Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter includes the different foreign and local literature
and studies related to the topic proposed by the researchers. This also
presents the synthesis and relevance of the gathered documents for a clear
and concise understanding of the study.
Foreign Literature
Psychology Glossary defined judgment as a term that refers to the
process where people make decisions and form cons from available
information and material combined with mental activity (thought) and
experience. This is a trait that develops with education, training and
experience and that causes a person to make the best possible choices in a
given situation.
According to Be a People Expert, psychologist expanded judgement into
three key judgements namely: morality, sociability and competence. Morality
is when we judge them based on how well they treat other people.
Specifically, though, this judgment is about whether they treat others
in correct and principled ways. Trustworthiness, and sincerity, for example,
are morality judgments. Sociablility is when we judge them based on how
much they treat other people in ways to promote affectionate relationships.
Examples of this type of judgment would be how friendly, likable, and kind, the
person seems. Lastly is competence, when we judge them based on
how capable we think the person is at accomplishing his or her goals.
Whenever you judge someones intelligence, skillfulness, and confidence,
youre making a competence judgment.
As stated by Immanuel Kant, Judgment begins with the beauty which
where he coined the term Aesthetic Judgement. Kant argues that such
aesthetic judgments or judgments of taste must have four key distinguishing
features. First, they are disinterested, meaning that we take pleasure in
something because we judge it beautiful, rather than judging it beautiful
because we find it pleasurable. Second and third, such judgments are both
universal and necessary. This means roughly that it is an intrinsic part of the
activity of such a judgment to expect others to agree with us. Fourth, through
aesthetic judgments, beautiful objects appear to be 'purposive without
purpose' (sometimes translated as 'final without end').

According to Radwan(2006), Most people judge based on appearance.

The reason behind this is beliefs are formed in the subconscious mind as a
result of repetition. One popular psychological fact states that if you met a
person who was really nice and interesting then most probably you will think
that all of those who look like him to be interesting people. Media also
taught people to judge others by appearance. The crime the media has
done is that they portrayed good looking people as heroes, kind ones and
doers of good while on the other hand they gave the evil roles to people
who are not that handsome.

Another thing to consider when talking about judgement is social

judgement. Social judgement is how we perceive people, how we form
impressions about them and how we think about social things. There are
certain stimuli that help us in our judgments of other people. Some stimuli
are closely related to the person and are any feature of a person that we
can observe directly. These include the face and body, movements of the
face and body, clothing and perceptions, words people use, decisions or
actions people make, and communications from others about a person.
(Anonymous, 2008).

Halo Effect also plays an important role when judgement. Halo Effect
was named by Edward Thorndike in reference to a person being perceived
as having a halo.Standing (2004) stated that Halo effect is also known as
the physical attractiveness stereotype and the "what is beautiful is good"
principle, the halo effect, at the most specific level, refers to the habitual
tendency of people to rate attractive individuals more favorably for their
personality traits or characteristics than those who are less attractive. Halo
effect is also used in a more general sense to describe the global impact of
likeable personality, or some specific desirable trait, in creating biased
judgments of the target person on any dimension. Thus, feelings generally
overcome cognitions when we appraise others.
 Cherry (2016) said that judgement may be a result from a cognitive bias.
cognitive bias is a systematic error in thinking that affects the decisions and
judgments that people make. Sometimes these biases are related to memory.
The way you remember an event may be biased for a number of reasons and
that in turn can lead to biased thinking and decision-making. In other instance,
cognitive biases might be related to problems with attention. Since attention is
a limited resource, people have to be selective about what they pay attention
to in the world around them.

A study by Sylvua Terbeck of University of Oxford revealed that the

human brain may actually be hardwired to form, and act on, preconceptions
we may not even know we have. Terbeck, administered an implicit
association test (IAT)designed to measure buried beliefsto a group of
patients before and after giving them a drug called Propranolol, a beta blocker
commonly used to treat heart conditions. She found that the drug significantly
reduced their racial biases. This happens because Propranolol may have
limited the fear responses of the amygdala. The amygdala is snap-judgment
central, activating our implicit biasesthose unconscious attitudes that we
may not even be wholly aware of.

