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AEROFOIL SECTIONS
RESULTS FROM WIND-TUNNEL INVESTIGATIONS
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS
D. G. RANDALL
LONDON
BUTTERWORTHS
1961
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TL!74 A4 R513
liiiiillllil 0020084290
English Translation
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Butterworth & Co. (Publishers) Ltd.
1961
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Made and printed by offset in Great Britain by ,..)""
William Clowes and Sons, Limited, London and Beccles
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LIST OF CONTENTS
During the last fifty years fluid dynamics has become whole subject and can be informed on the questions of
indispensable in the solution of industrial problems, greatest importance. Unfortunately, little has been
particularly those associated with aviation. Technology has accomplished in this direction; the chief reason is that few
advanced so rapidly that, to meet its demands, research on workers have a real mastery of their field. Consequently,
a gigantic scale is necessary. A regrettable consequence of this book is most welcome, since it provides a clear and
this is that advances in the field of fluid dynamics have comprehensive survey of the subject of wing profiles. It is
become too numerous for one person to be able to survey highly desirable that similar books should be written on
them. There is therefore a pressing need for surveys of the other subjects.
various branches, so that a reader can obtain a view of the
Dr. Riegels's book was written with the needs of German a tendency to think of low-speed, two-dimensional flow as
workers in mind, yet it should appeal to a much wider an outdated topic. It is forgotten that the subject is still of
circle of readers. Our knowledge of a scientific subject is importance: it is continually required in the design of ship
never complete, but further advances in the subject of propellers, turbines, and compressors; and it is still of use
wing profiles are likely to be small-scale; therefore, a book for a wide variety of aircraft, ranging from gliders to model
that surveys all the main theories and discusses many of the aeroplanes.
experimental investigations should be most valuable. Not I wish to thank many of my colleagues at the Royal
the least useful part of the book is the large amount of Aircraft Establishment (not all of them German-born) for
tabular and graphical information on the geometrical and their ready help. It is a pleasure to express my gratitude to
aerodynamic characteristics of profiles. Mrs. W. T. Lord for performing the secretarial work so
In times when slenderness is such a desirable attribute competently.
of wings, and supersonic speeds are commonplace, there is
Farnborough, D. G. RANDALL
Feb-ruary, 1960
4
rI
ABBREVIATIONS
~.e
1.2.1 Thickness Distribution and Camber Line
The ordinates of the profile are measured from some
c
J
suitable axis, the x-axis. It is usual to regard the profile as ()
-elZ -cIt!
()
formed by superposition of a "thickness distribution"
y(t)(x), symmetrical about the x-axis, on a "camber line" Fig. 1.2. Usual co-ordinate systems
y(c)(x). The camber line, sometimes called" mean line" or
"skeleton line", has been defined in two ways. The older
lies at x = c/2, Y = and the co-ordinates are divided by
el2 instead of bye (see 'Figure 1.2). The following relation
holds between these two systemst:
c ~ x
~ = x- - , or - = 2- - 1 (1.3)
2 e/2 e
The x-axis is defined as the straight line joining the ends
of the camber line, and so it is possible that a few points in
the region of the nose of a cambered profile have a value of
Fig. 1.1. General definition of the camber line
x less than 0, or a value of ~ less than -(eI2); usually this
occurs only when the camber is large. To avoid it we use the
definition assumes that the complete profile is given; the
longest line joining two points of the profile as reference
camber line is then the line joining the centres of inscribed
axis in the theory of Chapters 7 and 8; this axis is obtained
circles (Figure 1.1). The second definiti(ln assumes that the
from the axis used above (the chord of the camber line)
two parts of the profile are separately given; the complete
by rotation through a small angle aR; in Table 11.1 this
profile is then formed by measuring the ordinates of the
angle is given for some common profiles. The chord of
thickness distribution from the camber line in a direction
normal to this line. These two definitions are approximately t The experimenter prefers to work in the region 0 ~ x ~ c;
the theorist, to make use of certain symmetrical properties of
equivalentt Using the second definition, we obtain for the the formulas, prefers -(cj2) ~ $ ~ (cj2). Both definitions are
t On the difference between the two definitions see BAUSCH. used in this book; when no confusion is possible, c is occasionally
set equal to 1, or (to avoid the decimal point) to 100.
'.
.;.
t
the pressure side or the tangent at the traili~g edge on when the scale factors change, the following characteristic
the pressure side have been used as reference axes for the combinations of parameters are frequently used; they are
ordinates when the profile has large camber. For sym- designated by the quantity that is made dimensionless.
metrical profiles (or for thickness distributions) the axis of
symmetry is always used as the reference axis. (a) N ose radIUS: (10 = roe
t2' (1.7)
(x-xli
,I
remaining parameters in a form that remains constant In the construction of profiles by the NACA method it is
useful to know the initial slope of the camber line, because 11
t This quantity, which by its definition is limited to the thick-
ness distribution, is positive or negative when the nose is
the centre of the circle of curvature at the nose is assumed
respectively hyperbolic or elliptic. t For a refined method see BAUSCH.
1.3 EXPERIMENTALLY INVESTIGATED FAMILIES OF PROFILES 3
---
7K 8K
9K 10K
c:::
11K
c- -----.
C ~
13K
c --......,.
14K
C ~
15K
C ~
16K
c;:::::.
c- ~
====-123 .~
c::.
227
---.....,.,
~
242 ~
289 301
c:::::::. ~
3$ c;:::::. 342
---
~ ~
387 C ::::=:- ~
~
=====
417a
C~ r
436
409
~
420 449
~
--- ---
----=.. ~
CO C ~ Fig. 1.8. Survey of some
~
459
549
==-
608
c
-==
--- 564
===-
609
508
C-
- 593
610 r-
C
~62()- .. ....
535
::------....
Gottingen profiles
: c=:-==;:.: ,
~
c::::::
652
~ ,c
C
-----
176
623
~.~-
C'i~'
!
c
6241
---.."..
...... -"
c: =====--
625_
677 682
~
-. ~
~
~
708 71!
~ ~ ==----.
r ~
C
~
- 741
766
771
C
C
-
~
744
767
"\~
\
~
746
769 ~
758
~.
to lie on this line; for NACA profiles it is usual to give the We end this section by showing how the nose radius is
initial slope of the camber line in addition to the nose determined from the representation of y as a function of cpo
radius; for a certain class of camber lines, with infinite If the profile is not pointe,d at the nose it can be described
slope at the leading edge, it is further agreed to give the in the region of the nose by an equation of the form
slope at x/c = 0005, and to use this for constructing the b b
profile nose. y = bVX + ... ;
hence, y' = 2 x-(1/2) and yN = -4 x-(3/2) I
-
f/c .. 0 002.5 0'05 0075 010 0'125 0'15 0'175
tic-
" .- -....
537 55a 579 576
005 ~
0'10
It29 51t1
...
580
- - '"
431
..... ..32
~
603
........ IfI'- 5'+5
.........
- ....... I~- Ill'--
53& 555 ..33 5.. a 577 51t3 5.... 553
0'15 ..... -.... 0IIIIIIII ....... .........
~ 1-..... ~~ ~5 ~2 ~1I"i.:.:
556
0'25
~ ""':5 .,.:::
o'ao ~ ~ ~
0'35
~ ~ ~
Fig. 1.9. Survey of measured Joukowsky profiles
c <
(b) The profiles whose pressure side is predominantly 0005 2201i
straight: Go 436, 508, 564, 593; the series Go 622, 623, c:::: .:::::::
624, 625 (with thickness ratios tic = 0'08,012,0'16, 0009 l209
0,20). C
0012
=- C- ::::-
22fl
(c) Profiles which are segments of circles.
1. With sharp nose and trailing edge: Go 608, 609, C -::=- L ~
0015 Z2TfJ
610, 708 (ratio of radius of circular arc to chord is 28,
245,19, 175, so that/Ie = 0045,0051,0066,0'071), C ==>
0018
C ~
2218
and Go 1K, 2K, 4K (with/Ie = 00385,00735,01475).
2. With nose and trailing edge rounded: Go 5K, 6K, C ~ C ~
2221
7K, 8K, an affine series with thickness ratios tic =
0037, 0075, 0110, 01485; Go 9K, 10K, 11K, 12K, e::.
C 4
13K, an affine series with tic = 0'0245, 00385, 0'0745,
01110,01480; Go 14K, 15K, 16K, an affine series with c::. -- 'I201i
----
tic = 0'12, 0'15, 01815. (The K which follows the '1209
numbers signifies that measurements were carried out r
----
'212
on these profiles in the presence of cavitation.)
C
(d) The American profiles: M6, identical with Go 677; '215
M12, identical with Go 676. L ~
(e) The Joukowsky profiles (Figure 1.9), which are shown '218
here because of their extraordinarily large maximum
cambers and thickness ratios. C ~'1221
The remaining profiles are mostly without systematic
behaviour, but, because of their special properties, they ~ -...
have proved to be of use for certain purposes. The ordinates 5206
of the profiles are collected together in Table 11.3. C. --.:
----
ol09
r-
----
1.3.2 Four-figure NACA Profiles 5212
Figure 1.10 is a survey of typical profiles of this kind;
r
their designation is descriptive of the profile geometry, and (~
the figures have the following meaning [R460]. liZl/J
C~
The first figure: the maximum camber as a percentage Fig. 1.10. Survey of four-
figure NACA profiles
of the chord. 5eZl
1.3 EXPERIMENTALLY INVESTIGATED FAMILIES OF PROFILES 5
The second figure: the position of maximum camber in 1.3.3 Five-figure NACA Profiles
tenths of the chord. These profiles differ from the four-figure series by having
The third and fourth figures: the maximum thickness a camber line with a smaller value of the position of
as a percentage of the chord. maximum camber [R537]. In the designation of these
EXAMPLE: the profile NACA 4412 has a maximum camber profiles the first figure denotes an aerodynamic property,
of 4% at 40% of the chord, and a maximum and the last four figures again denote geometrical proper-
thickness of 12%. ties. For the profiles of the series beginning with 2 the
Thickness Distribution: Type Dl of Section 7.3; for this figures have the following meaning.
type the position of maximum thickness lies at 30% of the The first figure: 20/3 of the" lift coefficient at the ideal
chord. angle of incidence, ct" (see Section 3.l).
Camber Line: Type S2 of Section 7.2; the first two The second and third figures: twice the value of the
numbers, together with the preceding N ACA, define the position of maximum camber as a percentage of the
general behaviour of the camber line (in the example: chord.
NACA 44). Table 11.2 gives ordinates and aerodynamic The fourth and fifth figures: the maximum thickness as
characteristics of the camber lines NACA 62 to 65; those a percentage of the chord.
of the camber lines NACA 42 to 45 and NACA 22 to 25 can EXAMPLE: the profile N ACA 23018 has a ct of 03, its
be obtained from those of NACA 62 to 65 by affinely maximum camber lies at 15'% of the chord,
reducing, with. factors 4/6 and 2/6 respectively. and it has a maximum thickness of 18%.
-
C C
-- -
C
2J09 2v09 2509 2509 2709
C ==- C- ==- C c c
2312 21/12 2512 2512 2772
-
C ::---
2315
c ~
21/15
C ::::--
l51S
C ~
2515
C ~
2715
C C C ~ C ~
2518
C ~
2718
==--====-
2318 ==--====-
21/18 2518
C ~ 2321
C ::> 21/21
c ~
2521
c ~
2521
c ~
c .e:::::. ~
c:: c:: ....
--
'1305
c::::::::
-- 1/'105
-- 1/505
c ==-
'1505
c
1/705
--.....
---
C c:::::::: '1509 '1709
'1309 '1'109 '1509
C ----........... C :::==---... I C" C .............. c: ---=....,.
---
'1512 1/712
----
I/J12 ''112 '1512
C C ::::--.... C :::;:.,. c ~ C
---
1/315 '1'115 '1515 '1715
'1515
C ----..",. c :---- c ::--.".. C --.......... C.
'1318 '1'118 '1518 '1618 '1718
C ~'1321
C ~'11121
C ~
'1521
C
----- '1521
C ,:::::::..
'1721
----
c:
5505
............ c: ---
---
5505
c: --...
6705
670!}
----
5'109 5509 5509
----
830!}
c: <::::::: r- ~ c: >=......
---- ------
5712
----
6512
C ~
8J12
~
8"2
r
5512
c- C -.......
----
5715
~ r-
8'115
r- ~
6515
c
5515
c -......
6718
8J18 5'118 6518 5818
'j
~ ~5'121
C ~
5521
C ~
5521
C ~5721
5321
6
1. NOMENCLATURE. GEOMETRY. SURVEY
r
I, .:::
---
I!
