DISTRIBUTED GENERATION INTERCONNECTIONS:

PROTECTION, MONITORING, AND CONTROL OPPORTUNITIES

Donald L. Hornak, Basler Electric Company
N. H. "Joe" Chau, Florida Power and Light Company

INTRODUCTION

Paralleling a Distributed Generation Supply to an Electric Power System (EPS) involves protec-
tion, monitoring and control of the interconnection for the mutual benefit of both parties to the
Interconnection. Standards exist that cover the various practices for the types of distributed
energy technologies, sizes, and configurations of the interconnection. Appendix I is a list of these
standards and codes.
Ten-point action plan for reducing barriers to distributed generation
A. Reduce technical barriers
(1) Adopt uniform technical standards for interconnecting distributed power
to the grid.
(2) Adopt testing and certification procedures for interconnection equipment.
(3) Accelerate development of distributed power control technology and
systems.
B. Reduce business practice barriers
(4) Adopt standard commercial practices for any required utility review of
interconnection.
(5) Establish standard business terms for interconnection agreements.
(6) Develop tools for utilities to assess the value and impact of distributed
power at any point on the grid.
C. Reduce regulatory barriers
(7) Develop new regulatory principles compatible with distributed power
choices in both competitive and utility markets.
(8) Adopt regulatory tariffs and utility incentives to fit the new distributed
power model.
(9) Establish expedited dispute resolution processes for distributed
generation project proposals.
(10) Define the conditions necessary for a right to interconnect.

Standards are under development that cover the various practices for the types of distributed
energy technologies, sizes, and configurations of the interconnection The blackouts and short-
falls in central power station capacity since 1996 in California, Illinois, New York, and other
regions brings the Distributed Generation (DG) solution to the forefront. The production of
electrical energy from a customer’s site has significant economic effects on the transmission and
distribution systems of the electric utility provider. Small drop-and-run power plants such as
microturbines, fuel cells, solar, wind, reciprocating engines, and gas turbines can provide sub-
stantial additional power to meet the provider’s peak loads. The hurdles to DG continue to be the
resolution of important policy issues including interconnection interfaces, standby charges,
stranded costs, siting and permitting for the DG.
The main technical interconnection question today is how to interface DG energy resources with
existing electric power systems in a reliable, safe, and cost-effective manner. Figure 1 illustrates
the complexity and the interaction between DG and the interconnected electric power system.
The four areas are as follows:
1. Isolated, no grid source
2. Isolated with automatic transfer
3. Grid interconnection, no power export
4. Grid interconnection, bi-directional power flow

Figure 1: Complexity and interaction between DG and interconnected electric power system

Figure 2 is a typical single line diagram of an interconnection. The major power apparatus is
shown. Figure 3 lays out the complexity of five different configurations of interconnections,
relating the type of interconnection with the least complex to the most complex.
 Figure 2: Typical interconnection one-line diagram
The interconnection concerns from the electric utility point of view, as illustrated by recent
surveys, include the reliability of the existing grid, the safety of electric power system personnel,
and quality control. The key to achieving a working implementation of DG will be the introduc-
tion of universal technical standards that permit standardized grid interconnection while main-
taining power system stability and worker safety. In the winter of 1999, the Institute of Electrical
and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) began devising a universal interconnection standard, currently
called IEEE P1547. Its purpose is to set forth a uniform standard for interconnection of distrib-
uted resources 10 Mva or smaller with electric power systems. The requirements relevant to
performance, operation, testing, safety, and maintenance of the interconnection are also included
in the emerging standard. This document is presently scheduled for the IEEE Standards Board
review in early 2002. The states of California, Texas, New York, and others have set forth their
own interconnection requirements that presently are being implemented.
Figure 3: Five different interconnection configurations
Figure 4 is a schematic of the interconnection system illustrating the approach taken in the
development of the IEEE P1547 Draft standard for the interconnection system between a DG
and a Wires Owner's Electric Power Systems.

Figure 4: Schematic of Interconnection system

TYPICAL DG INTERCONNECTION REQUIREMENTS

PURPOSE
A typical interconnection standard for DG establishes the criteria and requirements for the
interconnection of distributed resources with distribution systems. It may conform to the emerg-
ing IEEE P1547 interconnection Standard, now a work in progress and close to completion.
Specifically this document describes the design and testing requirements of generator intercon-
nection to the electric utility distribution system. The requirements established in this document
cover a broad spectrum of interests. The addition of a distributed resource to the distribution
system may change the system and its response. Attaining a technically sound and robust inter-
connection among distributed resources and the distribution system mandates diligence on the
part of everyone involved in the inter-connection,including designers, manufacturers, users,
owners, and operators of both electric power systems as part of the interconnection requirements.
This requirement needs to be understood cooperatively among the aforementioned groups and
met.

