I-ATIN

SI]BOIIDINAf'T, CLAIJStr,
SYNTAX

BY

M. A. I-EIPER
PROITESSORO I'- LA'I'I N, \V.tls lLIt N Ii Flr"TlICK!

STATTi NORMAL SCIIOOL

NEW YORK ': ' CINCINNATI ' :' CHICAGO

it
il
AMtrRICAN I]OOK COMPANY

A
 PREFACE
TnB following pages are intended not so much for the
teacher as for the second-year High School student, and
as a handy reference later' The teacher may' however,
find here much help in deciding what not to teach as well
as what to teach in matters connected rvith subordinate
clause syntax. To this end the number of oicurrences of
all clausls and their subdivisions in both the four books of
Cownrcxr, r9t3, w Caesar and the six orations of Cicero are given' Vergil
M. A, LEIPER. is not taken into consideration here because the student in
the fourth year is supposed to have mastered these prin-
Corvnrcut, r9r3, rx Gnnar Bnrrrrt.
ciples of syntax well enough to devote the greater portion
of hi, tirn" to other important matters' The figures given
are the result of a careful reading of the portion of the
LATIN SUB. CLAUSE SYNTAX.

w'P. I
authors indicated above, corrected and established by ref-
erence to Meusel's Lexicon to caesar ancl Merguet's Lexi-
con to Cicero.
Illustrative sentences are given from Caesar's Bellurt
Gallicuno, usually the first occurrence in the four books'
i WhenaclausedoesnotoccurinCaesar,theillustrationis
i taken from the six orations of Cicero' References to all
of the leading Latin grammars are given so that the stu-
dent may p.ritu" his investigation further at any point'
Thus these pages are not intended to supplant but to sup-
plement the use of the grammars. It has been the expe-
ii"n." of the writer, however, that students, with the use
of this book and the beginners' text, do not need the gram-
mar before the third or fourth month of the second year'
M. A. LEIPER.
Bowr-rNG GnPnN, I(Y.
3
 CONTENTS

PAGE INTRODUCTION
Causal Relative Clause z8
Concessive Relative Clause ^a
Ir has been said that teachersof Latin are the greatest
Result Relative Clause . z8
barriers to a proper appreciationt on
the part of students
and importance
and the public in general, of the benefits
CHAPTER IV is in large measure' to
Coxolrroxr- SoxrNces
.i ,f't" study of Latin' This due'
ifr"-i."qo"* lack of systematic and scientific presentation
In Direct Discourse 3o language' When such a failure
of ,ir" tlchnicalities of the
i

In Indirect Discourse . 34 soon loses interest and

In Informal Indirect Discourse 38 characletizes the work, the student
he realizes his inability to
l "lo*", discouraged because The gate is
CHAPTER V read his Latin without the greatest difficulty'
to the higher to be achieved in the study
SnquaNce oF TENSES it'ru, "ttdt
"tor"
of ,n" language. Much has been done Latin of late years to
Sequence of Tenses 40
classroom'
Attraction of Mood 43 intro.r." or ,cientific methods in the
and an
but is there not further roorrr for a simplification
ill
Infinitive Representation in Indirect Discourse 45
important matters
easier urethod of presenting the most
CHAPTER VI connected with the syntax of the language ?

mos important field with which the stu-

The first
SusonorNrp Cr,ausns BY YEARS "nd in contact is Subordi-
Necessary Clauses, arranged by Years
dent just entering Caesa' must come
47 in lleginners' Latin
Clauses not found in Caesar and Cicero 49 nate Clause Syntax' The ordinary text
only about ten
brings before the attention of the
Clause Summary 5o
student
subclasses of subordi-
Subordinating Words 52 or tvelve out of some fifty classes and
Subordinate Clause Analysis 54 the pages of Caesar' The necessary
nate clauses met on
information about these clauses and the
various matters
such elaborate
;f;;;;"" involved are hidden beneath many exceptions and
and difficult statements, beneath so
illustrations in the Grammars, that the caesar student
Some
".o*", thoroughly bewildered and discouraged' Disconrse' Con-
simpUncation in suh matters as
Indirect
Attraction of Mood'
iiir,uf Sentences, Sequence of Tense'
if we expect an early mastery'
etc., seems necessary -'Such
the attempt of the following pages in the discus'
has been
summaries'
sions, classifications, tables, and
I
 DEFINITIONS AND INTRODUCTORY
STATEMENTS
SnNrnNcns
Iu Latin, as in Engiish, sentences may be classified as
simple, complex, and compound.
Creusns
Any element of a sentence containing a subject and a
predicate is a clause. Clauses are either Principal (inde-
pendent), or Subordinate (dependent). In Latin there are
some fourteen distinct classes of subordinate clauses, most
of which have various and important subdivisions, Alto-
gether there are about fifty such subdivisions, the great
niajority of which are met on the pages of Caesar and
Cicero.
SvNrax o' SusonoINATE CLAUSES
Suborclinate clauses have the construction of Nouns, as
rogat quid cupiant, /e,asks zu/zat t/tey desire; of Adjectives,
as milits qu6s videt periti sunt, /e soldiers zu/on he sees
are skillful ,' and of Adverbs, as venit quoal cupit, /te corues
ecause /e wants to,
CoNuncrrvE WoRDS
All subordinate clauses, with the single exception of the
Indirect Discourse clause, are connected with some part of
the principal clause by some connecting r,vord. This word
may be a Subordinate Conjunction, ut; a Conjunctive
Adverb, ubi; a Relative Adverb, irnde; a Relative Pro-
noun, qui, quae, quoal; an Interrogative Pronoun, quis,
quae, quid.
Norn. * Ut is occasionally on-ritted with Purpose and Result clauses :
rogat finem rantti faciat, lte beg-r tltat h tnafte an end of pleadng,
Belltuta Gallicum, l, zo, 15. licet recgnscs, Cicero, I Cat. 6, tz.
H. S6q, II. r ; 565, 2, 4 (499. z) ; A. 565 and a; 569, z, n. z (33r f. R. ;
i,n, r,z); G.553,4 R. I; R.295,8; HB. 5oz, c.
8 9
LATII.{ SUBORDII.{ATE CLAUSE
SYNTAX
CHAPTER I
In this chapter ancl the two following is found a list of all Latin subordi-
nate clauses ar.ang"d with regarcl to their uses as Nouns'
Adverbs' and
Adjectives. References ar" giv"t to Latin Grammars-as fo'llou's: H' - Hark'
,,".. 1r"f"."n"". to the Standarcl inbrackets); A' - Allen and Greenough :
(ref-
er"r"es to the old eclition in brackets) ; G' = Gildersleeve-Lodge; B'
Bennett; HB. : HaIe ancl Buck' When the number of occurrencesin
Caesar
of these
and Cicero is given it is to be understood that only those portions
References to
authors read it ttt" Uigtt Sclrool are taken into consideration'
Caesar are by book, chapter, ancl line; to Cicero, by
oration' section (not
chapter), and line'
NOUN CLAITSES
1. Intlirect Discourse. No introducing conjunction'
Mood, Infinitive. Subject, Accusative' H' 6t3-16, 64t
(sss, 58-g, s22); A. 45g,57gQ72,33, r); G' 527-s7;
s. "i5"; HB. fi3-34, 58g_g3. This clause occurs 699
times in Caesar ; 452 times in Cicero' It may be -
a) The object of verbs of Saying, Thinking, Knowing'
Perceiving, etc.' or equivalent expressions, such as certior
factus, I, 2t, r; facit verba, TI, t4, 3 ; mittunt lgts
rogtum, f, rl, 5; angusts s fins habre arbitrabatrtur'
tlaey t/touglzt tkat t/tey had.narrozu borders,l, z, t7'
Caesar: 53I cases. With existimr 34 times; tlict 58 i vd'e, z7 i
arbitror, z6; intelleg6, z6; responcled, 3z ; praeclicd) 3ot etc'
Cicerlo, 352 cases. With vide6,42 times; dic6r 35; put, z4; arbi-
trorl rz; intelleg, rr ; eristim6, 9, etc'
IO LATIN SUBORDINATE CLAUSE SYNTAX NOUN CLAUSES II

) The object of verbs of Willing, Desiring, Allowing,
etc., such as vol, nl, ml, cupiO, stude, patior, sin :. ut
per sus fins eOs ire paterentar, that tlzey s/tould allow
tleerc to go lhrough t/eir orders, I, 6, t3,
Caesar: 33 times. With volo, rr times; patior, 8, etc.
. Cicero: 39 times. With volo, e8 times ; patior, 8; cupi, 3.
c) The object of verbs of Commanding, Forbidding, etc",
such as iubeO, vetO, prohibeO, imperO : trium mnsium
molita cibria quemque dom0 efferre iubent, t/tey ordered
t/at eac/a nan s/ot/t/ take zutl lziw from /torne prouisiorzs
for t/zree mont/zs, I, 5, 8.
Caesar: 67 times. With iube, 57 times; prohibe, 4, etc.
Cicero: twice with iubeO (I Cat. r3; IV Cat. 7).
a) The Infinitive with Subject Accusative occurs as
subject of sum, of inrpersonal verbs, such as oportet, cn-
stat, and of passive verbs: na pars quam Ga110s obtinre
dictum est, one lart zultich it zaas said tle Gauls possess,
I, I, I6,
Caesar; 6I
with sum, r8.
Cicero: 37 times. With passive verbs, r4 times ; with impersonals,
l4; subject of sum, g.
, a) The Infinitive with Subject Accusative is found lz
times in Caesar and r3 times in Cicero in apposition (epex-
egetical relation) with a substantive. H. 6t6, z (yg,II);
Hts. 597, r, b. cum ial nntitum esset, eOs iter facere
cnari, ulten t/is ltod been annoztnced, uarnely tltat t/zey
uere atteirxptng to make a 'Laa!, I, Z, r.
Norr l.-AI1 subordinate clauses, when not used parenthetically,
take the Subjunctive by attraction when inside of, or subordinate to,
this clause. See r(Attraction of Mood," p. 43.
NorB z.-When the thought of some other persrin than the writer
or speaker is expressed in a subordinate clause, other than the Indirect
Discourse clause, the Subjunctive is required. This is called Informal,
or Implied Indirect Discourse: frmentum quocl essent polliciti flegi-
tre, lte kept tlemanding grain zahich (as he said) tltey had lromised,
I, 16, r. See (( Conditions in Informal Indirect Discourse," p' 38'
2. Fact. quod, thot, lan e/J/ lhat, tlze fact t/at'
Clause of
Mood, Indicative. H. 588, II, 3 (54o, IV); A' 572 G33
and n.); G. 524-25; B.2gg; }JB. 552. 6r times in Cae-
sar; 14 in Cicero. It maY be-
a) In apposition with a demonstrative pronoun, as hoc'
id, illutl; or with a noun, as causa' rs : cum certissimae
rs accalerent, quod llelvti6s trtlxisset (Subjunctive by
attraction), quod, etc., sittce t/e tnosl c/car/1 lroaen facts
zpere atlled (nantety) t/at /e lead tl'te 'fIelaetans, t/zat, etc',
ir
I, t9, t.
Caesar: 38 times. With causa, 14 times; rst ro; iniriar 5r etc'
Cicero: i4 ti-es. With hic,8; ille,4; with a nounr 3; object of
verb, I (Man. 5, 16).
) The subj'ect of impersonal verbs, such as accal, acci-
dit, bene fit: acctlbat quod dolbant, it zuas added t/tat l/tey
': i'"''
grieued, TII, z, t5. '':
Caesar: 3 times.
Cicero: once (II Cat. 16).
c) Equivalent to a substantive in the Accusative, akin to
the Adverbial Accusative: quod impr6vis num pagum
atlortus esset (erat), n suae magnopere virtti tribuetet, as
lo tle fact tlzat le lad attacked one distt'ict unerlectedl1t,
lt hina not attribute too muc/ to lis aalor, T, 13, t2'
adortus est is attracted into the Subjunctive because it is
in Indirect Discourse.
rr times.
Caesar:
Cicero: once (lI Cat. z7r6).
f2 LAT]N SUI]ORDINATE CLAUSE SYNTAX NOUN CLAUSES T3