23CW C :::::- Fig. 1.11. Survey of IIve-
(j)f2-(jJ llgure NACA prollles
c:: -. ~ c. c... :=:::::::-
2:m9 43C09 ------- 6:JXJ9 0012-64
()
\. C
c ~'
--.....
23012
2305
c:::
c.. -----
~
43012
43015
c::=----....
~
6:XJ12
c:::
C
c::::
"::::::::>
CO!2-65
----
23O!2-33
~
C ~ ..
23018
~
43018
~ c
23012-34
---=.
~
23012-64
~ ~ 63021
c.... ~
21012
--=- c:
C-.
----- ~
~
----
22012 32012 42012
C
-----
23012
c. ~
33012
c:::::::
-----
43012
C
C
24012
-----
25012
c::::
-----
34012
~
44012
~64021
Thickness Distribution: Type Dl of Section 7.3. moment at zero lift can be investigated; to this group
Camber Line: Type S4 of Section 7.2. belong, for example, the profiles 2Rl12 and 2R212 [R460].
The following small table gives the geometrical para- The first modifications to the thickness distribution
meters of the camber lines of this series. affect only the nose radius, and they are indicated by an
Camber line 210 220 230 240 250 appended capital letter: T (smaller nose radius, more
Maximum camber, pointed shape) ; or B (larger nose radius, bluffer shape).
fie = 0'0111 00154 00184 00208 00226 In the later modifications the position of maximum thick-
Position of maximum
camber, x/Ie = ness is also .systematically varied [R492]. For both the
0'05 010 015 020 0:25
four-figure and five-figure profiles these modifications are
The ordinates and the aerodynamic characteristics are described by the addition of two figures following a short
given in Table 11.2; Figure 12.2 shows the shapes and the horizontal dash; in the designation of such profiles the
pressure distributions. Modifications to this series for figures have the following meaning.
other ct
are made by affine transformation of the ordinates The first figure after the dash: a measure of the nose
of the camber line; examples of such modifications are the radius. In detail:
profiles whose first numbers are 3, 4 and 6 (the correspon-
ding ct
being 0'45, 0'6, and 09). A survey of these profiles 0, zero radius of curvature (pointed nose);
is given in Figure 1.11. 3, one-quarter of the normal radius of curvature;
The employment of a different camber line is indicated 6, normal radius of curvature;
by the third figure: if a 1 stands in this position the 9, three or more times the normal radius of curvature;
camber line of Type Sa (with fixed centre of pressure) has the "normal" radius of curvature is that belonging to
been used (see Section 7.2). the thickness distribution D1, role = 11 (tlc)2. .
The second figure after the dash: the position of maxi-
1.3.4 First Extension of the Four-figure and Five-figure mum thickness in tenths of the chord.
NACA Series EXAMPLE: the profile 0012-34 is symmetrical, it has 12%
Occasionally the extensions affect the camber line, but thickness ratio, its nose radius is one quarter
mostly they affect the thickness distribution. Some of the of the normal radius, and its position of
four-figure profiles have camber lines with a point of maximum thickness lies at 40% of the chord.
inflexion, so that systematic variations of the pitching Thickness Distribution: Type D2
1.3 EXPERIMENTALLY INVESTIGATED FAMILIES OF PROFILES 7
1.3.5 Extension of the NACA Series by the DVL position of maximum camber, XI, equal to
The first extension involves changes in the thickness 035e; it has a thickness distribution with
distribution similar to those of Section 1.3.4, but the maximum thickness t = 012e, the nose radius
gradations in the variations of nose radius and position of is f-normal, the position of maximum thickness,
maximum thickness are refined. The following have been XI, is equal to 04e, and the slope at the trailing
(a) Normal nose radius, eo = roc/t2 = 11. The method of designation is purely geometrical and,
.i-normal nose radius, = 0825. as the example has shown, the series of figures gives
i-normal nose radius, = 055.
immediately the parameters necessary for the description
i-normal nose radius, = 0275. of the profile geometry (see Section 1.2). Figure 1.12 gives
(b) Position of maximum thickness: Xt/e = 035, 0'40, a survey of these profiles; for the ordinates see Table 11.3,
045,0'50. for the aerodynamic coefficients see Table 11.1, and for the
pressure distributions see Chapter 12.
The second extension involves, in addition, a change in
(the angle at the trailing edge) and in the corresponding
! Tp
parameter Ep = (tan Tp)/(t/c).
1.3.6 Extensions of the NACA Series with regard to the
Pressure Distribution. Laminar Profiles
Thickness Distribution: Type D 2 Camber Line: 1.3.6.1 Series 1 to 6
Mostly Type S2.
The modem NACA profiles (see Figure 1.13) are recognis-
EXAMPLE: the profile 1 35 12-08254005 has a camber able by the altered arrangements of figures in the designa-
line with maximum camber f = OOlc, and tions. Camber lines and thickness distributions are so
c:::
00009-1/40
=- c::::: =- c::::: ::>
00009-1150
Fig. 1.12. Survey of profiles
of the DVL series
00009-"45
co: :::::::=- C :::>
()()O12-1/ 40 00012-1/50
C ~ C ::>
QOO15-114O 00015-1/50
C ::::>
00018-1/40
C :>
00018-1150
J
c::::: =- c::::: =- c:::: =-
00009 0825 35 ()()(J09-0825 40 00009-082545
co: ~ c ~ c: ...::;:>
O()()12-o82535 00012-()f]254O 00012-082545
C ;::::::>
00015-082545
C :>
00018-082545
c:::::: ---===-
00009-0275 40 00009-027545
c:::: ~ c::::::: :=>
00012-027540 00012-(}27550
8 1. NOMENCLATURE. GEOMETRY. SURVEY
<
6:)-206
c::
6:)-209
c: :;:0-
63,~12
c----;_=_.
63,-212
c ==-
63,-412
C---~- C---:::::::,- C---~
_ _ 63;615
~
631 015 6~-215
C :::::::::....
~~
C--:::::=--63f
018 63,-418 63,-68
~ ~-221 ~
Fig. 1.13. Survey of JUodefll
c::: c: NACA profile series
64-006 64-206
c::
64-(}()9
c::::: --
64-209
C" :::-- c- ::----
64,-212
C---::::::-
64-215
c=:::>-
~64,-221
c:: c::
65-rxJ6 65-206
c::
65-()()9
c::::::: --
65-209
c::.. ====- c::::- ~ C- ::::----
65,~12 65,-212 65r412
C C" :::::-. c :::---.
-====-
65,~15 651 215 651 415
C =====-
65,-08 C~ c=:::::- 6~-418 ~
C ~ ~ ~
c::: ...-- C- ::>
67/-015
66-fXJ6 66-206
c:::::: =-=- c:::: ~ C- ~
66-(x)9 66-209 67/-215
c:::::: -====- C ::::=-
66,-012 66,-212
C ::::::=::- C ::::::>- C- ::::::::-
66,-415
~-015 ~-215
C :::::>-- C :::::>- 'C :::::>-
66,-418
~
66,-018
C ~ 66.-221
-::::::=- C- :::::::::=-
c:::::::: ===-
64A310
C :::::::=-
747A015
C
747A315 747A415
c: c ---........,...
c::::::: ==-
8360110
c::::: :::::-
8478110
==-=-=-
B-H-12 11-H-09
1.3 EXPERIMENTALLY INVESTIGATED FAMILIES OF PROFILES 9
designed that they have a prescribed pressure distribution EXAMPLE: the profile 64 3-018 belongs to the 6-series, the
at a certain value of 0 L. minimum pressure occurs at 40% of the chord,
This mode of procedure is suited to a study of the the profile is of laminar character for a range of
behaviour of the boundary layer; it is particularly helpful oL of extent JO L = 03, it is symmetrical, and
in the problem of reducing the drag of profiles, especially its thickneRs ratio is 18%.
at large Reynolds numbers; in addition, it facilitates. the (c) A figure following a comma has approximately the
design of profiles suitable for high speeds. The figures have same significance. It gives the extent of the range of 0 L
the following meaning. (in tenths) for which a favourable pressure gradient
The first figure: this characterises a definite series of exists on both sides of the profile; the profiles differ
profiles-I, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; usually the prescribed pres- only trivially from those of (b).
sure distributions of each series have a common funda- EXAMPLE: the profile 64,3-418 a = 06 belongs to the
mental property. 6-series, the thickness distribution has mini-
The secondfigure: the position of minimum pressure in mum pressure at 40% of the chord, the pressure
/ tenths of the chort!. distribution is favourable in a range of 0 of
extent JOL = 03, 0 L at the ideal angle of
The first figure after the dash: the value of 0: in incidence (0:) is 0'4, the thickness ratio is
tenths; hence, a measure of the amount of camber.
18%, and the camber line is Type S6 with
The second and third figures after the dash: the thick- a = 06.
ness ratio.
(d) Changes in the thickness ratio are usually made by
EXAMPLE: the profile 64-208 belongs to the "NACA affine transformation of a profile that already exists in
6-series", the thickness distribution has the thickness distribution series; they are indicated by
minimum pressure at 40% of the chord, 0: the addition of the thickness ratio of the latter profile
in brackets.
(the lift coefficient at the ideal angle of inci-
dence) is 0'2, and the maximum thickness is EXAMPLE: the profiles 64(318)-419 and 64(318)-419
8%. belong to the 6-series, they have their pressure
Thickness Distribution: Calculated theoretically from minimum at 40% of the chord, the pressure
the prescribed pressure distribution. distribution is favourable (that is, the profiles
are of laminar character) in a range of 0 L of
Oamber Line: Type S5.
extent JO L = 03, ot
is 04, the thickness
In shape and in pressure distribution the profiles of the ratio is 19%, and the profiles are obtained by
I-series are similar in character to those of the DVL series affine transformation of profiles of thickness
described in Section 1.3.5. The profile series which begin ratio 18%.
with 2, 3, 4, 5 [L345] are no longer in use since the 6-series
(e) Employment of several camber lines is denoted by an
profiles have better properties [R824].
addition which gives details of all the components.
Extra numbers or letters are frequently added to the
basic arrangements if a more detailed designation is . {a = 06
EXAMPLE: the profile 64,3-418 a = 1.0
ot
0: == 0.3}
0.1 has
required.
the same thickness distribution as Example (c);
(a) The thickness distributions of the 6-series are generally
its camber line is formed by the addition of two
combined with camber lines that have either constant
camber lines, one of Type S6 (with ot equal to
pressure over the whole chord (camber line of Type S5
in Section 7.2) or constant pressure up to a certain
03) and one of Type S5 (with 0: equal to 0'1).
point Xa of the chord (the point where the minimum (f) Changes to the rear part of the profile are denoted by
pressure for the thickness distribution occurs, or a point the use of capital letters in place of the dash.
lying further back) after which the pressure decreases EXAMPLE: the profile 643 A 018 differs from that of
linearly (camber line of Type S6). When the pressure Example (b) by the contour's being straight for
distribution has the latter behaviour it is described by the last 20% of the chord.
adding "a = .... " to the profile designation; the
number to be inserted is the value of xa/c. If no such
addition to the profile designation exists this usually 1.3.6.2 Series 7 and 8
means that Type S5 has been used. The profiles of the 7-series differ from those of the series
(b) An index after the second figure gives the extent of the just discussed by the possibility of a larger laminar
range of OL (in tenths) for which the smooth, sym- region on the pressure side. The last three figures of the
metrical profile is of laminar character (that is, for designation have the same significance as in the profiles of
which it has extremely small drag). the 6-series; the two figures after the" 7" give the positions
10 1. NOMENCLATURE. GEOMETRY. SURVEY
of minimum pressure on the suction and pressure sides. displacement of the position of maximum thickness, and
The capital letter placed between these two groups of hence a generalisation of this type of profile, is obtained
figures distinguishes the actual combination of thickness (following BETZ) by enlarging the radius of the eccentrically
distribution and camber line which possesses the properties placed circle to R = a(l + El + E2)' The new circle does
expressed by the figures; another possible combination of not touch the circle' = aetiji and, as a result, the trailing
thickness distribution and camber line with the same edge is not cusped but rounded. For vanishing camber the
properties would require a different capital letter. The circle corresponding to El = 0 transforms into an ellipse
camber line of such a profile is usually produced by addi- (with maximum thickness at 50% of the chord!). SCHLICHT-
tion of several basic camber lines. ING-ULRICH have performed the calculation for sym-
Up till now only a few profiles of the 7-series to which metrical profiles; for the shape of the profile they obtain
this method of designation has been applied are known: for
example,
(1.14)
~:~ ct = 0763 }
NACA 747 A 315{: : ct = -0463
and 1] . - (I -
-;=ksIn'P
N
1) ' (1.15)
a = 04 ct = 0763 }
NACA 747 A 415 a = 07 ct = -0463 where k = 1 + El + i2 and N = k 2 + El:f - 2E 1k cos cp.
