Chapter II

Review of Related Literature

In this generation, technology has a big contribution into our life. It makes our life easier
and smart phone is one of it. Smart phones can be classified as android or iPhone.

According to Amanda MacMillan, Your choice of smart phone may affect what other
people think of you and say something about your own personality, as well. Brand choice is the
most basic level of smart phone personalization.

In a study presented at the British Psychological Society Social Psychology Section

annual conference, participants viewed Android users as having greater levels of honesty,
humility, agreeableness, and openness than iPhone users. They were also seen as less
extroverted. People who scored high on avoidance of similarity meaning that they dont like
having the same products as others were more likely to have an Android, while people who
thought it was more important to have a high-status phone were more likely to choose iPhones.

It wasn't a surprise to find such differences between the two groups. iPhone and Android
smart phones have different apps, technical specs, and functionalities, which appeal respectively
to the users of each smart phone brand due to their personality. It is becoming more and more
apparent that smart phones are becoming a mini digital version of the user.
http://www.realsimple.com/health/mind-mood/smartphone-personality-differences

It's still not fair to assume anything about a person based solely on their smart phone
choice. According to thebrainflux.com, while phones might be seen as part of our identity, its
always good to remember that human personalities are complex things. Its always wise to
genuinely get to know someone before making any snap decisions about who they are. In other
words, try not to judge a book by the type of phone it carries.
http://thebrainflux.com/smartphone-says-personality/

Being careful into your actions is a big help to yourself and to other people. Sometimes
you dont know it but you already hurt someone. As stated at helpguide.org, an event can lead to
trauma if it happened unexpectedly, you were unprepared for it, you felt powerless to prevent it,
it happened repeatedly, someone was intentionally cruel or it happened in childhood.
Experiencing trauma in childhood can have a severe and long-lasting effect. When childhood
trauma is not resolved, a sense of fear and helplessness carries over into adulthood, setting the
stage for further trauma.
 According to this website, shock, denial, or disbelief, confusion, difficulty concentrating,
anger, irritability, mood swings, anxiety and fear, guilt, shame, self-blame, withdrawing from
others, feeling sad or hopeless, feeling disconnected or numb are some of the emotional &
psychological symptoms.

If youve experienced an extremely stressful or disturbing event thats left you feeling
helpless and emotionally out of control, you may have been traumatized. Psychological trauma
can leave you struggling with upsetting emotions, memories, and anxiety that wont go away. It
can also leave you feeling numb, disconnected, and unable to trust other people. When bad
things happen, it can take a while to get over the pain and feel safe again. Whether the trauma
happened years ago or yesterday, you can make healing changes and move on with your life.

https://www.helpguide.org/articles/ptsd-trauma/emotional-and-psychological-trauma.htm

It is a common sight - cell phones (mobile phones) in the hands of people, especially
teenagers. Literature has provided in-depth evidence of the uses, advantages, disadvantages,
impact, consequences and concerns about the use of mobile phones. Why teenagers fancy this
device, is an interesting observation where the experts attach its significance to teenagers
identity factor. The usage of mobile phones has re-shaped, re-organized and altered several social
facets. Particularly focusing on teenagers mobile phone usage, literature has provided evidence
of them being used for both positive purposes and negative reasons. Is the gap between uses and
negative impact widening? Are consequences and concerns superseding positive uses? How do
parents/caregivers perceive the overall usage of mobile phones by their teenagers? Are there any
solutions, possibilities and avenues to address such problems?
The new digital environment presented an exceptional array of possibilities for communication,
interaction, and information retrieval at the fingertips that was never before available
(Montgomery, 2007, p. 110). It is a general understanding that mobile phones have fastened the
society in various aspects through its variety of functionalities. While cell phone expansion is at
breath-taking speed (Geser, 2004, p. 4), SMS through cell phones is pervading like a wild-fire
(Vaidyanathan & Latu, 2007, p. 4). The literature reveals how much people depend on this
practical device and how helpful a cell phone is in organizing things, right from waking one up
(as an alarm clock) to wrapping 24 up the day with reminders about things to do (erasing the
need for post slips), networking with friends and staying in touch with family. The mobile
phone is competing with, or perhaps supplementing, the wristwatch as a way to coordinate social
interaction in a way cutting the middleman out (Ling, 2004c, pp. 69, 70). For teens especially,
this technical invention has become a social fad.
Identity and self-esteem
 Self-identity and individuality, the distinctive features of adolescence, could be the key
reasons that trigger teens to possess a mobile phone. Caronia and Caron (2004) added that the
mobile phone resulted in a drastic social performance and is perceived to be a detonator of
social thinking. Cell phone provokes reflective thinking on the ethics, etiquette and aesthetics of
everyday action and social life that includes identity-making processes such as presentation of
oneself on a public scene (Caronia & Caron, 2004, p. 28).