Nor:.
- I'rorn this clause the qnod-causai
cluse has developed. It II, 3(52g, II, I, n. r); e. 576,a(SZ+\; G. 46o, t, b;
is itself only I modification of the Relative Clausc. l-I. 588, II,4; A. I). 3oo, 3 ; HB. l8z, z, a, b : sI perrumpere possent cnti,
539; C. 5"4, n. r) 2, j. attemlting lo see w/etlzer t/tey tnigltt ltrea t/aroug/t, I, 8, r5.
3. Indirect Question. Introduced by an interrogative Cacsar: -z tirnrs 11. S l Il. 9).
pronoun; adjective, as quot, quantus ; or adverb, as und.e, Cicero: no occurrences.
ubi, ut (how); or particle, as num, -ne; in fact, by any 4. Purpose, or Desire (Final). ut (uti), l/zat, n order
word that may introduce a Direct Question. Mood, Sub- l/.tt; negative, n, /east, itt order t/at not. Mood, Sub-
junctive. H. 6+g-5r (528, 2; S2g, I); A. SZ3-25 kS}; junctive. H. S6+ (+98-gg); A. S6S-66 (33I); G. 5+6-5o;
G. 46o-467; I3. 3oo; Hil. So3, S3Z: quI videant qus in B. z9S; HB. 5o2, 3, 4. ut is sometimes omitted. See
parts hosts iter faciant, zu/to see itto zaltat places t/te Note nnder Introductory Statements, P. 8. 2Io times
clenxJ/ are ruahng d wd!,l, rS, 4.
in Caesar (r4z with ut, 68 with '); 52 in Cicero (39 with
Caesar: r2o tiles. With quantus, r r times; quotins, once (I, 43) ;
t, l3 with n). There are many sribdi'r'isions of this
all others rvith the interrogative pronoun. clause. For cottveitience they may be briefly, but not
Cicero:97 times. With quantus, 8; quam (adv.),4; qulis, z; conclusivelyr put as follows:
ubi,once (I Cat. I); cr, once (Arch. rz); ut, once (Man. 16) ; -ne,2. a) After verbs of Persuading, Comrnanding, Admonish-
a) Double Indirect Question. utrum . . d, necne; ing, Urging, etc. : civittl persusit ut d finibus suis
exirent, Le persuadt'd t/e stae o go ott't frtnt l/teir ltortlers,
-ne . '. an; an. H. 38o (S:); A. :S (zr r); G.
-
460, 2; 13. t6z, 4; I{ts. 234, a, b: is sortibus cnsultum
I, 2, 4'
(esse) tlicCbat utrum igni statim necartur an in aliud Caesar: 6l tirnes. Witli persucle, tr; imper6, I4; hortor, I3;
tempus reservrtur, he said t/at tle lots /ad leen con- cohortor, ro; 616, 9; moned, 6.
Cicero: 20 times.
sulted as to zalet/et, le slould e imnediately bunted or
saued for anot/ter tinze , I, 53, 23. ) Afterverbs of Flindering; n accideret praecavendum
Caesar: utrum. . .ant3 times (I,4o; I,5o; I,53); -ne. .an,
existimbat, /te l/toug/tt it slou/d lte lreaented t/tzt it s/otld
once (IV, r4). ruot /cappen, I, 38, 5.
Cicero: utrum. . .an)2 (IVCat. rziMan.14);-. . .anronce Caesar: Io times.
(II Cat. t3).
c) After verbs of Fearing : n Divicici animum offen-
b) After verbs of
Expectation and Endeavor, as exspect, deret verbtnr, he feared tl(tt le migltt ofenr| the feelirugs
cnor, an Indirect Question clause may be introduced by of Diaiciacus, I, 19, r2.
si. This is to be taken as the object of some such thought Cacsar: 17 times (t6 r,vith n, I with ut). With vereor, lo ; time,
as " to see " understood. It is in reality the protasis of a I; metu, r.
Condition, but usually no apodosis is thought of. H. 649, Cicero: 6 times (5 rvith ne, I rvith ut). With vereor, 5; timeor r.
r4 LATIN SUBORDINATE CLAUSE SYNTAX NOUN CLAI.]StrS r5

d) After verbs of Striving: petirunt uti sibi licret, certainty; particularly tlubitO and un est dubium : nn
t/tey soug/lt that be alkweI /tent, I, 3r, 3.
it esse dubium quin Helvtii plrimum possent' tlat t/ere
Caesar: 15 times. With peto, r4; contencld, I (I,3r). z(.)as ?zo doubt bttt lltat the ffelz,etiatts zuere t/e most lto'aer"'
Cicero: 8 times. 1tu|,I, 3, t8.
Nors.-The clause of Purpose is occasionaliy found in apposition
Caesar: 8 times. With ctubit' 5 ; nn est clubium, once; verbs of
with a substantive, especially in Cicero. quaes ut veniam ut
Preventing, twice.
. patimini, Arch. 3, 8. It is also found as the subject of a tran- Cicero: 4 times (3 with tlubit' r with non tlubium est), all in the
sitive verb in the passive voice. nA nn cnfici possit, prdviclen-
Manilian I aw Oration.
dum est, lV Cat. 19, B.
e) E4cregetical. This clause is found / times in Caesar
5. Result (Consecutive). ut, so that; negative, ut n0n,
s0 tlat uot; qvin, but t/tat, frotn. Mood, Subjunctive. and 5 times in Cicero in apposition with a substantive:
H. SZo (5or-oz); A. 56Z,Zt (SSz); G. SSS-S6 ; It. 2gZ; Helvti itl facere conantur, ut finibus srTs exearrt, t/e
IJelztetians atteuapted lo do llat (which they had decided
IlB. 5zt, 3. 33 times in Caesar; 46 in Cicero. For con-
upon), udlne /J/, lltat tltey slould leaae tler lerritory, I, 5, 2.
venience this clause may be classified as follows:
a) Subject of impersonal verbs, as fit, fore, accidit, feri NorB l.-This clause is found five tirnes in the first oration against
potest: fibat ut minus lt vagrenttt, it catne a(tozt that Catiline as an exclamatory clause (l Cat. zz, r; ib. zz, z; ib. zz, zi
ib. zz,3; ib.24,7).
tlzey zaandere d abottt less zuidely, l, 2, t3. Norn z.-With the Result clause ut is usually omitted with licett
Caesar: 9 times with accitlit i fit, 7 j futurum est, 4; fore, z, etc. necesse est, and always with oportet. licet (ut) intelligtis, II Cat.41 6.
Cicero: 12 times.

) Object of verbs of Accomplishing, as faci and its

compounds : obsitls uti inter ss dent perficit, /te brings
it about thaf t/tey giae /tostages to eacl ot/aer, I, 9, t2.
Caesar: 9 tirnes.
Cicero: 15 times.

e) Predicate of such expressions as mds est, is est, etc.:

is esse belli ut imperrent, it is t/e rig/zt of zuar that they
sltould rule, I, 36, t.
Caesar: this is tbe only occurrence.
Cicero: not found.

d) quin (-ut nn), after negative verbs or pltrases of

Preventing, Refusing, Refraining, Delaying, Doubt, or Un-
 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES t7

2. Temporal.
a) cum, zuheru (Contemporaneous Time). H. 6oo-oI
CHAPTER II (Sz); A. 5+S-+8 (Szil; G. 58o; B. z8g; HIl. 524, 55o'
r. Referring to Present or F-uture Time. NIoocl, Indic-
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES ative: cum GerfiIAnis contenclunt, cum suis flnibus pro-
L. Causal. lribent, t/tcy fg/tt ztitl lhe Gcnatts at ru/ic/ titwe theT eep
rt) utm, as, since (Inference). Mood, Subjr"rnctive. t/tcnzfroru t/cir or/rs, I, r, 12.
H.Sg8-gg (StZ); A.5+g (Sz6'); G.586; ts.286, z; HB. Caesar: 3 rvith Present; none lvitl-r Future"
526'. perfacile esse, cum virtte omnibus praest-arcnt, tltat Cicero: 7 rvith Present; 5 rvith Future.
il zaas easy sittce t/rc1' 5lTVotted a// in aalor' T,2, 5'
Caesar: 47 tirncs' Sotne zt of tliese have lloth titne anci ceuse 2. Referring to Past Time. Moocl, Indicative (Imper-
involved. fect, Perfect, or Pluperfect) whcn it dates or defines the
Cicero : 43 tir-nes, tlany of rt'irich have the coloring of time' time, Subjunctive (usually Imperfect or Pluperfect) rvhen
it clescribes the circumstances at thc time of the act :
) quod, quia, quoniam, quand (Real Cause).
Caesari cum id nntiturn esset mtrat ab urbe, wlen' tlis
r. quod, it t/tat; quia, becattse. Moocl, Indicative (on /a/ bceru anotuced to Caesat' le /asteted frottt the city,
writer's authority), Subjunctive (on outside authority). I, 7, r'
H. 5S8(S16); A.5+o 132r); G.539-+r; !ts. 286, r; HB.
Caesar: with Past Ind. 8 times; rvith Subjunclive, tz6'
535,2, a, b; 555: fortissimi Belgae sunt, quoal cultu lon-
Cicero: ivith Prst 7nc1'. z7 times; rvith Subjunctive, 55 (25 Imperf't
gissim absunt, the Bclgiatts are t/e lraztcst ecouse tltey are
z5 Plupf., and 5 Perfects).
farthest frouz ciailizttliott, I, r,6.
Cacsar: quocl, 69 tin'res rvith Inclicative ; 34 rvitl'r the Subjunctive 4 3. Repeateil Action. cm, zuhenei'er. n'Iood, Indica-
of tire subjunctives are clue to attraction. quia s r.rot four.rd irr Caesar. tive or Subjunctive. lI. 6ot, 4; A. 548, 542 Qzz); G'
Cicero: quotl,64 tirnes,48 u'ith the lnclic;rtiveand 16 with the Sub- 583-84; 13. 288, 3 ; HB. 54o. This is really a protasis of
jLrnctive. Ofthe r61 6 arc attractecl into the SLrirjunctive' quia is founcl
a conditional sentence exprcssing a general idea: cum
5 times.
ferrum se inflexisset, neque vellere potefant, zu/et t/e iron
2. quoniam, noza lhat; q:oafrd' sirce. Mood, Indicative latl crl (at any timc), they coltld tol drazu it out, T, 25,8'
only, because the reason is aiways given on tl-re r'vriter's Caesar: zr times.
own authority. A, 54o, a(32t, n. 3); 13. 286, 3: quoniam Sr:mmary of Occurrenccs' Caesar: cm temporal clausest r37;
siln-
itl facere aude, faciam id, ttou t/nt I do uol t{ar to do t/ti'r, ple dating clauses rvith Indicative, Ir; rvith Subjunctive, tz6 (t5 at'
I shall do flmt, I Cat. tz, 4. tracted) ; Cicero: cum temporal clauses, 9z'
Caesar: quoniam,5 tirnes, all of rvhich are attractecl into the Sub- ) dum, ddnec, zultile, until ; quoaal, tty' to the time that;
junctive. quantld is not forrnrl.
quam diur as lottg as. Mood, Indicative, to denote an
Cicero: quoniam, r8 times; quantlo not :rt all.
I8 I-.IYI'IN SUI}ORDINATE CLATJStr SYNTAX
actualfact; Subjunctive, to clenote anticipation or expect-
ancy: H. 6o3*o4 (SrS); A. 552*56 (328); G. 568-ZS;
B. ,93; Hll. SaZ, S; 559-6o; 57r. In Caesar dum occurs
rz times; quoad, 2; qaam di, once (I, t7). In Cicero
dum is founcl 7 tirnes; quoad, 5 ; quam di, 3. There are
three distinct types of this clause.
t. Ptrlial Cortctsiot. Introduced by tlum only, mean-
ing dut'ng llc lime tltrtl,zu/tile. Mood, Present Indicative.
H.6o4, r (462,III,4); A. 556 (328,a); G.SZo; B.2gS,
I; HB. SZr. This is really a Historicai Present and
should be translated by the English Progressive Past :
dum ea conquiruntur, ad Rhnum contendrunt, zu/t'ile tltcse
ze't'z'e being searc/tetlfor, tltey lzasltrt.ed to t/e Rline, I, 27,7.
Caesat: 7 tirr-res.
Cicero: 4 times (II Cat. zo; ib. zo; Man.9; ib. zo).
2. ConQlete Coerlnsiot. dum, d6nec, quoad, quam tli,
dztring tle etztire time tltttt, as long as. Mood, Inclicative,
same tense as the main verb. H.6o3, I (519, I); A. SSS
(328, z); G. 569; B. 293, II; FiB. 55o and b: quan
di potuerit (Subjunclive by attraction) tacuisse, t/eat /ze
lad eeru silent as lottg os he could, I, t7, t3.
Caesar: quoacl, once (lV, rz); quam cli, once (I, r7),
Cicero: tlum, z; quoacl, 3; quanr di, 3.
3. fnfurmtpled Coeretsiota. dum, dnec, quoaal, unlil, tt/
to the liwe tlat. Mood, Subjunctive (Present or Imper-
fect) when the action is anticipated ; In<licative (Perfect,
rarely Present or Fnture Perfect) when the action is
viewed as an actual fact. H.6o3, II, t,2 (5t9' II); A.
553-54 (328, r, z); G. 57r; R.293, TI, r; III, z; TIB.
55o and b: dum rnilits convenirent' respontlit diem
smptrunn, lte replied t/tat he woztlrl lale o day (for delib-
eration) urtil t/e soldiers slould assemble, I, 7, t7.
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES 19
Caesar: <Ium with Subjunctive, 5 tirnes ; not at all rvith Indicative;
quoacl, twice with Subjunctive; dnec, not at all'
Cicero: no instances.
Nore. The elative titne extension of the principal and subordinate
verbs in
-
the rbove three types of this clause may be illustrated thus:
r . P:rrtial Coexlension.
time length of subordinate verb reiative to
@ = time length of principal verb.
z. Complete Coextensiotl'
3, Interrupted Coextension.
Futurity (Subjv.) ; Actual Fact (Ind.).
= time length of princip:'rl verb relative to
,, uo,*nouilr*J;1;,,,:-1"::;:;1,',-",
Mood, Indicative, to denote an actual fact; Subjunctive,
to denote an anticipated fact' H. o5 (5zo); A. 55o 5t
GzD; G. 5f+ 77; 8.2gr,92; HB.5o7, 4; 57r; 55o, b'
r. Indicative i nec Prius fugere dstitrunt qusm ad
flmen Beruenrunt, nor {irl they crasc ileeing l'tcfore t/te1'
cailI.e to tle riuer, I, 53, 2.
Caesar: priusquarn occllrs once (I' SS) ; antequan does not occur'
ante<1uarn occurs once (IV Cat' zo) ; priusquam does not
o.fiil.o:
z. Subjunctive: itaque priusquam quicquam cnarEtur,
Divicicum aal s Yocri iutlet, ttttJ so lc orlcred Ditti'
ciacus to lta called ttefore hm ltefttre he s/ottld attetnpt aru1t-
t/tit'tg, I, I9, r I.
Caesar: priusquamoccurs Io timcs; antequam cloes not occur'
Cicero: antequam occLrrs oDCe (ltan. 6z) ; priusquam' not at all'
/) postquarn (postequam), rftcr ; ubi, ut (ut prirnum),
u/ten; simul, simul atque (ac), as s00n as. (Antecedcnt
20 tATiN SUtsORDINATE CLAUSE SYNTAX ADVERBIAL CLAUSES 2I