It also appears that our primitive brains are equal-opportunity offenders. In

researching biases unrelated to race, Susan Fiske, Ph.D., a professor of
psychology and public affairs at Princeton University, found that most people
regard the elderly as well-meaning but ineffectual. She also scanned the
brains of folks viewing pictures of drug addicts and found that the insulaan
area of the subcortex involved with feelings of disgustwas activated.
Dartmouth's Todd Heatherton, Ph.D., found the same reaction when
participants looked at photos of people who were obese, unattractive, or
transsexual, or had facial deformities.

In the 1960s, three researchers - Carolyn Sherif, Muzafer Sherif, and

Roger Nebergall - were trying to understand, if everyone hears the same thing
presented exactly the same way, we could still all take a different meaning
from it. The key point of the Social Judgment Theory is that attitude change
(persuasion) is mediated by judgmental processes and effects. Put differently,
persuasion occurs at the end of the process where a person understands a
message then compares the position it advocates to the person's position on
that issue. A person's position on an issue is dependent on: the person's most
preferred position (their anchor point), the person's judgment of the various
alternatives (spread across their latittudes of acceptance, rejection, and
noncommitment), and the person's level of ego-involvement with the issue

Furnham and Walker (2000) found that age displays a relationship with
preference for Representational paintings. Chamorro-Premuzic (2009) also
found that overall preferences were positively influenced by age. Art judgment
is essentially thought of as a measure of ability rather than taste, and involves
judging the better of two or more products. Most of these studies have relied
on old measures, such as the Meier Art Judgment Test (Meier, 1940) and the
Maitland Graves Design Judgment Test (Graves, 1948), which require
participants to distinguish between a geniune artwork and a fake or
experimentally modified replica. Furnham and Avison (1997) stated that ones
familiarity with paintings is an important factor in a study that uses paintings or
pieces of art by relatively well known artists.

Conolly& Ordoez (2013) ageed that judgement can also be associate

with decision making of a person. Judgment and decision-making (JDM)
research embraces a broad interdisciplinary array of topics concerned with
human choice. Core processes include making inferences about what is
currently happening, making predictions about what might happen next, and
developing preferences about these possible future states. A variety of choice
processes have been identified by which these elements can be brought
together in selection of preferred actions, either at a single point in time or as
a series of interventions over.

Local Literature
In this episode of the GMA News TV program I Juander, hosts Cesar
Apolinario and Susan Enriquez bravely ask, Mapanghusga nga ba si Juan?
(Is the typical Filipino judgmental?) They find out the answer through a social
experiment wherein there's an elderly woman who looks to be in her sixties
and and a young boy who's in his late teens or twenties(old enough to be her
son). They're holding each other hands while walking. After that they asked
the bystanders what can they about the two people. Suprisingly, many
respondents answered that they're couple, that the woman should find
another man in her age. Many people did not consider the fact that the boy
could be the woman's son. So what was behind this? The historian Luis
Buenaventura believes this is because long ago, Filipinos as a race were also
discriminated. Alipin ang turing ng mga mayayamang Kastila noon sa mga
Pilipino. Doon nga nanggaling iyong mestizo versus indio, he says.
According to psychologist Raneses, far from being a uniquely Filipino trait,
being judgmental is actually a very human quality. Sight stimulates optic
nerves that send messages to the brain specifically part of pre-frontal context
where we decide what is wrong and what is right.
Foreign Studies
In the study conducted by Lill and Wilkinson (2005) entitled Judging a
book by its cover: descriptive survey of patients' preferences for doctors'
appearance and mode of address. Patients preferred doctors to wear
semiformal attire, but the addition of a smiling face was even better. The next
most preferred styles were semiformal without a smile, followed by white coat,
formal suit, jeans, and casual dress. Patients were more comfortable with
conservative items of clothing, such as long sleeves, covered shoes, and
dress trousers or skirts than with less conservative items such as facial
piercing, short tops, and earrings on men. Many less conservative items such
as jeans were still acceptable to most patients. Most patients preferred to be
called by their first name, to be introduced to a doctor by full name and title,
and to see the doctor's name badge worn at the breast pocket. Older patients
had more conservative preferences. In summary, patients prefer doctors to
wear semiformal dress and are most comfortable with conservative items;
many less conservative items were, however, acceptable. A smile made a big
difference.
Shaw et. Al (1981) conducted a study about the influence of children's
dentofacial appearance on their social attractiveness as judged by peers and
lay adults . The purpose of the study was to determine if the social
attractiveness of a child would be influenced by his or her dentofacial
appearance. Different photographs of attractive boy and girl and an
unattractive boy and girl were obtained and modified so that, for each face,
five different photographic versions were available. In each version, the child's
face was standardized except that a different dentofacial arrangement was
demonstrated. These were normal incisors, prominent incisors, a missing
lateral incisor, severely crowded incisors, and unilateral cleft lip. Each
photograph was viewed by a different group of forty-two children and forty-two
adults, equally divided as to sex. Their impressions of the depicted child's
social attractiveness were recorded on visual analogue scales. The
experimental procedure was such that the effect and interaction of different
levels of facial attractiveness, different dentofacial arrangements, sex of the
photographed child, and sex of the judge could be analyzed. The results
shows that children with normal dental appearance would be judge to be
better looking, more desirable as friends, more intelligent and less likely to
behave in aggressive way.
Masip et al. (2003) have found that facial appearance influences social
judgments. Undergraduates were presented babyfaced or mature-faced
photographs that depicted a child, an adult, or an older individual, in addition
to a written truthful or deceptive statement purportedly made by the person in
the photograph. He concluded that children's faces were rated as more
deceptive than adult faces on the behavioral-tendency scale. Therefore, when
the statements were accompanied by a child's photograph, a tendency to
judge these statements as deceptive would emerge; conversely, when the
statements were accompanied by photographs of older individuals, a
tendency to judge them as truthful would emerge.

