COMPUTER AIDED

VIZUALIZATION
UNIT I
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER AND IMAGE EDITING
 UNIT 1
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER AND IMAGE EDITING
Technology of small computer system
Small Computer System interface
Most popular hard disk used in most of the PCs today.
Abbreviation SCSI
Pronunciation Skuzzy
SCSI is a system-level bus, with intelligent controllers on each SCSI device working
together to manage the flow of information on the channel.
SCSI offers performance, expandability and compatibility unmatched by any other
current PC interface.

The Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) is a set of parallel interface standards
developed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) for attaching printers, disk
drives, scanners and other peripherals to computers.
SCSI (pronounced "skuzzy") is supported by all major operating systems.
COMPUTER TERMINOLOGY OPERATION
PRINCIPLES OF PC

Computers come in many forms, from the traditional desktop PC to portable

devices such as laptops, tablets and even smartphones.
However, a number of basic elements are generally found within most
computing devices used by ordinary people.
There are many additional types of computer used only within certain
specialized contexts such as supercomputers and servers.
The basic principles of how a computer operates are generally the same
whatever its purpose is.
COMPUTER TERMINOLOGY

CPU RAM
BIT, BYTES & BINARY HARD DISK DRIVE
HARDWARE FLOPPY DISK
SOFTWARE INPUT DEVICES
OPERATING SYSTEM TYPES OF COMPUTERS
ROM BOOTING
Computer Terminology

CPU stands for central processing unit. This is where all the computer's data
processing is handled - all the data manipulation, calculations and formatting
data for output.

The BIT is a basic unit of information in computing and

digital communications. A bit can have only one of two values, and may
therefore be physically implemented with a two-state device. These values are
most commonly represented as either a 0 or 1.

The BYTE is a unit of digital information that most commonly consists of

eight bits. Historically, the byte was the number of bits used to encode a
single character of text in a computer and for this reason it is the
smallest addressable unit of memory in many computer architectures.
Computer Terminology

A BINARY number is a number expressed in the binary numeral

system or base-2 numeral system which represents numeric values using two
different symbols: typically 0 (zero) and 1 (one). The base-2 system is
a positional notation with a radix of 2. Because of its straightforward
implementation in digital electronic circuitry using logic gates, the binary
system is used internally by almost all modern computers and computer-
based devices. Each digit is referred to as a bit.

Computer HARDWARE is the collection of physical parts of a computer

system. This includes the computer case, monitor, keyboard, and mouse. It
also includes all the parts inside the computer case, such as the hard disk drive,
motherboard, video card, and many others. Computer hardware is what you
can physically touch.
Computer Terminology

Computer SOFTWARE is that part of a computer system that consists

of encoded information or computer instructions, in contrast to the physical
hardware from which the system is built.

An OPERATING SYSTEM (OS) is system software that manages computer

hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer
programs. All computer programs, excluding firmware, require an operating
system to function.

READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM) is a type of non-volatile memory used

in computers and other electronic devices. Data stored in ROM can only be
modified slowly, with difficulty, or not at all, so it is mainly used to
store firmware or application software in plug-in cartridges.
Computer Terminology

RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY is a form of computer data storage which stores

frequently used program instructions to increase the general speed of a system.
A random-access memory device allows data items to be read or written in almost
the same amount of time irrespective of the physical location of data inside the
memory.

A HARD DISK DRIVE (HDD), hard disk, hard drive is a data storage device that
uses magnetic storage to store and retrieve digital information using one or more
rigid rapidly rotating disks coated with magnetic material.

A FLOPPY DISK DRIVE (FDD), or floppy drive, is a hardware device that reads data
storage information. It was invented in 1967 by a team at IBM and was one of the first
types of hardware storage that could read/write a portable device. FDDs are used for
reading and writing on removable floppy discs. Floppy disks are now outdated, and
have been replaced by other storage devices such as USB and network file transfer.
Computer Terminology

An INPUT DEVICE is a peripheral used to provide data and control signals to

an information processing system such as a computer or information
appliance.

Examples of input devices include keyboards, mouse, scanners, digital

cameras and joysticks.

TYPES OF COMPUTER

Computers can be as big as occupying a large building and as small as a laptop or

a microcontroller in mobile & embedded systems.
Supercomputer
Mainframe Computer
Minicomputer
Microcomputer
COMPUTER APPLICATION SOFTWARE
 Software

The term 'software' refers to the set of electronic program instructions or data a
computer processor reads in order to perform a task or operation.

Software

SYSTEM SOFTWARE APPLICATION SOFTWARE

Operating systems Customized Software

Utilities
 Application Software
Application software utilizes the capacities of a computer directly into a dedicated task.
Application software is able to manipulate text, numbers and graphics.

Application software, or simply applications, are often called productivity programs or end-user
programs because they enable the user to complete tasks, such as creating documents,
spreadsheets, databases and publications, doing online research, sending email, designing
graphics, running businesses, and even playing games.

Application software is specific to the task it is designed for and can be as simple as a calculator
application or as complex as a word processing application.

Eg:
Word processing software
Spreadsheet Software
Presentation software
Database Software
Multimedia Software
Graphics Software
 GRAPHIC SYSTEMS
Computer graphics is responsible for displaying art and image data effectively and meaningfully to the
user.

It is also used for processing image data received from the physical world.

Computer graphic development has had a significant impact on many types of media.