LIMITATIONS
The criteria and requirements are applicable to all distributed resource technologies and to the
primary and secondary voltages of the electric Power systems. Installation of DGs on the radial
primary and secondary electric power systems is the main emphasis of the IEEE. The require-
ments may be met at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC), although the location of protective
devices may not be at the PCC.
Figure 5 illustrates the relationship of the interconnection system terms for the purpose of this
typical DG interconnection requirements.

Figure 5: Relationship of interconnection terms

DEFINITIONS
Distributed Generation (DG)—Electric generation facilities connected to a Distribution System
through the Point of Common Coupling. Distributed Generation is a subset of Distributed Re-
sources.
Distributed Resources (DR)—Sources of real electric power that are not directly connected to the
bulk power system. It includes both generators and energy storage technologies.
Distribution System—Any facilities that allow electric power to be delivered to a load regardless
of ownership.
Island—A condition in which a portion of the Wires Owner’s system is energized by one or more
power producer generators through their PCC(s) while electrically separated from the rest of the
Wires Owner system.
Parallel (Operation)—With the Wire Owner will be used to refer to any electrical condition
between the Wire Owner and the Power Producer’s generation equipment.
Point of Common Coupling (PCC)—Will be used to refer to the point where the electrical facili-
ties or conductors of the Wires Owner are connected to the Power Producer’s facilities or con-
ductors, and where any transfer of electric power between the Power Producer and the Wire
Owner takes place.
Power Producer—Will be used to refer to anyone interconnected to the Wires Owner System for
the purpose of generating power.
Stabilized—Will be used to refer to the Wires Owner’s distribution system returning to a normal
range of voltage and frequency for 5 minutes or a time coordinated with the Wires Owner,
following a disturbance.
Target (Operation Indicator)—A supplementary device operated either mechanically or electri-
cally to visibly indicate that a relay or device has operated or completed its function.
Telemetering—Transmission of measurable quantities using telecommunications techniques.
Visible-break Disconnect—A disconnect switch or circuit breaker by means of which the genera-
tor and all protective devices and control apparatus can be simultaneously disconnected entirely
under full load from circuits supplied by the generator. The switch or breaker shall be provided
with the means for adequate visible inspection of all contacts in the open position, and the blades
or moving contacts shall be connected to the generator side.
Wires—The Host Utility’s distribution system below 25kV to which the generation equipment is
interconnected.
Wires Owner—The Host Utility owning the Utility System.

GENERAL INTERCONNECTION REQUIREMENTS

When a customer desires to establish a parallel interconnection with the utility, there are formal
procedures to follow that will ensure a sound technical basis for the proposed interconnection
asset. These technical and application procedures are summarized in the following table.
1. Planning for the interconnection asset
2. Designing the interconnection asset
3. Constructing the interconnection asset according to the planning and design
drawings agreed to during the application phase of the project.
4. Verification testing and commissioning testing of the completed construction phase.
5. Initial operation of the parallel interconnection, operations training, and recording
the performance of the interconnection system.
6. Operation and maintenance of the interconnection asset for the life of the asset.
Any customer may operate 60 Hertz, three phase or single phase generating equipment in parallel
with an electric utility system in accordance with the utility’s interconnection and operating
agreement, provided the equipment of the customer meets or exceeds the requirements of the
utility.

PROTECTION AND CONTROL REQUIREMENTS

Refer to Table 1 and Figure 6 for Summary Table and Single Line Diagram showing typical
interconnection requirements.
Table 1: Protection functions versus generator size for three phase synchronous generators
Notes for Table 1:
1. For synchronous and other types of generators with standalone capability.
2. Only required on synchronous generators that are for on-site load only. If NOT
exporting and generator is less than minimum load of customer, or if always exporting,
then relay not required except as noted.
3. If exporting, frequency blocks under trip with agreement of Host Utility.
4. May be required as part of a transfer tripping/blocking protective scheme.
5. Exporting to the Wire Owner may require additional operational/protection devices
and will require coordination of operations with the Wire Owner.
6. Selection depends on grounding system, if required by Wire Owner.
7. Quantity shown in brackets below, e.g. (3).
8. Bold X is IEEE Std. 242 protection requirement.
9. Three Directional Overcurrent relays may be substituted for Reverse Power relay.
10. Transfer Trip required for synchronous machines.
11. Above to be in accordance with Electrical Codes.