{
a = 10 ct = 01 With a as unit of length, the profile chord is obtained from
The basic thickness distribution NACA 747 A 015 has
minimum pressure at 40% of the chord on pressure and
suction sides; the cambered profiles built up on it have
and is given by
mi~imum pressures at 40% on the suction side and at 70%
e l l
on the pressure side. Some profiles of the 8-series have been -=2k+
a k- El
+k -
+-El
(1.16)
described and are designated by the letters A, B, C, D
[R947]; various superpositions of thickness distributions
Figure 1.14 shows the connection between El and E2 and the
and camber lines are used; in other respects the figures
thickness ratio and position of maximum thickness.
have the same meaning as in the 7-series.
O-ZO'r--"'7'-=~rr--'---r--....,
'.//./0
0"5t--'--'-oot:---7--t-""""':--+-~-:-:1---1
1.4 Theoretically Developed Families 9C Profiles E,
1.4.1 Joukowsky Profiles and Generalisations
The best-known theoretical families of profiles are those
t o.to't---""""t-t--"'t-"''C'7'''-I-''r-''''t------1
}'ig. 1.14. Relation of
and calculated (SCHMIDT); they do not have the dis- Here, h is the perpendicular distance of PI from the line
advantage of rapid movement of the centre of pressure, a drawn through T parallel to the free-stream direction, and
disadvantage to which the simple Joukowsky profiles are R = MT is the radius of the circle through PI and T. The
subject because the position of maximum camber lies so lift coefficient is given by
far back.
87& R
1.4.2 Karouin-Tretftz and Betz.-Keune Profiles
OL = -
k
-
c
sin (a + Po) , (1.24)
~
sides of Equation (1.19), we write C* = kC; then,
increased near the nose; in addition, the function to be
superimposed must be regular outside the c~rcle C= aeiiF
o In z - ka = <P, + ilJl, = and must vanish at infinity. The doublet flow has just
I z+ ka these properties: the complex potential of a suitably
= k<P, + iklJl, = kOln C*-ka (1.21) orientated doublet is purely imagina~y, i,u, at the points
C*+ka C* = ka; by addition of this potential only the stream
function is increased or decreased (by an amount ,u). This
This means that if the source-sink network is regarded as a superposition then leads to ~ generalised mapping function,
system of curvilinear co-ordinates, and the co-ordinates
(<P, lJI) of a point PIon the circle 0 1 are read off (see z-ka C*-ka. ka
Figure 1.15), then P, the point on the profile corresponding In z + ka = kin C. + ka +~,u F" (1.25)
to PI, has the curvilinear co-ordinates (k<P, klJl) in the same
network. We see that the manner of numbering is of no Profile shape and velocity distribution can be constructed
importance since the constant 0 drops out. in a way similar to that described for the Karman-
For once we anticipate the results of Chapter 7: the Trefftz profiles. Investigation of the profile properties shows
determination of the velocity distribution still requires that the profile has a fixed centre of pressure if,u is chosen
so that
d; I= k2 I z + ka I IZ-kal (1.22) k (k 2 -1)
I d.. IC* + ka I IC*-ka I ,u 11 4 Po 1 +
2 k2 (1.26)
The various quantities appearing here can be measured If, instead of one singular point near the nose, several
from the drawing (see Figure 1.15) so that (allowing for the singular points are assumed to exist in the interior of the
change in velocity at infinity) the velocity at the point P profile, then (following VON MISES) a large number of
of the profile becomes special classes of profiles can be obtained in addition to
the ,Toukowsky and Karman-Trefftz profiles and their
w 2h NP I TPI generalisations; the number of free parameters is increased,
(1.23)
V = k2R NP TP and a diversity of profile shapes results.
12 1. NOMENCLATURE. GEO~IETRY. SURVEY
1.4.3 The Hyperbola Family placed singular points A and B, we map one that passes
We shall now refer to a special family of profiles intro- through these points, we obtain profiles whose camber
duced by PIERCY, PIPER, and PRESTON, and treated in lines are circular arcs; as usual the upward displacement of
Germany by RINGLEB. The principle of generation of this the centre of the circle serves as a measure of the camber.
family is that the inversion of a branch of a hyperbola with We can obtain a point of inflexion in the camber lines, and
respect to a circle whose centre is the focus lying outside thereby more favourable pitching-moment behaviour, if,
the branch (or a point near to this) leads to contours instead of transforming a circle, we transform an ellipse
having the form of profiles. As we see from Figure 1.16, two passing through the two points A and B (Figure 1.17); as a
measure for the amount of inflexion we can use the angle
that this ellipse makes with the circle at the point B
(corresponding to the trailing edge).
1.5 References
PIPER, R. W.: Extensions of the New Family of Wing Profiles. SCHRENK, 0.: Theoretisches iiber Joukowsky-Profile. Ergeb-
Phil. Mag. Ser. 7, Vol. 24 (1937), p. 1114. nisse AVA III, S. 13-16.
RINGLEB, F.: Beitrage zur Theorie der Tragfliigelprofile. FB SQUffiE, H. B.: A Family of Camber Lines for Subsonic Applica.
1496 und Jahrb. dDL I, S. 133-140. tions. C.P. 437 (1959).
ROGERS, E. W. E.: Observations on a Thin Cambered Aerofoil STACK, J.: Tests of Airfoils Designed to Delay the Compressi-
Beyond the Critical Mach Number. R & M No. 2432 (1950). bility Burble. NACA TN No. 976 (1944).
ROSSNER, G.: tJber eine Klasse von theoretischen Profilen mit Staff of H. S. T.: Measurements of Force Coefficients Oil Aero-
vier frei wahlbaren geometrischen Parametern. Jahrb. 1942 foil EC 1240 in the High Speed Tunnel at the NPL. R & M
dDL, S. I 142/59. No. 2246 (1940).
SCHLICHTING, H. and A. ULRICH: Zur Berechnung des Urn TANNER, L. H.: Curves Suitable for Families of Aerofoils with
schlages laminar/turbulent. LGL-Bericht S 10, S. 75-135 Variable Maximum Thickness Position, Nose Radius, Camber
und Jahrb. 1942 dDL I; S. 8. and Nose Droop. C.P. 358 (1957).
SCHMIDT, W.: Entwurf, Auftrieb, Moment und Druckverteilung TREFFTZ, E.: Graphische Konstruktion Joukowskyscher Trag-
eines Joukowsky-S-Profiles, .Jahrb. 1939 dDL I, S. 50 bis 54. flachen. ZFM 4 (1913), S. 130.
2. ON EXPERIMENTAL METHODS.
WIND TUNNELS AND CORRECTIONS
2.1. Some Details of Wind Tunnels used for Profile Degree of T'urbulence: :::::0,0024. Turbulence Factor: ::::: 116.
Measurements Balance: 3 and 6 component beam-balance; de-
scription in [AVA I, II].
2.1.1 Gattingen Wind. tunnels
Models: 02 m X 1 m rectangular wings; wing-tips
2.1.1.1 2 m x 2 m Wind tunnel of the MYA
usually blunt.
First Operated: 1908. Rebuilt in 1918; in operation again
Corrections: jet-boundary corrections (given in [AVA
I
"
Cross-section:
in 1920.
quadratic, 196 m X 196 m, closed-throat
I-IVl); conversion of the measured
values to A = 00, with allowance for the
I
elliptical open-jet with axes 106 m and a = Ci - 418C L (a in degrees),
15 m. CD = CD - 0'066C L2
Contraction Ratio: at first 1: 1; from 1920, 1: 33; from
1934, 1 :3. 2.1.1.3 47 m x 7 in Wind. tunnel of the AVA
Maximum Speed: 10 m/sec; with nozzle (from 1920) First Operated: 1936.
30 m/sec.
Test Section: elliptical cross-section (minor axis 47 m,
Velocity Variation: (deviation from the mean value of the major axis 70 m); open jet, 85 m length;
velocity in the test section) ::::: 1%'. can be used at pressures of from 025 to 4
Turbulence Factor: :::::17 (before 1920). atmospheres.
Balance: 3 or 4 component balance, description in Contraction Ratio: 1: 3.
[AVA II].
Maximum Speed:
Models: rectangular wings; span b = 100 m or
120 m, chord c = 020 m.
Pressure 20minute ContinuouB
Corrections:t the measured values are converted to bursts running
A = 00 by formulas for the additional
angle of incidence and the additional drag 1 atmosphere 59 m/sec 55 m/sec
4 atmospheres 38 m/sec 35 m/sec
(be in m 2).
025 atmospheres 96 m/sec 88 m/sec
a = Ci - (20'9c/b - 2'2bc)CL
(a in degrees),
CD= CD - (0'33c/b - 0'038be)CL2 , Degree of Turbulence: ::::: 0003.
which contain jet-boundary corrections
Turbulence Factor: :::::126 (1944), 14 (1940).
and corrections for the lift distribution on
the rectangular wing (see Section 2.3). Balance: 6-component counterpoise balance, oper-
ated by remote control. Description by
KLEIN.
2.1.1.2 225 m Wind. tunnel of the AVA
Models: rectangular wings, b = 40 m and.c =
First Operated: 1917.
08 m; wing-tips blunt, and with tip-
Test Section: circular cross-section of diameter 225 m; fairings of various types; maximum chord
length, 34 m; open jet. for wings with end-plates, 2-3 m.
Contraction Ratio: 1: 485. Corrections: conversion of measured values to A = 00,
Maximum Speed: 58 m/sec; in continuous running, 50 with allowance for the lift distribution on
m/sec. the wing, by the formulas
a = Ci - H8CL (a in degrees),
t See Sections 2.3.1 and 2.3.2. CD = CD - 0066CL 2
16 2. ON EXPERIMENTAL METHODS. WIND TUNNELS AND CORRECTIONS
Jet-boundary correction is also required. Test SectilYTl: elliptical cross-section (minor axis 5 m,
The 4 m X 54 m wind-tunnel of the AVA major axis 7 m); open jet of length 9 m.
is identical with the one just described, CIYTitractilYTl Ratio: 1: 4.
except that it has a smaller nozzle.
Maximum Speed: 65 mJsec.
Test SectilYTl: elliptical cross-section (minor axis 4 m,
major axis 54 m); open jet, 75 m length. Velocity VariatilYTl: about 1'5%; on the major axis of the
ClYTitra.ctilYTl Ratio: 1: 45. elliptical cross-section about 0'5%.
Maximum Speed: Direction Variation: 0'5 on the jet axis.
Turbulence Factor: ~ 11.
Corrections: to allow for the effect of the walls, static Balance: 3-component counterpoise balance oper-
pressure and kinetic pressure are measured . ate,d by remote control; experimental
in a section at a distance of about three results (including pressure) given on paper
times the chord in front of the wing; these tape.
measurements, together with Bernoulli's Models: made from light alloy, either with 01 mm
equation and the equation of continuity, layer of plaster and lacquer (ground to
are used to convert the results for the flow required degree of fineness and polished)
about the profile and cavitation layer to or with a simple metallic surface.
free fluid. In addition, a deduction in the
angle of incidence must be made, because CorrectilYTls : (I) correction of free-stream velocity for
of the influence of the horizontal walls on constraint due to model; (2) correction for
the flow round the profile; this deduction additional constraint due to wake; (3)
is proportional to CL, and is given by jet-boundary correction (see GOTHERT).
U'l .u/ a
F (y) = ---:::=---===- (2.3)
factor (t.f.), defined by the ratio
YU'lz YU / Z
I tf = R erlt. in free air
. . Rerlt . in the wind tunnel
.
By integration we obtain a length called the scale oj For" R erlt . in free air" he uses the value 385 . lOS (obtained
turbulence: from flight measurements, and corresponding to plq =
-022) ; for the denominator he uses a mean value obtained
'" from a number of measurements on spheres. If we now
L=fF(y).dy. (2.4) suppose that, to a first approximation, the critical Reynolds
o
number varies inversely with the turbulence, we can use
the turbulence factor to convert the experimental results
L can be regarded as a measure of the size of eddies;
for profiles in various wind-tunnels to an "effective
together with the degree of turbulence, it characterises the
Reynolds number" (corresponding to free air with very
state of turbulence in the wind tunnel.
low turbulence); the conversion formula is
2.2.2 The Critical Reynolds Number for Turbulence Rerr. = (t.f.)R, (2.5)
As a means of comparing the turbulence of various
where R = Vclv. This procedure has proved fairly
wind-tunnels PRANDTL has suggested the use of the critical
successful for the maximum lift coefficient (that is, for
Reynolds number of the sphere; this is the Reynolds
predicting the onset of separation); it has not proved
number at which a sudden sharp drop in the drag coefficient,
successful for other profile properties (in particular, not
CD, occurs, the drop being caused by a change in the type
for the drag).
of flow in the boundary layer; as the turbulence of the air
in the tunnel increases, the Reynolds number at which the
drop occurs becomes smaller. To define this number more
exactly, DRYDEN and KUETHE choose as critical Reynolds 2.2.4 Influence of the Diameter of the Sphere. More Exact
number that at which a CD of 03 is reached. HOERNER, Definition of the Turbulence Factor
in his measurements, uses the fact that an equally sudden Modern wind-tunnels possess very small turbulence (the
values of Rerlt . lie between 3.105 and 4 105); so it is not
O'I/C'O~ Co-oJ I
5
oc I
I
I
,., /
.IL
, '6
1 ,,;.'.1'
~/
O'C q ~",.
