficiency" -Professor Douglas
B. Chrisey Ph.D. Department of Physics and Engineering, Tulane University

- Douglas B. Chrisey on BBC Radio talking about MHD.

High-field magnets for Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Energy Conversion can

increase the efficiency of fossil-fueled power plants.

Using natural gas, fuel oil, or coal to generate plasma to operate an MHD
generator, will improved overall plant efficiencies in excess of 60% using high
temperature superconductors (HTS) permanent magnets.

The efficiency improvement is based on the high temperature of the plasma

and the extremely high magnetic fields (potentially 16 T) only possible
through using HTS permanent magnets. This will be a great improvement
over existing MHD systems to convert fossil fueled power into electrical
energy.

Improved MHD Technology is Applicable to Fossil-Fueled Power Plants

Potential Heat Sources

Oil - Natural gas - Geothermal - Nuclear - Solar

MHD topping cycle generators will increase the efficiency of existing power
plants. The big difference with MHD for green energy or just energy
conversion is that we have the potential for such high efficiencies. Other
technologies are resorting to rare and expensive materials or complicated
optics to squeeze out incremental changes.

MHD Hybrid Power Plants can use any heat source, such as solar, geothermal,
combustion of a fuel (e.g., oil, coal, or natural gas), chemical reaction or even
high-grade waste heat and directly converts such heat source into electricity
through an MHD technique.

Thermal efficiency versus working temperature for different MHD power

conversion systems. The effect of increased temperature on efficiency is
clear.

MHD has many important attributes for power conversion including:

High working temperatures.

High Carnot-cycle efficiency.

Readily combined as a topping cycle with other heat generating systems.

The high magnetic field is a key feature required to increaseMHD system

efficiency. However, iron core electromagnets have proven impractical for use
in MHD energy conversion devices because they require enormous current
draw to sustain high Tesla magnetic flux densities. Prior art MHD energy
conversion devices have, therefore, been limited to the use of iron-ore
magnets having magnetic flux densities of no greater than 1-3 Tesla.

The recent demonstration of superconductive permanent magnets with

magnetic flux densities of up to 16 Tesla is a very encouraging development
that can enable commercially viable high efficiency solar MHD technology.
MHD has the potential to significantly improve the performance of all future
power plants.

In order to confirm the validation of this new patented technology and prove
the overall performance efficiency of the system, the Company will be
engineering and designing a bench top prototype of the worlds first MHD
Superconducting Generator. Superconducting is a magical state of matter.

The working prototype would enable CSPU to test different aspects of the
system and help refine the functionality and efficiently of the design. It would
also allow the Company to test the performance of various materials in order
to determine the best materials to use.

This Record-Breaking MHD prototype will prove the viability of MHD

Superconducting Generators, prior to Mass production.

Revenue Generation Implement joint venture/licensing strategy with

strategic partners. Equipment sales, electricity supply, financing and
services.

Superiority of MHD Power Generation

Superconducting Permanent Magnets

CSPU on BBC Radio

Concentrated Sunlight Heat Electricity - Solar MHD

Highly Disruptive Technology

CSPU Intellectual Property Portfolio

CSPU Management

CSPU in Forbes

CSPU in the Press

Related Links

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Licenses Novel Magnetohydrodynamics

Technology

Letter from Jian Sun, PhD - Director, Center for Future Energy Systems -
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Home

Powering the World with MHD Energy

Investor Relations

"Game Changer"

Magnetohydrodynamical Electrical Power

A Breakthrough Disruptive New Energy Technology

For The Global Generation Industry

MHD Topping Cycles can Improve the Efficiency

of Existing Power Plants by 5-10%

Three Related MHD Patents Granted

MHD Efficiency at 65-70%

Reaching New Levels of Power Generation Efficiency and Energy Savings

Energy is One of The Most Serious Challenges Facing Humanity

MHD Power Generation has a Positive Impact on Sustainability and is a Better

Mouse Trap!