Figure 6: Wye-Delta Interconnection Transformer Connection Single Line Diagram -Protection

and Control Requirements
Typical Implementation, DG Interconnection, Protection, Monitoring, and Control
Opportunities

A. SCOPE

The project is to implement a parallel interconnection between a Power Producer and a Wires
Owner. The steps required to implement the interconnection includes the following:
1. Make Application to the Wires Owner for a parallel interconnection
2. Prepare the required Single Line Diagrams, Proposed Design, Type of Generator, Fuel Source,
and Type of Service desired.
3. Receive approval of the Wires Owner to proceed with the Interconnection.
4. Finalize the Design, Construction, Testing, Interconnection Agreement, and Operation and
Maintenance Agreement between the Power Producer and the Wires Owner.
5. Proceed with the construction of the generator and the interconnection.
6. Inspect the installation periodically during construction.
7. Review Type Testing submittals and witness them where necessary.
8. After completion of construction begin Start-up and Design Verification Testing.
9. Energize Generation and Interconnection Facilities
10. Document all functional testing using modern technology such as Numerical Protection
Systems as recorders and event loggers before loading and after loading the generator and the
interconnection facility.
11. Place in operation and begin maintenance planning for the asset.

B. INTERCONNECTION PROTECTION SINGLE LINES

To review the required protection for the reliability and performance of the proposed facility,
there are four increasingly complex levels to get the job done:
• Level 1 - Protection requirements for operating the interconnection system for
system disturbances that occur when the two electric power systems are operating in
parallel.
• Level 2 - Additional protective functions to increase the level of protective elements to
enhance the detection of harmful currents while operating in parallel.
• Level 3 - Additional protective functions enhance control during normal operation.
• Level 4 - Additional control functions.
Figure 7 is the single line diagram illustrating the performance capability of the least complex
alternative - Level 1.

Figure 7: Level 1 (Least complex alternative)

The purpose of the 27/59 and 81U/O functions shown in Figure 7 is to separate the two electric
power systems and allow the system with the disturbance to recover to its steady state conditions
before restoring the systems to parallel operation. Recording of the system conditions before,
during and after the disturbance by the interconnection protection systems available today is a
must. The recording of targets, fault current levels, sequence of events, and oscillographic infor-
mation removes all doubt as to why the tie line tripped. Older technology did not have this
capability at a reasonable cost.
Figure 8 is the single line diagram for Level 2 and increases the performance capability for
protection, however it also adds complexity due to closer interaction between the operating
systems. Additions include Overcurrent Protection for system fault conditions and unbalance
voltage and current (51C or 51V, 67, 46) and additional voltage protection (59N/G, 27N, and
47).

Figure 8: Level 2 (Increased performance capability)

The addition of time overcurrent with voltage controller or voltage restrained control allows for
more selectivity to differentiate fault current from overload current when system fault current
levels and overload levels are close, due to a low system stiffness ratio. The addition of direc-
tional overcurrent adds increase selectivity for fault detection of phase faults. The addition of
current unbalance (Function 46) will assist in preventing unbalance currents from damaging the
interconnection equipment. The addition of the unbalanced voltage (Function 47) will add
protection for open or high impedance grounded phases. The addition of the 59N and 27N
functions on the high side of a Delta-Wye transformer adds fault detection for phase to ground
faults.
Figure 9 is the single line diagram for Level 3 and adds additional protection to Level 2 (Protec-
tion 32 overpower forward or reverse).

Figure 9: Level 3 (additional protection)

The addition of an overpower device 32 to the interconnection gives the capability of controlling
the import or export of power during normal operation. Figure 8 shows this additional element
and directionality is controlled by the polarity of the CT connections. Dual element overpower -
forward and reverse allows the Wires Owner to determine if the Power Producer has lost load or
lost generation when coupled with a time delay function 62.
Figure 10 is the single line diagram for Level 4 and adds control functions to Level 3.
(25 w/voltage monitoring)

Figure 10: Level 4 (adds control function)