J....
.IL -0 1/'v ~-
o q--H---
Fig. 2.1. Deftnltlon of the critical
Reynolds number for a sphere J 8 ---n
.6_
/
At'!..
t:Z ~
-O'C
.1:6 W-
rise in pressure, p, on the rear part of the sphere (very J ., id
close to where the sting is attached) is associated with the
sudden drop in CD; this is another easily determined J '6
I(jf
quantity that can be used to define the critical Reynolds /1
.1.0
number. To obtain approximately the same value of 10 ItO .10 I/O 50 60 70 80 .90 fa
Rerlt. as given by CD = 03, plq (q being the kinetic iI(m/S)
pressure, -if! V2) is plotted against R and the value of R
Fig. 2.2. Measurement of Rerlt. (defined by ~ - 0) plotted against
corresponding to plq. = -022 read off. The latter value is velocity.
the one recommended by PLATT: HOERNER suggests that (1) Free nlr. (4) ),3 m tunnel;
plq be taken as zero; this leads to larger values for the (2) to (7) In AVA wind tunnels : (5) 225 III tunnel;
(2) low turbulence wind (6) 4 III x 5'4 m ~unnel;
critical Reynolds number (see Figure 2.1). tunnel;
(3) 036 m Elffeltunnel; (7) 47 m x 7 m tunnel.
(SEIFERTU)
2.2.3 The Turbulence Factor
To be able to compare the turbulence of wind tunnels sufficient simply to utilise mean values from a number
PLATT introduces a characteristic quantity, the turbulence of measurements on one sphere, because the value of
20 2. ON EXPERIMENTAL METHODS. WIND TUNNELS AND CORRECTIONS
R erit . depends on the diameter, D, of the sphere, and on SEIFERTH proposes that, to characterise the turbulence,
the speed, V. This fact has been known for some time; it is the value of R erit . corresponding to a definite diameter of
I verified by measurements on spheres, which SEIFERTH the sphere, about 22 em, be chosen; as the measurements
-n-------------
I,
performed in five Gottingen wind-tunnels in 1943/44. In .show, this suggestion leads to a well-defined parameter.
Rcrir10-5
IJ-5 L (em)
\ 0020
v;:r
210
~
0 c
12 V
0015
~
~ ~ t:-......
!
of,
"0 0010 0
if
"'k ~ --tf._ -
~. r---::::: ~~ J
J'8 d_
~ ~.,J i ' N 0005
I -r-
J'5
~~ 2 28
ef~ WUf I
J5 1/ '11/
J'" I?erl/ .10-5
!\\{1\ Fig. 2.5. Degree and scale of turbulence (shown respectively left and top right), from
J.Q
"\1\ measurements made behind grids with the following meshwidths: (a) 2'45 em; (b)
127 em; (e) 0'64 em. Curve shown bottom right: wind tunnel measurements (for meaning
of symbols see Figure 2.2). Point (d), at the left end: from measnrements made behind a
8 12 15 21/\ 28
" 20
o (em)
grid 'in the 13 m tunnel (number 4); the right end is the value for rree air
These values are in good agreement with the points ob- is found directly by measurement of the momentum lost
tained by DRYDEN; in Figure 2.5 a curve (lower right-hand in the wake. The theoretical foundations of this method
side) is drawn through them, and this curve can be easily have been given by BETZ, B. M. JONES, G. I. TAYLOR, and
extrapolated to pass through the point corresponding to (for high speeds) by GOTHERT: the practical applications
fre~ air; in this way a connection between hot-wire and are described by MUTTRAY, DOETSCH, SILVERSTEIN and
sphere measurements is demonstrated (see SEIFERTH). KATZOFF, GOETT, and others (see the references of Section
2.4).
2.3 General Remarks 00 Experimeotallnvestigations In later times, wind-tunnels intended for profile measure-
2.3.1 On Profile Measurements in Wind Tunnels ments have been built by the NACA and at Gottinge,nt; in
these tunnels the wings are placed between plane walls in
At first, weighing was the only method of importance for
an attempt to produce two-dimensional flow. Disturbances
the experimental determination of force and moments
caused by the apparatus for measuring forces are largely
(see BETZ-SEIFERTH). Nearly all the 3 and 6 component
avoided in the American wind-tunnels LTT and TDT by
balances of the most important wind-tunnel8 have been
determining the lift from an integration of the pressures
exhaustively described; in Section 2.1 a reference is given
on the floor and on the roof of the wind tunnel; only the
to the appropriate place in the literature for the description
moments are still measured by weighing.
of each tunnel, and the type of balance is stated. In general,
the measurements have been carried out upon rectangular
2.3.2 On Wind-tunnel Corrections
wings of aspect ratio A = b2/S = 5 or 6. With the help of
known formulas for the conversion of wind-tunnel Because of the finite dimensions of the stream of air, the
measurements from one aspect ratio to another [AVA II], lift measured in a wind tunnel differs from that measured in
the measured values of forces and moments ca!l be con- air of infinite extent. In an open-jet tunnel the lift is
verted to A = 00, which corresponds to a wing of infinite smaller: in a closed-throat tunnel the lift is greater
span; the conversion formulas have been derived on the (assuming that the angle of incidence remains unchanged).
assumption of a constant lift coefficient, CL. The formulas However, following a proposal of PRANDTL, it is more
are: useful not to apply the necessary correction to the lift, but
rather to correct tIre angle of incidence and the drag
(a) for the angle of incidence (in radians), coefficient at constant CL (the procedure that is used in the
conversion from one aspect ratio to another).
a=a The most important correction, a correction for the
(2.6a)
induced downwash on the wing, depends on the lift
coefficient (C L), on the ratio of wing area (S) to the cross-
(b) for the drag coefficient, sectional area of the jet (So), and on a factor that allows
- CL 2 for the influence both of the shape of the cross-section and
CD = CD - :rr:A (1 +T2); (2.6b) of the wing span ..The latter factor is written (}a in the
correction for the angle of incidence, and () D in the correc-
here, ~ and {)D denote values measured at an aspect tion for the drag; many Authors have calculated it (under
ratio A. In this form the correction formulas (originally the assumptions of potential theory), and the most diverse
derived for an elliptical distribution of lift) contain cross-sectional shapes and spans have been considered.
factors, (1 +
TIl and (1 +
T2), which allow for the actual RIEGELS has given a comprehensive summary of such
lift-distribution. The following table for rectangular wings results for incompressible flow, in which other kinds of
is taken from GLAUERT; it is assumed that dd~L has its correction are also considered (camber corrections,
constraint corrections, etc.); LUDWIEG is engaged on a
theoretical value of 2:rr:. supplement, a corresponding summary for compressible
A 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 flows.
0'122 0145 0163 0183 0'201 0216 0228
To show the order of magnitude of the correction first
0'026 0037 0046 0055 0.064 0,072 0-080 mentioned, we give the values for the circular jet (worked
The increased accuracy of weighing and the close t A two-dimensional low-turbulence windtunnel was built
at Reyershausen near G6ttingen during the war; the test cross.
approach to uniform flow in modern wind-tunnels mean section was 15 m X 3 m, and the speed was 90 m/sec. Measure-
that variations in the details of model manufacture, in the ments concerning its velocity distribution and state of turbulence
'
quality of the model surface, in the type of suspension were made, but it was then dismantled without having served its
used, and in the shape of the wing-tips, now produce purpose-the carrying out of profile measurements. This
!) 'detectable effects. Al a result, the profile drag (that is, the tunnel (with a smaller test-section) has since been rebuilt in
Giittingen; the deg ree of turbulence is small (00004), the cross-
part of the drag due to friction) is no longer obtained by section is 035 m X 150 m, and the speed is 40 m/sec; it was first
L
. ~,;ghing follow,d hy ,ubt=tion of th, vo,"" d"'g, hut operated in 1955. '
22 2. ON EXPERIMENTAL METHODS. WIND TUNNELS AND CORRECTIONS
out by PRANDTL); in terms of the wing span, b, and the jet usual type; at each point of the chord they have a radius
diameter, D, there results equal to half the local thickness. Neither kind of tip is
entirely satisfactory: because of the complicated vortex
3
15=1+- -
16
(b)4
D
+ 5- (b)8
64
-
D
+ ... ;(2.7) formation, wings that are blunt at the tips give too large
values for the measured drag coefficient (whrn the lift
coefficient is close to zero); on the other hand, too large
the correction for angle of incidence is values in the upper range of CLare found when" normal"
tip-fairings are used.
S
Aa = -15 CL
- -, (2.8)
8 So
(J.(J060-"-"-""''---'---'''1 -'--'L--r-'Y-I Fig. 2.7. Drag correction
I,
~O~f-f-f-~~~f-f-f-T~f-'I
Q y+ I i i i
For normal profiles of 1 m span and with A equal to 5, in I. :'-t I!:,
the Gottingen 225 m wind-tunnel, the angle of incidence ... v 1 I! it
o NO 020 0:30 - tic 050
and the drag coefficient corrected for jet-boundary effects
are given by
From measurements in the 4 m X 54 m tunnel of the
a = aM - 036CL (a in degrees),
AVA, REGENSCHEIT is able to show that both these dis-
CD = CDjJf - 0OO635CL2 ; advantages can be overcome to a certain extent by using
the uncorrected, measured values are designated by the a particular type of tip-fairing. This tip-fairing is of the
. same form as the normal one up to the position of maximum
suffix M. For normal profiles (06 m X 3 m) in the elliptic
jet of the Gottingen 4 m X 54 m wind-tunnel, thickness; from this point on it is elliptic (the minor semi-
axis being half the local thickness, and the major semi-axis
a =:; aM - 064CL (a in degrees), being half the maximum thickness). Measurements of the
CD = CDjJf - 00112CL2. drag of wings with such tip-fairings are fairly close to the
true values (Figure 12.74).
Further corrections may be necessary because of support The means of suspension of the wing automatically
interference (see Section 2.3.3). introduces errors; this can be seen, for example, from the
measurements of momentum loss shown in Figure 4.8.
2.3.3 InHuences of Wing-tips and Supports JACOBS and ABBOTT [R669] give corrections that should be
All the earlier profile measurements made by the AVA appli~d to the drag to allow for support interference. They
and by the NACA have been carried out on wings with are applicable to the measurements made in the NACA
blunt tips, but measurements in the DVL wind-tunnel variable-density wind-tuI).nel from 1931 to 1939, and are
show that considerable differences in. the experimental reproduced in Figure 2.7.
values arise, depending on whether the ~ngs are blunt at
2.3.4 ln1Iuence of Turbulence in the Air
In Section 2.2 the problem of turbulence in wind tunnels
5 has been very thoroughly treated, because the state of
Fig. 2.6. Values of CL max
~, for the profile-series NACA turbulence of the air-stream has a decisive influence on the
K
11 ....... 24 with: (a) blunt tips; (b) formation of the boundary layer; this in turn affects the
12
~ r(~, rounded tips. Wind tunnel:
DVL 5 m x '1 m. Effective drag and, above all, the maximum lift. When measurements
Reynoldsnumber: approxi- made on models are applied to free air of low turbulence it
--t- mately 3.10'.
1.f, is, therefore, essential to take the origin of the measure-
{}08 01(1 016 0'20 0'211 ments into account. Both the American VDT aI).d the
-tic first 2 m X 2 m tunnel of the Gottingen Institute for Model
Tests have a particularly high degree of turbulence;
the tips or are rounded (that is, fitted with tip-fairings).
consequently, the maximum lift coefficients measured in
These measurements have been carried out at a Reynolds
these tunnels are not usually attained in free air, and the
number of 2.7.106 ; for this reason the drag coefficients are
measurements should not be applied to free-flight models
smaller than previous results. In Figure 2.6 CLmax .' for the
(even if the Reynolds numbers seem to lie in the correct
NACA profiles 2409 to 2421, is plotted against thickness; range); instead, later measurements made 'in low-turbu-
this example shows how the thickness changes the effect lence wind-tunnels should be applied. The results of
of rounded tips. The tip-fairings employed here are of the SCHMITZ are of interest here.