Time.) Mood, Indicative, usually Perfect or Historical
Present. H. 6oz (5r8); A. 543 G24); G. 56r-65; B.
287; IJB. SSo, SSZ-58: utri s part6s esse arbitrAti sunt,
oppitla sua ilcendutt, :r1/7 laalt f/toug/tt fltey utere ready,
t/tcy u,rnet[ tlteir tozans, I, 5, 3.
Caesar: lob, z9 titres; postquam, 5; posteqtramr 2; sirnul atque,
once (IV, z7) ; simul, once (IV, z6).
Cicero : ut, 6 times; postequarn, 3 (all in Man.) ; simul atque, 2
(l Cat. 16; II Cat. rz).
3. Purpose (Final). ut (utl), ru order tltat, tltat ; qa,
qudminus (:ut e), r,vhen the clause contains a comparative
adjective or adverb; n (negative), lest, in order tlat not.
Mood, Snbjunctive. H. 568 (+gf); A. 53r, t (3r7, t);
G. S+S; ts. z8z; Hts. So2, z: casteTla cornmunit, qu6
facilius prohibere posset, /te fortifcd fle .au4arts n orIer
tlat le mgltt the tnorc easil1 proh27 (them), T" B, Z.
Caesar: ut, zo tirres;n6, Ir i eud: 9; quminus, z (I, 3t ; lV, zz).
Cicero: ut, 3o tin-res; n, 16 1 qn, z.
4. so tlmt ; ut nn,
Resrlt or Tendency (Consecutive). ut,
not. Mood, Subjunctive. H. 5Io (Soz); A. 537, t
so tlzat
(3r9, r); G. SS2; I4. 284; HIl. Sr3, 4; Srg, 3; Szr, 2.
63 times in Caesar ; 8z in Cicero. The follorving classifi-
cation of this clause may be made :
a) Those that modify the verb directly: rnns impentl-
bat, ut perpauci prohibre possent, a rnottroit oz,cr/tuttg, so
t/tat a aery fezu could eep back (many), I, 6, 5.
Caesar: I7 times.
Cicero: 14 times.
) Those that modify an adverb, or relative adjective in
the principal clause, as tam, ita, sic, ade, usque e, tantus,
t1is; sometimes is (: tlis), hic, eius modi: Arar infl.uit
in Rhodangm ita ut idicri nn possit, t/e Ardr lozus into
tfte Rhor.e, so tlat it cantot be judged, I, 12, 2'
Caesar: 48 times. With tantus, 16 times; ita, ro; is (= talis)t 7;
hic, 5 ; eius moch, 4; sic, z (I, 38 ; II, 3z) .; tam, 2 (1, 44i Il, zt) '
Cicero t 1la, z7 times; tantus' 16; src, ro; tam, 7; eius modi, 3 ; is
(:tlis), 2; usque ed, r (Arch. z5); talis, r (Man' zo); ista, t (I
Cet. z).
5. Concessive.
,a) cunr, ut (neg. n), licet, a//toug/t, cz'et t/toug/,' quam-
vis, /tozucae' 'ttttcl. Mood, Sr"rbjunctive' H' 586, II ;
59S (5I5, III); A. 527, a, b (3r3); G. 587,
6o3-o9; I)'
3og,r,z,3; TII\.525-27,532,582,8: cum ea ita sint,
tamen, a/t/totgh these t/ings are t/ttts, rzevert/tc/ass, f , I4, I8'
See III, g, r6i ut omniacontr oplninem accialerent' tamen'
Caesar: cum,9 times; ut, once (III,9); quamvist once with under-
stood predicate (IV, z).
Cicero: cumr 6 times; licet,z (I Cat' 6; II Cat' 4)'
) Quamquam, alfltough. Mood, Indicative, because it
introduces an admitted fact. H' 53 (5rS, I); A' 527, d
(t3, G. 6o5 ; ts. 3og, z; }J8.556: ei paul' quamquan
");
sunt eiusdem generis, sunt cteris humnirs, alt/tough lhey
ara of t/e sone race, t/teL are a liltle more cuilized tlarc tle
ot/ters, IV, 3, 6.
Caesar: occurs once (iVr 3t 6).
Cicero: Io times.
r) etsi, tametsi, etiam sl, e'telt if,
ez'eru tlottgl' \Vhen
concessive conjunctions, they take the
these are conditional
Inclicative or Subjunctire accorciing to the class of condi-
tional sentence in which they appear. Most frequently
they introduce pure concessive ideas and in such cases
have the Indicative only. H. 585-86 (5t5, II); A. 527, c
 22 I,A'|IN SLJI3()RDINA'I'I' (JJ-AIJSI1 SYNTAX AI)VtrRT]I.\L CLAUStrS 23

(3r3, c); G. 6oE; i3. 3o9, :; FlB. 582, S: etsi sine lld tiam, quam pirims possunt, cgunt, theY brougltt toget/ter
pericul proeliurn fore vid6bat, tarnen, eif/tottg/t. le saza t/tat inlo Wnetia ds vlxaft! sltitr's tt-t y'ossi[tlc, III, 9, z3'
t/e batl/e zuou/d c iui/oul ary dongcr, ne'tct'l/e/ess, T, 46,6, Caesar: quam rvith expressed prcclicate, r3 tin-res'
Caesar: etsi, 9 tirnes; tametsr, once (I, 3o). Cicero: 14 times.
Cicero: etiam si, 7 times; tametsl, z.
3. atque (ac), after adjectives ancl adverbs of Likeness
d) Concessiae Relatzte. See 2, d, Chapter III. or Difference, as aliter' alius' contr' X{ood, Inclicative'
6. Cornparison. H. 5o8, 5; 657, t, n.(554, I, z, n'); A' 324' c; 384,n' z
(234, u, n. 2; 242, c1); G. 643; 13. 34I, I, c; Hi3' 3o7, 2,
a) Simf 1r Cottrfntison.
r. Ry Acljective and Adverbial Correiatives: a:rdalitersehabbatacBelgaead'Nerviscltulerant,
t/te arrangtttcttl',uas ol/tnuise t/ttt l/tc Be/gians used
Acljective :
agoittsf thc A'rt't'ii,II, t9, z'
tot quot (-ro) a.r natty .t

tantus quantus (so) as great rr Caesar: 5 tines.

tlis qulis -ttc/t a.r, etc. Cicero: trvice rvitli ac (IlI Cat. zcS; IY Cat' 3) I 3 times with atque
Adverbial: (I Cat. 16; II Cat. rz; IiI Cat. zo)'
tam . .. quam (.so) as nutch . . es
b) Parenlhelcal Cotttfarisott' trtrt, 4't' Mood, Inclicative:
ita, sic ut, uti, sicut (just so) .. etc.
neque abest suspici, ut Ilelvtil af,bitratuf,, q77in, etc', nor
zr',

Mood,Indicative. lJ.584,5 (3rr,2; SS5,II, i); A.323, is it ztilsttsleccd, a-t t/e Hc/',tctians l/titt/t, {tttl that, etc', I,
g (2o8, n); C. 642; P'. r4o; HR. r44,55a,ftn. z: qui, ut 4, Il'
Gerrnns in Gal1i versri noluerant, ita populi Rmni Caesar: 38 titnes. Of these t havc an idea of cause involved, 'g'

exercitum hiernre moleste ferebant, zu/to, as theT zuere ita ut, II, I9, I5.
omzuillitzg llal lle Grrtnans slottld lite in Gaul, so lltey Cicero: rz times'
were ztcred f/at t/c Ronan {r't?J/ wtts sferlding l/e winter c) Condi,tiortal Cowparisott- ut si, qtlam si, quasi, tam-
(there), II, r, 8. quaul, tamquam si, sicut, sleutl, velut sL, as if' Mood,
Caesar: B cases rvith sic or ita and ut, and z lvith ut alone; 5 with Subjunctive. H. 316, 2; 584 (5r3, II); A' 5z+ (3rz); G'
quantum.
6oz"; 73.3o7 ; FII3. 5o4, 3. This is reallv a protasis of a
conditional sentence rvitl"r thc apoclosis ornitted : quod
Cicero: ut, Io times; quantum, z3 (3 attracted into Subjv.) ; quam,
r4; quot, once.
crdlitatem, velut sl coram adesset, h^orrrent, bccaztse t/rcy
2. qram. The verb is most frequently to be supplied shuddered at (/tis) crtte /t7 jttst os l/toug/t lc zucrc i'l'eseftt'
from the principal clause. F{ere, however, only quam I, 32, t2.
with an expresscd predicate is considered. Mood, Indica- Caesar: velut si occul's once 11. r:)
tive. H. 3t6, z; 584, 5 (3rr, z; \!!, II, z); A. 323, a Cicero: sicut, 5 tin-res; tamqtalr. 5; quasi' once (Nfan" zj)' sicut
(2o8, a); G. 6++; R. zt7, z; HP'. 550, ftn. 2 : nvs in Vene- tamquam, and quasi occttr r f-erv tinles u'ithout rredicates'