When an interconnection is closed, there must be supervision of the closing of the Interconnec-
tion/Generator Breaker. Monitoring of the voltage across the open breaker for the following four
conditions will set up the closing logic scheme chosen:
a. Live bus - Live line
b. Live bus - Dead line
c. Dead bus - Live line
d. Dead bus - Dead line
A 25 sync-check device must only permit the closing of the open breaker when the voltage,
frequency and phase angle between the electric systems are within certain differential limits.
These limits are Delta V, Delta F and Delta Phase Angle. This function is required any time the
interconnection is manually or automatically closed. Otherwise, there are potentially damaging
transients to the equipment.
DG OPPORTUNITIES TO ENHANCE CUSTOMER SATISFACTION
Case #1: Given a local hospital with cogeneration needs for hot water for the hospital laundry.
The addition of five 75kW Induction Generators (325kW) is a cost effective use of combined
heat and power running in parallel with the hospital's 277/480V electric power system. Figure 11
is a one line diagram of this application. The facility has been in operation since early 1991.
The designer used a zig-zag transformer connection to provide a ground source to trip the DG
breaker for ground faults on the hospital's electric power system.

Figure 11: Typical DG opportunity - Combined heat and power

A possible new application opportunity for this facility is to convert the 500kVA emergency
generator to run in parallel with the hospital's electric power system continuously without export-
ing power to the Wires Owner's electric power system.
Case #2: This case is an application whereby existing interconnected electric power systems
installed a 24MW diesel power plant. The purpose was for one party to install and operate the
24MW facilities to relieve imported power and energy during peak loads and periods of curtail-
ment within the bulk power systems.
Case #3: This case has applied the fuel cell technology to a United States Postal Service facility
using five natural gas fueled 200kW phosphoric acid fuel cells. These prepackaged and self-
contained fuel cells feed a 480V common bus. The bus is connected to 600V metal-clad circuit
breaker switchgear. A site management protection and control system consisting of circuit
breakers for the fuel cell side and the grid side, along with a high speed solid state automatic
switch between the Post Office 480V switchboard and the grid side circuit breaker. The high
speed automatic switch controller provides for detection of grid transients and transfers the fuel
cell power plant output from grid parallel mode to grid independent operation. The shift from full
plant output to load matching/following is accomplished in one-quarter cycle. The 1MW fuel cell
power plant provides electricity and heat to the U.S. Postal facility.
Case #4: This application has applied a 6MW diesel power plant at a customer's 35mW Chip
Plant manufacturing process in cases of load curtailments. The agreement provides that, upon
notification by the Wires Owner, the customer will manually start the three 2MW unit power
plant and place the 6MW on line. The process of synchronizing and paralleling with the power
grid is fully automated. The objective of paralleling is a seamless transfer to and from the Wires
Owner's grid.

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES - DISTRIBUTED GENERATION AGGREGATION

Power supply planning is being challenged by continuously growing needs for more capacity in
supply, wholesale for retail delivery systems (bulk power supply grid/network) and retail deliv-
ery systems (subtransmission and distribution systems).
Planners are searching for additional energy sources that can be brought on line quickly and
economically to satisfy peaking and mid-range energy demand needs. A key source already
exists. Distributed generation units now used for emergency standby or cogeneration purposes
already exist. One survey suggests that more than 90,000MW of DG capacity currently exists.
Tapping this resource will require some novel approaches to providing system solutions to
system opportunities.
For instance, suppose a regional wastewater utility has an environmental problem with flaring
methane gas to the atmosphere from the digesting process. What if the emergency standby
generators could be retrofitted or upgraded with equipment to allow parallel interconnected
operation with the Wires Owner system?
Technical business practices and regulatory barriers could be overcome with the following
concept: Aggregation of these 1 to 10MVA sources could be possible and economical if system
solutions were planned, designed, built, tested, and maintained and operated for the life of the
asset.
The components of the solution would include the following:
1. Integrated and adaptive protection and control systems, i.e. a transparent interconnection
system.
2. Integrated command and control systems to dispatch these resources in a real time environ-
ment.
3. Integrated monitoring and control systems to log and alarm when DG components need atten-
tion or routine maintenance, i.e. reliability centered maintenance.
4. Data logging and real time pricing to control the real time economics of firm and non-firm
power commitments between the parties operating in parallel.
Figure 12 illustrates how an aggregated DG might be implemented. Functional requirements
would include, but not be limited to, the following functions.