2.4 REFERENCES 23
Attention is drawn to a source of errors of a special kind GOTHERT, B.: Windkanalkorrekturen bei hohen Unterschall-
geschwindig keiten. LGL-Bericht 127 (1940), S. 114 und
which has up till now received little attention; sometimes
Jahrb. 1941 dDL, S. 1684/691.
it can exert a considerable influence upon the measured HOERNER, S.: Vel'suche mit Kugeln betreffend Kennzahl, Tur-
maximum lift since it causes a change in th'e state of the bulenz und Oberfiachenbeschaffenheit. Lufo 12 (1935), 42
boundary layer. Suppose that the wires used to measure bis 54.
the drag component, which are fastened to points on the - Aerodynamic Drag, Dayton, Ohio, ,1951. (
JACOBS, E. N. and J. H. ABBOTT: The NACA Variable-density
leading edge of the wing, do not both run parallel to the
Wind Tunnel. NACA Rep. 416 (1932).
free-stream direction to two points in front of the wing, JONES, B. M.: The Measurement of Profile Drag by the Pitot-
but are brought together in V-form to a single point; the Traverse Method. R & M No. 1688 (1936).
effect is the same as if a "turbulence wire" were stretched KLEIN, M.: Windkanalwaagen. Mon. D2 1.1.
in front of the wing, parallel to the leading edge; as a result KRAlIIER, M.: Der5 X 7 m-Windkanalder DVL. Lufo 12 (1935),
there is transition of the laminar boundary layer to a S.181-187.
- Elektrisch gesteuerte Laufgewichtswaage fiir hohe MeB-
turbulent one, 'and an apparent increase in the values of genauigkeit und Fernaufzeichnung der MeBwerte, Z. VDI
CLm . . : The measurements on some G6ttingen profiles 80 (1936), S. 141. '
(from Profile 456 to Profile 592, but there are exceptions) LOCK, C. N. H., W. F. HILTON and S. GOLDSTEIN: Determina-
have been made in the presence of such a V-shaped wire- tion of Profile Drag at High Speeds by a Pitot Traverse
Method. R & M No. 1971 (1940).
suspension, and therefore require certain corrections; this
LUDWIEG, H.: Windkanalkorrekturen bei kompressibler Stro-
is particularly true of the CL maz . results. mung. Mon. D3 4.2 (1946).
MATT, H.: Aufbau und Strahleigenschaften des DVL-Hochge-
schwindigkeitswindkanals. LGL-Bericht 127 (1940) und
2.4 References Mon. D12.1.
ACKERET, J.: Experimentelle lind theoretische Untersuchungen - EinfluB verschiedener Windkanalaufhangungen auf die
iiber Hohlraumbildung (Kavitation) im Wasser. Techn. aerodynamischen Beiwerte von Fliigeln, LGL-Bericht 156
Mech. und Thermodynaniik 1 (1930), S. 1-22 u. 63-72. (1942).
- Das Institut fiir Aerodynamik des neuen Maschinenlabo- PLATT, R. C.: Turbulence Factors of NACA Wind-Tunnels as
ratoriums der E.T.H. Mitt. Inst. fiir Aerodynamik, Ziirich, Determined by Sphere Tests. NACA Rep. 558 (1936).
Nr. 8 (1943). ' PRANDTL, L.: Der Luftwiderstand von Kugeln. Nachrichten
BETZ, A.: Eine Methode zur direkten Bestimmung des Profil- der Gessellschaft der Wissenschaften, Math.-Phys.-Klasse
widerstandes. ZFM (1925). 1914.
- and R. SEIFERTH: Untersuchung von Flugzeugmodellen - Die Bedeutung von Modellversuchen fiir die Luftschiffahrt
im Windkanal. Handb. d. Experimental-Physik, Bd. IV, 2 und Flugtechnik und die Einrichtungen fiir solche Versuche
(1932). in Gottingen. Z. VDI 1909, S. 1711.
DOENHOFF, A. E. v. and F. T. ABBOTT jr.: The Langley Two - Tragftiigeltheorie II. Mitt. Nachr. d. Kgl. Ges. d. Wiss.
dimensional Low-turbulence Pressure Tunnel. NACA TN Gottingen, Math.-Phys. Kl. 1919, S. lO7-137. Wiederab-
No. 1283 (1947). druck in: Vier Abhandlungen zur Hydrodynamik und
DOETSCH, H.: Profilwiderstandsmesilungen im groBen Wind- Aerodynamik, Gottingen 1927.
kanal der DVL. Lufo 14 (1937), S. 173. REGENSCHEIT, B.: Untersuchungen iiber den EinfluB der Rand-
DRYDEN, H. L. and A. M. KUETHE: Effect of Turbulence in kappenform auf die TragfliigelmeBergebnisse. Techn. Ber.
Wind-Tunnel Measurements. NACA Rep. 342 (1930). d. ZWB. Bd. 11 (1944), S. 113.
DRYDEN, H. L., C. B. SCHUBAUER, W. C. MOCK, Jr. and RIEGELS, F.: Windkanalkorrekturen bei inkompressibler Stro-
H. K. SKRAMSTAD: Measurements of Intensity- and Scale of mung. Mon. D3 4.1 (1946).
Wind-Tunnel Turbulence and their Relation to the Critical SEIFERTH, R.: Messung der Kanalturbulenz und ihr Zusammen-
Reynolds Number of Spheres. NACA Rep. 581 (1937). hang mit der Hitzdrahtmessung. Mon. Dl 4.2 (1946).
DRYDEN, H. L. and L. H. ABBOTT: The Design of Low Tur- 'SCHLICHTING, H.: EinfluB der Turbulenz und der Reynolds-
bulence Windtunnels. NACA TN 1755 (1948) und R 940 Bchen Zahl auf die Tragfiiigeleigenschaften. Ringbuch der
(1949). Luftfahrttechnik I A 1 (1937).
FAGE, A.: Experiments on a Sphere at Critical Reynolds Num- SCHMITZ, F. W.: Zur Aerodynamik der kleinen Reynoldszahlen.
bers. R & M No. 1766 (1936). Jahrb. 1953 der WGL, S. 149-165.
FERRI, A.: La Galleria Ultrasonora di Guidonia. Atti di SCHUBAUER, G. B. and H. L. DRYDEN: The Effect of Turbulence
Guidonia No. 15, (1939) and Aircraft Engineering 12 (1940), on the Drag of Flat Plates. NACA Rep. 546 (1935).
p.302-305. SILVERSTEIN, A.: Scale Effect on Clark Y Airfoil Characteristics
- Influenza del N'umerodi Reynolds ai Grandi Numeri di from NACA Full-Scale Wind-Tunnel Tests. NACA Rep. 502
Mach. Atti di Guidonia .No. 67-69 (1942). (1934).
DE FRANCE, S. I.: The NACA Full-Scale Wind-Tunnel. NACA TAYLOR, G., I. : The Determination of Drag by the Pitot-Traverse
Rep. 459 (1933). Method. R & M No. 1808 (1937).
GLAUERT, H.: see Section 1.5.1. WEINIG, F.: Berechnung der Profilbeiwerte aus den Beiwerten
GOETT, H. 1.: Experimental Investigations of the Momentum des Modellfliigels. FB 1666 (1942).
Method for Determining Profile Drag. NACA Rep. 660 WINTER, H.: 'Oberdruckkanal der Aerodynamischen Ver-
(1938). suchsanstalt Gottingen. Jb. 1937 dDL und Luftwissen 3
GOTHERT, B.: Widerstandsbestimmung bei hohen Unterschall- (1936), S. 237. .
geschwindigkeiten aus Impulsverlustmessungen. Jb. 1941 ZOBEL, TH.: Fortschritte in der optischen StromungsmeBsung.
dDL I, S. 148. FB 1934 (1944) und DAL Nr. 5008/44. '
.
3. FORCE AND MOMENT COEFFICIENTS
3.1 Characteristic Aerodynamic Quantities Drag and lift are to be regarded as components of the
The force on a moving wing is proportional to the area, total force, R = V L2 +D2, in the direction of the free
S, of the wing (or, in the two-dimensional case we are stream and normal to this direction respectively (see Figure
considering, to the chord, c, of the profile) and to the 3.1). If the total force is resolved in the direction of the
kinetic pressure, q = (e/2) V2 (where e is the density of the
fluid). Consequently, it is usual to give the drag, D, and
the lift, L, in the form of dimensionless coefficients: Fig. 3.1. Resolution of total
aerodynamic force (R) into
D '0 L L' drag (D) and Iift (L). or into
OD = qS' --
- qS' (3.1) tangential Ilnd normal forces
(respectively Nand T)
briefly, 0;0; N
ON=-' (3.4)
(b) the ideal angle of incidence, 0;*; this is the angle of qS
incidence (for cambered profiles) at which the flow does If 0; is the angle between the direction fixed with respect to
J.. not turn abruptly round the leading or trailing edges the profile and the direction of the free stream, then the
of the camber line, but attaches smoothly and leaves formulas connecting the coefficients are
smoothly; in theoretical work 0;* is sometimes called
the" design angle of incidence "t. For further remarks OT =,-OL sin 0; + OD cos o;} (3.5)
see Sections 8.2.1.2 and 8.2.5. ON = 0 L cos 0; + 0 D sin 0;
According to theory, a simple relation exists between for small values of 0; these become
lift coefficient and angle of incidence,
(3.6)
OL = dOL. ( )
TaSIn 0; -0;0. (3.2)
In addition to these forces we are interested in the
Experimental results confirm this equation for. small pitching moment of the total force with respect to a fixed
angles of incidence, In which range the relationship is point of the profile-for example, the leading edge
linear, being (suffix l); we write
(3.3) (M)z = (Om)zqSc; (3.7)
it is taken to be positive if its effect is to increase thfJ angle
Because of viscous effects the constant value for the lift- of incidence. The total force, R (resulting from the lift, L,
curve slope, df:, is less than the theoretical value. It is not
and the drag, D), cuts the line chosen as reference axis in
a point at a distance h from the leading edge; the reference
possible to find a similar simple theoretical relation for the axis is a line fixed with respect to the profile, examples
drag coefficient, 0 D. being the chord and the free-stream direction at zero lift.
t The German expression for a* is "der Anstellwinkel des Hence, we can write
sto.l3freien Eintritts", "the angle of incidence of shockfree
attachment" . (M)z = -h(L coso: + D sin a) = -hN. (3.8)
3.1 CHARACTERISTIC AERODYNAMIC QUANTITIES 25
The point (at a distance h from the leading edge) that is equation of the envelope is
[. +,g}~2Yr
the intersection of the profile chord and the line of action
of the total force is called the centre of pressure of the
profile; its position is given by
h (Om)z
c= - (3.9)
ON'
sin 2(atn - y). The method by which the behaviour of the moment has
sinaln been obtained is strictly valid for inviscid flow only;
but the assumptions made concern only the dependence
Choose coordinates x* and y* with origin at the point to which of OL and (Om)/ on O:in. According to measurement,
the moment is referred; let the x* axis be parallel to the free OL and (Om)! differ from the theoretical values; therefore,
;';, stream direction at zero lift, and the y* axis be normal to this the focus almost always lies at a point different from that
Ii direction. The line of action of the lift cuts the x* axis at the just determined, and the moment with respect to this
point h = zjcos aln, and the equation of this line is
I x* + y* tan aln = _ z _ ;
cos aln
point is not exactly constant. Nevertheless, even in
viscous flow, a point exists referred to which the moment is
approximately independent of angle of incidence; this is
L
true for every profile in a certain (sometimes very limited)
( tan aln (k, say) occurs as a parameter here. The family of lines of
o'
~
action F(x*, y*, k) = has an envelope whose equation is range of 0 L. The point is called the aerodynamic centre
(a.c.) of the profile or, so~etimes, the neutral point of the
c" of
by_~t~ 1b.t_n F ~ 0 =d_O_k_=_O. The
profile; it corresponds to the focus of the lift parabola in
, 26
-CL
*0 ao *0 '0
Fig. 3.3 Induence of trailing edge angle on CL(a) and CL(Cm). Wind tunnel: DVL 2.7 m
two profiles Go 420 and Go 623. Although the assumption on the perpendicular from the leading edge (the coefficient,
of two-dimensional flow made elsewhere in this book does (Omh, is positive when the tendency is to decrease the
not hold here and a conversion to A = 00 would have angle of incidence!); for the profiles Go 758 and beyond,
little meaning, these measurements should be regarded as a the reference point lies at one quarter of the chord from
welcome addition to our knowledge. the leading edge (the coefficient, Om, is positive when the
tendency is to increase the angle of incidence); the latter
t Instead of the three values of CL proposed here the NACA definition is here used throughout (that is, for the older
(see [R537]) determine the aerodynamic centre and the cor-
responding moment by using Equation (3.11) twice (when profiles as well). In the figures and tables, jet-boundary
CL = 0; and when CL = C~, C~ being close to CLm,x) and by corrections have been applied, and the conversion to
A = 00 has been performed with allowance for the effect
making ~~; have the measured value at CL = O. of the lift distribution on the wing (see Section 2.3).