I
A
2^ I-ATIN SUBORDINATE CLAUStr SYNTAX ADVERBIAL CLAUSES 25

7. Contlitional. 9. Ablative Absolute.

a) Pure Coruditions. si, si quidem, si modo; negative :
nisi (ni), sin; double conditions: sive (seu) . sive
lseu). H. 572-83 (5o6-rr); A. 5rr z8 (3o4 II); G.
589-6oI ; R. 3or o6; HB. 573-82. For a full discussion of
ihe various classes of conditional sentences see Chapter IV.
|t) Contlitiotzal Rclatiue. Introduced by a Relative, or In-
definite Relative Pronoun, or by a Reiative Aclverb, as ubi,
cum, quandO, ut, either alone or compounded rvith -cumque.
Mood, Indicative or Subjunctive, according to the kind of
conditional sentence in which it appears as a protasis.
H. 593, t; 6ot, 4 Go7,IIT, z,:); A. 5r9, 542 (3t6, 3zz);
This construction, though grammatically independent, is
togically equivalent to a subordinate clause' H' +8q (+ t ) ;
A.4tg zo(zSS); G.4o9-Io; 13. zz7; IJB.4zr. 448 times
in Caesar; rzt in Cicero. It may be equivalent to a sub-
ordinate clause exPressing,
a) Tinae : omnibus rbus compartis, diem dicunt, zulten
atl t/ings had been lrelared, t/'tey set a day, I, 6, r5'
b) Causc.' sp sublta, paratirs ad pericula subeuntla
essent, since lhey /a,l lost hope, they zaere lnore ready to
trn({ct'go dottg, rs, l' 5, 7.
c) .' neque homins, dat f acultte' tempertr0s
C o rud t i o tt

G. 593, t; 625, z; I). 3tz, I, z; HI3. 228,3,b; 577: cum existimbat, nether did lte t/in/ tlat nten zuottld restran
s inter equitum turms insinuv6runt, ex essedis dsiliunt, tlemselaes if an olTlorlttttity zuere giztert tltenc, I, 7, t6'
za/e neacr (if eae) tLeT uoieed their zuay irlo tle ranhs of cl) Concessiozz.' paucis dfendentibus, expugnare nn po-
llte cnaalryr, fht:y /ca! dozun from le chariols, IV,33,4' tlit, he could not capture (the town)' alt/touglz fetu zttere

See t, , Chepl"er IlI. deJending (it),I1, tz, 7.

Caesar: r'l'ith cum, zt times ; ruicumque, rz times; ubi, 3 times

(II, 6; IV, ro; IV, z6); quisquis, once (II, t7).
Cicero: qulcumque occurs 6 times.

c) Conditiotml Comarison. See 6, r, above.

d) Conditioa/ Cotcessiae. See !, r, above.
e) Condtiotnl l)roa-o. Sce 8, belor,v.

8. Proviso. dum, modo, dummodo, moclo ut, tantum ut,

if on/1t, proaided that. Rarcly (ita) . t, n is found.
Mood, Subjunctive. I{. 587 (5t:, I); A. 528 (:t+); G.
SZ3; ll.3ro; HR. 5zg: m met liberbis, dum modo inter
m atqne t murus intersit, yozt zui/l free me fi.omfear, if
only tlte city zuall stands betzueenlou and me , tr Cat. Io, Io.
Cacsar: does not occur.
Ciccro: 5 times with tlummoclo (I Cat. lo, ro; ib. zz,8i II. r5rz;
r5,4; lV, r, ro).
 AI)JEC'lliYlil (:l-/\lisEs 27

in wirich the clar-rse al)pellls. ll' ,q''!, r; 589, I, n' (5o7,

III, z); A. 519 (316); G.625; il' 312' I' 2; LII3' 228,3'
b; 527: qnidquid possunt pedestribus vaient c6piis, zu/tat-
(if .,acrc a{/ to do (tt4y/rittg') tltrv did .uiil lrttttl
CHAPTIlR Ill Laer ) thcy
orrr:i,iT, ,7, "t. (Sce 7, , Chapter II' for Conditional
AD.JECTTVE CI,.USES Itclrtives that exPrcss tinrc.)
Caesar: quiscluis occus once (7I, rfl; 'lu1crnque'6 times"
Trlrr<n is only onc subordinate clause that is used as an Cicero: quisquis occurs 6 times ; qurcurnque, 7 timcs'
adjective -- the ltelative clause. There Are, horvever,
many subdivisions of this clause. It may be introduced Relative clauses cxpressing comparison, being essen-
r)
by a Relativc pronolln, as qui, quae, quoal ; by a Relative tiaiiy adverbiai, are treateci under clauses of comparison'
acljective, as quantus; or by a F.elative aclverb, as unde, (See O, a, r, 2, and 3, Chapter II') Itarcl;- comparison
qu. Mood, Inclicativc or Subjunctive. F{. 589-g: (+SS); is expresserl by the simple li-elative : eadern est fortna
A. z7g, a; 3o3-o8 (tSo, c : rg8-2o2'); G. 6to-37; 13. quaelllrum (est), tlte lol is lhe solttc as of olltcrs, III Cat'
3rr-r2; HIl. 284, 3zz 27. 'lhis ciursc may be divided aa c
into tr,vo geueral classes. 2. Those that take the Subjunctive.
1. Those that talre the trndicative. a) Characterislic. This ciause cxpresses some stlch
a) Sz.utflc ,[,iuilti'n. proximr sunt Germnis qui trns idea as " a mall of the sort' or of snch a character that'"
Rhnum incolunt, l/tc1, 67',' lc:tf to l/ta Grtnots zu/o /iue H. 59r (So:); A. S:S kra); G.6t:r; R"283; }IB'5o2,
dcross t/c Rlite , 1, i, i r. 52't I ea quae ad proficiscenilnr
pertinefqlrt t'ompatre, to
zuitl tltc depat'ttu'c'
Caesa: 27,tr times. liook I, 84 I II. 57: Il{, 5o; IV, 83. !)re/dre thiugs Qf the -sorf) l/tttl lad to do
-I,-3,
Cicero: 4o6times. Cat. I, 5z; il, 6,; 1II, 56; IV, 6r; Arch., 55; 2. There ate 34 cascs in Caesar ancl 98 in Cicero'
Man., r r8. Several subdivisions should be noted:
Noro. --Thcsc figures clo not inclucle llelalives at the beginning of r. Aftcr general expressious of cxistencc and nonexist-
sentenccs except lvhet'e thcy rcail,v iutrotluce subordinatc clauses, (See
ence, as sunt qui' l/erc are t/osc zu/o; nrn est qvi, t/tcrc
Note I at thc cnd of tiris cbapter.) }{clative cl:luses expressinq cotn-
parison, discussed uncler 6. rz in Chaptcr 11, are irlso not included. Thcre is no one zalo. H. 591, I (5o3, I); a. 535, a (32o, a);
are 69 sirnple limitatiorr llel:rtive cl:,Luses in Cacsat'and 4r in Cicero that G.63r, z; I).283, z; IR.577,2: esse nminem quem nn
allorv thcir preclicates to bc attrlcterl irto the Sultjunctive. (SeeAttrac- superAre possint' that t/e'e u)erc llonc zu/on lhcY cou/d trct
tion of N{ood. p. 43.) conq?tr, IY, 7, t4. ! times in Caesar ; 27 rn Cicero'
l) LVirh IrtdeJiuitt tttr:Jcnt (('oulitioual). Intro-
2. Aftet nus, slus, l/tc otte zu/to' l/rc on/1 one w/to'
thc sirnpie ltelativc, or by the compound inclefinite
ttr,rccci b,v
H. 59r, 5 (5o:, II, r); A. 535, b (32o, b); C 63r, t;
l{elrtives quisquis anrl quicumqr:e. N{oorl, Inclicative or'
I).283, z; Iits.52t, r, a, ftn.: sls esse qui Cimbrs intr
sus fins ingredi prohibuerint, lltat tlteT zuere tle on/1 oncs
Subjur.rctive, accorcling tc tlrL: Lind oL conditional sentence

^
 28 LATIN SUBORDINATE CLAUSE SYNTAX- CLAUSES
ADJECTIVtr 29

tleat kept f/te Cimbri from comirug into t/e'ir lerritoru,II, 4, S.
Once in Caesar; 6 times in Cicero.
3. After intlignus, dignus, aptus, idneus. H. Sgt, z
(5o3, II, 2); e. 535, f (32o, f); G. 63r, r; ts. z8z, 3;
HB. S13, 3: id0nes homins dligbat qurum quisque
capere posset, /e c/ose suitable men eac/ of zu/totn /e was
ab/e to conh'ol, VII, 3r,4. Only once in all Caesar; twice
in Cicero (Man. 5; ib. r9).
b) Purpose. H. 59o (+gZ, T); A. 53r, 2 (3r2, z); G. eo;
B. z8z, z; HR. So2,2: mittunt lgats q:ul dtcerent, they
serut legates to say, I, 7, tr. The antecedent is usually the
object of the main verb; often the subject.
Caesar: z8 times (14 after mittd).
Cicero: 6 times.
c) Cause. H. Sg2 (Stf); A. 535, e (32o, e); G. 633;
B. 283, 3, a; HB. 523: Caesarem iniuriam facere qui
vectiglia ilterira f,aceret, t/a/ Caesar did wrong zu/to
(becau.se he) zuasmaktg t/e lares less valuable, I, 36, ro.
Caesar: 8 times (3 with qur6).
Cicero: zr times.
d) Concession. H. 593, z (StS,III); A. 535, e (32o, e);
G. 6S+; R. 283,3; HIl. 523: quibus proeliis fracts qui
plrimum ante in Galli potuissent, that t/tt1t /ad ben
cntslzed by these battles zuho (alt/touglt t/tey) had llreaiousIT
pouterful it Gatl, I, 3t,
beer nzost 23. One case in
Caesar; one in Cicero (III Cat. ro).
Nor. ad d are modifications of the Characteristic clause. See
a, above. -e
(5o4, 4; e. 535, c; 559 (3r9, 2; 3r9, d;; G. 63r;
13. 284, z; }{R.5r9, 3, a, b : sectae sunt tempestt6s quae
nostrs in castris continrent, stot'ttts follozued u/tic/a (so
that lheT) kef t our nen it cttmp, TY, 34, 8.
Caesar: 2 caseswith simple Relative (II,16,9i lYr34r 8); 3 cases
with quin.
Cicero: z3 times.
f) Conditiotzttl. See r, , above.
Caesar: Relative Clauses ivith Subjunctive, r5z; of Purpose, z8;
of Characteristic, 34; of Result, 9; of Cause, 8 ; of Concessionr r ; with
Subjunctive by attraction in Informal Indirect Discourse, 3 (It t6;
!Y, z; IV,I r) ; by attraction in Indirect Discourse, 69. Of these 69t
rz are cloubly attrcted in that they are in Srtbordinate Subjunctive
clauses that arc themselves in Indirect I)isconrse.
Cicero: Relative Clauses 'lvith Subjunctive' I84; by attraction, 44.
Norn r.-A Relative at the bcginning of a sentence usually does
not introcluce a Relative Cl'use but is equivalent to a Demonstrative.
This occurs very often in Caesar. H. 5Io (+S:); A. 3o9rf (zorre);
G. 636, n. zi B. 25r,6; HB.284,8: quo proeliO subltit Eelvtii
coeprunt, encotraged y t/tis baltle f/te Helvtians egan, etc', I, r5,8'
Norr z.-A Relative frequently serves a double purpose in that
it introduces a llelative Clause, the predicate of which is a verb which
controls tlre Indirect Disconrse, and it itself is the Subject Accusative
of this Indirect Discourse Clause depending on its own predicate.
There are 6z cases of this in Caesar: quam tertiam esse Galliae partem
dixermus, .,t,/ticJt f had said utas t/te l/trd lart of Gaul, lI, r, 4.

