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ENGINEERING
MAHYUN AB WAHAB
CO AND PO MAPPING
PROGRAM
COURSE OUTCOME
OUTCOME
(CO)
(PO)
PO 1 : Ability to acquire and apply
knowledge of mathematics, science,
CO 1: Able to demonstrate the scenario
engineering and an in-depth technical
of hydrology and water resources
competence to the solution of
engineering.
complex engineering problems in an
environmental/civil engineering
discipline.
Flood Routing
downstream
Why route flows?
1. Floods
predict flood propagation
protection
warning
2. Design
water conveyance systems
protective measures
hydro system operation
3. Water dynamics
ungauged rivers
peak flow estimation
river -aquifer interaction
Routing Methods / Techniques
Hydrologic Hydraulic
Flow is calculated Flow is calculated
as a function of as a function of
time alone at a space and time
particular throughout the
location system
Governed by Governed by
continuity equation continuity and
and flow/storage momentum
relationship equations
Flood
routing
HYDROLOGIC HYDRAULIC
routing routing
Modified
Muskingum St Venant Goodrich
Methods Method Equations
Puls
Method
Method
STORAGE / RESERVOIR
ROUTING
In reservoir routing, which is also
occasionally referred to as lumped
routing, the effect of a flood wave
entering a reservoir is studied
This form of reservoir routing is essential
in:
the design of the capacity of spillways and
other reservoir outlet structures and
the location and sizing of the capacity of
reservoirs to meet specific requirements.
(a) Reservoir storage.
Related equation?
= ( )
Using t=1 day, storage at the end of the
first day, Si, is
Si = Si-1 + (i-i) t
Time (days) (inflow) cfs (outflow) cfs cfs
Given Calculate
0.5 500 250 250
13.5 0 0 0
Using t= 1 day. Storage at the end of
first day S1 is
Si = Si-1 + (i-i) t
S1 = S0 + (1-1) t
S1 = 0+ (500cfs-250cfs)(1 day)
S1 = .. ac-ft?
For day-2? - try to calculate
1 acre = 43560 ft
Ans : 496 acre foot = 611 806m3
Volume of storage for 1 acre - foot
Qb - Plot the graph storage vs time for the reservoir for the
event. Assume that S0 = 0 (the reservoir is initially empty)
7 23306 20000
8 17356
15000
9 11405
10 6446 10000
11 3471
5000
12 1488
13 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
14 0
Time (day)
Qc - What is the (approximate) maximum
storage reached during this storm event?
Storage (ac-ft)
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
t
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314
Time (day)
35000
30000
25000
Storage 'vs' time Q
Storage (ac-ft)
35000 20000
30000 15000
25000 10000
I
Storage (ac-ft)
20000 5000
15000
10000
5000
Q = f(h) 0
t
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314
Time (day)
0
t
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314
Time (day)
reservoir Output
S = f(h) 35000 Storage 'vs' time
Inflow
30000
25000
h
Storage (ac-ft)
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
t
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314
Time (day)
For reservoir routing, the following data
have to be KNOWN. Graphs or tables
showing
Storage volume vs elevation for the
reservoir
Storage vs outflow discharge
Inflow hydrograph, I = f(t); and
Initial values of S, I and Q at time=0
Reservoir Routing - Hydrologic Routing
- Modified Puls Method
Modified Puls Method Equation
1 + 2 1 2
+ = +
2 2 2
Unit for + = Mm3 = 106m3
SO, time interval has to be in second, s
Step 2 - On the same plot, prepare a curve of
outflow discharge vs elevation
Routing started at,
elevation = 100.50m,
Q = 10.0m3/s and
1
1 = 3.364Mm3
2
+ (/ ) (Mm3)
3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5
103.5 103.5
103 103
102 102
101.5 101.5
+ (/ ) vs
101
elevation 101
100.5 100.5
100 100
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Outflow, Q (m3/s)
Q1t
Starting from the value of ( )
2
Q2t
Step 3 - Determine the ( + ) using
2
the Modified Puls Method Equation
+
+ = +
+
. + . = m3
Step 4 The water-surface elevation corresponding
Q t
to( + 2 ) is found by using the plot of Step 1.
2
The outflow discharge Q2 at the end of the time step
t is found from plot of Step 2.
3.684 Mm3 +()/ (Mm3)
3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5
103.5 103.5
103 103
102 102
101.5 101.5
+ (/ ) vs
101
elevation 101
100.62 m
100.5 100.5
100 100
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
80
Peak attenuation = 10 m3/s
70
60
Discharge (m3/s)
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time (hr)
ii. The reservoir elevation vs time curve
during the passage of the flood wave
Variation of reservoir elevation with Time
102.2
102
101.8
101.6
Elevation (m)
101.4
101.2
101
100.8
100.6
100.4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Time (hr)
Reservoir Routing - Hydrologic Routing
Goodrich Method
Another popular method of hydrologic
reservoir routing.