Busey, T et. al. (2011) studied Age-Related Changes in Visual Temporal

Order Judgment. The study addressed the degree to which variability across
observers on various temporal order judgment tasks could be represented
by two underlying latent factors representing performance on same and
different locations, and whether this variability could be predicted in part
from other sensory and perceptual tasks.Busey, T. et. al found performance
differences between age groups on all measures of temporal processing and
significant correlations with age were found for all measures.
 However, Banaji, M et. al. found that the even in early stages kids
developed judgement about people . The study reveals that, like adults,
children make snap decisions about people based on their facial features.
Banaji, M.et. al (2014) showed pairs of faces to 99 adults and 141 children
ages three to 10. Each pair of faces was designed to connect to one of three
adjectives: trustworthy, dominant, or competent. (For kids, the terms used
were mean/nice, strong/not strong, smart/not smart.) The researchers
expected the adults to be pretty much in agreement in picking who was
trustworthy, dominant, and competent or not. And they were. The rate of
consensus was in the 80 to 95 percent range . In the study, the kids basically
reached the same conclusions as the adults. "We would not have expected
to see that data showing that [preferences] are present in near-adultlike
forms pretty early," Banaji (2014).

Local Studies

Synthesis and Relevance of the Reviewed Literature and Studies

The proponents believe that each and every literature and studies stated
in this research presented comparisons and variances between some past
studies and the present study. They delivered the researchers with a distinct
appreciative of the judgment of people from a figurative and an abstract
painting to the fellow human being itself.
This research had prominent contributions from Kant, who suggested that
the judgment begins with beauty and introduced the term Aesthetic Judgment.
Radwan similar to Kant said that most people judge based on appearance.
Thorndike, on the other hand introduced the Halo effect that refers to the
habitual tendency of people to rate attractive individuals more favorably for
their personality traits or characteristics than those who are less attractive.
Cherry and Terbereck, said that judgment may be a result from a cognitive
bias and revealed that the human brain may actually be hardwired to form,
and act on, preconceptions we may not even know we have.
Fiske and Heatherton found that most people regard the elderly as well-
meaning but ineffectual. Fiske also scanned the brains of folks viewing
pictures of drug addicts and found that the insula an area of the sub cortex
involved with feelings of disgust was activated and Heatherton found the
same reaction when participants looked at photos of people who were obese,
unattractive, or transsexual, or had facial deformities.Raneses also said that
being judgmental is actually a very human quality wherein sight stimulates
optic nerves that send messages to the brain specifically part of pre-frontal
context where we decide what is wrong and what is right.