e) Result, Introduced by a regular Relative, preceded

t
*
in the main clause by tam, ita, etc., or by quin (: qui nn)
'after negative verbs or expressions. H.
59t, z; Sg4, II

A

CHAPTEI{ IV
COIYDITIOI{-AL SEIqTENCES
A coxrlrrtoNAr- sentence consists of a principal clause
called the Apoclosis, anrl a subordinate clause called the
I'rotasis. .f /tc lrrtrn.r (protasis), I s/u// lte haffut (apoclo-
sis). For grarlmar references ancl inf<rrnation onceining
introductory conjunctions, see Z, rz, under aclverbial clauses,
Chapter II.
There are thrce kinds of conclitional sentences: Real,
Ideal, and l-Inrcal ; or froni another viewpoint, Iiresent,
Past, and Futnre. Each of these has ti,vo classes. Con_
ditional sentences ,z and in the table on page 32 may
express general insteaii of particular ideas r,vith no change
of form except as siroryn in H. 578, z (go8, 5,2'); A. 5
(:oS); T\. 3oz, z, 3; F'B. 576, a. They merely add, in
translating, cvey in the Protasis and alzaays in the Apodosis,
thrrs stating gencral truths, eg-. ut, si itli premantur (pre-
muntur), expedltum ad sus receptum habeant (habent), sa
t/tat if tey are ez,cr /ard prcssed, t/tty alzuays haue ate'easy
retreat to t/eir oiut r7c/, IV, 33, / (a present Real conclition
expressing a gencral iclea). T'he Protasrs of a conditional
sentence expressing er gcneral idca is frequently a Relative
clause introducecl by an Indefinitc Relativc, or a Reiative
having an anteccdent like at!-y otc o c,uer! orue, which in-
cludes all of a class of objects ; c.,q. ut fortnam quaecumque
accidat experiantur, l/tttt /tej, s/,tt/t/ ltsl ,forftme utlotettey
(if anything) /rq1/tt:tts,I, 31, 6o.
'f"
The table on pase 3z gl'r'es the ntriorls. te flscs, and English
I
translation regul:rriy requirccl in the various kincls of corr_
3o
C()N I)ITION;\t, SIiN'fjiNCDS 3r
clitionai sentences. 'lerises
in lilack typc are the regular
otles-those rvhich the stucierrt in (laesar shauid master.
Others are for rcfereuce ouly"
Irregttlarlies it Cottlitiot/ Senlence s :
. The Protasis may bc disguised, or appear in
a) A Participle : darnntum, poenam sequi oportbat, if
conaicted,'it be/ooz,cd ltat /c s/ou/,J e puttis/ted, I, 4, 3.
lt) An Ablative Absolutc : neque homins, dat facultte
(si facuits data erit or dabitur), tempertfir6s (temper-
bunt) existimAbat, tilltt' tlitl lc tltitl t/tat ile tten. zuoulI
rsttain t/ctsc/ztcs, if ot. rty'torltutil-y zacrt gz,et, l, Z, tZ.
r) A Nor-rn, or Adverb, or Clii'-rse.
z. The Apodosis rnay like',visc appear in
a) A Noun : his auxil.iurn polli.citus (direct : vbis auxi-
lium dab), sr ab Subis premerentnxr (premmini), frotnisirtg
aid to t/tcrn, if f/tcy sltottltl ltt ltaru{prc.sscd lry l/te Sttclti, IY,
19, 3. Only one case in tl-re first four boolis of Cl.csar.
) An Impcr:ativc : si velit (vis) sus recipere, obsids sibi
remittat (renritte), f/af fa shtnt/! scnd hosa{ts to /titn if /te
zuis/tcd lo rccouer /tis ozuu, III, 8, zo. 6 cases in thc first
four books of Caesar.
r) An Inclepenclent Sr-rbjunctive : sI permanent, ea exspec-
tent (Hortatory'), f hryt rerzain, let llrcru crfect fhese t/tittgs,
II Cat. r r, r 5.
d) An Exclamatory Accusative : d fortuntam rem p-
blicam, si hanc sentrnarn icerit I O /m/py state, iif /tc dt,atzs
of t/tcse drcg's, II Cat. /, t.
3. The Protasis n-ray be wholly omittecl: neque per
Luculls irnpetrvisset? could /c tol laac oltaincl it throug/t
tlze Luutll(if he had desirccl) | Arch. 26, z.
4. Conditions frequently have Protascs of one class ancl
Apocloses of another. These are callcd Mixed Conclitions :
si quitl opus esset, ss ad eum ventrum fuisse (vnissem);
 32 LATIN SUBORDINATE CLAUSE SYNTAX CONDITIONAL SENTENCIiS 33

l-i
l*-
l!?o 90
- g.i
-- | a^:h direct : if there ul)r'e dn! necessity, I zaould haue rcme to
l.Ee
I
f,sa
lPt ho I
him, l, 34, 5.
t;Er "'t
l:e5 ;-t
I

6\E
.o .o ^ Examples of Conditional Sentences in Direct Discourse :
I
s:;l ^-
PN !i ii Ho- sos Real, a (Present Particular). No case in Caesar except
^ ?.2
I
I tl: -> -: !F-> -4
n I

I g $S sF 3 b: c b9 !.8 in Indirect Discourse: quid est quod exspects, si neque

3.id nox obscrre coets potest ? zu/tat is llet'e za/ich J/ou catt
I
I 9^. { e 9 3.i s"
I 5-
Itr s 1 "
N 5'. v I

d \" loo forzuard to if ng/zt catttot ltide ltottt' meetings ? I Cat.

l._- <
lo. I

| o.<
+?J
\ 6, 7.
l\l I

I
l+d -^
,l-,tl \ !d^9 I
d I
.lO ^!":l
Os -
o
.E'
o!
Real, (Past Particular): etsi prope exlcta iam aests
erat, e exercitum duxit, eaen if sunzmer zuere already
alrnost gone, /te letl tlae army t/tere, III, 28, t.
I
l9O oo O I

I eE b"-C .9;ii F i \l: CqY Z

lbs\'"sbEl I
:s o
Real, r (Future More Vivid). No casc in Caesar except
F li;stitql at o1 Y
P -\ uA'* h in Indirect Discourse : si t interfci iusser, erit verendum,
\*Ei
O !s o -, :
IEE e d eE.: l: bo
ao
ll.r't l5 o
I
I
[i r x [.8
d
A
o
if I shatl order tlat yott be hilled, it ui// /aue to be feared,
5 .- b\ Etud v
lo\$to& I E\--d E o
I Cat. 5,6.
l- rl Pr
lo. < i H1 A
c (3o7' c); G' 595' 6 times in
I

l\-.- P. o
'IJ.57+,3 (p. 2s3' ftn. r); A.
l*-l I !-
o
O
516,
in Indirect Discourse with either the Perfect or Pluperfect Sub-
Caesar, all
ln
lcl g a junctive. See I, zo, rr: si acciilisset (accitlerit), existimdtrum (existi

I
|
e-s.t
5.!u
I

l
\ d
i4
'o
o

,-o
mbit). Out of 57 conditional sentences of this type in Cicero 37 have the
Future Perfect in the Protasis.
(3o7, z, a, n.); G. p. 38r, first
' H. 533, z (5o8, z); A. 516, 2, a,n.i 468
I db)\s
o..:ol I

I \-:.: (l - a7 illustration; FIB. 58o, a : si permanent, mementte , II Cat. 5, rz.

I Eds
I
z
pd!l
I

I E l! t
ur. 57+,3; A' 516, c, n (3o7, c, R.); G. 595: si sustulerit,
!o o
, prpg(ve)rit, II Cat. Ir, 4.
I
IV\AL
a<\ otr L)
si
.3 ;i
nH.533, z; A,516, d (3o7,d); G.595, n. z' Especiallywith verbsof

I|L a* <
I

| necessity (Passive Periphrastic) and possibility (possum). The former is

found once, the latter 6 times in Caesar-all in Indirect Discourse: s
I o. 0i
|

Itsrl quaererent (quaerent), reperire posse (possunt),I,4o, z6: nisi sit (erit),
l.*-T
l-l
I d I
cJ
esse (est) facienclum, I,3r, 56.
t H. 576 (5oS); A.516, c (3o7' c); G' 596' r; B. 3o3; HB. 58o. No
l,:dl .
I !9 .9 cases in Caesar or Cicero.
l.i"q'
I
fr .:oE'
I od u H.526, last example (5oS); G.
596, r; 13.3o3; HB, 58o. No cases in
: I :6 i I
!hh
.as Caesar or Cicero.
I Udor tr t H, 583 (5rr, r n. z, 3; ib. z and n.); A. 5r7' b, c' t1 (3o8, b, c); G.
I r&fie
I
o o
t< 597,R. 2,3; 8. 3o4,3; II8.582,3, a and n. r: scivis Rmenus Archis
I

tlG I

legibus ndn esset, perfcere potuit, Arch. z5' r.

lot

[.
34 LATIN 5[/l]Of{DtNr\r'E Cr../il/SI1 S\N:rAX
(liuturc Less Vivid). No case in Caesar except
Icleal, d
in Indirect l)iscourse : quibus ego s m restitisse dtcam,
nimium mihi sumam, if I slnuld say t/tat I /ad resisfed
t/aetn, f zuould tale too uutc/t glor7 to mysclf,III Cat. zz, 4.
IJnreal, e (Present Contrary to liact). No case in Cae-
sar except in Indirect Disconrse : servi mei si m ist0 pact0
metuerent, tlomum relinquend.am putrem, if nry seraanls
zuere to fcar me in t/at zaa1t, f zaozld th.itl that I ought to finitive (if not an Imperative, r'vhich changes to the Sub-
/eaae /zorae, T Cat. t7, t.
IJnreai, /(Past Contrary to tract). No case in Caesar
except in Indircct Discourse: nisi Ilias exstitisset, tumu-
lus nmen obfuisset, unless t/tat fatnozt.s Ilial ltd erslei,
this torub zaould /azte btried ltis name, Arch. 24, 5.
Caesa: Out of roz conditional sentences in the four books of Caesar
only rr are in l)irect Discourse. Of tl-rese rr, o are lleirl, (Past Par-
ticular), and one is a mixed condition. Introductory conjunctions are
as follows: si, 8r times; nisi, 8; etsl, 6; sive... sve, 4; sin, r;
tametsi, r.
Cicero: r86 conditional sentences, of rvhich rr are in Inclirect Dis-
course and r4 in Informal Indirect Discourse. They are as follows:
Real, a (Present Particular), 6o; Real, a (Prcsent General), 3 ; Real,
(Past Particuiar), rz ; Real, r (Future More Vivicl), 57 ; Ideal, r/ (Future
Less Vivid), 8; Unreal, e (Present Contrary to Fact), 16; Unreal, /
(Past Contrary to Fact), rz ; Mixcd, 13.
Coxnlrroxel- SENTENCTI,s lN INDInECT DrscouRSE
Conditional sentences in Indirect Discourse ossnt',
because of attraction (cf. Attraction of Mood, p. 43), cer-
tain definite forms different from those regul:rrly required,
as shown in the table on page 32. Since practically all of
the conditional sentences in Caesar appear in Indirect Dis-
course, it is absolutely essential that the student should
become familiar with the matter on the following pages.
CONDITIONAL StrNTENCES 35
H. 646-4s (Szf); A. 5s9-9o (SSf); G. 656 59; B.3I9-
zz ; l[8. 534, 2; 536.
The Protasis, the " if " part of the condition, being a
subordinate clause, is ah,vays found with thc Subjunctive in
Indirect Discoursc.l fI.649, t (SzD; A.577, second par-
agraph; 5Xe37,I); G. 65o,656, t; R-3r4, I; H8.534'
2. The Apodosis has its predicate attracted into the In-
junctive ; or an Independcnt Subjunctive, e .{. Hortatory,
which retains its original mood).
Let us notice the first conditional sentence in Caesar, I,
Z, 2r i respondit si qui,l veXlent, adid. Apr. teveteentrt,
le
onszaered thot if lltcy zaisrte d anytltifig tltey .rltould relttrn ot
tle Irles af April. trn Direc'c Disconrse Caesar saicl: si quitl
vultis, revertimini (Imper.), irf you tu'is/z ttrt'ytltittg, conte
ach, etc. vultis, the Protrsis verb, must, as stated above,
go into the Subjunctive. It does not go into the Present
Subjunctive because the sequence is secondary (clependittg
on respondit); thus lve fincl thc Imperfect, vellent" rever-
timini, being an trmpcrative, changcs to the Subjunctive,
not the Infinitivc, rs tire Apodosis verb usually does' it
goes into the In'ipcrfcct, also, instead of the Present,
because of the seconclary scquence. If thc principal verb
had been Primary (Present or Future), both vultis ancl rever-
timin would have sonc into the Present Sr-rbjunctive'
Let us notice onc other cxample, , to, 4: id si fieret,
intellegbat futurun (esse), tf tfiis s/tttil/tl c done, /e kttezu
lhat it zuould br', etc. l)ircct: si id fiet, erit, if this s/tall
I Cicero in several instances clevjates from tl.tis practically universal rule'
Cf. si ctubitbunt, ego m profteor reltrum (referam), Man' 5t' 7' This
as dubi-
is probably clue to the fact that Cicero, after he had proceerled as far
tiunt in l)irect l)iscourse, bi' a sudilen clrange, so common rvith ertempo'
raneous speakers, changecl to the lntlirect'
 L,ATIN SUBORDINATE CLAUSE SYNTAX CONDITIONAL SENTENCtrS 37
36