Figure 12: Economic dispatching of DG resources

1. DG system aggregator would monitor the DG assets from each wastewater facility.
2. Under emergency conditions or in times of peak pricing, a request is made by the ISO, RTO,
or distributed system operator to meet system demand.
3. The aggregated DG command and control system automatically communicates to each remote
generator that is available to come on line and parallel with the grid. This would, thereby,
reduce the ISO load and ensure uninterrupted operation of the facility.
4. With real time pricing, both parties could elect to buy or sell off peak power on a "when and if
available" basis at a "split the savings" economy interchange service. Figure 13 illustrates this
principle.
 Figure 13: Split the savings economy exchange transactions

SUMMARY and CONCLUSIONS

The implementation of a DG and its associated parallel interconnection is based on a long history
of satisfactory performance relating to:
• Increases in the reliability of the interconnected electric power system
• Mutual economic benefits brought to the parties belonging to the interconnection.
• Protection of the safety of the parties involved in interconnected operation.
• Providing flexibility for emergency, short term firm, long term firm and when and if
available energy services that reduce the exposure to step changes in supply and
demand economics.
• Improvement in the quality of electric service to wholesale and retail customers.
• Provides access to other markets for customers.
• Future work required for successful implementation and understanding of the inter-
connection of DG is illustrated in Figure 14.
 Figure 14: Future work required covering interconnection of DG
REFERENCES

[1] Guide for Protective Relay Application to Power Transformers, IEEE C37.91, 1985.
[2] Guide for Protective Relaying for Utility-Consumer Interconnections, IEEE C37.95,
1989.
[3] Guide for AC Motor Protection, IEEE C37.96, 1988.
[4] Guide for AC Generator Protection, IEEE C37.102, 1987.
[5] Guide for Abnormal Frequency Protection for Power Generating Plants, IEEE
C37.106, 1987.
[6] Integration of Distributed Resources in Electric Utility Systems: Current
Interconnection Practice and Unified Approach, F. R. Goodman, Project Manager, EPRI
Final Report TR-111489, November 1998.
[7] Yalla, Dr. Murty V.V.S., and Donald L. Hornak. A Digital Multifunction Relay for Intertie
and Generator Protection, Canadian Electrical Association, March 1992.
[8] Pettigrew, Robert D., and Dr. Murty V.V.S. Yalla. Generator Protection using
Multifunction Digital Relays, Electric Council of New England Relay Committee,
October 1992.
[9] Yalla, Dr. Murty V.V.S. A Tutorial Course on Digital Relaying Concepts and Data
Communication Basics, Electric Council of New England, October 1992.
[10] Dennis M. Bradley, "Connecting DG to the Grid", Transmission and Distribution World,
December 1999.
[11] Terrance P. O'Brien, "Computerizing Substation Control Systems", Transmission and
Distribution World, April 1996.
[12] Bill Koch, "The Microturbine: A Generator to Ease T&D Woes", Electrical World,
December 1999.
[13] ANSI/IEEE Std. 1001-1988, "Guide for Interfacing Dispersed Storage and Generation
Facilities with Electric Utility Systems."
[14] Donahue, K.E., "Relay Protection Interface and Telemetry Requirements for Non-Utility
Generators and Electric Utilities," 1998 Power Generation Conference, Orlando, Florida.
[15] Mozina, C.J., "Protecting Generator Sets Using Digital Technology," Consulting/
Specifying Engineer Magazine, EGSA Supplement, November 1997.
[16] Feero, Gish, Wagner and Jones, "Relay Performance in DGS Islands," IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, January 1999.
[17] IEEE Draft Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power
Systems, P1547 Draft 07, February 9, 2001.
[18] Draft Interim Guideline for Generator Interconnection to Wires Owner Distribution
System, Rev. 9, April 12, 2001.
[19] "Making Connections: Case Studies of Interconnection Barriers and Their Impact on
Distributed Power Projects", National Renewable Energy Laboratory, May 2000.
[20] Leslie, David, Distributed Generation: The Interconnection Question, Distributed
Power, May-June 2000.
[21] Mozina, Charles J., "Interconnection Protection of Dispersed Generators in the New
Millennium", Texas A&M University Conference for Protective Relay Engineers,
College Station, Texas, April 11-13, 2000.
[22] Hornak, Donald L., "Distributive Generation and Interconnection Protection with
Digital Multifunction Systems", 53rd Annual Conference for Protective Relay
Engineers, Texas A&M University, April 11-13, 2000.
[23] Koch, Bill. "In Sync: Switchgear that Shares", Electrical World, July-August 2001.

BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION

Don Hornak has more than 40 years' experience in the Electric Power Industry. He has worked
in the fields of System Planning, System Operations, Substation Design, Construction, Opera-
tions and Maintenance, Power Generation Facilities, and Corporate Management. He has served
on the System Planning Committee, System Operating Committee, and Technical Advisory
Group for the Florida Region of the Southeastern Reliability Council (SERC). Don has actively
participated in the formation of the Florida Energy Broker System. He graduated from the Uni-
versity of Florida in 1962 with a BS in EE. He is a registered Professional Engineer (Florida).
Don is a Senior Member of the IEEE, PES, IAS, and a member of IEEE working group P1547.
He has written technical papers for various power system conferences on protection and control
applications. Mr. Hornak is a Senior Application Engineer with Basler Electric. Don is a member
of the IEEE Working Group P1547.
N. H. "Joe" Chau is graduated from Georgia Tech in 1973 with a BS in EE. He worked with
Simons Eastern Company as Electrical Engineer in the pulp and paper industries from 1973 to
1984. Joe received is MSEE from Georgia Tech in Power System in 1984. He worked with GE in
1984 and Florida Power and Light from 1987 to the present, as Principal Engineer in Power
Systems - Protection and Control. Joe is a member of the IEEE working groups IEEE929, and
P1547.
APPENDIX 1

Applicable Codes and Standards

The generator or distributed resource interconnection shall conform to this guideline and to the
applicable sections of the following codes and standards:
When the stated version of the following standards is superseded by an approved revision, then
that revision shall apply.
Specific types of interconnection schemes, DR technologies, and Distribution Systems may have
additional requirements, standards, recommended practices, or guideline documents external to
this guideline. The applicability and hierarchy of those with respect to the requirements herein
are beyond the scope of this guideline. Users of this guideline shall address those concerns. This
list of standards is, therefore, not to be regarded as all-inclusive.
Power Quality Standards
• ANSI C84.1-1989 American National Standards for Electric Power Systems and Equip- ment
ratings (60 Hertz). Establishes nominal voltage ratings and operating tolerances for 60Hz
electric power systems from 100V through 230kV.
• IEEE Std. 493-1900 IEEE Recommended Practice for Design of Reliable Industrial and Com-
mercial Power Systems (IEEE Gold Book). Chapter 9 deals specifically with voltage sags
analysis and methods of reporting sag characteristics graphically and statistically.
• IEEE Std 519-1992 IEEE Recommended Practice and Requirements for Harmonic Control in
Electric Power Systems.
• IEEE Std 1100-1992 IEEE Recommended Practice for Powering and Grounding Sensitive
Electronic Equipment (IEEE Emerald Book).
• IEEE Std 1159-1995 IEEE Recommended Practice for Monitoring Electric Power Quality.
• IEEE Std 1250-1995 IEEE Guide for Service to Equipment Sensitive to Momentary Voltage
Disturbances.