MHD Power System Technology Directly Converts

Thermal/Kinetic Power

to Useable Electrical Power

Involves Magnetic Fields (Magneto) and

Fluids (Hydro) That Conduct Electricity and

Interact (Dynamics)

Magnetohydrodynamics is a 20-Letter Way of Saying

"The Study of How Electrically Conducting Fluids (Liquids and Gases)

Interact with Magnetic Fields

Superior Performance
For Utility-Scale and Industrial Global Markets

"MHD (Magneto-Hydrodynamic) Electric Generator will operate more

efficiently than conventional power plants." - NASA

One of The Most Pressing Challenges of Our Time

How to Reduce CO2 Emissions

MHD Offers Solutions to Global Warming

Climate Change is a Problem that Needs to be Solved

More Than 70% of the Worlds Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Come From Energy-Related Sources

"Today, near all of our power plants (coal, natural gas, hydroelectric, wind,
concentrated solar, nuclear, bio-mass) use mechanical turbines to generate
electrical power. In the future, if developed, we may use a more efficient
generator which operates without moving parts. This is called a MHD
generator" - DOE

High-temperature direct-energy conversion capability of an MHD dynamo

combined with an already sophisticated steam-powered turbine industry
knowledge base allows the cascading cycle design to achieve breakthrough
first-law energy efficiencies previously unheard of in the power industry!

MHD Hybrid Power Plants can utilize any heat source, such as combustion of
a fuel e.g., oil, coal, natural gas, chemical reaction, high-grade waste heat,
solar, and geothermal. It can also utilize Atomic MHD - Nuclear-Uranium
Plasma - self-sustained fissioning plasma for closed cycle MHD power
generation using a plasma core reactor.
- What we have. We have a solid patent combining the advances in super
conductive magnets and magneto hydrodynamics for the use of generating
power at higher efficiencies. we also have identified applications and
potential partners for power generation and other applications.

- What we will do with the investment. We need x to build and demonstrate a

prototype.

- What we will have at the end of the investment. With such demonstration
we will seek partners, licensees or possible sale for further development and
commercialization of this technology.

Superiority of MHD Power Generation

Superconducting Permanent Magnets

CSPU on BBC Radio

Concentrated Sunlight Heat Electricity - Solar MHD

Highly Disruptive Technology

CSPU Intellectual Property Portfolio

CSPU Management

CSPU in Forbes

CSPU in the Press

Related Links

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Licenses Novel Magnetohydrodynamics

Technology

Letter from Jian Sun, PhD - Director, Center for Future Energy Systems -
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

MHD Generators Are Energy Conversion Machines

"Magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) electric generator works on the principle that
any conductor of electricity that is moved through a magnetic field will
generate in itself a current of electricity. This applies not only to copper wires
(as in conventional generators), but to gases, which become conductors
when they are made so hot that some of their atoms separate (ionize) into
electrically charged particles. If forced through a magnetic field, a stream of
ionized gas causes an electrical current to flow across it." - TIME Mag

The electricity industry is the biggest source of greenhouse gas emission in

the United States, according to the Environmental Protection Agency.

Global Energy Consumption Market Value Surpassed $9.1 trillion

The chief virtue of the MHD generator is higher efficiency. The more
efficiently power is generated, the cheaper it becomes. MHD Power is the new
frontier. It is Cheaper, more reliable, and cleaner than anything in use today
by the electric power industry.

MHD power generation will massively increase efficiency in electric power

generation! MHD can help reduce carbon emissions, by increasing the
amount of power produced by existing fossil fuel plants for the same amount
of fuel. MHD is the production of electrical power utilizing a high temperature
conducting plasma moving through an intense magnetic field. An MHD
generator consists of a conductor moving through a fixed magnetic field.

MHD will increase power generation without increasing CO2 emissions; it will
reduce pollution per unit of energy produced, and lower life-cycle costs.