be done, it witt be, etc. Sequence of tenses has no influence

*.9h
o'= i:.
uq !)';N
a on the Infinitive, so the Apodosis verb changes from the
i9
C;)
E
5
s
0.
3g,- >
q/ Future Indicative to the Future Infinitive in Indirect Dis-
course, futrum (esse). The sequence of tenses affects
!.1

/r
t c
;.E E> a "-' 'i
! c
.3
'1 v
q \ ,/
.X S
*
>
!'i. h'
fiet, the Protasis verb, which' as we have learned, always
O P tr/ q Y a 3 b fio
d >
x
=y *c
=-
changes to the Subjunctive. The selluence' being secon-
x:i E> qr
g E 9E dary, demands either the Imperfect or the Pluperfect' fiet
O - N
E ! 5v
<l! <! S
Oo\
A; < 0< F
; X ; .: ko |Q

is incomplete time; hence must go into the Imperfect,
*
--
c
Z
*

Od
9.=
od
d
fieret. For these principles of sequence see table on p' 4I'

!
o
E
o.;j i\=
.J The table on page 36 gives the Moods and Tenses re'
=::U
E sd
quired in the six regular kinds of conditional sentences
a
!0-o o
"fr9
.E'5
oq +
a:H
:i
. -
o o

when under the influence of Indirect Discourse.

> 5 .i5 - 1"
q x cd d
i,5:.- s
s.;'= (o
"E
Note Particularly:
^:q'E
E*S '*9'i,
f...i,
Xoi4o.9's!
!9 >
tr
H t !! i
A
d
r. That there is no difference between the Real, c, ar,d
F > i o!
-o=o; q:0..95,.Q= c . v o^ the Ideal, z/ (Future More Vivid and Less Vivid) Condi-
k5 U
^q ". -o
HQJ
0r l\ ;
g :
q dd Y tions in Indirect Discourse' The sense of the context will
A<
4HH H Gi . F
d<-- determine the kind.
E;#TEt
- X a \ .. V
z. TheApodoses of the two conditions conceived as con-
?o ? \o? i c3"id - trary to fact are identical in Indirect Discourse, but the
o.
-",8F H
? :!r
O
d otc
o U =! X v o

diffrence in the Protasis verb wiil indicate the kind of
lgPH Pi ^ .; o".g!
:i trq ts lJ -Z E ESNg
;
Q
condition.
o=o
The Protases of the Conditions mentioned in 2 remain
5qr- O .x d
'FHr-
Il+;-.38
.,
3.
;9-
?*o r oFx ^-
EY,:
the same in Indirect as in Direct Discourse.
vlr

I > j-!
>

o i? o E':
i d !:

o Etr
PoJ
g:H
A.i=Yq 3 q
=au .gl ;i @
ilE^-C!- r) F{o l-.:da:'-, o
y.a y,3
Q sa +< e
-* H
E
o
40" E'q p P.E 5;
b>-.4*E-x::lE,! I
E
Examples of Conditional sentences in Indirect Discourse :
A< r
t-:odXt
EF?*rEtFo^t '
15
Real, a (Present Particular): praestare (praestat in direct),
0r< l#- e:o'!:g EE
, *-
fri
o r o ll si iam principtum Galliae obtinre nn possint (possumus);
'l.s.E 5 l.t 9P..I a-
1., d 3o;9S!c:'99yr': direct: it is etterif ute can no lott'ger hold tle lozuer itt
dd 3 b-UEFF Y
fi:o>ildH=".=.:=
t4G rd - Gaoil, etc., T, 17, 7.
lX!.;
.i o4 i6fi8?E EI
HI.;A Y od "'ji q?.ld i h Oc.:4 F
Real, (Past Particular): in eOs omnia exempla tlele
dIXLH
vl
c o!
v=-
;:fEEi3'rE,i
o X.r o 9^*H u o o (Cdit, hist. pres. in direct), si qua rs nn atl volunttem eius
Y? 9.i o utj trd
IUT:& facta sit (est); direct : lte practiced ulon t/em a// hinds of

o o ;l '!- : -
lt]'h" aats.:< =< -
!.Fj o,
l4 Na+js36-@=- torture, if an4thirug uas done contrary to l'tis zuill, I, 3I, 53'
q@
 38 LA:I']N SUUO]IDINATE CLAUSI| S\.N.|.,\X
Real, r (Future More Vivicl): si vim facere c0nentur
(cOnbimint), prohibitrum (prohibb) ostendit cJirect:
; if
Tott sfiall otempt lo ttsc iforct, / ruill Vrcacrut 1tttt, I, g, lo.
Tdeal, tl (Future Less Vivicl). Only two cases, both
ir-
regular, in caesar: si veteris contumliae oblivisci vellet
(velit), nurn recentium inirirum memoriam dpnere
posse? (potest, Ind. because predicate of a rhetorical
ques_
tion); dircct: if it (thc Rowatz people) s/ould c ,iuitli)g nt
forget tle old nnt.h, can itforgel rccettl ittJ'utirs ? I, t4l g.
IJnreal, e(Present Contrary to Fect): ut ipsi concedi nn
oportret, si in nostr6s fins impetum faceret; direct: it
zuould not lte frole r ro Ticrd to uc, if r zue re ma/titry-an attac/
uj2on lollr terrilotl,, I, 44, 3o. No change of mood in
the
Apodosis verb because of the influence of thc ut-clause.
IJnreal, / (Past Contrary to Fact) : si alicuius iniriae
sibi cnscius fuisset, nOn fuisse (fuit) difficile cavre ; direct :
if it (thc Rotnatt ftaf lc) ltoi c,-n cotsctotrs oif anry z'urong, it
zaou/d not /azte ct'n t./fficttlt o /te on the /oohottt, I, 14,*5.
Caesar: Total conclitional sentences (four books), roz: in Indirect
Discourse. 71, ls follorvs: Rr.,rl, ( pr.esent l):rrriculer). r6: Rell,
(Past Particular), 3; Ileal, c (Future More Vivicl),46; Icleal. u/ (Fyture
Less Vivid), z; Unr.cal. e (present Contrary to Fact), r (I,34);'Un-
realr f (Past Contrary to F act), r (I, 14,
5) ; Real. a (I'reseirt General),
z (III,zz; IV,33); I{eai, / (past General), r; Mixed,4.
Cicero: 186 condtional sentences, of rvhich only 13 are in Indirect
Discourse, as follon's: lleal, a (present particular), r I Real, r (Future
More Vivid),9; Ideal. r/ (Future Less Vivicl), r (lI Cat. 19); nreal,
e (Present Contrary to Fact), r (Arch.
4,3): Unreal, eit Contrary
to Fact), r (II C:rt. 4, z).
CoNnrrroNL SENTENCps rN IwnoRMAL INDrREc.f
Drscounsn
When the thor.rght or statement of some other person
than the writer or speaker is.expressed in a subordinate
CONDITIONAL SItNTIINCES 39
clause (other than the Indirect Discoltrse Clause) r'r'ith the
verb of saying to be supplied from the context, this is
called Inf o:mal, or Impiied Indirect I)iscourse. Con-
ditional sentences under these conditions foliow the regu-
iar rulcs for sequence of tenses. TI'- 649, I (528, r); A.
59t-z (34o-+r); G. 6621; I). 323; HIl. 535, t, a; 136, a.
The Apodosis verb, rvhich in F'ormal Indirect Discourse
becomes Infinitive, appears as the predicate of thc subordi-
nate clause. The Protasis verb always appears in the
Subjr-rnctivc by attraction: I cnsili ut, si possent (possu-
mus in Direct), castellum expugnarent (expugnbimus), eo'a
zuill sfortru t/t' rc{out if zuc can' (clirect), II, 9' rr. Here
we have a Futttre More Vivid Conditiorl in Informal Indi-
rect Discourse. The Apodosis verb, expugnarent, r'vhich
in Regular Indirect f)iscottrse rvould have been in the
Future Infinitive, futros (esse), here becomes the predi-
cate of the ut-clause. Its tense is Imperfect because of
the sequence, depending on cnti sunt. The Protasis
verb, being the predicate of a clalise subordinate to expug-
/ nrent, and becattse of the influence of the Informal In-
direct Discourse, must appear in the Subjunctive under
secondary scquerice.
Norr. subordinate clauscs in general in Informal Indirect
-For
Discourse, see Note zr under r. Noun Clauses.
Occurrences in Caesar and Cicero:
Of the Ioz conditional selltences in the first four books of Caesar, r4
tre in Infonal Inclirr:ct Discottrse as cotnp:rred rvith 76 in Regular
Indirect Discourse.
Of the I86 conclitioual sentences in Cicero' It re in Informal, while
r4 are in Regular Indirect I)iscourse.
lCiceroinseveralinstances allows the Protasis verb in a l{eal, r (More
Vivicl I'uture) Conrtition to aPpear unettractecl. Cf. \{an' : si clubit-
.58, 7
bunt, ego m profiteor relturum.
 SEQUENCE O' TENSES 4r