3.2 REVIEW OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 27
The Gottingen profile Go 398 (with its maximum thick- After verification of the properties of the NACA 24 and
ness at 30% of the chord) has proved particularly favour- 230 series by measurements in the 5 m X 7 m wind-tunnel
able (this profile is approximately the same as the Clark Y of the DVL (DOETSCH), an extensive programme was
profile); its thickness distribution is, therefore, the basis of carried out in this tunnel to determine the effect of changes
the extensive systematic measurements made by the NACA in the thickness distribution (in particular, the effect of
in the VDT (see Section 7.3.2, Type D l ). These measure- varying the nose radius and the position of maximum
ments, carried out at the high effective Reynolds number thickness); the results of these measurements can be found
of 8 .106 [R460], have led to a number of standard profiles in the collection of data of Table 11.1 and also in Table 11.5.
(in particular, the 24 and 230 series) with distinctive The investigations, carried out at a Reynolds number of
properties. Although later measurements in low-turbulence 2'7.106, demonstrate the favourable influence on the drag
wind-tunnels of the DVL and the NACA reveal a number both of a rearward displacement of the maximum thickness
Lt ,-
t R'" '1.I0~ R=IH.l0~
A I/'\.
08 / I'- 19H17a
- / rz:;;; r---'
IJ6
1/ _f...-- ~~ 1/ ~
ft!-Plate
,
/II V V /"
j/;.,615
I II ./ ~
tJ.1 IIV II1/
/"
I
o If/', , 11 16"
-(l(-(l(.
lit'
W,.
B B
,a.-a..
11" 16 ~
I
R :J.6II.1it R=H.tiI
~
V
11
/...--..... /" V
n ~61S
1/~61S
--
\
~o
\
~
6II'17Y / ai~ /
--
08 1\
~. FLat Plate
/; FLat Plate
i.J--
\
\ 1/11
/~ / V ~
tJ.1
jj 7J
I( If
,. ,. 11" /6.
-ot.-at,
M" 0 ,. rot...a..
Fig. 3.4a, b. Dependence of lift coefficient on Reynold. number, for typical proflles
(SCHMITZ). Wind tunnel: Cologne
of deficiencies in these results, such a systematic investiga- from the normal value of 30% of the chord and of a
tion gives considerable insight into the influences of decrease in nose radius from the normal value role =
.thickness, camber, and position of maximum camber. 11 (t/e)2; it is found possible to obtain significant laminar
The deficiencies are removed to a certain extent by the effects (that is, to keep the boundry layer laminar longer
application of corrections (in. particular, for the maximum than is usual with "normal" profiles). Unfortunately,
lift (C Lm.. ) and the minimum drag (CD m1n ) [R669]) and undesirable changes frequently occur in' the lift-curve
by new measurements in low-turbulence wind-tunnels slope and in the behaviour of the moment; they are
[R 824]. Because of the existence of later measurements, caused by the unfavourable movement of the transition
we do not reproduce the old experimental results, but point on profiles of this type. These changes are eliminated
simply refer to the literature. only when the trailing edge angle is made smaller (Figure
28 3. FORCE AND MOMENT COEFFICIENTS
-'
. dOL
P1ate IS a;; . ra d'lans, or dOLO
= 2n, 1'f Ct IS. measured ill Ta = .11 012 11 11 smoolh
0/0
NACA 65 -s.,.,.
-- - --
if Ct is measured in degrees. We introduce an efficiency '(aullh
ooe
factor, 1J, by the relation f}{J6 ~r-J 11
O'I~
OIZ 1I J! 11
1__
Jmollih
(3.12) 0/0
IHI8
NACA 66. Series -- ~,
'f!'ugh
006 I I I I
For the Gottingen flat-plate measurements (Figure 3.4b), 8 12 16 -flc 2'
the value 1J = 1 is very nearly reached, but the measured
value becomes smaller as the Reynolds number decreases,
and falls to 1J = 084 when R = 42.104.
dCL
The behaviour of 1J for the cambered plate is anomalous Fig. 3.S. ([; (a in degrees) as a Fig. 3.6. Influence of Mach
function of thickness ratio. 'for dCL
(Figures 3.4a and b); although 1J increases theoretically by various profile ~eries. Wind tunnel:
number on (i';" for sym-
a factor of only [1 + k( f)2], if{ is small, the measurements LTT. Reynolds number: 6'10' metrical NACA proilies. Wind
tunnel: DVr. 2'7 m
on, for example, Go 417 a for 0 L < 06, give the high valuet
The later profiles with small nose radius and maximum
1J :::::; 1'38, corresponding to df: = 28n; this value is thickness lying further back display a somewhat different
behaviour; because of the favourable pressure distribution
alm<Jst independent of Reynolds number from R = 42.104 the boundary layer remains very thin even in the turbulent
up to R = 42.10s. For 0 L > 0'6, 1J certainly decreases region; turbulent separation does not occur until near the
with increasing OLand is soon less than 1. trailing edge, so that the influence of viscosity is con-
The usual profiles of finite thickness, with maximum siderably smaller. At Reynolds numbers above 6.106 ,
thickness at about 30% of the chord, have a poor value of therefore,1J continues to increase with thickness and reaches
1J in the sub-critical region, but 1J increases with the Rey- values up to about 107. However, if the rear part of the
nolds number and reaches values of about 09 in the super- profile bulges too much (large trailing edge angle), as in
critical region, at a Reynolds number of 4 . lOS. At Reynolds profiles investigated by the DVL and in those of the NACA
numbers of the order of 106 , and with not too large a I-series, the unfavourable pressure distribution causes a
thickness ratio, 1J becomes almost equal to 1. For a constant thicker boundary layer, and hence a decrease in 1J; for
Reynolds number (say, R = 6.106 ) a fall is detectable such profiles an increase in camber leads to improvement.
t This high value results from separation on the pressure side, In general, the factor 1J decreases considerably with
the expected suction not being realised. Reynolds number at high 0 L values, the cause being the
3.3 BEHAVIOUR OF THE LIFT 29
large increase in boundary layer thickness. The influence number increases still further are caused by the appearance
of" standard roughness" of the surface (see Section 4.1.3) of shocks and their interaction with the boundary layer.
on the lift-curve slope is shown in Figure 3.5. When the Mach number is greater than unity, but not
From the Prandtl-Glauert rule (see Section 10.3) df: large compared with unity then, if the flow is wholly
supersonic and the angle of incidence is small, a linear
increases with Mach number as . / 1 _; this is weli behaviour is agai~ observed; according to a well-confirmed
v1-M2 dOL . 4 .
confirmed for profiles of small and moderate thickness, until theory da then takes the value (M2 _ 1)1/2 (see SectIon
the critical Mach number is reached, but considerable 1O.5.3).
deviations occur at higher Mach numbers and 0 1, values
(Figures 3.6 and 3.7). As the Mach number increases there 3.3.2 Angle of Zero Lift
20 The angle of zero lift for the flat plate is independent of
t
dCL
doc lL-o_
!!
,,, Reynolds number but, for a cambered plate, a small
decrease with increasing Reynolds number is detectable
15 H.i (Figure 3.8); the effect of Reynolds number is most
11 i ,/ ! I r/at lute
0-2 iI' I
i o t--- I
12
jv,
\ /~1 t
~ 60''11711
NACA 61t, A 212
NACA'I'I15
--
- 1 I
8
-8
1
1 !f Go 625
>,*009
~.~4~~1
:1 I I ~ I
4 Q.o 1'v/ -12 0
2 6 8 105 2 'f 6 8 10 6
-I?
2
: I
o ,~
*'
, ,
/tl Io'ig. 3.8. Angle of Incidence at zero lift, as a function of Reynolds
number
*012
---- ~\
-4 tl~
:' I
~'
marked on cambered, thick profiles. ao is always relatively
small for sub-critical Reynolds numbers, but it jumps to a
large negative value when the critical Reynolds number is
zd.o
c,..Oj :l./
o ;iI t Iy'*qog
r: q-o I~I
o
.045
-=.::~h
, joJ 05 1 10-7
~I
J {)'9
I
, \ J\ -2
2~
I1cr/~- I-'
o 0-2
.~j
'v ~M
~8
- o
-2
t
0\1 ~S
I.
~*0"2
Mcrit~ f--'1
c
1 10.7
q.o
f \ 0-9
-M
~
deL
Fig. 3.7. Influence of Mach number on d;;' for the NACA 230
series. Wind tunnel: DVL 27 m t
I,
~,.().I5 a.-o f\
2
is initially a considerable rise, then a fall, and finally
another rise. As the camber is increased, the measured
~9
-z .-
Mach number, and OL no longer behaves linearly with a. Fig. 3.9. Angle of Incidence for zero 11ft, as a function of
Mach number (for the 230-serle.)
. . . II
Th e mitia arge'mcrease m
. dOL
a;;' which occurs when t he
exceeded (that is, when there is transition to turbulent
critical Mach number is exceeded, is predicted by more flow in the boundary layer); it then rises with increasing
accurate theory, but the changes occurring as the Mach Reynolds number to an almost constant value. This value
"
L
30 3. FORCE AND MOMENT COEFFICIENTS
is essentially dependent only on the camber for medium By a combination of suitable thickness and camber
and high Reynolds numbers; it is almost completely distributions, it is possible to design profiles for which at
independent of the profile thickness (see Table 11.1).
2
Deviations from the theoretical angle of zero lift usually lie
t Ct,-D rt- atI-- jQ:oi--i
t~~;1~lr11
L
'*
J
of camber line; for the camber line which has a constant o ~':\ 11
N ) .. __ 'l.~V\ H
~ ~ 10.1 ....r,2 UUf --'fh., I
velocity deviations of -25% are found. I--- '001
w- -- --c::o:::- ...
--t-~11021 _
The angle of zero lift does not change rapidly with Mach
number until shocks appear; the change then depends very
much on the profile shape. The behaviour with increasing
Mach number is usually as follows: there is a small
-2
-3
[ooz
[.",.,.
T r..:::..::.
foo-
1
b2 =r ~:
-,
o
-2
.~
10-5
'1104
1-.4-- --l=--=- ' - -
_~
~
J
~11
" fM
~-
decrease in ao, until a Mach number of about 0;8 is
reached; the decrease is then usually followed by a sudden,
IS
t 1'1; 1-' 'Qj;, --
tr--~~
~t a
~.06
t--~t-;,..(H ht 6
large rise. For the NACA 230-series (Figure 3.9) only a
small dependence on Mach number is detectable until far
beyond the critical Mach number. When the Mach number
3
I-.. 'tJlQI
..002
-::; -..... " ... li r--- ~ ~
.~
:-::::-
'"::::0::: ~z ~ \l
r-<:-:
'"
~' I
::-::-- t--....
is greater than 08 the large changes already mentioned
2
'I;; ,, 3 ~ j ,\
appear, and they increase with thickness. Figure 3.10 is a i\: r--- R::- ~ 17 11'
comparison of the variation of angle of zero lift with o --00+ t-... ~,U
tL 2
, '~ ~
Mach number for three profiles of various shapes [R947]; 06 0-7 O~ O~ 06 07 O~
'0
,-----,-----.----.----r----
1 Fig. 3.11. a plotted against M at constant CL. Profile series:
x 3512 - 0'55 40 (with various values of maximum camber).
H
Dashed lines: PrandtlGlimert rule
-~6"
-W
3.4 Maximum Lift
-().+. There is generally a considerable variation of maximum
003 fM -M lift with Reynolds number. Figure 3.12 shows a small
selection from the large amount of material in Table 11.1.
Fig. 3.10. a.(M) for some modem profiles.
I NAJ230~~ V vrJ
I
I
with a flap deflection of _6, the profile having a fairly I N1~-Zr2
large atshows approximately the same variation as the
i
10
~917~
T
..... / ........
I'"
~/
v
..... - - 'j",J
increases with Mach number in supersonic flow.
I NACA 65-oh6 j
3.3.3 Effect of Increase in Mach Number on the Relation Flut Plate
between Lift and Angle of Incidence
(}6
Because of the large irregularities as sonic speed is - 6 81r1 2
approached (from below), diagrams of the behaviour of
a a
either angle of incidence for constant L or L for constant Fig. 3.12. lIIaxlmum 11ft as a function of Reynolds number, for selected
profiles
angle of incidence are frequently used in addition to
d~L and ao. An example of the first type
For sub-critical flow only very small lifts are reached
diagrams for of
throughout (the cambered plate forming an exception):
diagram is given in Figure 3.11; according to the Prandtl- after the critical Reynolds number is passed, aLm&x.
