Camera lens
This section is about the optical system. For the organ-
ism, see Kamera lens.
A camera lens (also known as photographic lens or
Dierent kinds of camera lenses, including wide angle, telephoto
and speciality
photographic objective) is an optical lens or assembly of
lenses used in conjunction with a camera body and mech-
anism to make images of objects either on photographic
lm or on other media capable of storing an image chem-
ically or electronically.
There is no major dierence in principle between a lens
used for a still camera, a video camera, a telescope, a
microscope, or other apparatus, but the detailed design
and construction are dierent. A lens may be perma-
nently xed to a camera, or it may be interchangeable
with lenses of dierent focal lengths, apertures, and other
properties.
While in principle a simple convex lens will suce, in
practice a compound lens made up of a number of optical
lens elements is required to correct (as much as possible)
the many optical aberrations that arise. Some aberrations
will be present in any lens system. It is the job of the lens
designer to balance these and produce a design that is suit-
able for photographic use and possibly mass production.
1 Theory of operation
Typical rectilinear lenses can be thought of as improved
pinhole lenses. As shown, a pinhole lens is simply a
small aperture that blocks most rays of light, ideally se-
lecting one ray to the object for each point on the image
sensor. Pinhole lenses have a few severe limitations:
A pinhole camera with a large aperture is blurry
because each pixel is essentially the shadow of the
aperture stop, so its size is no smaller than the size
of the aperture (below left). Here a pixel is the area
of the detector exposed to light from a point on the
object.
Making the pinhole smaller improves resolution (up
to a limit), but reduces the amount of light captured.
At a certain point, shrinking the hole does not im-
prove the resolution because of the diraction limit.
Beyond this limit, making the hole smaller makes
the image blurrier as well as darker.
Practical lenses can be thought of as an answer to the
question how can we modify a pinhole lens to admit
more light and give a smaller spot size?" A rst step is to
put a simple convex lens at the pinhole with a focal length
equal to the distance to the lm plane (assuming the cam-
era will take pictures of distant objects [1] ). This allows
the pinhole to be opened up signicantly (below right)
because a thin convex lens bends light rays in proportion
to their distance to the axis of the lens, with rays striking
the center of the lens passing straight through. The ge-
ometry is almost the same as with a simple pinhole lens,
but rather than being illuminated by single rays of light,
each image point is illuminated by a focused pencil of
light rays.
From the front of the camera, the small hole (the aper-
ture), would be seen. The virtual image of the aperture
as seen from the world is known as the lenss entrance
pupil; ideally, all rays of light leaving a point on the ob-
ject that enter the entrance pupil will be focused to the
same point on the image sensor/lm (provided the ob-
ject point is in the eld of view). If one were inside the
camera, one would see the lens acting as a projector. The
virtual image of the aperture from inside the camera is
the lenss exit pupil. In this simple case, the aperture,
entrance pupil, and exit pupil are all in the same place
because the only optical element is in the plane of the
aperture, but in general these three will be in dierent
places. Practical photographic lenses include more lens
elements. The additional elements allow lens designers
to reduce various aberrations, but the principle of opera-
tion remains the same: pencils of rays are collected at the
entrance pupil and focused down from the exit pupil onto
the image plane.
1
2 3 APERTURE AND FOCAL LENGTH