PRICPAL CLAUSE Sugoeorern Cluse

Present or In- | Past or Com-

Primary Tenses Frrture'I'ime
complete Time pleted Time

CHAPTER V INn.: Present, Future,

Perf.,1 Fut. Perf.,
SEQUENCE OF TENSES Hist. Present.z Present
Sunv.: Pres., Perf. Present I Subjunctive or I Perfect
A surncr of vital importance in the mastery of Subordi- IMPV,: Present, Future Subjunctive I Prcs. Pcriphras- | Subjunctive
INr',: Present or Future tic Subjv.a
nate Clause Syntax is the Sequence of Tenses. The first (in Indirect if
main
fact to be noted in a discussion of this subject is that vb. is Primary.)g
its laws apply only to Subjunctive verbs in subordinate
Secondary'Tenses
clauses. This principle is due to the fact that the tenses Iso.: Imperf., Perf.,
of the Subjunctive in subordinate clauses usually express Plupf.,Ilist. Pres.2 Imperfect
time relative to that of the verbs upon which they depend. Surr.. : Imperf., Perf.,5 Imperfect Subjunctive ur I Pluperfect
These Subjunctive tenses lnay express, a) incompleie, or Plupf. Subjunctive hnperf. leri- | Subjunctive
INr'.: Hist.;6 Pres. or phrastic Subjv.
contemporaneous action; ) future, or subsequent action;
Fut. (in Indirect if
or c) completed, or past action, with reference to the time mainvb.is Secondary)
of the main verb.
1 When ecluivaient to the English Present Perfect, or when the idea of pres-
Tenses are either Primary or Secondary (Historical).
ent completion is uppermost. H. 546 (492, z, n. t); A. 485, a (287, a); G.
Primary tenses include all forms that relate to the present
5rr, R. 3, q; fIB.478: pugntum sit, potuit, 1, 26, 6. 5 times in Caesar.
or Future; Secondary, all that relate to the past. A , May be either primary or seconclary accorcling to the sense. H. 5+6 (595,
Primary principal verb can be followed regularly only II) ; A. 485, e (287, e) ; G. 5rr, Ii. r ; i3. 268, 3. In Caesar, prirnary, 23i; sec'
by a Primary Subjunctive verb; a Secondary, by a Se_ ondary, 88,
t H. 5+8 (+g5,IV); A.485, jandn.; 585,a, b (336,8' n. z); G. 5r8; B. 268'
ondary Subjunctive verb. For example, fibat in I, z, r3, z; tIB. 483: responclit . . dan quocl tenret (seconclary), 1, 14, z.
being Secondary, is followecl by vagrentur, a Secondary a Only in the active voice lvhere greater definiteness is recluiredr probat

Subjunctive verb. . . . obtentrus esset, I, 3, t9.

The following table sho.rvs in all Moods the primary and
Secondary tenses in both principal and subordinate clauses.
The Caesar student should give attention chiefly to the
tenses in black type; others are largely for reference.
References : f7. 544*5a (+gt*SS); A. 4Bz*85 (zSg*5fl;
Ci. 5o9*r9 ; 1,1. 267-79; I{8. 476 Bo.
-when
I 4o
uIJ. S+7, r; A.485, j, first example; G.5rr, R. z.
6 quocl essent pollicit, flagitre, I, t6, z. 6 times in Caesar.
Ponts Wortlty of Spccial Alotice .
r. The Perfect Indicative is often considered Primary
present tir-ne is clearly in the writer's mind.
z. Tle l{istorical Present may be either Primary or
 42 LATIN SUI]ORDINATE CLAUSE SYNTAX SEQUENCtr OF TENSITS 43
Secondary according to the sense.t The Seconclary pre_
clominates in Caesar at the proportion of three to one.
4. m met liberbis (fut. ind.), dum modo murus inter-
sit (pres. subjv.), Cic. I Cat. f, Io, to.
3. The Imperfcct and pluper-fect Subjunctive of the 5. ut iualicri nn possit (prei. subjv.), in utram partem
Contrary to Fact Conditions resist the influence of fluat (pres. sr,rbjv.), I, tz, 3.
sequence. Srconda11,:
4.
Purpose Clauses (except those after verbs of Fear_ I. civitatl persusit (perf. ind.), ut exirent (imperf.
.ing) have, as a rule, only the Present and Imperfect Sub_
subjv.), I, 2, 4.
junctive. This emphasizes the purpose, rather than the 2. ftbat (inrperf. ind.), ut vagrentur (imperf. subjv.),
attain ment. Irz, t3.
5. Irr double i.e. where one suborclinate
sequence,
3. lgts mittunt (hist. pres.), cum possent (mperf.
ciause is itseif principal to a second subordinate clause, subjv.), I, It,3.
the sequence often shifts from primary to secondary in
the second clause.
4. ut posset (imperf. subjv.), dum convenirent (imperf.
subjv.), I, Z, tg.
6. A Subjunctive Clause depending on the Indirect 5. ut tenuissent (plupf. subjv.), priusquam appetissent
Discourse will take secondary sequence if the Infinitive is (piupf. subjv.), I, 43, zo.
Perfect; if Present or Future, ii will take its sequence 6. flgitre (hist. inf.), quotl essent poiliciti (plupf.
from the main verb on rvhich the Inclirect Discourse subjv.), I, r6, t.
clepends.
Sequcttce it Cacsar:
Z. Clauses of Result often
have the present or perfect There are 84o cases of sequence in Caesar. Of these
Subjunctive after secondary tenses. This emphasizes the 2!o are Primary and 63o Secondary. The Historical
result. It is rare in Caesar.2 Present takes the Primary Sequence 233 times ; Secondary,
Eratnlles of Sequence 88 times. The Perfect Indicative outside of the Indirect
Primary: Discourse has Primary Sequence only ! times.
r. est (pres. ind.) aditus, ut habeant (pres. subjv.), Iy,
2, I' AlrncrroN oF MooD
z. queritur (pres. ind.), quod sit dstittus (perf. subjv.), Clauses regularly taking their verbs in the Indicative
I, 16,2t. usually allow these verbs to be attractecl into the Subjunc-
3. cnantur (hist. pres.), ut exeant (pres. subjv.), I, 5, tive when inside of
2.
a) Another clause which regularly requires its verb to
1'Ihe cum ternporal clause always takes be in the Subjunctive, or when depencling upon an Inde-
seconclary sequence after the
Ilistorical Present- pendent Subjunctive,l such as the Hortatory, or Optative.
, There are only cases in Claesar. Out of
9 46.; instances of Result Clauses lThere are only three lntlependent Subjunctives in Caesar: VII, 38;
in Cicero only 6r have Perfect Subjunctives after secondary tenses.
YIl,77; VII,77.
44 I,ATIN SLItsORDJN,,\Ti1 CLALISE SYNTAX
cum el qui trnsissent (trnsierant) suis auxilium ferre nn
possent, zu/ten t/tey zuho /ad crossed 0u1.
,.aere not a/e lo
carrlt he/p to t/eir ozuT ntet, I, t3, t5.
) The Indirect Disconrse. e0 sibi minus dubittinis
dari, quod es res memori tenret (teneO), that lcss o1f
doubl zuts giuen /timt bectuse /e retmertbered fhese thrugs,
I, t4, t. This accounts for the very frequent occurrence
of Subjunctives in Relative and Conditional Clauses in
Caesar, there being 72 cases of attraction in clau-ses of the
latter kind, and 69 in the former in the first four books of
Caesar. H.6+S (Sz+); A. Sg: G+z); G.6Q; 6z9; B.
324, r, z; }{R. 539.
Enay'fioru. Frcquently Indicative clauses, used either
parenthetically or as Llnnecessary and not integral parts
of the sentcnce, resist this attraction. This occurs also
when the fact is to be especially emphasized. 11.043, 3,
4 (524, z); A. 593, a (342, G. 6z9, R. Such instances
^);
are confined in Cacsar almost entireiy to Relative and ut-
parenthetical clauses of Comparison. Cicero frequently
allows the Protasis verb of a Condition in the Indirect
I)iscourse to resist attraction.l In classical prose, temporal
clauses, especially with dum, sometimes resist attraction
(cf. Gildersleeve-Loclge, 655, R. 3; 663, r, n. r): cum esset
Caesar in citeriOre Galli, ita uti supr dmnstrvimus, etc.,
za/en Cacsar zaas it /it/tcr Gaul, as zu /aae s/owtz aboue,
II, I, r ; angusts s fins habre arbitrbantur, qul
patbant, l/tcy thou,gltt l/tat tltey latl norrozu borders, za/c/
e.rtcrcded, I, 2, t8.
In Caesar there are 4z clanses that resist attraction in
the Indirect Discourse.
qu si clubitbunt, ego mE profiteor reltrum (esse), Man. 58,
1
SEQUENCE OF TENSES 45
INrrNlrrve Tnuse Equrvarenrs IN INrRncr Drscounsr
The Infinitive in Indirect Discourse is merely a repre-
sentative of some finite form of the verb in Direct Dis'
course. It is independent of the laws of sequence and
expresses the same kind of time as the verb for which it
stands. The Present Infinitive may stand for any tense
expressing present time, the Future for any tense express-
ing future time, and the Pcrfect for any tense expressing
past time. The verb in the l)irect Discourse for which
the Infinitive stands is ahvays Indicative except the Sub-
junctive in the apodosis of a conditional sentence' The
Imperative, the Indicative of a real question asking for an
answer, and the independent Sr"rbjunctives (Deliberative,
Hortatory, and Optativc) of the Direct become or remain
Subjunctive in the Indirect.
Let us notice the first infinitive in an Indirect Discourse
clause in Caesar: Ga110s obtinre dictum est, it has becn
sad t/at lle Gauls ltzssess (one part), I, r, t7. obtinre
is present because it reprcsents a present tense of the finite
verb in the direct discourse, although it depends on a past
principal verb, and is, therefore, past so far as the lvriter
is concerned. The direct form would be: Galli obtinent.
Again, conciliturum (esse), I, 3, 22, represents concilib
in the direct. It is future becausc it represents a future
tense in the direct.
The following table shorvs the variotts finite forrns for
which the Infinitive tcnses may stancl in the Indirect Dis-
course. It wili throrv much light on the preceding dis-
cussion and will assist the student to acquire a better
understanding of the Indirect Discourse in general'
Tenses ir black type are those rvith rvhich thc Caesar
7.
student should be very familiar; ottrers are for reference,
 46 LATIN SI]]]OI{DiNATE CLAUSE SYNTAX

Ilrrurrrve ru Ixrrqrcr I)rscoutr Frxrro Vann r Drnncr DncouRS

Present Indicative 1
imperfect Indicative 2

Perfect Periphrastic CHAPTER VI

-rum fuisse Imperfect Subjunctive 3
Future Inclictive
l'uture Perfect lndicative
F-uture Present Subjunctive 5
Perfect Subjunctive 5
Imperfect Indicative
Perfect Perfect Indicative
Pluperfect Indicative
" SUBORDINATE CLAUSES BY YEARS
a Tnn following table shows what clauses and divisions
of clauses should be known by the High School student
in the second, thircl, and fourth years of the course' The
list in the caesar column contains clauses that appear ten
times or over in the first four books' The same idea
has'
with several exceptions made for sumcient reason' guided