21 22
(1 + 2 )+ 1 = + 2
Known Calculate!
Function of elevation
For the next time step,
[ + -2 ] of the previous time
step = for use as the initial
values
Example
Time (h) 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66
Inflow (m3/s) 10 30 85 140 125 96 75 60 46 35 25 20
340.00
103 103
102.5 102.5
Q vs elevation
102 102
101.5 101.5
vs
+/
elevation
101 101
100.60
100.5 100.5
100 100
0 12 m3/s 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
At t=0, Elevation = 100.60m, Find Q from
the graph
From graph, Q = 12m3/s, and
From graph, + = 340 m3/s
So, to start next time step, calculate
From + = 340 m3/s, get S = ?
From S = ?, calculate + = ..m3/s
For the first time interval of 6hr,
I1 = 10, I2 = 30, Q1 = 12, and
21
+ = (1 + 2 )+ 1
+ = (10 + 30)+ 316 = 356 m3/s
Refer back to the figure, find the
elevation and Q when + = ? ,
For the next time increment, calculate
[ + -2 = 356 2*17 = 322m3/s
The procedure is repeated in a tabular form till the
entire flood is routed
Discharge
Time (hr) I (m3/s) (I1 + I2) +Q (m3/s) + (m3/s) Elevation (m)
(m3/s)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 10 340 100.6 12
40 316 356
6 30 Col 5 2* (Col 7) Col 3 + Col 4 100.74 17
115 322 437
12 85 101.38 40
225 357 582
18 140 102.5 95
265 392 657
24 125 102.92 127
221 403 624
30 96 102.7 112
171 400 571
36 75 102.32 90
135 391 526
42 60 102 73
106 380 486 0.02
48 46 57
81 372 453 101.74
54 35 46
60 361 421 101.51
60 25 37
45 347 392 101.28
66 20 27
335 101.02
RIVER / CHANNEL
ROUTING
RIVER / CHANNEL ROUTING
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0 5 5 0 0 5 5 5
7 42
26 156
29.5 177
7.5 45
-9.5 -57
-13.5 -81
-13.5 -81
-11.5 -69
-9.0 --54
54 5 13 -8 78 10.2 10.6 11
-6.0 -36
60 5 9 -4 42 7.6 7.8 8
-3.0 -18
Determination of K and x for a channel reach
Plot the graph
x = 0.35 x = 0.3 x = 0.25
40
[ + ] vs Storage
35
30
25
[+()]
m3/s
20
15
10
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Storage, S (m3/s.h)
x = 0.35
x = 0.35 Linear (x = 0.35)
40
y = 0.0747x + 5.2451
35
30
25
20
15
10
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
x = 0.30
x = 0.30 Linear (x = 0.30)
40
y = 0.0748x + 5.2141
35
30
25
20
15
10
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
x = 0.25
x = 0.25 Linear (x = 0.25)
40
y = 0.0749x + 5.183
35
30
25
20
15
10
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Value of K
= ; K=
[+ ]
X y Calculate from
linear equation
Point 1 400 35.143
K = 13.3
Muskingum Method of Routing
Change in storage
= [ + ( )( )
Continuity equation for the river reach
+ +
=
From both equation, Q2 is evaluated as
= + +
+ .
=
+ .
.
=
+ .
+ + = .
Muskingum Routing Equation provides a
simple linear equation for channel
routing.
For best result, the routing interval, t
should be so chosen that K>t>2Kx
If t < 2Kx, the coefficient C0 will be
negative
To use the Muskingum equation to route
a given inflow hydrograph through a
reach,
the values of K and x for the reach, and
the value of outflow, Q1 from the reach at
the start are needed
Muskingum Routing Procedure
Time (hr) 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54
Inflow
10 20 50 60 55 45 35 27 20 15
(m3/s)
Step 1 Knowing K and x, select
an appropriate value of t
K = 12 h ; 2Kx = . H
t should be K>t>2Kx
t = ..
Select t = . h
Step 2 - Calculate C0, C1 and C2
C0 =..
C1 =..
C2 =..
C0 = 0.048
C1 = 0.429
C2 = 0.523
Step 3 - Starting from the initial
conditions I1, Q1 and known I2 at the
end of the first time step t, calculate
Q2 by Muskingum Routing Equation
For the first time interval, 0-6 hr
I1 = 10.00 C1I1 = .
I2 = 20.00 C0I2 = .
Q = 10.00 C2I1 = .
= + + = m3/s
Time (hr) I (m3/s) C0 I2 C1 I1 C2 Q1 Q (m3/s)
0 10 10.00
6 20 = + +
12 50
18 60
24 55
30 45
36 35
42 27
48 20
54 15
HYDRAULIC METHOD OF
FLOOD ROUTING
St. Venant equations.