2 Construction The 1951 USAF resolution test chart is one way to mea-
sure the resolving power of a lens. The quality of the
Main articles: Photographic lens design and History of material, coatings, and build aect the resolution. Lens
photographic lens design resolution is ultimately limited by diraction, and very
A camera lens may be made from a number of ele- few photographic lenses approach this resolution. Ones
that do are called diraction limited and are usually ex-
tremely expensive.[8]
Today, most lenses are multi-coated in order to minimize
lens are and other unwanted eects. Some lenses have a
UV coating to keep out the ultraviolet light that could taint
color. Most modern optical cements for bonding glass
elements also block UV light, negating the need for a UV
lter. UV photographers must go to great lengths to nd
lenses with no cement or coatings.
A lens will most often have an aperture adjustment mech-
anism, usually an iris diaphragm, to regulate the amount
of light that passes. In early camera models a rotating
The zoom lens assembly of the Canon Elph
plate or slider with dierent sized holes was used. These
Waterhouse stops may still be found on modern, special-
ments: from one, as in the Box Brownie's meniscus lens,
ized lenses. A shutter, to regulate the time during which
to over 20 in the more complex zooms. These elements
light may pass, may be incorporated within the lens as-
may themselves comprise a group of lenses cemented to-
sembly (for better quality imagery), within the camera,
gether.
or even, rarely, in front of the lens. Some cameras with
The front element is critical to the performance of the leaf shutters in the lens omit the aperture, and the shutter
whole assembly. In all modern lenses the surface is coated does double duty.
to reduce abrasion, are, and surface reectance, and to
adjust color balance. To minimize aberration, the curva-
ture is usually set so that the angle of incidence and the
angle of refraction are equal. In a prime lens this is easy, 3 Aperture and focal length
but in a zoom there is always a compromise.
The lens usually is focused by adjusting the distance The two fundamental parameters of an optical lens are
from the lens assembly to the image plane, or by mov- the focal length and the maximum aperture. The lens
ing elements of the lens assembly. To improve perfor- focal length determines the magnication of the image
mance, some lenses have a cam system that adjusts the projected onto the image plane, and the aperture the light
distance between the groups as the lens is focused. Man- intensity of that image. For a given photographic system
ufacturers call this dierent things: Nikon calls it CRC the focal length determines the angle of view, short fo-
cal lengths giving a wider eld of view than longer focal
(close range correction); Canon calls it a oating sys-
tem; and Hasselblad and Mamiya call it FLE (oating lens length lenses. A wider aperture, identied by a smaller f-
number, allows using a faster shutter speed for the same
element).[2]
exposure.[9]
Glass is the most common material used to construct lens
elements, due to its good optical properties and resis- The maximum usable aperture of a lens is specied as the
tance to scratching. Other materials are also used, such as focal ratio or f-number, dened as the lenss focal length
quartz glass, uorite,[3][4][5][6] plastics like acrylic (Plexi- divided by the eective aperture (or entrance pupil), a di-
glass), and even germanium and meteoritic glass.[7] Plas- mensionless number. The lower the f-number, the higher
tics allow the manufacturing of strongly aspherical lens light intensity at the focal plane. Larger apertures (smaller
elements which are dicult or impossible to manufac- f-numbers) provide a much shallower depth of eld than
ture in glass, and which simplify or improve lens manu- smaller apertures, other conditions being equal. Prac-
facturing and performance. Plastics are not used for the tical lens assemblies may also contain mechanisms to
outermost elements of all but the cheapest lenses as they deal with measuring light, secondary apertures for are
scratch easily. Molded plastic lenses have been used for reduction,[10] and mechanisms to hold the aperture open
the cheapest disposable cameras for many years, and have until the instant of exposure to allow SLR cameras to fo-
acquired a bad reputation: manufacturers of quality op- cus with a brighter image with shallower depth of eld,
tics tend to use euphemisms such as optical resin. How- theoretically allowing better focus accuracy.
ever many modern, high performance (and high priced) Focal lengths are usually specied in millimetres (mm),
lenses from popular manufacturers include molded or hy- but older lenses might be marked in centimetres (cm) or
brid aspherical elements, so it is not true that all lenses inches. For a given lm or sensor size, specied by the
with plastic elements are of low photographic quality. length of the diagonal, a lens may be classied as a:
 3

Large (top) and small (bottom) apertures on the same lens.
Normal lens: angle of view of the diagonal about 50
and a focal length approximately equal to the image
diagonal.
How focal length aects photograph composition: adjusting the
cameras distance from the main subject while changing focal
length, the main subject can remain the same size, while the other
at a dierent distance changes size.