Family relationships
The relationship between parent and teenager is never static. Traditions in society, the
legal relational power system, familial structure and hierarchical dimensions all have an
influence in a relationship between parents and teenagers. The roles of both parents and
teenagers operate within these confines (Ling & Yttri, 2003). Hence, parent-teenager relationship
tends to be more dynamic and matures with the age of the teenager. A 13 year old is at the entry
level of adolescence (stepping into adulthood), whereas an 18 year old is considered to be more
mature (transitioned deeper into adulthood). Hence, the bonding between parent and the teenager
varies and is highly dependent on the age of the teenager (Rosenberg & Turner, 1981)
the use of mobile phones inside a home not only defines the status of family members but also
public and private spaces. Home becomes a public space wherein the teenager makes his own
private space through the mobile phone, within that public space (Caronia, 2005). However, with
such freedom and with the increase in communication with their peers, it is suspected and feared
that there would be a dilution in the interaction within the family (Vaidyanathan & Latu, 2007).
The competing attentions of peers and family, the confusions that crop up in separating public
and private spaces, the contradictory household rules that interfere with ones own personality
and the imbalance between independence and dependence on the family, are some of the areas
where the majority of cell phone impacts are felt, both by teenagers and families (Tutt, 2005)
Networking with peers
It is evident that the process of identity making has a direct relationship with bonds
between teenagers and their peers. Mobile phones strengthen the bonds between teenagers and
their peers and thus teenagers identity is strengthened. Contacts via mobile phones have became
more intense, frequent, closer and expanded and teenagers have adopted custom-made behavior
associated with the mobile phone possession and usage. The bonding of teenagers with their
peers has an obvious link with the identity of the teenagers and the loosening of links from the
family.
Health issues
Although there is no significant scientific evidence, the following impacts are more likely
with prolonged usage of mobile phones and protracted exposure to base stations: Acoustic
neuroma associated with mobile phone usage Hearing problems due to laterality effect
Radiation may produce biological effects Radiation from mobile phone base stations may
trigger cancers, tumours and nose bleeds.
Mobile phones and Teenagers: Impact, Consequences and Concerns - Parents/Caregivers
Perspectives BY Shanthi Vaidyanathan Ravichandran. A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of
the requirements for the degree of Masters of Computing Unitec Institute of Technology, 2009
http://unitec.researchbank.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10652/1270/fulltext.pdf?sequence=1.com

Mobile phones are rapidly changing the social landscape. There are an increasing number
of references in the popular literature to mobile phone addiction, though very little psychological
research has been conducted on the phenomenon. The study described here was conducted as an
initial foray into this area in order to determine whether some people evidence problematic
mobile phone use and whether there is a predictive pattern of personality or demographic traits.
As the topic is largely a new one, concepts from the literature on Internet use and behavior were
used as guiding models.

Results indicated that people who prefer to use their phones for text messaging, rather
than talking, evidence higher levels of loneliness, social anxiety, and problematic phone use.
Additionally, impulsivity showed a strong and positive correlation with problem phone use. Both
loneliness and social anxiety correlated significantly with problematic mobile phone use, though
the effect of social anxiety was fully mediated by phone use to modulate affect. Finally, two-
thirds of the sample reported that they had experienced a 'phantom ring.' That is, they had 'heard'
their phone ring even though it had not actually rung.

The scale for problematic mobile phone use was factor analyzed and examined for construct
validity. It was determined that the scale measures heavy use of and reliance upon mobile
phones. Though 28% of the sample endorsed items related to potentially problematic use, the
scale does not effectively discern severity of use and negative consequences.

Emotional and behavioral aspects of mobile phone use

by Laramie, David J., Ph.D., ALLIANT INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, LOS ANGELES, 2007,
135 pages; 3268867
http://gradworks.umi.com/32/68/3268867.html
industrialized countries during \

REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

The widespread use of technology trickles down to the youngest members of our society.
In a recent publication, it was noted that 56 percent of children between the ages of 10 to 13 own
a smartphone. While that fact alone may come as a shock, it is estimated that 25 percent of
children between the ages of 2 and 5 have a smartphone.