It can reduce CO2 emissions while maintaining electric power generation

levels (this could be further enhanced if older, low efficiency, high emission
plants could be retired due to the availability of increased generation from
MHD-enabled plants).

"Let's say that MHD will improve the overall combined cycle plant efficiency
by 5%. Now calculate how the 5% to 10% improvement /MW reduces the
same 5% - 10% reduction in CO2 emission, but calculate the actual savings in
pounds of CO2. We then can calculate the number of natural gas plants and
the MW's they produce and thus the entire savings in the US if MHD was
implement. It should be a gargantuan number - I am guess like 10 Trillion lbs
of CO2 less." - Chief Science and Engineering Officer Professor Doug Chrisey

1942: First recorded to use the word magnetohydrodynamics by Hannes

Alven. Received 1970 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on
magnetohydrodynamics.

Principle: This effect is a result of Faradays Laws of Electro Magnet Induction

(i.e. when the conductor moves through a magnetic field, it generates an
electric field perpendicular to the magnetic field and direction of conductor).

The MHD generation or, also known as magneto hydrodynamic power

generation is a direct energy conversion system which converts the heat
energy directly into electrical energy, without any intermediate mechanical
energy conversion, as opposed to the case in all other power generating
plants. Therefore, in this process, substantial fuel economy can be achieved
due to the elimination of the link process of producing mechanical energy and
then again converting it to electrical energy.

MHD Energy was founded by Thomas P. Kay a former Energy Consultant to

ExxonMobil . The company was incorporated in 2009 as Concentrating Solar
Power Utility Inc, (CSPU). CSPU plans on licensing and developing partners to
build state-of-the-art Utility-Scale MHD Topping Cycles for existing power
plants.

Modern Technological Developments Driving Innovation

Intellectual Property Portfolio - High Efficiency Magnetohydrodynamic Power

Generation Using Ultra- High Magnetic Fields (Superconducting Permanent
Magnets) and Novel Cooling - Patent
Superconducting Permanent Magnets can be Used to Improve the Efficiency
of any Electrical Machine.

Peripheral Components for Other Industries CSPU is Developing

Superconducting Permanent Magnets for MHD Power Generation and Many
other Exciting Applications

Enormous Potential of this Advanced Energy Source

MHD Efficiency at 70-75%

Adapted from N. Harada, The International Conference on Electrical

Engineering

MHD for Advanced Power Generation, No. O-043.

MHD Energy is one of the most important advancements in the energy field in
the last 100 years. The underlying principle of MHD power generation is
elegantly simple. In a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generator an electrically
conducting gas replaces the rotating copper coil of the currently used electric
generator.

This science fiction sounding technology uses superconducting magnets to

strip electrons from high energy plasma jets, and generate power with no
moving parts.

Using patented MHD technology CSPU plans to make MHD power practical
and affordable on a broad commercial scale for the first time. While
addressing some of humanitys most pressing challenges. CSPU is leading the
way to cost-competitive, MHD electricity.

MHD Electric-Power Utilities

MHD Superconducting Generators

Higher Efficiency Power Technology

High Efficiency Magnetohydrodynamic Power Generation

Using Ultra-High Magnetic Fields and Novel Cooling - United States Patent
8,786,140

Print - PDF of Patent

Promising Technologies Patented

New Capabilities for MHD Power Generation

Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Energy Conversion can increase the efficiency

of fossil-fueled power plants.

CSPU innovation - integrated advanced systems design utilizing proven state

of the art technologies and enabling more efficient power systems for utility
applications.

MHD can change the world's use of energy

MHD has high heat/high efficiency

A magnetohydrodynamic generator (MHD generator) is a high performance
magnetohydrodynamic device that transforms thermal energy and kinetic
energy into electricity.

CSPU Plans to design / develop MHD enhancement's to traditional power

plants.

