Line, Surface and Volume Integrals

Sudarmaji, Geofisika FMIPA UGM

 Line Integrals involving Vector
Functions
a line element of vector dr dxi dy j dzk
Line integral of the vector field F ( x, y, z) P( x, y, z) i Q( x, y, z) j R( x, y, z) k

F dr ( P i Q j R k ) (dx i dy j dz k )
C C

( P dx Qdy R dz)
C

f ( x, y, z) ds F dr ( P dx Qdy R dz)
C C C

A line integral F dr
C
is said to be independent of path in a domain D

If the value of the integral is the same for all piece-smooth paths C in D from A to B
 Example
If
A 3x 2 6 y i 14 yz j 20 xz 2 k , evaluate A d r from (0, 0, 0) to (1, 1, 1)

C
along the following paths C: C ( x, y, z) | x t , y t 2 , z t 3
Solution :

Ad
r 3x 2 6 y i 14 yzj 20 xz 2k dx i dy j dz k
C C

3x 2 6 y dx 14 yzdy 20 xz 2 dz
C

3x 2 6 y d t 14 yzd t 2 20 xz 2 d t 3
C

3t 2 6t 2 dt 14 t 2 t 3 d t 2 20(t ) t 3 d t 3
0
1 2

9t 2 dt 28t 6 dt 60t 9 dt
1

9t 2 28t 6 60t 9 dt 5
0
1
 Example
If
A 3x 2 6 y i 14 yz j 20 xz 2 k , evaluate A d r
C
from (0, 0, 0) to (1, 1, 1)
along the following paths C: the straight lines from ( 0, 0, 0) to (1, 0, 0)

, then to (1, 1, 0) , and then to (1, 1, 1)

Solution :
Along the straight line from (0, 0, 0) to (1, 0, 0) y 0, z 0, d y 0, d z 0 while x
varies from 0 to 1

1 1
3x 2 6(0) d x 14(0)(0)(0) 20x(0) 2 (0) 3x 2 d x 1
0 0

Along the straight line from (1, 0, 0) to (1,. 1, 0) x 1, z 0, d x 0, d z 0 while y

varies from 0 to 1.

3(1)
1
2
6 y 0 14 y(0)d y 20(1)(0) 2 (0) 0
0

Along the straight line from (1, 1, 0) to (1, 1, 1) x 1, y 1, d x 0, d y 0 while z

varies from 0 to 1

1 1 20
3(1) 2 6(1) 0 14(1) z(0) 20(1) z 2 d z 20z 2 d z
0 0 3
Example 1. F=(xy)i-(y2)j, find the work from (0,0) to (2,1)

dW F dr

dr idx jdy

F dr xydx y 2 dy
W ( xydx y 2 dy)

path 1 (straight line)

2
1 1
2 2
1 1 1
y x, dy dx W1 xydx y 2 dy x xdx x dx 1
2 2 0 0
2 2 2

1 2 1
path 2 (parabola) y x , dy xdx
4 2
2
1 1
2 2
1 2
W2 xydx y dy x x 2 dx x 2 xdx
2

0 0
4 4 2 3
path 3 (broken line)
1

1
1) (0 y 0 y 2 dy)
y 0 3
1 5

2
2) ( x 1 dx 1 0) 2, W3 2
y 0 3 3 2) dy 0

1) dx 0

path 4 (parameter) x=2t^2, y=t^2

x: (0,2) t: (0,1)

1
7
W4 xydx y dy 2t 2 t 2 4tdt 2t 2 2tdt
2 2

0
6
 xdy ydx
Example 2. Find the value of I
x2 y2

path 1 (polar coordinate ) r=1 (constant)

so, only d may be considered.
x cos , dx sin d
y sin , dy cosd , x2 y2 1

xdy ydx cos (cosd ) sin ( sin d )

d
x y
2 2
1

0
I1 d

path 2

xdy ydx xdx ( x 1)dx

0

x 2 y 2 1 x 2 ( x 1)2

0
arctan( 2 x 1) 1
2

xdy ydx xdx (1 x)dx

1

x2 y 2 0 x 2 (1 x) 2
1
arctan( 2 x 1) 0
2 (0,1)
y 1 x
y x 1 2)
1)

I 2 (-1,0) (1,0)

## Question: Would you compare between example 1 and 2?

2) Conservative fields (F or V)

- Example 1 : depends on the path. nonconservative field

- Example 2 : does not depend on the path. conservative field

curl F 0, necessary and sufficient condition for conservative field
W W W
F W i j k
x y z
W W W
Fx , Fy , Fz
x y z
2W 2W
Using ,
xy yx
Fx 2W Fy Fy Fz Fx Fz
, and similarly , ,
y yx x z y z x

From this, F 0

If F W , F 0

Conversely, if F 0, we can find W for which F W .
3) Potential ()

F : conservative field
F ,
( W ) : scalar potential
B
F ds for A: a proper reference point
A

cf. Electric field, gravitational field conservative

Example 3. Show that F is conservative, and find a scalar potential.