It should come as no surprise that smartphones and tablets have now replaced basketballs
and baby dolls on a childs wish list. Elementary school-aged children start asking, or lets say
begging, for these forms of technology before they can even tie their shoes.

This raises the question of how mobile technology, typically found in smartphones,
affects childhood brain development. This topic has been creating a lot of debate among parents,
educators, and researchers. Unfortunately, smartphones are relatively new and a lot of the
gathered evidence is unclear or inconsistent.

That means that is important for parents to consider the potential effects smartphones can
have on childhood psychology and development.

How Do Smartphones Affect Childhood Psychology?

By Amy Williams https://psychcentral.com/lib/how-do-smartphones-affect-childhood-

psychology/

Worldwide technology and its changes play a major role in each individuals life. The
current trend of the society is to adopt every change in the field of communication technology.
The mobile phones are boon of this century. Mobile phone is considered as an important
communication tool and became the integral part of the society, it is not only a communication
device but it also a necessary social accessory. People are increasingly using mobile phones
rather than the fixed telephones. The cell phone today is a lifeline for many. It is estimated that
around 4.5 billion people use the cell phone worldwide. And it comes as no surprise that a huge
chunk of this quantity consists of the youth. The cell phone is more of a necessity for them than a
luxury.
Youth is more inclined towards using mobile phones for activities other than
communication than older generation (Mackay & Weidlich, 2007) [30] because in adolescence
stage, people are more susceptible to changing fashion trennd style, building them more Tech
savvy which creates certain behavioral disorders. On the contrary, administrators and teachers
frequently consider the use of cell phones by students at schools, restraining them from their
education and this arises as hurdles in their education (Johnson & Kritsonis, 2007) [23].
Moreover, mobile phones have aided in smoothening the progress of social release of youngsters
from parental authority (Ling, 2004). But, their parents often have more sense of security when
their children travel independently outside their home along with their phones (Baron, 2010) [7].

In one of the earliest relevant studies, Bianchi and Phillips (2005) [8] argued that the
problem of mobile phone use may be a symptom of an impulse control deficit or depression.
Addressing the underlying problem as well as inappropriate mobile phone use, they used some
dependent variables to predict mobile phone addiction, such as reported time per week spent
simply using the device problem use, reported percentage of use socially based, and reported
percentage of business-based use. Other variables were also considered including reported
percentage of use in other features. The results indicated that the technological addictions offer
an appropriate starting point for a consideration of problem mobile phone use. The results also
revealed that young people, in particular, appear to be susceptible to high use and problem use.
They were the heaviest users of the SMS function and other features of mobile phones.
Teenagers who excessively use their cell phone are more prone to disrupted sleep, restlessness,
stress and fatigue.
Impact of mobile phone addiction on adolescents life: A literature review
ISSN: 2395-7476 IJHS 2016; 2(1): 69-74 2016 IJHS www.homesciencejournal.com Received:
12-11-2015 Accepted: 13-12-2015 Vandana Goswami Research Scholar, Department of Home
Science D.D.U. Gorakhpur University Gorakhpur 273009 (U.P.), India. Dr. Divya Rani Singh
Assistant Professor, Department of Home Science DDU Gorakhpur University Gorakhpur
273009 (U.P.), India.
http://www.homesciencejournal.com/archives/2016/vol2issue1/PartB/2-1-19.pdf

We live in a time that is characterized by rapid developments in the digital world and
most electronic devices provide us with many more possibilities than a few decades ago. Just
think of the fact that you can easily keep in touch with people all over the world instead of
writing letters or walking to the next telephone box to contact people as in the past. But, do we
really know how electronic devices are influencing us? Science is beginning to assess the
consequences that extensive media use might have, such as its impacts on biorhythms, sleep
patterns and possibly cancer risk. Psychological research in particular has just begun to assess
the impacts of media use. Some of this research has big potential to teach us how to live with the
new media so that it improves our lives without affecting them negatively.

One study examined the relationship between cell phone use and academic performance, which
was found to be negatively correlated (Lepp, Barkley, & Karpinski, 2014). A possible
explanation is that time spent on the phone is missing in academic endeavors. Another
explanation suggests multitasking to be the major issue regarding extensive cell phone use
(Rosen, Carrier, & Cheever, 2013) In general, multitasking robs working memorys capacity and
when responding to emotionally gratifying distractors a task is approached in a more superficial
way and takes us longer (Carr, 2010). Such effects were shown in a study that assessed students
distractibility by electronic devices during a 15-minute study period (Rosen et al., 2013). Results
were striking in that most participants did not keep on task more than 5-6 minutes at a time. The
most distracted students showed lower academic performance and students who assessed
Facebook one or two times in that time span had a lower grade point average than those not
doing so.
Clearly, more media in the workplace and shorter attention spans go hand in hand.