CSPU plans to demonstrate a working MHD system's unique features and

performance potential. Which will represent the intermediate stage between
laboratory scale experiments and an industrial scale demonstration MHD
project.

Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) is a direct-fired scalable electric power

production technology that is being developed as a high-temperature
topping cycle power extraction to higher efficiency for conventional power
plants. , and a new type of super-efficient power plant. The unique value of
MHD is that it permits an older single-cycle fossil-fuel power plant to be
upgraded to high efficiency.

The Stacking of Heat Engines:

1) MHD (magneto hydrodynamics) engine (40-65% conversion) - MHD

Topping Layer Extract Energy 1260C

2) Brayton engine (29 -35% conversion) - Brayton/Core Layer Extract Energy

980C

3) Organic Rankin engine (5-7%c conversion). - Organic Rankin Bottom Layer

Extract Energy 250C

This combination will make the CSPU MHD, hybrid generating system the
most efficient way of converting energy into electricity.

In the MHD generator the advantage of having no moving parts allows to

work at higher temperatures than a conventional energy conversion. It is
possible to work with temperature around 3000K, and at these temperature
the maximum theoretical efficiency would be near 90%.

CPSU was formed in 2008 by Thomas P. Kay to develop and commercialize

high temperature (and high efficiency) novel patented MHD technology,
which it believes will dramatically improve the efficiency of electrical power
generation.

CSPU primary differentiator lies with its suite of intellectual properties that
are ready to be swiftly implemented and commercialized.

Efficiency matters the most for establishing a power plant. A power plant with
MHD alone should achieve 65% theoretical efficiency, but you can harvest
the hot exhaust gas. The latter can yield an additional 10% to add to the
system efficiency or 75%.

"Direct power extraction via magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) principles offers a

potential step improvement in thermal efficiencies over energy systems
utilizing traditional turbomachinery. This is principally due to the lack of
moving parts in an MHD generator, as the temperature limits of the moving
parts tend to limit cycle temperatures in traditional combustion driven
systems." - US Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory

The rocket science is already done - all that remains are to turn the
prototypes into a low-cost, mass-producible design. It is now just a question
of good, old-fashioned engineering. CSPU MHD super-efficient proprietary
energy technology is critical to saving mankind from the ever present danger
of climate change.

We will demonstrate that the MHD generator technology is superior to all

other electricity generators. The successful completion of this project will lead
to the development of a closed loop MHD electric power plant prototype with
estimated efficiencies greater than 60%.

Our long term goal is to develop an integrated system with a useful life of 20
years or more of continuous operation. The system would be scalable in
terms of its electricity output and corresponding purchase and maintenance
cost.

Magnetohydrodynamics or Thermionic Power Conversion

The magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) approach to electric power generation

offers a unique combination of high-efficiency large-scale power generation.
The role of MHD power generation has global significance in the field of
energy. .

Technological advancements show great promise to make MHD a more viable

option to meet society's energy needs. CSPU will be using a new type of
Superconducting Permanent Magnets for the first time with
Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Power Plants.

Because of the higher temperature generated MHD is more efficient than

older types of thermal technologies that work at a much lower temperature.
The laws of thermodynamics tell us that to generate power from a heat
source (e.g. a burning fuel), the higher the temperature, and the more
efficient it will be.

"It is funny for me having published research for 30 years and suddenly I am
interviewed about a topic that I have a recent patent on, but no publications.
The number that catches everyone is the 60% efficiency" -Professor Douglas
B. Chrisey Ph.D. Department of Physics and Engineering, Tulane University

- Douglas B. Chrisey on BBC Radio talking about MHD.

High-field magnets for Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Energy Conversion can

increase the efficiency of fossil-fueled power plants.

Using natural gas, fuel oil, or coal to generate plasma to operate an MHD
generator, will improved overall plant efficiencies in excess of 60% using high
temperature superconductors (HTS) permanent magnets.