F (2 xy z 3 )i x 2 j (3xz 2 1)k

1) F is conservative.

i j k

F 0
x y z
2 xy z 3 x2 3xz 2 1
2) Scalar potential of F (x,y,z)
B B iii) dz
W F dr (2 xy z 3 )dx x 2 dy (3xz 2 1)dz (x,y,0)
A A i) dx
(0,0,0) ii) dy
a. find the point where the field (or potential) is zero. (x,0,0)
b. do line integral to an arbitrary point along the path with which the
integration is easiest.

i) only dx y z 0, dy dz 0
x
W ( ) 0
x 0

ii) only dy x const., z 0, dx dz 0

y

2 2
x dy x y
0
iii) only dz x, y const., dx dy 0
z W x 2 y xz 3 z
(3xz 2 1)dz xz 3 z
0
Example 4. scalar potential for the electric field of a point charge q at the origin

q q r q
E 2 er 2 3 r
r r r r

r dr
E dr q 3
to r to r
r

cf . A dA AdA
For d (r r ) 2r dr 2rdr

rdr q q
q 3
r
r rr r
 Independence of line integral
(Conservative Field)

Suppose P( x , y , z ), Q( x , y , z ), R( x , y , z ) are continuous functions in some domain D.

The line integral F dr ( P dx Qdy R dz)
C C
is independent of path in D if and

only if these exists a function ( x , y , z) defined in D such that

( x, y, z) F ( x, y, z) P( x, y, z) i Q( x, y, z) j R( x, y, z) k

When a line integral is independent of path in a domain D, and A and B are

points in D, then F dr ( x B , y B , z B ) ( x A , y A , z A ) where F for every
C
piecewise smooth curve C in D from A to B.
 Irrotational of vector field
F 0
The line integral F dr
C
is independent of path in a domain D if and only if

F dr 0 for every closed path in D.

C

Let D be a domain in which P( x , y , z ), Q( x , y , z ) and R( x , y , z ) have continuous

first derivatives. If the line integral F dr ( P dx Qdy R dz) is independent of
C C
path in D, then F 0 in D. Conversely, if F 0 in D, then the line integral
is independent of path in D.
 Surface Integrals involving Vector
Functions
a vector element of area d S n dS
in which n is a unit (normal) vector to indicate the positive direction
F ( x, y, z) P( x, y, z) i Q( x, y, z) j R( x, y, z) k
surface integral (Flux) of the vector field

F d S F ndS
S S
 Example :
If F 4 xz i y 2 j yz k , evaluate F n d S
S
where S is the surface of the cube

bounded by x 0 , x 1, y 0 , y 1 , z 0 , z 1 . ,

, Solution :
,

, Face DEFG: n i , x 1. Then

1 1 1 1
F nd S
DEFG
0 0
4z i y 2 j yz,k i d yd z 4z d yd z 2
0 0

Face ABCO: n i , x 0 . Then

y
1 1
F nd S j yzk ( i ) d yd z 0
2
0 0
ABCO

Face ABEF: n j , y 1. Then

4 xz i j zk j d xd z 0 0 d xd z 1
1 1 1 1
F nd S
ABEF
0 0
 Face OGDC: n j , y 0 . Then

4 xz i ( j) d xd z 0
1 1
F nd S
OGDC
0 0

Face BCDE: n k , z 1. Then

1 1 1 1 1
F nd S
BCDE
0 0
4 x i y 2 j yk k d xd z
0 0 y d xd y 2

Face AFGO: n k , z 0 . Then

y j (k ) d xd y 0
1 1
F nd S
2
0 0
AFGO

1 3
Adding, F nd S 2 0 (1) 0
DEFG
2
0
2
Volume Integrals involving Vector
Functions
the volume element d V
the vector field F ( x, y, z) P( x, y, z) i Q( x, y, z) j R( x, y, z) k

F.dV ( Pi Qj Rk )dV i PdV jQdV k RdV

V V V V V

Example :
If , evaluate F dV
F 2 xz i x j y 2 k
V

where V is the region bounded by the surfaces x 0, y 0, y 6, z x 2 , z 4

Solution:
2 xz i x j y k d zd yd x
2 6 4
F dV
2
x 0 y 0 z x 2
V
2 6 4 2 6 4
i 2 xzd zd yd x j x d zd yd x
x 0 y 0 z x 2
x 0 y 0 z x2
2 6 4
k y 2 d zd yd x
x 0 y 0 z x 2

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