Wide-angle lens: angle of view wider than 60 and the subject. But the perspective will be dierent. With
focal length shorter than normal. the wideangle, the hands will be exaggeratedly large rel-
ative to the head. As the focal length increases, the em-
Long-focus lens: any lens with a focal length longer phasis on the outstretched hand decreases. However, if
than the diagonal measure of the lm or sensor.[11] pictures are taken from the same distance, and enlarged
Angle of view is narrower. The most common type and cropped to contain the same view, the pictures will
of long-focus lens is the telephoto lens, a design that have identical perspective. A moderate long-focus (tele-
uses special optical congurations to make the lens photo) lens is often recommended for portraiture because
shorter than its focal length. the perspective corresponding to the longer shooting dis-
tance is considered to look more attering.
A side eect of using lenses of dierent focal lengths The widest aperture lens in history of photography is be-
is the dierent distances from which a subject can be lieved to be the Carl Zeiss Planar 50mm f/0.7,[12] which
framed, resulting in a dierent perspective. Photographs was designed and made specically for the NASA Apollo
can be taken of a person stretching out a hand with a lunar program to capture the far side of the moon in
wideangle, a normal lens, and a telephoto, which contain 1966. Three of these lenses were purchased by lm-
exactly the same image size by changing the distance from maker Stanley Kubrick in order to lm scenes in his
4 6 TYPES OF LENS

movie Barry Lyndon, using candlelight as the sole light The lens mount design is an important issue for com-
source.[13][14][15] patibility between cameras and lenses. There is no uni-
versal standard for lens mounts, and each major camera
maker typically uses its own proprietary design, incom-
4 Number of elements patible with other makers.[17] A few older manual focus
lens mount designs, such as the Leica M39 lens mount
for rangenders, M42 lens mount for early SLRs, and the
Main article: Photographic lens design Pentax K mount are found across multiple brands, but
this is not common today. A few mount designs, such
The complexity of a lens the number of elements and as the Olympus/Kodak Four Thirds System mount for
their degree of asphericity depends upon the angle of DSLRs, have also been licensed to other makers.[18] Most
view, the maximum aperture, and intended price point, large-format cameras take interchangeable lenses as well,
among other variables. An extreme wideangle lens of which are usually mounted in a lensboard or on the front
large aperture must be of very complex construction to standard.
correct for optical aberrations, which are worse at the The most common interchangeable lens mounts on the
edge of the eld and when the edge of a large lens is used market today include the Canon EF, EF-S and EF-M
for image-forming. A long-focus lens of small aperture autofocus lens mounts, the Nikon F manual and autofo-
can be of very simple construction to attain comparable cus mounts, the Olympus/Kodak Four Thirds and Olym-
image quality: a doublet (two elements) will often suce. pus/Panasonic Micro Four Thirds digital-only mounts,
Some older cameras were tted with convertible lenses the Pentax K mount and autofocus variants, the Sony
(German: Satzobjektiv) of normal focal length. The front Alpha mount (derived from the Minolta mount) and the
element could be unscrewed, leaving a lens of twice the Sony E digital-only mount.
focal length, and half the angle of view and half the aper-
ture. The simpler half-lens was of adequate quality for
the narrow angle of view and small relative aperture. Ob-
viously the bellows had to extend to twice the normal 6 Types of lens
length.
Good-quality lenses with maximum aperture no greater 6.1 Close-up or macro
than f/2.8 and xed, normal, focal length need at least
three (triplet) or four elements (the trade name "Tessar" A macro lens used in macro or close-up photography
derives from the Greek tessera, meaning four). The (not to be confused with the compositional term close up)
widest-range zooms often have fteen or more. The re- is any lens that produces an image on the focal plane (i.e.,
ection of light at each of the many interfaces between lm or a digital sensor) that is the same size or larger than
dierent optical media (air, glass, plastic) seriously de- the subject being imaged. This conguration is generally
graded the contrast and color saturation of early lenses, used to image close-up very small subjects. A macro lens
particularly zoom lenses, especially where the lens was may be of any focal length, the actual focus length being
directly illuminated by a light source. The introduction determined by its practical use, considering magnica-
many years ago of optical coatings, and advances in coat- tion, the required ratio, access to the subject, and illumi-
ing technology over the years, have resulted in major im- nation considerations. It can be a special lens corrected
provements, and modern high-quality zoom lenses give optically for close up work or it can be any lens modied
images of quite acceptable contrast, although zoom lenses (with adapters or spacers) to bring the focal plane for-
with many elements will transmit less light than lenses ward for very close photography. The depth-of-eld is
made with fewer elements (all other factors such as aper- very narrow, limiting its usefulness. Lenses are usually
ture, focal length, and coatings being equal).[16] stopped down to give a greater depth-of-eld.[9][19]

