Part I: Choice (1.

5% each)

1. The efficacy of a light source is measured in terms of the rate at which electricity can be
converted to light. The units used are:

(a) amperes per candela (c) volts per candela

(b) lux per watt (d) lumens per watt.

2. The light output of a luminaire is reduced during its life because of the accumulation of dust
and dirt on the luminaire and the interior decorations. The factor which takes this into
account is called the:

(a) illuminance factor (c) light loss factor

(b) lamp lumens factor (d) depreciation factor.

3. A light source which emits the whole range of wavelengths corresponding to visible radiation
can be said to have:

(a) good color rendering properties (c) good efficacy

(b) poor color rendering properties (d) poor efficacy.

4. Lamps which produce light as a result of the excitation of a gas or metallic vapour are known
as:

(a) general lighting service lamps (c) filament lamps

(b) discharge lamps (d) incandescent lamps.

5. A fluorescent tube can be more accurately described as:

(a) an incandescent lamp (c) a high-pressure mercury vapor lamp

(b) a low-pressure sodium lamp (d) a low-pressure mercury vapor lamp.

6. The maximum continuous load on an over current protection device rated 100 Amp
(according to NEC standard) is :
a) 80 Amp b) 88 Amp c) 90 Amp d) 100 Amp

7. A circuit with #12 THHN protected by a 15 O.C.P.D is a 20 Amp circuit.

a) true b) false

8. What is the minimum NEC-recommended operating voltage for a 115V load connected to a
120V source.

(a) 115 V (b) 114 V

1
 (c) 116 V (d) 118 V

9. Find the maximum lengths of 2.5 mm2 copper cable (unenclosed copper cable which is
twin-sheathed in PVC, clipped to the surface of the building (reference method 1) which can
be used on a 240V circuit to a 3kW immersion heater. The maximum allowed voltage drop is
2.5%.

(a) 80 m (c) 160/3 m

(b) 80/3 m (d) 3/80 m

10. The voltage drop on the feeder depends on:

(a) Current flowing in the feeder (c) Power factor of the load

(b) Length of the feeder (d) All

(e)
(f) Part II: Miscellaneous (2.5% each)
1. The extent to which a light source is capable of making objects appear their true colour is
known as .
2. What is stroboscopic effect? Give two methods of reducing it.
3. Define the following terms:
i. Ampacity v. Receptacle
ii. Demand factor vi. Outlet point
iii. Ambient temperature vii. Feeder
iv. Brach circuit
4. The selection of the correct size of the conductors for feeders and branch circuits depends
on 1) , 2) , 3)
viii. Part II: Workout (5% each)
1. A windowless ofce is to be illuminated for 15h per day, for 6 days per week for 50 weeks
per year. The oor is 20m long and 12 m wide. An overall illumination of 450lx is to be
maintained over the whole oor. The LLF and UF for the installation are 70% and 90%
respectively. The designers have the choice of using 100W tungsten lament lamps, which
have an efcacy of 12lm/W and need replacing every 3000h, or 65W tubular uorescent
warm white lamps, which have an initial output of 5400lm and are expected to provide
12000h of service. The room layout requires an even number of lamps. Electricity costs 8
cents/kWh. The tungsten lamps cost 1 birr each while the uorescent tubes cost 10 birr each.
(Note: The average annual cost for replacing the lamps can be found by multiplying the
number of installed lamps by the anticipated hours of use, dividing by the lamp
manufacturers rated average life hours and then multiplying by the replacement cost for each
lamp.)