Studies like these show us how we could possibly improve study focus and decrease
distractibility. Teachers, for example, are trying to increase students attention by completely
banning smartphones from their classrooms, and hence taking away the external source of
distraction. However, this out of sight out of mind approach is not always applicable, since
internal distractors still remain. Some researchers, therefore, suggest implementing so called
technology breaks to motivate students to delay their craving for phone checking behaviors to
certain periods in which access is allowed. In this way, internal as well as external distractions
might be overcome. Since it was also shown that students who had specific study strategies were
also those who were least distracted, students should, above all, be encouraged to gain
metacognitive skills to deliberately control urges for emotional gratification and regulate their
cell phone use (Rosen et al., 2013). Indeed, it might well be helpful to develop relevant teaching
strategies for metacognition, as evidence is growing that extensive media use (especially
Facebook) is not only impacting attention spans and academic performance but also associated
with different kinds of psychopathology (Rosen, Whaling, Rab, Carrier, & Cheever, 2013).

For example, unexpectedly taking away or limiting accessibility of their smartphones was found
to make people feel anxious (Cheever, Rosen, Carrier, & Chavez, 2014). After only 10 minutes,
moderate and high users showed increased anxiety although they knew they would get their
device back after a short time. This anxiety could be seen as separation anxiety caused by a
feeling of loss and a need for reliance on their phones a phenomenon normally occurring in
close human relationships (Cheever et al., 2014). In a study by Lepp and colleagues (2014),
participants reported feeling obliged to stay connected and that this was a burden for them when
asked about their cell phone use in general. Being disconnected and fearing missing out on
something, however, led to stress and could be seen as another explanation for this anxiety. This
made me think: is dealing with this anxiety by using a smartphone causing exactly what people
want to prevent when using the phone namely, disconnection and isolation (as described by
Professor S. Turkle of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in her book Alone
Together)? How could we then make this paradox more salient to people?

The Psychological Impacts of Extensive Smartphone Use B Y L E N K A W I C H M A N N

http://mindwise-groningen.nl/the-psychological-impacts-of-extensive-smartphone-use
Definition of terms

Conceptual Definition
shock a sudden upsetting or surprising event or experience
denial- the action of declaring something to be untrue
confusion lack of understanding; uncertainty
difficulty concentrating is a normal and periodic occurrence for most people.
 Anger- a strong feeling of annoyance, displeasure or hostility
Irritability the quality or state of being irritable
Mood swing an abrupt and apparently unaccountable change of mood.
Anxiety a feeling of worry, nervousness or unease, typically about an imminent event or
something with an uncertain outcome
Fear an unpleasant emotion caused by the belief that someone or something is dangerous,
likely to cause pain or a threat
Guilt- the fact of having committed a specified or implied offense or crime
Shame- a painful feeling of humiliation or distress caused by the consciousness of wrong or
foolish behavior.
Self-blame is a cognitive process in which an individual attributes the occurrence of a stressful
event to oneself.
Sad- feeling or showing sorrow; unhappy
Hopeless- feeling or causing despair about something
Numb deprived the power of sensation
Emotional - arousing or characterized by intense feeling.
Effect - a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause.
Android - is a smart phone operating system (OS) developed by Google.
Android users a person who is using an android phone
ABM is an academic track in the Senior High school. ABM means Accountancy Business and
Management Strand.
University of San Agustin - is a private Catholic university in Iloilo City, Philippines.

Operational definition

Shock, denial, confusion, difficulty concentrating, anger, irritability, mood swing, anxiety, fear,
guilt, shame, self-blame, sad, hopeless, numb are the possible emotional effects of android
users.

Emotional effect what the android users feel

Android users of ABM students of University of San Agustin - respondents

Theoretical Framework
Theoretical Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 Analysis of the Avoid or lessen
University of San
study through: insecurities and
Agustin Senior High discrimination
School Students Awareness to
Interviews
Provided the parents and
Ages 16-18
questionnaire teachers on the
years old behavior of their
Male & s
child and
Female students
ABM Improved
Students oneness and
unity of the ABM
students in the
University of
San Agustin