5 Lens mounts
Main article: Lens mount
Many single-lens reex cameras and some rangender
cameras have detachable lenses. A few other types do
as well, notably the Mamiya TLR cameras and mirrorless
interchangeable-lens cameras. The lenses attach to the
camera using a lens mount, which contains mechanical
linkages and often also electrical contacts between the
lens and camera body.
6.2 Zoom
Main article: Zoom lens
Some lenses, called zoom lenses, have a focal length
that varies as internal elements are moved, typically by
rotating the barrel or pressing a button which activates
an electric motor. Commonly, the lens may zoom from
moderate wide-angle, through normal, to moderate tele-
photo; or from normal to extreme telephoto. The zoom
range is limited by manufacturing constraints; the ideal of
a lens of large maximum aperture which will zoom from
 5

extreme wideangle to extreme telephoto is not attainable. Infrared lenses

Zoom lenses are widely used for small-format cameras of
all types: still and cine cameras with xed or interchange-
able lenses. Bulk and price limit their use for larger lm
sizes. Motorized zoom lenses may also have the focus,
iris, and other functions motorized.
6.3 Special-purpose
Ultraviolet lenses
Swivel lenses rotate while attached to a camera body
to give unique perspectives and camera angles.
Shift lenses and tilt/shift lenses (collectively
perspective control lenses) allow special control of
perspective on SLR cameras by mimicking view
camera movements.

7 History and technical develop-

ment of photographic camera
lenses
Further information: History of photographic lens design

8 Lens designs
A tilt/shift lens, set to its maximum degree of tilt relative to the Main article: Photographic lens design
camera body.

Some notable photographic optical lens designs are:

Apochromat (APO) lenses have added correction
for chromatic aberration. Angenieux retrofocus
Process lenses have extreme correction for aberra- Cooke triplet
tions of geometry (pincushion distortion, barrel dis-
tortion) and are generally intended for use at a spe- Double-Gauss
cic distance.
Goerz Dagor
Process and apochromat lenses are normally of Leitz Elmar
small aperture, and are used for extremely ac-
curate photographs of static objects. Generally Rapid Rectilinear
their performance is optimized for subjects a Zeiss Sonnar
few inches from the front of the lens, and suf-
fers outside this narrow range. Zeiss Planar
Zeiss Tessar
Enlarger lenses are made to be used with
photographic enlargers (specialised projectors),
rather than cameras. Some lens manufacturers (2009):

Lenses for aerial photography. Canon

Fisheye lenses: extreme wide-angle lenses with an Cosina
angle of view of up to 180 degrees or more, with
very noticeable (and intended) distortion. Drr Danubia
Stereoscopic lenses, to produce pairs of photographs Leica/Leitz
which give a 3-dimensional eect when viewed with
an appropriate viewer. Nikon

Soft-focus lenses which give a soft, but not out-of- Olympus

focus, image and have an imperfection-removing ef- Pentax
fect popular among portrait and fashion photogra-
phers. Rodenstock
6 11 REFERENCES

11 References
[1] If the object is at a distance, one can assume the light rays
will arrive perpendicular to the plane of the lens, and thus
converge at the focal point.

[2] PhotoNotes.org Dictionary - Floating element.

photonotes.org. Retrieved 2014-10-25.

[3] Ultraviolet Quartz Lenses. Universe Kogaku. Retrieved

2007-11-05.

[4] Technical Room - Fluorite / UD / Super UD glass

Lenses. Canon. Retrieved 2007-11-05.

[5] Lenses: Fluorite, aspherical and UD lenses. Canon Pro-

Collapsible Leica rangender lens fessional Network. Retrieved 2008-10-04.

[6] Gottermeier, Klaus. The Macrolens Collection

Samyang Optics Database. Retrieved 2007-11-05.