2
 a. Calculate the number of luminaires required for each scenario.
b. Compare the total costs of each lighting system and make a recommendation as to
which is preferable, stating your reasons.
2. Three domestic single-phase, 7 kW/220V, power factor of 0.88 loads are to be supplied by
means of 70C thermoplastic PVC twin and earth cables having copper conductors, 25m in
length, in an area having an ambient temperature of 35C. The cables are touching and
single-layer clipped to a non-metallic surface (installation method 1). The overcurrent device
at the origin of the installation is a type-B MCB to BS EN 60898. Calculate the minimum
permissible cable size. Maximum allowable voltage drop is 2.5%.
3. A given main-feeder supplies three sub lighting panels in a motel. Each panel supplies the
lighting and receptacle load for an area of 14,000 sq. ft, 1500 sq. ft of which is corridor,
closet, and stairway areas. Each panel supplies 50 general-use duplex receptacles. The areas
fed by the panels do not include any dining rooms or kitchens or any appliances. Assume the
actual lighting loads are less than the computed loads. The service is 208 Y/120 V, three-
phase, four-wire. Determine the minimum ampacity for (a) the taps to each panel and (b) the
main feeder supplying the three panels.

ix. Important Tables

x. Table 1: Type B circuit breakers to BS EN 60898 Ratings

xi. xxiii. xxiv.

xiv. xv. xvi. xvii. xviii. xix. xx. xxi. xxii.
Ra xii. xiii. xxv.

xxvi.

xxvii. Table A.1: Correction factors for groups of more than one circuit of single-core cables, or
more than one multicore cable

xxviii.
Table A.1: Correction factors for ambient temperature

xxix.

xxx.

xxxi.

xxxii.

xxxiii.

xxxiv.

xxxv.

4. A floodlight of 3000W, 220V is to be installed in a pump station, which is 30m from the 220V substation.
The floodlight is to be controlled from the sub-station by a circuit breaker CB and is to be supplied
through a single-core cable. The cable is laid with 5 (circuit) cables of about the same size in a flush

floor trunking (Method 3). Maximum allowable voltage drop is 2.5%, ambient temperature can be

approximated to 25 . The circuit breaker provides both over current and short circuit current

protections. Determine minimum cross-sectional area (mm 2) of the cable to be used, the voltage drop,
and nominal current for protection fuse or circuit breaker.

xxxvi.

xxxvii. EXAMPLE 11.2

xxxviii.

10


xxxix.

11


xl.

12


xli.

13


xlii.

xliii.

xliv.

14


xlv.

xlvi.

15


xlvii.

xlviii.
xlix.
l. STROBOSCOPIC EFFECT

16


li. The icker effect of any light source can lead to the risk of a stroboscopic effect. This causes
rotating or reciprocating machinery to appear to be running at speeds other than their actual
speed, and in extreme cases a circular saw or lathe chuck may appear sta-tionary when
rotating. A stroboscopic light is used to good effect when electronically timing a car, by
making the crank shaft appear stationary when the engine is running so that the top dead
centre position (TDC) may be found.
lii. The elimination of this icker is desirable in all
liii. commercial installations and particularly those which
liv. use rotating machinery. Fluorescent phosphors with a
lv. long afterglow help to eliminate the brightness peaks.
lvi. Where a three-phase supply is available, discharge
lvii. lamps may be connected to a different phase, so that
lviii. they reach their brightness peaks at different times.
lix. The combined effect is to produce a much more uni-form overall level of illumination, which
eliminates
lx. the icker effect.
lxi. When only a single-phase supply is available, adja-cent uorescent tubes in twin ttings may
be con-nected to a lead-lag circuit, as illustrated in Fig. 5.19.
lxii. This is one lamp connected in series with a choke and
lxiii. the other in series with a choke and capacitor, which
lxiv. causes the currents in the two lamps to differ by
lxv. between 120 and 180 degrees. The lamps icker out

17


lxvi. of phase, producing a more uniform level of illumin-ation which eliminates the stroboscopic
effect, as shown
lxvii. in Fig. 5.20.

lxviii.
lxix.

lxx. The proper sizing of cables is important to ensure that the cable can:
Operate continuously under full load without being damaged
Provide the load with a suitable voltage (and avoid excessive voltage drops)
Withstand the worst short circuits currents flowing through the cable

lxxi. One of the following is not correct about the importance of cable sizing
lxxii.
lxxiii.
1. What is the maximum number of receptacles permitted in a 15-A branch circuit.

lxxiv.

18


lxxv.

19