Glauert rule the curves of a against M should be ellipses, increases very rapidly at first; when the super-critical
and these are also drawn in the diagram; the ellipses have state is reached its growth is again slow, and this behaviour
zero slope when M = 0, and infinite slope at a = 0, M = 1. often continues up to high Reynolds numbers, but is
3.5 PROFILE DRAG 31
sometimes disturbed by a temporary fall. In general, the values in the Reynolds-number range R = 2.104 to
maximum lift increases with camber. R = 6.10 7 The drag of the flat plate is wholly skin-
For a fixed Reynolds number OLmax ., when plotted friction drag and agrees with theoretical predictions: on
against thickness, shows pronounced maxima, the position the other hand, the camber~d plate (in a super-critical
of these maxima depending on the profile series being stream) is almost completely independent of Reynolds
investigated; for profiles whose maximum thickness lies at number at ex = 0 (that is, the drag is predominantly
t form drag). For cambered profiles of finite thickness both
about 30% of the chord they are usually close to - = 012. types of drag occur, and a strong dependence on Reynolds
c
If the maximum thickness lies further back, the maxima number...~ec?~~~_~_p~!lnt::~~~. is veryhigh in sub-
occur at higher values of the thickness ratio (~ = 0.16); for critical flow because the contribution of the form drag is
high; when the critical Reynolds number is exceeded the
the NACA 66-series OL mas has a high, constant value drag falls suddenly, because the boundary layer is no
longer laminar when it separates; the region of separated
in the range of ~c from 015 to 0'21, provided that the
flow is then considerably smaller, since the turbulent
Reynolds number is high (9.106 ). boundary layer remains attached for longer. Therefore, a
The influence of nose radius on the maximum lift is turbulent boundary layer is desirable in this region of
quite large (see Figure 5.2). For the DVL series (R = Reynolds number (usually beyond R = 105 ); the effect is
2'7.106 ) 0 L max ., with normal thickness ratios of 12% and to reduce the drag, because flow that would otherwise have
15%, shows the following behaviour as the nose radius separated stays attached, and so the form drag contribu-
is decreased: from the normal value of nose radius down to tion is reduced/For normal profile shapes transition of the
one half this value there is a slight fall; but, when the nose boundary layer usually occurs in the first third of the
radius has become one quarter the normal value, OLmas . profile chord; this is true of the four-figure NACA profiles
has sunk to almost one half of its initial value. (shown together with Gottingen profiles in Figure 3.13) in
Other factors affect the behaviour of 0 L max. : both the the range of Reynolds number between 105 and 106 }Vith
state of turbulence of the air and the quality of the surface increasing Reynolds number the skin-friction drag be~ ,.
have a decisive influence (see Sections 2.3.4: and 4.1). CQm~~ m~eimportant. A glance at the theoretical curves
for the flat pl~te (Figure 9.15) shows that large reductions
in drag are obtainable at higher Reynolds numbers, if it is
3.5 Profile Drag
possible to increase the length of laminar boundary layer
3.5.1 Incompressible Flow. Minimum Drag (that is, to displace rearwards the point of transition).
The minimum drag of a profile occurs at vanishing lift With a suitable pressure distribution or profile shape it is
(OL = 0) for symmetrical profiles and, generally, at the possible to achieve these reductions, as measurements in
ideal angle of incidence for cambered profiles (that is, all wind-tunnels of sufficiently low turbulence have shown.
when 0 L = Ot). Figure 3.13 gives a survey of experimental In Figure 3.13 are also plotted the drag coefficients of some
01
6
X Wr
r- G55Z5 (ZO/.)
5
~~ Z
(T5%)
" ~k 1'\
~5Z3(TZ%)
".J
G~rZ5
N50(lZ,t%, I/D- -," ..;< :./ZZ (6 NACA 5.Jmo)-+ZZ
Z 0016
............. ~~.hz1)-+ZO
~ ~lOlZ
Without
t.w -:..:::.:: I; 0009 / 55; -+18
(}01 t-Withtw.
I
k~<~'5(215r 115
Co
t
6
5
It
Z
...... "'
...... ......
~
t-I'<:
I'
r---
~lz~ t-
-- -
I I
WI/ I I
..77 f--.~
kGii 780~I--'"riot Plute
(lurOulentj
" r'~)J
......
0-001 4 Q..-;
6 c>~
....f"'>".
5 '?~
"
If " ~,
'~
It 5 6 10' Z 5 6 10 1 Z
-R
Fig. 3.13. Minimum drag coefficient as a function of Reynolds number for some profiles
(tw, turbulent wire; LB 24, Japanese profile)
32 3. FORCE A!'i"D MOME!'i"T COEFFICIEXTS
characteristic profiles for which the point of transition has 3.5.2 Incompressiltle Flow. Dependence on Lift Coeffi-
been displaced rearwards to 60% of the chord. It must be cient
emphasised that these profiles, though favourable at high Figure 12.66 and Tables 11.5 contain measured polars for
Reynolds numbers, may have higher drag coefficients at Joukowsky profiles at R = 4.105 An important feature
low Reynolds numbers than profiles with a maximum (which is true of all profiles) is that the effect of camber,
thickness at 30% of the chord; this is because the large provided it is small, consists simply in a shift of the whole
pressure-rise behind the minimum pressure gives rise to polar to a higher value of 0 L; more radical changes in the
laminar separation, and so produces an increase in the shape of the polar occur only when the camber is large
form drag. (above 10%); these become more noticeable with increas-
The behaviour of the. drag coefficient as a function of ing thickness.
thickness and camber, at constant Reynolds number, is of There is no basic change in this behaviour at higher
interest. Measurements carried out at a Reynolds number Reynolds numbers. For laminar profiles, the region of
of 4.105 on Joukowsky profiles lead to the approximate minimum drag is shifted in the same way.
formula The point of transition moves forward suddenly when
oL exceeds a certain value, and so the laminar region is
aDmin. = 0'004,6 + 0044 -c + generally sharply delimited; for example, almost all
measurements on the profiles of the NACA 6-series show
this. The width of the region increases considerably with
thickness; in particular, its upper limit moves to higher
this has been derived by a careful study of the results in aL values. For thickness ratios c~ ~ 012, the width of the
. t f
t he regIOn - < 0'25, - < 011. We see that the drag aL region with minimum drag is usually less than.10L =
c c 01. The measurements show clearly that this region
coefficient increases as the first power of the thickness becomes smaller as the Reynolds number increases; this
ratio, but as the third power of the camber. Corresponding is confirmed by an investigation of the profile NACA
approximate formulas for other profiles and Reynolds 65(421)-420 carried out up to very high Reynolds numbers
numbers can be easily derived from Table 11.1. This table (up to R = 35.106 ) [R824]. Once the laminar region has
shows that, at a Reynolds number of 6.106 , the approxi- ended, a steep rise in the drag occurs (usually very soon),
mately linear rise with thickness ratio is still valid. For the an effect that becomes more noticeable as the Reynolds
four and five figure NACA profiles we have, approximately, number is increased. It is interesting that exactly the
opposite behaviour is observed with the usual four and
t five figure NACA profiles (with maximum thickness at
aDmin = 00038 + 0016 - for R
c
= 6.106, -
c
< 015;
30% of the chord): the drag decreases with increasing
Reynolds number at the higher 0 L values. If we were to
and for the NACA 66-series we have examine the range of OL in which the drag is small, we
would find that, in contrast to the laminar profiles, these
t t
aDmin.= 00026 + 0'007 - for R
c
= 6.106, -
c
< 015. profiles show a broadehing of the region with increasing
Reynolds number. If the position of maximum thickness
With increasing thickness ratio, terms of higher order is moved still further forward, the drag coefficient remains
appear and these soon become dominant. For example, approximately constant up to very high 0 L values (see, for
HOERNER (see Section 1.5.1) gives the following formula: example, the profile Go 769, Figure 12.88).
c-/U4
(}flZ (}QZ
'Of.
to to ~c- ()M
t t '6
(}Qf (}(Jf
(}Q09 (}(JOS
C-
(}OO6 (}Q06
0007 (}(J07
(}006 (}006
If o
1H2
(}(J3 003
(}OZ (}O2
IJ.ft
to CO
t t
(}Ot (}Of
OQ09 (}Q{)g c-
(}Q06 (}(J08
0007 (}(J07
(}OO6 (}Q06
M
(}(J05
oj .+ f)- QI}
(}()O5
.+ I u,
:Fig. 3.14. Drag coefficient as a function of Mach number for various combinations of angle of Incidence and thickness
ratio (maximum thickness at 30% of the chord). Wind tunnel: DVL 2'7 m
,.,
NACA2JO tic ::~ NACA 2.10 tic r= NACA ZJO tic
()Q.J
c;.-O =~ Cl.-(}Z ~ CI- (}+
()Q.J
002 !Z
Co CO
t t
001 001
~ Hr;n
0008 f/c-OfZ eli! f/c-045
()OQ4_
: ~c-0.f5 (}()08
,,(}fZ
-(}{)g
-:i"q.og
fJOO+
o O~ (J.+ Q6 06 (}7 ...!! M fM5 0 (}J (J.+ IJ6 06 (}7 ..!!H fM5 0 O~O" IJ6 06 fJ'1
Fig. 3.15. As above, but for the 230-serles at various values of CL (DVL)
34 3. FORCE AND MOMENT COEFFICIENTS
()(}2 02
Co
t JIJ
0111 01
()(}OB 009
(}QOO '8 008
JfJ%
0-007
.10%
()(}06 ruua
ruuu 1-1- ~
.~ 110"
0-005 1105
M N N
o .j . .f-:fo IN (}O R:(}8.5 O'J:-f l; !-'6 In IN 5 o oJ
Fr'0"wv '5 '0 07 (}O R:015f Fig. 3.16 a-c
1J.00l 'QIJJ
''Ole r~!.c
NACA 0OO12-/~ 40 NACA 00012 (t/C)3 40 NACA 00012-(tIC)' 40
I-t- (ZaO I- (Za4 f--- a_6
(}QJ OJ OJ
(}02 02 D2
Co
t
()(}f '01 1- '"
()(}09
1-1
(}OOO
(}QO7 '00, flJ7
f/6$
(}QO6 I'IIW fJ06
(}Q05
--
(}QO
-.. M /of
fJDII.
M
o R=-(}8.5 -3.+ o t=
--
5 (}7 0 .~- ~. Ftq-15 0:J_4 07 (}8 j::f0-85
()(}OJ
'0 01
IJOJ
'0 't- '0 Fig. 3.17 a-c
()(}Z 02 '02
Co
i 4"
(}Of 01 'Ot
(}o09 -fXJ9
(}Qo.'8 -1lJ8 -0"" 1-6
()(}O7
()(}O0
"'''
f
(UIII [WI
()(}O5 0
'006
005
2
'DOlI
0D5
'- ",
(}Oo+- .fJD/t tIJ
M M M
:'J:t -5 ~'6 t-,(}7 ()8
-f- R'1N5
.....,.Of
1=Fp"5 0_"J:'4 07 ()8 \:ro-05 '5_ -0 0-8
(}oOJ -IJOJ
'0
tIi Fig. 3.18 a-c
Fig. 3.16. As above, but for various positions of maximum thickness Fig. 3.17. As above, but for various values of nose radius
(see Equation (1.7
Fig. 3.18. As above, but for various cambers, with half-normal nose radius and maximum thickness at 40% of the chord
3.6 MOMENT COEFFICIENT, CENTRE OF PRESSURE AND AERODYNAMIC CENTRE 35
Chapter 12. For profiles with normal position of maximum position of maximum thickness moves rearward" (see
thickness, the sharp rise in drag usually begins soon after Table ILl).
the critical Mach number is exceeded; this Mach number Figure 3.19 shows the position of the centre of pressure
becomes higher as the thickness decreases, because the on some symmetrical profiles at high angles of incidence
disturbance velocities are smaller. For profiles whose IN3241]. For s~all Reynolds numbers, Figures 3.20 to
maximum thickness lies further back, the critical Mach 3.23 show measured positions of centre of pressure; we see
number can often be considerably exceeded without a
il.
)/0'/ p/O'/e ~5
consequent rise in drag. For the first class of profiles the c
Mach number at which the drag rise begins becomes lower
as the angle of incidence (or CL) increases; but, if the
t
thickness lies further back and the nose radius is suitably .'3. 105
chosen, the Mach number at which the rise begins is 168.10t. ~ .
...
practically the same for a small CL as for a fairly high 0 L.
!
The reason is that the shocks on a profile of the latter class I:-'-..t
~-
:d!'cI R -*"2.10"
interact with a boundary layer which is thin and usually 002
subjected to a favourable pressure gradient, so that it is
not likely to separate (see Section 10.4.1).
..
~ ..
-~
--. .......,_. .1./ 3.6.2 Compressible Flow
Oz
..