Schneider Kreuznach [7] Cavina, Marco (August 25, 2006). Fuori banda: gli obi-
ettivi per fotograa multispettrale della Asahi Optical Co
Sigma Corporation (PDF) (in Italian). Retrieved 2007-11-05. Rank Taylor
Hobson IRTAL II 100mm f/1.0, an example of specic
Sony target for recovery in the IR spectral range of 2000 nm
Tamron with lenses made of Germanium, transparent these wave-
lengths extremely high but completely opaque to visible
Tokina light. ... In the'50s A swarm of iron meteorites impact to
states in the Northeast USA; It was pallasiti, or beautiful
Zeiss Aeroliti metal that hard crystalline nuclei, usually Peridot
or olivine say that we want (a mixture Isomorphic with ne-
sosilicato iron bivalent and nesosilicato magnesium which
must be green, in fact, the iron In the rst component,
9 See also called fayalite, borrowed from the matrix ferrous), but the
exceptional of these meteorites Was that the crystal nu-
Anti-fogging treatment of optical surfaces clei were fully incorporated transparent and free of im-
purities as the best glass Optical; Mr.. Wollensak was
Large format lens aware of this curious anomaly, and I think immediately
Lens (optics) to exploit this glass Achieving: purchase a large quan-
tity of these abnormal pallasiti, extracting and testing the
Lens hood crystalline material Transparent; Immediately he realized
that it was amorphous quartz and devoid of negative char-
Lens cover acteristics of Earths natural crystalline material (polar-
ization, birifrangenza, etc.). ; Surveys spectrophotometry
Lenses for SLR and DSLR cameras Evidenziarono that the quartz alien sent well frequencies
of ultraviolet deep, beautiful beyond the threshold 320
Teleconverter
nm granted by conventional optical glass, providing par-
Teleside converter tial transparency to the fateful threshold of 200nm!

William Taylor (inventor) [8] Understanding Lens Diraction. luminous-

landscape.com. Retrieved 2014-10-25.
Optical train
[9] Kingslake 1989,

[10] Canon EF 20-35mm f/3.5~4.5 USM - Index Page.

10 Notes mir.com.my. Retrieved 2014-10-25.

[11] Ray, S.F. (2002). Applied Photographic Optics: Lenses

Kingslake, Rudolf (1989). A History of the Photo-
graphic Lens. Boston: Academic Press. ISBN 978-
0-12-408640-1.
Guy, NK (2012). The Lens: A Practical Guide for
the Creative Photographer. Rocky Nook. ISBN
978-1-933952-97-0.
and Optical Systems for Photography, Film, Video, Elec-
tronic and Digital Imaging. Focal. p. 294. ISBN
9780240515403. Retrieved 2014-12-12.
[12] Mutable Conclusions: Worlds fastest lens: Zeiss 50mm
f/0.7.. web.archive.org. Archived from the original on
March 9, 2009. Retrieved 2014-12-12.
 7

[13] Guy, 2012, p 43.

[14] Hollywood, NASA, and the chip industry put their trust
in Carl Zeiss. zeiss.com. Retrieved 2014-12-12.

[15] Dr. J. Kmmerer When is it advisable to improve the

quality of camera lenses? Excerpt from a lecture given
during the Optics & Photography Symposium, Les Baux,
1979

[16] Suess, B.J. (2003). Mastering Black-and-White Photogra-

phy: From Camera to Darkroom. Allworth Press. ISBN
9781581153064. Retrieved 2014-10-25.