It has revolutionized animation, movies, advertising, video games, and graphic design generally.

The term computer graphics has been used a broad sense to describe "almost everything on computers
that is not text or sound".

Typically, the term computer graphics refers to several different things:

the representation and manipulation of image data by a computer
the various technologies used to create and manipulate images
the sub-field of computer science which studies methods for digitally synthesizing and manipulating
visual content.
 USE OF PRINTER, PLOTTER & SCANNER

PRINTER

In computing, a PRINTER is a peripheral which makes a persistent human-readable representation of

graphics or text on paper or similar physical media.

A PRINTER is a device that accepts text and graphic output from a computer and transfers the
information to paper, usually to standard size sheets of paper. Printers vary in size, speed,
sophistication, and cost. In general, more expensive printers are used for higher-resolution color
printing.

PLOTTER

Pen-based PLOTTERS were an alternate printing technology once common in engineering and
architectural firms.

Pen-based plotters rely on contact with the paper and special purpose pens that are mechanically run
over the paper to create text and images. Since the pens output continuous lines, they were able to
produce technical drawings of higher resolution than was achievable with dot-matrix technology.
 USE OF PRINTER, PLOTTER & SCANNER
SCANNER

A scanner is a device that captures images from photographic prints, posters, magazine pages, and similar
sources for computer editing and display.

Scanners come in hand-held, feed-in, and flatbed types and for scanning black-and-white only, or color.

Very high resolution scanners are used for scanning for high-resolution printing, but lower resolution scanners are
adequate for capturing images for computer display.

Scanners usually come with software, such as Adobe's Photoshop product, that lets you resize and otherwise
modify a captured image.

Scanners are useful devices that are easy to use and powerful.

Common uses of scanners include:

Converting photographic materials into high-resolution image files, for example, old B&W photographs,
magazine pages and student cards.
Converting hand drawn pictures into an electronic format, for example, line drawings, art, logos, signatures
and diagrams.
Capturing text using Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software, for example, type written pages and
pages from a book.
 FILE MANAGEMENT
File management is the storing, naming, sorting and handling computer files.

It is the process of maintaining folders, documents and multimedia into categories and subcategories as
desired by a user.

Fundamental aspects of file management are organizing, labeling and classifying computer data.

File management helps to eliminate clutter so that a user can access and retrieve data faster and more
conveniently.

There are two types of file managers: electronic and three-dimensional. Three-dimensional file
management is basically the traditional method of keeping hard-copy documents in cabinets and safes.

It enables users to sort files by type, size, name, color and date that they were created or modified. This
orderly arrangement saves time usually spent looking for records, which maximizes productivity.
 BITMAP IMAGES & VECTOR GRAPHICS
Bitmaps images are exactly what their name says they are: a collection of bits that form an image. The
image consists of a matrix of individual dots (or pixels) that all have their own colour (described using bits,
the smallest possible units of information for a computer).

Vector graphics is the creation of digital images through a sequence of commands or mathematical
statements that place lines and shapes in a given two-dimensional or three-dimensional space. In physics,
a vector is a representation of both a quantity and a direction at the same time. In vector graphics, the file
that results from a graphic artist's work is created and saved as a sequence of vector statements. For
example, instead of containing a bit in the file for each bit of a line drawing, a vector graphic file describes
a series of points to be connected.
TYPES OF BITMAP IMAGES
Line-art.
These are images that only
contain two colours, usually black
and white. Sometimes these
images are referred to as bitmaps
because a computer has to use
only 1 bit (on=black, off=white) to
define each pixel.
Grayscale images,
which contain various shades of
grey as well as pure black and
white. Images can be 8-bits, 16-
bits (unsigned) or 32-bits. i.e. the
precision shades of grey is
described by the number
of bits granted for each Pixel.
TYPES OF BITMAP IMAGES
Multitones:
such images contain shades of
two or more colours. The most
popular multitone images are
duotones, which usually consist
of black and a second spot
colour (often an Pantone colour).
The example below contains
black and Pantone Warm Red.
Full colour images.
The colour information can be described using a number
of colour spaces: RGB (Red, Green , Blue). An RGB
image, sometimes referred to as a truecolor image, it
defines red, green, and blue color components for each
individual pixel. RGB images do not use a look up table.
The color of each pixel is determined by the
combination of the red, green, and blue intensities
stored in each color plane at the pixel's location.
Graphics file formats store RGB images as 24-bit
images, where the red, green, and blue components are
8 bits each. This yields a potential of 16 million colors.
IMAGE SIZE & RESOLUTION

For the purposes of examining

featured pictures, image
size normally refers to the pixel
dimensions of an image (often Image Resolution Maximum Print Size
referred to as resolution) and not
its size in kilobytes (kB). Size in kB less than 640X480 Wallet size only
varies with image content and JPEG
compression and generally bears little 640X480 absolute largest, 4X6
relation to pixel dimensions.
1024X768 4X6
Resolution refers to the number of
pixels in an image. Resolution is 1152X864 5X7
sometimes identified by the width
and height of the image as well as the 1600X1200 8X10
total number of pixels in the image.
For example, an image that is 2048
pixels wide and 1536 pixels high
(2048X1536) contains (multiply)
3,145,728 pixels (or 3.1 Megapixels).
BASIC TOOLS FOR EDITING & CREATING
GRAPHICS

ADOBE PHTOSHOP
CORELDRAW
PICASA
MICROSOFT PAINT