Carolyn Sherif, Muzafer Sherif, and Roger Nebergall discovered the

Social Judgment Theory. Social Judgement Theory states that attitude
change (persuasion) is mediated by judgmental processes and effects. Put
differently, persuasion occurs at the end of the process where a person
understands a message then compares the position it advocates to the
person's position on that issue.

Conolly& Ordoez pointed that judgment can also be associate with

decision making of a person judgment and decision-making. While the study
conducted by Lill and Wilkinson suggested that patients preferred doctors to
wear semiformal attire, but the addition of a smiling face was even better.
Patients were more comfortable with conservative items of clothing, such as
long sleeves, covered shoes, and dress trousers or skirts than with less
conservative items such as facial piercing, short tops, and earrings on men.
Shaw on the other hand conducted a study about the influence of
children's dentofacial appearance on their social attractiveness as judged by
peers and lay adults. Then this showed that children with normal dental
appearance would be judged to be better looking, more desirable as friends,
more intelligent and less likely to behave in aggressive way.And like Shaw
,Masip have also found that facial appearance influences social judgments.
Furnham, Walker, Chamorro-Premuzic and Busey found that age
influence how person judge things. Furnham and Walker (2000) discovered
that age displays a relationship with preference for Representational
paintings. Chamorro-Premuzic (2009) said that overall preferences were
positively influenced by age. On the other hand Busey, who studied Age-
Related Changes in Visual Temporal Order Judgment, found performance
differences between age groups on all measures of temporal processing and
significant correlations with age were found for all measures. However,
Banaji, M et. al. conclude that the even in early stages kids developed
judgement about people. The study reveals that, like adults, children make
snap decisions about people based on their facial features.
The reviewed literature and studies helped inaugurate the
importance of the study. Most were used to provide background information
for the study, especially in the analysis and interpretation of gathered data.
All cited materials encouraged the researchers to determine why people
judge based on appearance and the if judgement of a person chnages as
the age increases.

Books
Standing, L. G.(2014) The SAGE Encyclopedia of Social Science Research
Methods.(Vol. 1). New york: Sage Publication, Inc.

Cartee, K. S & Copeland, G.(1997). Inside Political Campaigns. United States

of America: Greewood Publishing group, Inc

Journals

Lill, M. M. & Wilkinson, T.J.(2005). Judging a book by its cover: descriptive

survey of patients' preferences for doctors' appearance and mode of address.
BJM 331,doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.331.7531.1524

Shaw, W. C et. al.(1981). The influence of children's dentofacial appearance

on their social attractiveness as judged by peers and lay adults. American
Journal of orthodondics, 79(4), 399-495
Masip J. et al. (2003). Facial Appearance and Judgments of Credibility: The
Effects of Facial Babyishness and Age on Statement Credibility. Genetic,
Social, and General Psychology Monographs,29(3), 269-311 Cogsdill E.
T., Todorov, A. T., Spelke, E. S., Banaji, M. R. (2014). Inferring Character
From Faces. Sage journals, 25(5), 1132-1139

Conolly, T. & Ordoez, L.(2013). Judgement and Decision making. The

handbook of Psychology.DOI: 10.1002/0471264385

Online Articles

Author Unknown. (n.d).Psychology Glossary. Date retrieved: March 12, 2017

from: https://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Judgement.

Author Unknown (n.d) Immanuel Kant: Aesthetics date Retrieved: March 12,
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Fabella, A. (2012). Are Filipinos Judgemental? Ijuander finds out. Date

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http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/261993/newstv/ijuander/are-filipinos-
judgmental-ijuander-finds-out

Radwan, M. F. (2006). Why do people judge others on appearance. Date

Retrieved: March 12, 2017 from
https://www.2knowmyself.com/why_do_people_judge_others_on_appearance
Author Unknown. (2008). Social Judgement. Date Retrieved: March 12, 2017
from http://www.psychologycampus.com/social-psychology/social-
judgment.html

Cherry, K. (2016). What is Halo Effect. Date Retrieved: March 12, 2017 from
https://www.verywell.com/what-is-the-halo-effect-2795906

Cherry, K. (2016). What Is a Cognitive Bias? Definition and Examples. Date

Retrieved: March 12, 2017 from https://www.verywell.com/what-is-a-cognitive-
bias-2794963

Voss, G (2013). Why we're born to judge. Date Retrieved: March 13 , 2017
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