The efficiency improvement is based on the high temperature of the plasma

and the extremely high magnetic fields (potentially 16 T) only possible
through using HTS permanent magnets. This will be a great improvement
over existing MHD systems to convert fossil fueled power into electrical
energy.

Improved MHD Technology is Applicable to Fossil-Fueled Power Plants

Potential Heat Sources

Oil - Natural gas - Geothermal - Nuclear - Solar

MHD topping cycle generators will increase the efficiency of existing power
plants. The big difference with MHD for green energy or just energy
conversion is that we have the potential for such high efficiencies. Other
technologies are resorting to rare and expensive materials or complicated
optics to squeeze out incremental changes.
MHD Hybrid Power Plants can use any heat source, such as solar, geothermal,
combustion of a fuel (e.g., oil, coal, or natural gas), chemical reaction or even
high-grade waste heat and directly converts such heat source into electricity
through an MHD technique.

Thermal efficiency versus working temperature for different MHD power

conversion systems. The effect of increased temperature on efficiency is
clear.

MHD has many important attributes for power conversion including:

High working temperatures.

High Carnot-cycle efficiency.

Readily combined as a topping cycle with other heat generating systems.

The high magnetic field is a key feature required to increaseMHD system

efficiency. However, iron core electromagnets have proven impractical for use
in MHD energy conversion devices because they require enormous current
draw to sustain high Tesla magnetic flux densities. Prior art MHD energy
conversion devices have, therefore, been limited to the use of iron-ore
magnets having magnetic flux densities of no greater than 1-3 Tesla.

The recent demonstration of superconductive permanent magnets with

magnetic flux densities of up to 16 Tesla is a very encouraging development
that can enable commercially viable high efficiency solar MHD technology.

MHD has the potential to significantly improve the performance of all future
power plants.

In order to confirm the validation of this new patented technology and prove
the overall performance efficiency of the system, the Company will be
engineering and designing a bench top prototype of the worlds first MHD
Superconducting Generator. Superconducting is a magical state of matter.
The working prototype would enable CSPU to test different aspects of the
system and help refine the functionality and efficiently of the design. It would
also allow the Company to test the performance of various materials in order
to determine the best materials to use.

This Record-Breaking MHD prototype will prove the viability of MHD

Superconducting Generators, prior to Mass production.

Revenue Generation Implement joint venture/licensing strategy with

strategic partners. Equipment sales, electricity supply, financing and
services.

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Radioactivity

Nuclear Power. The Moderator and Control Rods.

Fission causes a chain reaction in the core of a nuclear reactor.

The speed of the chain reaction must be controlled

because the ever increasing numbers of splitting nuclei

will very quickly release a large amount of heat energy

and this would cause the nuclear reactor to explode.

The moderator and control rods together

control the rate of reaction in the core of the nuclear reactor.

What is the Moderator in a Nuclear Reactor?

The moderator is a material which slows down the speed

of the neutrons. The moderator is

usually made from water but some reactors use graphite.

Neutrons released from the chain reaction must be moving

at the right speed for other atoms of uranium to capture them.

If the neutrons are moving too fast then they do not get

captured by the nucleus of another uranium atom and the chain

reaction stops. The moderator slows the neutrons down

so that they can be captured and keep the chain reaction going.

What are the Control Rods in a Nuclear Reactor?

The control rods prevent the chain reaction happening too quickly.

Some control rods are made from an alloy of silver and cadmium.

Some are made from boron mixed with iron or carbon. The control

rods are very good at absorbing neutrons. They reduce

the number of neutrons available to continue the chain reaction.

The control rods can be moved up and down inside the reactor core.

As they are lifted up and out of the reactor, the less neutrons they absorb,

the faster the chain reaction happens and the reactor gets hotter.
The heat is then used to generate electricity. The further down

the control rods go, the more neutrons they absorb,

the slower the chain reaction happens and the reactor gets colder.

The control rods can used to shut the reactor down completely.