I'erfect Periphrastic
the selection in the Cicero and Vergil columns' Clauses
-urum fuisse Pluperfect Subjunctive 6
not mentioned in these colLlmns occur so infrequentiy that
of
they should be mastered only when nret in the reading
1 a) This may be a Present of a verb of necessity (passive periphrastic), or
the text. The teacher of High School Latin may thus be
guided to direct without waste the energy expended by
his
of possibility (possum), both of rvhich are equivalent to furure time: ttius
Galliae sds6 potir posse sprant, I, 3,25, esse faciendum,I,3r, students on subordinate clause syntax'
/) This may be a Historical Present. See dere, I, 3r, 53. This is 56.
an Some definite reqrrirements should be made of
pupils
apodosis of a Real, (Past Particular Condition). knorvledge,of
2 Continuecl or repeated action in
past time. A, 584, a, n. (336, A, n. r).
looking toward the mastery of the necessary
subordinate clauses and their syntax in the proper
3 In the apodosis of an Unreal, e
order
(present Contrary to Fact) Conclition,
The apodoses of both kinds of unreal clonclitions are iclentical in the Indirect and at the time when such knowledge is needed most in
line' with
l)iscourse. see Note 8 under table of conditional sentences in Indirect r)is-
course, page 36.
the reading work. Haphazard efforts aiong this
a The lleal, r (More Vivid Ituture) Condition may
have the l.uture perfect
little assistance except such as the matter in the grammars'
n the apo.losis. difcult and mystifying as this too frequently is' affords'
In the apo<losis of tht Itleal, r/ (Future
Less Vivicl) Condition,
0 In the apodosis of the Unreal,,f (Past Contrary
are sure to discourage the pupil and surely will not lead
to lact) Condition, him"to the desired goal'
Figures and letters refer to sections in Chapters
I to
The detaiied clas-
III, ihere these clauses are discussecl'
enumerated
sification and discussion of conditional sentences
nder 7 in the Caesar and Cicero columns will be found in
Chapter IV.
4B LATIN SUBORDINAT}:] CLAUSE sYNTAx SUBORDINATE CLAUStrS IJY YEARS 49
Carsen Crcno
Creusns l{or Fouxo rN CAESAR AND CrcERo
. Indirect Discourse;
a, , c, tl The following lists give those Ciauses which are not
NoUN 2, Fact, qlood.: a, c
CLAUSES
3. Indirect Question found in Caesar and Cicero. All of the Noun and Adjec-
(Chapter I) 4. Purpose: a, c, d tive Clanses, which are discussed in Chapters I and III,
5. Resdt: a, b, d
are founcl in both Caesar and Cicero. The following list
. Causal . Causal rvill consist, therefore, of Adverbiai Clauses only. Figures
clJm: 4 quia: ,, r
quoal: , r quoniam: l, z and letters in parenthesis rcfer back to Chapter II.
z. Temporal z. Ternporal
cum:4 quoad:
dum: ttl: d NO'I IN CAESAR
priusquan: r
-5. Concessive
ubi,postquam: d quamquam: Catse :
3, Purpose etiam si: quia (1, , r).
ut, u, qu 6. Comparison
4. Result
ut, ut ndn
sicut,tamquam, quand (r, b, z).
quasr: r. Causal
5. Concessive 7. Conditional l quand6: , z Time:
ADVERtsIAL cIJm: d Real, a (Present z. Temporal dnec (.2, b).
CLAUSES etsr: Particular) tlnec: /
(Chapter II) 6. Cornparison Real, (P^st antequam: d antequam (2, c).
ut,quantum: d, r Particular)
qam: a,2 Real, r (More 6. Cornparison
veluti: rLt(2, ({).
atque (ac): a, 3 Vivid Future)
ut (Parenthet- Ideal, d (Less Coucession :
ical) : c Vivid Futrrre)
Unreal, a (Pres'- li'cet, quamvis (5, a.
7. Conditional 1
More Vivid Fr ent Contrarv quamquam (5, 1r).
ture (in Indir. to Fact )
Disc.) Unreal, / (Past etiam sI (5, c).
Present Patic- Contrary to
ular (in Indir, Fact) Cotnfarison :
Disc.) Mixed
Relative: cum, 8. Proviso ut si, quam si, tamquam, tamquam si (6, c).
quicumque: alum mod.o Condtiot:
Relative Relative i ut, qaand (7, )).
Simple Limitation :
ADJECTIVE f'd Relative Proaiso.' l{ot founcl r'vith any of its introdr-icing particles.
CLAUSES Conditional, qui- Cause: z, c
Chapter III cumque: r, / Result : 2, d
Chaaclcristic: z, NOT IN CICERO
Purpose: z,
Cause :
Attraction of \,lood Infomal Indirect
Sequence of Tenses Discouse Irregulariiies of
quand (r, b, z).
Gmrnr. Indirect Discourse Revierv of General Mood in Subor-
Sentence Analysis bv Subjects in pre- Tinze :
dinate Verbs
Causes ceding column ddtec (2, b).
1 Discussed at length in Chapter IV. postquam, ubi, simul (2, d)"
-
 50 LATIN SUBORDINATE CLAUSE SYNTAX SUBORDINAIE CLAUSES BY YEARS 5I
Concession:
quamvls, ut (J, a).
4. Relative. See z, d, Chapter III.
5. Ablative Absolute. See 9, Chapter II.
etsi (5, d).
Condition;
Comparison:
ut si, quam si, tamquam si (6, c). r. Pure : si, nisi, sin. See 7, a, Chapter IL
Condilion: z. Conditional Comparison. See 6, e, Chapter II.
Relative: ut, ubi, cum, quandO (2, l,). 3. Conditional Concession. See 5, r, Chapter II.
Proaiso 4. Conditional Proviso. See 8, Chapter II.
Does not occur except with dum modo (8). 5. Conditional Relative. See 2, a, 3 i 7, b, Chapter II.
6. Ablative Absolute. See 9, Chapter II.
Crausr Suulr.Ry Purlose :
The following summary, made from the standpoint of r. ut, n (substantive). See 4, Chapter I.
the ideas involved in the various subordinate clauses, is 2. ut, r',, quO (adverbial). See 3, Chapter IL
made to give the student a comprehensive view of the 3. Relative. See z, , Chapter III.
whole field: Result:
Time: r. ut, ut nn, quin (substantive). See !, Chapter I.
I. cum. See 2, a, Chapter IL 2. rtt, ut nOn (adverbial). See 4, Chapter II.
2. trt, ubi, postquam, etc. See z, d, Chapter IL 3. Relative. See z, e, Chapter III.
3. dum, d0nec, quoad, quam di. See z, , Chapter II. Com.larisoru:
4. antequam, priusquam. See z, c, Chapter lI. I. Pure: ut, quam, quantus, atque (ac). See 6, a, r, 2,
5. Conditional Relative. See 2, d, 3; /, b, Chapter II. and 3, Chapter II.
6. Ablative Absolute. See 9, Chapter IL
z. Conditional. See 6, e, Chapter II.
Caase:
3. Parenthetical: ut. See 6, , Chapter II.
I. cum. See r, a, Chapter lL Genral :
2. quoal, quia, quoniam, quancl. See r, , Chapter IL
3. Relative. See z, c, Chapter IIL
I. Indirect Question. See 3, Chapter I.
4. Ablative Absolute. See 9, Chapter II. z. Indirect Discourse. See r, Chapter I.
Concessiot : 3. Relative (simple). See r, Chapter III.
r. quamvis. See 5, a, Chapter II.
cum, ut, licet, 4. Fact: quoal. See z, Chapter I.
2. quamquam. See 5, , Chapter II.
3. etsi, tamets, etiam si. See 5, r, Chapter IL
52 LATIN SUBOI{DINATE CLAUS-tr SYNTAX SUBORDINATE CLAUSL,S BY YEARS 53

SusOnnrI,{rINc Wonos 2. trndirect Qr.restion. See Note nnder qui, above.

3. Purpose. See 3, Chapter II.
Certain subordinate conjunctions and words introducing
Quod
subordinate clauses may introduce scveral kinds of clanscs.
The follorving summary is given to assist thc student in
r. Relative. See Adjective Clauses, Chapter III.
getting a ciear iclca of the varccl uses of sr_rr:h words.
2. Cause. Sce I, , Chapter II.
3. Fact. Sce 2, Chaptcr tr.
Cum may introduce the following ciauses: 4. Indirect Qr,restion. See 3, Chapter I.
I. Time. See 2, a, Chapter II. Si
zl Cause. See r, a, Chapter IL r. Condition. See 7, a, Chapter IL
3. Concession. See 5, a, Chapter II. z. Inclirect Question. Scc a, , Chapter I.
4. Conditional Relative. See 7, 1,, Chapter II. 3. Concessiott. See 5, r, Chaptcr II.
Dum 4. Comparison. Sce 6, r, Chapter II.
I. Time. Sce z, , Chapter II. Ut
z. Proviso. See 8, Chaptcr II. I. Pnrposc" See 4, Chapter I; 3, Chapter II.
NC, -ne z. Result. See !, Chapter I ; 4, Chapter II.
r. Purpose. Sce 4, Chapter I; 3, Cha.ptcr II. 3. Tirne. Sce z, y' Chapter II.
z. Indirect Question. Sec 3, a, Chaptcr X. 4. Concession. See 5, a, Chapter II.
3. Concession. See 5, a, Ch:rptcr II. 5. Froviso. See 8, Chapter II.
4. Proviso. See 8, Chapter II.
6. Conclitional R.elative. See 7, b, Chapter II.
7. Cornparison:
Qur rz) Conditional. See 6, r, Chapter I[.
I" Relativc. See Acljective Ciauscs, Chapter III. ) Pure Cornparison. See 6, d, t, Chapter II.
z. Indirect Question. See 3, Chapter I. r) Parenthetical. See , , Chapter II.
Norn. Since the Rclative ancl Intcrrogative Pr-onouns are identical
8. Inclirect Qr.restion. See 3, Chaptcr Ll
- tlirce additions in the Interrog:rtive.
in form, rvith Relatir.e and Indirect TIbi
Question Clauses often have the same form for their introclucing rvords.
r. Indirect Question. Scc 3, Chapter I.
Qu z. Tilc. See z, z/, Chapter II.
I. Relative. See Adjective Clauses, Chapter III. 3. Rclative. Sce Adjective Clauses, Chapter III.
a) qlu, as an Adverb, w/tere (old Ablative of the Rela- 1 ut is here an interrogative aclverb, /tozu. Cf. Cic. X{an. 48, z: tlt
tive), frequently introduces a Relative Adverbial aclsnserint, Veryrare"
Clause of Place. 6 cases in first four books of Caesar.
 54 LATIN SUBORDINATE CLAUSE SYN1IAX SUBoRDTNATE CLAUSES BY YEARS 55

SunoRnrnar:n Cuus: ANryss 5. An understood word, such as esse, or a subject (ex-

cept a Personal Pronoun), is placed in parentheses in its
The ability to resolve complex and compound sentences proper place.
into their clause elements is one that the student entering 6. Parenthetical clauses (cf. 6, , Adverbial Clauses)
Caesar should strive to develop as soon as possible. When and independent or parenthetical statements are put in
this has been done the most difficult complex or compound parentheses and placed under or subordinate to the clause
sentence has become a series of simple elements which in which they appear.
may be easily translated as so many simple sentences.
Such an analysis should be made by the student before he I
(Caesar, I, 7, Tast sentence)
attempts to translate any sentence of more than ordinary
length, and the teacher should have made on paper and on fut posset{dum convenrrent{ (mrlits) qus imperverat
the board such analyses of all difficult sentences when (Caesar) I . sumptrum (esse)
they are met in the text. With a knowledge of the matter
respondit
l(legati) reverterentur (:impv. in Direct Discourse {si
t vellent
on the preceding pages this will become reasonably easy
for the average student. The writer has found this system Ii ,
of analysis, given herewith, of very great value in his work. (Caesar, I, Z, sentence before last )
He has also used helpfully in the latter part of the first
year's work a regular system of diagramming such as is | | L. Cassium { occisurn (esse)
(Caesar) J Quod
teneba,
used in teaching English Grammar. Dutbat i,
^..^..^,. I pulsum (esse)
Jloxel'cltuml-
'
We give below examples of a brace -system of clause
l lmissum(esse)
H t (-) concdendum (esse)
analysis bhich carries out the above idea. A few details (Caesar)l 5 i|.hornrns
' tenpertrs (esse) { dat facultte
of the plan are necessary by way of introduction : exstilnbat
r. Only thesubjectand predicate of theprincipal clause
appear on the diagram. III
z. Only the introducing word, or conjunction, and the (Caesar, II, r7, lines z-rr)
predicate of the subordinate clause appear, except f cum facerent
ouldam Dervenerunt
a) since the Indirect Discourse clause has no intro- ' (dmnstra*";t (Y'cgnitunr est)
I

I
ducing word, the subject Accusative is given. i' Icnsuetdineperspect
3. The antecedent of the Relative, and any substantive ',3 [nurnerurnintercdere
. :*
I ,'
II adortrl ,'
--,(sulrl.:Icc.
with which a clause stands in apposition, are placed in cumvenisset
esse 1 ,
)'----[(cunr)abessent
parentheses immediately before the clause.
(qurdam.)i )
dnrnstrrunt | fqu puls
4. The Ablative Absolute, being logically equivalent to a
subordinate clause, is given the same place on the diagram. t
I utaudrent (subj. acc.) futrum (esse) "-'[{ impedrmenris
;*;;;;' "
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Foundedon the trnslation of Freund's Latin-German
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