In addition to the power quality standards, the following standards are applicable to the intercon-
nection of distributed generation resources on the Wires Owner system:
• IEEE Std 100-1997 IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms
• IEEE Std 315-1975 (Reaffirmed 1993) ANSI Y32.3-1975 (Reaffirmed 1989) CSA Z99-1975
Graphic Symbols for Electrical and Electronics Diagrams (Including Reference Designation
Letters)
• IEEE Std 929-1988 IEEE Recommended Practice for Utility Interface of Residential and
Intermediate Photovoltaic (PV) Systems
• C37.1 ANSI/IEEE Standard Definitions, Specifications and Analysis of Systems Used for
Supervisory Control, Data Acquisition, and Automatic Control
• C37.2 IEEE Standard Electrical Power System Device Function Numbers
• C37.18 ANSI/IEEE Standard Enclosed Field Discharge Circuit Breakers for Rotating Electric
Machinery
• C37.20.1 ANSI/IEEE Standard for Metal-Enclosed Low-voltage Power Circuit Breakers
Switchgear
• C37.20.3 ANSI/IEEE Standard for Metal-Enclosed Interrupter Switchgear
• C37.24 ANSI/IEEE Standard for Radiation on Outdoor Metal-Enclosed Switchgear
• C37.27 ANSI/IEEE Standard Application Guide for Low-voltage AC Nonintegrally Fused
Power Circuit Breakers (Using Separately Mounted Current-Limiting Fuses)
• C37.50 ANSI Standard Test Procedures for Low-voltage AC Circuit Breakers Use In Enclo-
sures
• C37.51 ANSI Standard Conformance Test Procedure for Metal Enclosed Low-voltage AC
Power Circuit-Breaker Switchgear Assemblies
• C37.52 ANSI Standard Test Procedures for Low-voltage AC Power Circuit Protectors Used in
Enclosures
• C57.12 IEEE Standard General Requirements for Liquid Immersed Distribution, Power and
Regulating Transformers
• C57.12.13 Conformance Requirements for Liquid Filled Transformers Used in Unit Installa-
tions including Unit Substations
• C57.13.1 IEEE Guide for Field Testing of Relaying Current Transformers
• C57.13.2 IEEE Standard Conformance Test Procedures for Instrument Transformers
• C37.58 ANSI Standard Conformance Test Procedures for Indoor AC Medium Voltage Switches
for use in Metal-Enclosed Switchgear
• C37.90 ANSI/IEEE Standard for Relays and Relay Systems Associated with Electric Power
Apparatus
• C37.90.1 ANSI/IEEE Standard Surge Withstand Capability (SWC) Tests for Protective Relays
and Relay Systems
• C37.90.2 ANSI/IEEE Standard Withstand Capability of Relay Systems to Radiated Electro-
magnetic Interference from Transceivers
• C37.95 IEEE Guide for Protective Relaying of Utility Consumer Interconnections
• C37.98 ANSI/IEEE Standard for Seismic Testing of Relays
• IEC 1000-3-3 Limitation of voltage fluctuations and flicker in low-voltage supply systems for
equipment with rated current less than 16A
• IEC1000-3-5 Limitation of voltage fluctuations and flicker in low-voltage supply systems for
equipment with rated current greater than 16A
• UL1008 Transfer Switch Equipment
• IEEE P1547, DRAFT Standard for Distributed Resources Interconnected with Electric Power
Systems
• Canadian Electrical Code, CSA no. C22-1, latest version
• C22.2 No. 31-M89 (R1995) - Switchgear Assemblies
• Can/CSA - C22.2 No. 107.1-95 - Commercial and Industrial Power Supplies
• Can/CSA - C22.2 No. 1010.1-92 - Safety Requirements for Electrical Equipment for Measure-
ment, Control and Laboratory Use
• Can/CSA - C22.2 No. 144-M91 (R1997) - Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters
• C22.2 No. 193-M1983 (R1992) - High Voltage Full-load Interrupter Switches
• C22.2 No. 201-M1984 (R1992) - Metal Enclosed High Voltage Busways
• C22.2 No. 229-M1988 (R1994) - Switching and Metering Centres
• CSA Standard CAN3 C235 83 - Perferred Voltage Levels for AC Systems 0 to 50,000V
• Alberta Electrical and Communication Utility Code (formerly the Alberta Electrical and
Communcation Utility System Regulation 44/1976 or future amendments).
• C37.04-1999 IEEE Standard Rating Structure for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a
Symmetrical Current Basis (ANSI/DoD)
• C37.04i-1991 Supplement to IEEE C37.04-1979
• C37.06-1997 American National Standard for Switchgear -- AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers
Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis -- Preferred Ratings and Related Required Capabilities
• C37.09-1999 IEEE Standard Test Procedure for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a
Symmetrical Current Basis (ANSI/DoD)
• C37.09a-1991 Supplement to IEEE C37.09-1979
• C37.09g-1991 (R1991) Supplement to IEEE C37.09-1979
• C37.010-1999 IEEE Application Guide for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a
Symmetrical Current Basis
• C37.010b-1985 (R1988) Supplement to IEEE C37.010-1979
• C37.010e-1985 (R1988) Supplement to IEEE C37.010-1979
• C37.011-1994 IEEE Application Guide for Transient Recovery Voltage for AC High-Voltage
Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis
• C37.012-1979 (R1988) IEEE Application Guide for Capacitance Current Switching for AC
High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis
• C37.013-1997 IEEE Standard for AC High-Voltage Generator Circuit Breaker Rated on a
Symmetrical Current Basis
• C37.015-1993 IEEE Application Guide for Shunt Reactor Switching
• C37.081-1981 (Reaff 1988) Guide for Synthetic Fault Testing of AC High-Voltage Circuit
Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current basis
• C37.11-1997 IEEE Standard Requirements for Electrical Control for High-Voltage Circuit
Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current basis
• C37.13-1990 (R1995) IEEE Standard for Low-Voltage AC Power Circuit Breakers Used in
Enclosures
• C37.14-1992 IEEE Standard for Low-Voltage DC Power Circuit Breakers Used in Enclosures
• C37.16-1997 American National Standard for Switchgear - Low-Voltage Power Circuit Break-
ers and AC Power Circuit Protectors - Preferred Ratings, Related Requirements, and Applica-
tion Recommendations
• C37.20.2-1999 IEEE Standard for Metal-Clad and Station-Type Cubicle Switchgear
• C37.20.2b-1994 Supplement to IEEE Standard for Metal-Clad and Station-Type Cubicle
Switchgear: Current Transformer Accuracies
• C37.20.6-1997 IEEE Standard for 4.76 to 38kV Rated Grounding and Testing Devices used in
Enclosures
• C37.23-1987 (R1991) IEEE Standard for Metal-Enclosed Bus and Calculating Losses in
Isolated-Phase Bus
• C37.30-1997 IEEE Standard Requirements for High-Voltage Switches
• C37.32-1996 American National Standard for Switchgear -- High-Voltage Air Switches, Bus
Supports, and Switch Accessories -- Schedules of Preferred Ratings, Manufacturing Specifi-
cations, and Application Guide
• C37.34-1994 IEEE Standard Test Code for High-Voltage Air Switches
• C37.35-1995 IEEE Guide for the Application, Installation, Operating, and Maintenance of
High-Voltage Air Disconnecting and Load Interrupter Switches
• C37.36b-1990 IEEE Guide to Current Interruption with Horn-Gap Air Switches
• C37.37-1996 IEEE Standard for Loading Guide for AC High-Voltage Air Switches (in excess
of 1000V)
• C37.38-1989 IEEE Standard for Gas-Insulated, Metal-Enclosed Disconnecting, Interrupter, and
Grounding Switches
• C37.42-1996 American National Standard for Switchgear -- Distribution Cutouts and Fuse
Links -- Specifications
• C37.44-1981 (R1987) American National Standard Specifications for Distribution Oil Cutouts
and Fuse Links
• C37.54-1996 American National Standard for Switchgear -- Indoor Alternating-Current High-
Voltage Circuit Breakers Applied as Removable Elements in Metal-Enclosed Switchgear
Assemblies -- Conformance Test Procedures
• C37.55-1989 American National Standard for Switchgear -- Metal-Clad Switchgear Assemblies
-- Conformance Test Procedures
• C37.57-1990 American National Standard for Switchgear -- Metal-Enclosed Interrupter
Switchgear Assemblies -- Conformance Testing
• C37.66-1969 (Reaff 1988) American National Standard for Requirements for Oil-Filled Ca-
pacitor Switches for Alternating-Current Systems
• C37.81-1989 (R1992) IEEE Guide for Seismic Qualification of Class 1E Metal-Enclosed
Power Switchgear Assemblies
• C37.85-1989 (R1998) American National Standard for Switchgear -- Alternating-Current High-
Voltage Power Vacuum Interrupters -- Safety Requirements for X-Radiation Limits
• ANSI/IEEE C37.90-1989 - Surge Withstand and Fast Transient Tests
• 120-1989 (Reaff 1997) IEEE Master Test Guide for Electrical Measurements in Power Circuits
• 1291-1993 IEEE Guide for Partial Discharge Measurement in Power Switchgear
• Application Guide for Surge Protection of Electric Generating Plants - IEEE Std C62.23-1995
• C57.13-1993 IEEE Standard Requirements for Instrument Transformers
• C57.13.3-1983 (R1991) IEEE Guide for the Grounding of Instrument Transformer Secondary
Circuits and Cases
• C57.98-1993 IEEE Guide for Transformer Impulse Tests
• C57.19.100-1995 (R1997) IEEE Guide for Application of Power Apparatus Bushings
• C57.110-1986 (R1992) IEEE Recommended Practice for Establishing Transformer Capability
When Supplying Nonsinusoidal Load Currents
• C62.92.4-1991 IEEE Guide for the Application of Neutral Grounding in Electrical Utility
Systems, Part IV - Distribution
• ANSI C12.20 - Electricity Meters 0.2 and 0.5 Accuracy Classes
• ANSI C62.1 - Surge Arresters for AC Power Circuits
• ANSI C62.11 - Metal-Oxide Surge Arresters for AC Power Circuits
• NEMA CC-1 - Electric Power Connectors for Substations
• NEMA LA-1 - Surge Arresters
• NEMA MG-1 - Motors
 If you have any questions or need
additional information, please contact
Basler Electric Company.
Our web site is located at:
http://www.basler.com
e-mail: info@basler.com
Basler Electric Headquarters
Route 143, Box 269,
Highland Illinois USA 62249
Phone +1 618.654.2341
Fax +1 618.654.2351
Basler Electric International
P.A.E. Les Pins, 67319 Wasselonne
Cedex FRANCE
Phone +33 3.88.87.1010
Fax +33 3.88.87.0808