[17] Guy 2012, page 53

[18] Guy 2012, page 266

[19] Lens work, Canon Inc. 1992, Japan

12 External links
Photo.net Lens Tutorial
optical glass
8 13 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

13 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

13.1 Text
Camera lens Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_lens?oldid=749485596 Contributors: The Anome, DrBob, Ericd, Leandrod,
Edward, Michael Hardy, Egil, Angela, Darkwind, Julesd, Rl, Halfdan, Gutza, Grendelkhan, Kristof vt, Clngre, Rrjanbiah, Reytan, Nelson
Minar, Mintleaf~enwiki, BenFrantzDale, Bensaccount, AJim, Hugh2414, Nkocharh, Bobblewik, Christopherlin, Bact, Beland, Lucanos,
Fg2, Mormegil, Poccil, Imroy, Discospinster, Cacycle, Rama, LindsayH, Alistair1978, Bobo192, Fir0002, Jemedke, Thebassman, An-
dersju, Sukiari, Maebmij, Hooperbloob, BlairRMartin, Pion, Hu, Velella, Cburnett, H2g2bob, Mindmatrix, Liamgilmartin, Carcharoth,
Splintax, Pol098, Macaddct1984, Phlebas, BD2412, Ketiltrout, Rogerd, Filu~enwiki, Bubba73, Mahlum~enwiki, Intersoa, Bitosh, Ru-
mun999, Srleer, Scoo, Monito, Manop, Shell Kinney, Yyy, Baru~enwiki, NawlinWiki, Janke, Grafen, Megapixie, Howcheng, Brandon,
Zzuuzz, PBurns, Petri Krohn, Junglecat, SmackBot, Melchoir, Marc Lacoste, Betacommand, Bluebot, Sparsefarce, Red marquis, Fred Ra-
sio, Hateless, Dantadd, Daniel.Cardenas, Zeamays, Autopilot, SilkTork, Paul1513, A. Parrot, Grumpyyoungman01, Astuishin, Dicklyon,
Hu12, Paleolith, Spindled, Powerslide, Blouis79, Ken Gallager, Myasuda, Omnicloud, Hebrides, AstroPig7, Pjmtavares, Mactographer,
Klausness, Escarbot, Stybn, Ben pcc, Prolog, Helicoptor, Woof69, TuvicBot, JAnDbot, Gcm, Barek, MER-C, BK, PhilKnight, .anacond-
abot, ChristopherBorcsok, Websterwebfoot, MyNameIsNeo, Gphoto, Akashopoholic, CommonsDelinker, Sen, RenniePet, Fountains of
Bryn Mawr, STBotD, TWCarlson, Dzenanz, Funandtrvl, Multimotyl, AlnoktaBOT, Philip Trueman, TXiKiBoT, Oshwah, Combatentropy,
Bogdan Dogaru, Natg 19, Charlesviper, Atomicbre, Clonemoan, Juicecapades, CMBJ, Fanatix, Motorrad-67, SieBot, BotMultichill, Hx-
hbot, Eosslr, Illinois2011, Martarius, Cocokpocok, The Thing That Should Not Be, Nebrot, Drmies, Wikit2007, Polyamorph, Boing!
said Zebedee, Manishearth, Alexbot, Resuna, Antti29, Rror, David.Boettcher, SilvonenBot, Jht4060, Addbot, Jncraton, Xanthous Onyx,
Ericg33, Tassedethe, Emdrgreg, Lightbot, Ralf Roletschek, Legobot, Drpickem, Luckas-bot, Yobot, TaBOT-zerem, Amirobot, Magog
the Ogre, AnomieBOT, Jim1138, Ulric1313, Flewis, Bruno0.5, OllieFury, GrouchoBot, Wizardist, FrescoBot, Amagnien2, Pinethicket,
KnightCourt, PNLawlor, Trappist the monk, PacicJuls, Jan von Erpecom, Lopifalko, EmausBot, Tykesplace, Angrytoast, GoingBatty,
RenamedUser01302013, Gsonwiki, Theanimalix, Deirdresm, Kchowdhary, EdoBot, ClueBot NG, Matthiaspaul, Rezabot, Helpful Pixie
Bot, G-rob XD, K0 7zQY0oyqcz, Wbm1058, CroMignon, PhnomPencil, Darafsh, Dwergenpaartje, Soerfm, David.moreno72, Jossian,
SCLu, Cyberbot II, Dpa11111, ChrisGualtieri, Tagremover, JYBot, , Webclient101, Mogism, Mediaadvantages, 50N916, Na-
taliesee, Reatlas, Eyesnore, Electric Celery, DavidLeighEllis, Vickywang12, 11supachok11, Swcastle, Lewislumsden, PotatoNinja, Johnan-
dersonm777, Bender the Bot, Nirob Alam and Anonymous: 156

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