The influence of Mach n.umber on :g; is shown in
M =05
R ",7'3.10'
_ ... -
64-006
001Z
Figures 3.24 and 3.25; at first the coefficients increase
slightly with :Mach number, and then there is a fall. For
- _ .. _- 64 -018
1 J
I mcrease
some profil es t he mltla . 0 f dOm . conSl'd'erable,
dOLlS
o
but, after the critical Mach number is exceeded, the fall is
all the greater. This fall is sometimes followed by a further
Fig. 3.19. Position of centre of pressure of NACA proflles rise. The position of aerodynamic centre should theoretic-
In contrast, the NACA profiles of the 6-series show a ally be independent of Mach number. Nevertheless, a
rearward movement to a value of between O'27c and 0'28c slight forward displacement of the aerodynamic centre is
when : = 021'' this movement becomes smaller as the .
observe d ,correspon di ng to t he lnltla . dOm
... l'mcrease m dOL' The
c
36 3. FORCE AND MOMENT COEFFICIENTS
,
I
h - -. R - z.t 10 r--~ ...
~~
C
t \ \\ \ 0062.5
A-5 ~ -6+,10 ~.;
.::"" (J,
r-o- . -r '\
i'~ 1 .J. 0'8
o n. I
.......
~ ... ~ ._.'
J I\"~\
\ \
llL 0-6
I \ 11
! R ~ \ 0'.
-16 0
oz
Fig. 3.22. As above, but for the profile Go 625 (SCHJIIlTZ) Fig. 3.23. 0 ..(0 L) for the profile
NACA 66,2-215 (a - 0'6).
Wind tunnel: CAT
-00. -ooz o --C'm
0-20
de' t .0-09
~
(}16 "c
iI
(}ol2
008
(}I
o
-()/
0", iN O-t
-.- :;1
b~
~.o-4 ~~ UL
- M
H)
kj'
I ~I
00. -0-2
0- '3'2
0
c
0'2 (}4 (}O6 08 10 ide..
-004
dCi . i1 I I
Fig. 3.24. Position of aero
()/
o
r -i\'.r'
.
- ~.
M
~\ ~:
-00 0-2 iN 06 fO
dynamic cen tre as a function of
~ -1>4
-(}oIl
Mach number, for the symmetri
cal NACA series. Wind tunnel:
DVL 2'7 m
-01 ,
..
-0::
'.
-0-2
/()
\li~1
\
centre is different for each profile and for each CL value, so
-0-2
that general remarks are not possible; in a particular case "'1
all that can be done is to use the behaviour of the moment
for a suitable profile which has been experimentally Fig. 3.25. As above, but for the 230-series
investigated (see, for example, Figures 12.133 ff).
L
3.7 REFERENCES 37
.1 SCHMITZ, F. W.: Zur Aerodynamik der kleinen Reynoldsschen gleich mit Ergebnissen in mittleren Windkanalen der DVL.
Zahlen. Jahrb. 1953 d. WGL. Braunschweig 1954. FB 1329 (1940).
SERBY, I. E., M. B. MORGAN and E. R. COPPER: Flight Test - Profilmessungen im DVL-Hochgeschwindigkeits-Windkanal
on the Profile Drag of 14% and 25% Thick Wings. R & M an symmetrischen NACA-Profilen mit verschiedenen Dicken-
1826 (1937). verhaltnissen. FB 1490 (1941). \
SILVERSTEIN, A.: Scale Effect on Clark Y Airfoil Characteristics - Druckverteilungsschaubilder und Impulsverlustschaubilder
from NACA Wind-Tunnel Tests. NACA Rep. 502 (1934). fur das Profil NACA 00018-1, 1-30. FB 1505.
- and I. V. BECKER: Determination of Boundary-Layer - Profilmessungen im DVL-Hochgeschwindigkeits-Windkanal.
Transition on Three Symmetrical Airfoils in the NACA LGL 156 (1942).
Full-Scale Wind Tunnel. NACA Rep. 637 (1939). - Hochgeschwindigkeitsmessungen an einem Flugel sehr klei-
SMITH, H. A. and R. F. SCHAFER: Aerodynamic Characteristics ner Abmessungen im DVL-Hochgeschwindigkeits-Wind-
at Reynolds Numbers of 3.106 and 6.106 of three Airfoil kana!. LGL 156 (1942).
Sections Formed by Cutting off Various Amounts from the GOTHERT, B.: Hochgeschwindigkeitsmessungen am Heinkel-
Rear Portion of the NACA 0012 Airfoil Section. NACA TN Profil 0 00 12-0,715 36,6 im DVL-Hochgeschwindigkeits-
2074 (1950). Windkanal. DVL-Bericht J 900/6 (1942).
SWATY, F.: Untersuchungen uber die Beeinfiussung der Bei- - Hochgeschwindigkeitsmessungen am Messerschmitt-Profil
zahlen des Profils NACA 0018 durch Kiirzungen an der Me 23513-1,130 im DVL-Hochgeschwindigkeits-Wind-
Profilhinterkante. FB 1349 und Jahrb. 1940 dDL I, S. 58- kanal, DVL-Bericht J 900/17 (1942).
61. - Profilmessungen bei hohen Unterschallgeschwindigkeiten.
WALZ, A.: Messungen an zwei 13, 6% dicken Profilen mit klei- UM 1229/1 und 2 (1944).
nem Hinterkantenwinkel im groBen AVA-Kanal. UM 3092 - Hochgeschwindigkeitsmessungen am Profil Me 1 25 12-
(1944). 0,82540. UM 1234/1, 2 (1944).
WILLIAMS, D. H. and A. F. BROWN: Experiments on an - Hochgesr.:hwindigkeitsmessungen an Profilen del' Reihe
Elliptic Cylinder in the Compressed Air Tunnel. R & M No. NACA 230 mit verschiedenen Dickenverhaltnissen (9, 12,
1817 (1937). 15%). UM 1259/1 bis 3 und UM 1260/1 bis 3 (1944).
YOUNG, A. D.: A Review of Some Stalling Research. R & M - Hochgeschwindigkeitsmessungen am Mustang-Profil 1,6 50
No. 2609 (1951). 13,6-0825 39. UM 1282/1 (1944).
- Hochgeschwindigkeitsmessungen an Luftschraubenprofilen
der RAF-Reihe mit verschiedenen Dickenverhaltnissen (6
und 9%). UM 1321/1 a und Ib (1944).
3.7.2 Compressible Flow GRAHAM, D. J.: High Speed Tests of an Airfoil Section Cambered
ACKERET, J., F. FELDMANN and N. ROTT: Untersuchungen an to have Critical Mach Numbers Higher than those Attain-
VerdichtungsstoBen und Grenzschichten in schnell beweg able with a Uniform-load Mean Line. NACA TN 1396 (1947).
ten Gasen. Mitt. ETH Zurich Nr. 10 (1946). - G. E. NITZBERG and R. T. OLSON: A Systematic Investiga-
BEAVAN, J. A. and G. A. M. HYDE: Compressibility Increase tion of Pressure Distributions at High Speeds over Five
of Lift and Moment on EC 1250 for Low Speed () L = 017. Representative NACA Low-Drag and Conventional Airfoil
R & M No. 2055 (1942). Sections. NACA Rep. 832 (1945).
BUSEMANN, A.: Profilmessungen bei Geschwindigkeiten nahe - The Development of Cambered Airfoil Sections having
del' Schallgeschwindigkeit. Jahrb. b. WGL 1928, S. 95. Favourable Lift Characteristics at Supercritica! Mach Num-
- and O. W ALCHNER: Profileigenschaften bei Uberschallgesch. bers. NACA Rep. 947 (1949).
windigkeit. Forschung auf dem Gebiete des Ingenieurwesens HAMILTON, W. T. and W. H. NELSON: Summary Report on the
4 (1933), S. 87. High-Speed Characteristics of Six Model Wings having
BRYSON jr., A. E.: An Experimental Investigation of Transonic NACA 65-Series SectioI}s. NACA Rep. 877 (1947).
Flow past Two-Dimensional Wedge and Circular-Arc Sections HELMBOLD, H. B.: Einige Ergebnisse aus der aerodynamischen
using a Mach-Zehnder Interferometer. NACA TN 2560 Industrie-Forschung. DAL (1942).
(1951). - Physikalische Erscheinungen in der kompressiblen Unter-
FERRI, A.: Aluni Resultati Experimentali. Atti di Guidonia schallstromung. LGL 156 (1942), S. 170/174.
Nr. 17 (1939). - Flugelprofile bei hohen Geschwindigkeiten. UM 2502 (1944).
FROSSEL, W.: Experimentelle Untersuchungen del' kompressib- HOERNER, S.: EinfiuB del' Kompressibilitat auf den Wider-
len Stromung an und in der Nahe einer gewolbten Wand. stand. UM 7810 (1944).
UM 6608, 6611, 6622 (1944) und Mitt. d. MPI fur Stromungs- HOLDER, D. W., A. CHINEREK and R. I. NORTH: Pressure
forschung Nr. 4 (1951). Measurements in a Supersonic Tunnel on a Two-Dimensional
FURLONG, G. Ch. and J. E. FITZPATRICK: Effects of Mach Aerofoil of RAE 104 Section. CP 62 (1951).
Number and Reynolds Number on the Maximum Lift Coef KNAPPE, 0.: Schnellkanalversuche an einem symmetrischen
ficient of a Wing of NACA 230-series Airfoil Sections. NACA Klappenfiugel. Jahrb. 1941 dDL I, S. 96-100.
MR No. L6F04 (1946) and TN No. 1299. - Schnellkanalversuche an Profilen und Flugzeugmodellen
GAULT, D. E.: Correlation of Low Speed Airfoil-Section Stalling und ihre fiugtechnische Auswertung. LGL 156 (1942),
Characteristics with Reynolds Number and Airfoil Geometry. S.128-132.
NACA TN 3963 (1957). MAxI, R. L. and L. W. HUNTON: An Investigation at Subsonic
GOLDSTEIN, S., W. F. HAMILTON and C. F. COWDREY: Tests of Speeds of Several Modifications to the Leading-Edge
a New Aerofoil in the H.S.T. at the N.P.L. R & M No. Region of the NACA 64AOI0 Airfoil Section Designed to
2246 (1940). Increase Maximum Lift. NACA TN 3871 (1956).
GOTHERT, B.: Messungen am Profil NACA 0015-64 im Hoch- NAU1\1ANN, A.: Messungen am Profil23OO8-64 und 23012-64
geschwindigkeits-Windkanal der DVL. FB 1247 (1940). im kompressiblen Unterschallbereich. Bericht d. Aerodyna-
- Messungen am Profil NACA 0015-64 mit verschiedenen mischen fustituts d. TH.Aachen.
Tiefen im DVL-Hochgeschwindigkeits-Windkanal und Ver- NITZBERG, G. E. and S. M. CRANDALL: A Comparative Examina-
3.7 REFERENCES 39
tion of Some Measurements of Airfoil Section Lift and Drag NACA TN 665 (1938).
at Supercritical Speeds. NACA TN 2825 (1952). STACK, J.: Tests of Airfoils Designed to Delay the Compressi-
PEARCEY, H. H. and J. A. BEAVAN: Profile Drag Measurements bility Burble. NACA Rep. 763 (1943).
at Compressibility Speeds on three Aerofoils having Spanwise STAFF OF H. S. T.: Measurements of Force Coefficients on Aero-
Wires or Grooves. R & M No. 2252 (1943). foil EC 1240 in the High Speed Tunnel at the N.P.L. R & M
- Force and PreBBure Coefficients up to Mach Number 087 on No. 2246 (1940) .
the Goldstein Roof Top Section 1442/1547. R & M 2346 STIVERS, Louis S. jr.: Effects of Subsonic Mach Number on
(1946). the Forces and Pressure Distributions on four NACA 64A-
ROGERS, E. W. E.: Observations on a Thin Cambered Aerofoil Airfoil Sections at Angles of Attack as High as 28. NACA
Beyond the Critical Mach Number. R & M No. 2432 (1950). TN 3162 (1954).
STACK, J. and A. E. v. DOENHOFF: Tests of 16 Related Airfoils SUMMERS, I. L. and S. L. TREON: The Effects of Amount and
at High Speeds. NACA Rep. 492 (1934). Type of Camber on the Variation with Mach Number of the
STACK, J., W. F. LINDSAY and R. E. LrrrEL: The Compressibility Aerodynamic Characteristics of a 10-Percent-Thick NACA
Burble and the Effects of Compressibility on PreBBureS and 64 A-Series Airfoil Se<'ltion. NAC TN 2096 (1950).
Forces Acting on an Airfoil. NACA Rep. 646 (1938). z..u.OVCIK, I. A. and E. P. LUKE: Some Flight Measurements of
STACK, J. and W. F. LINDSAY: Tests of N-85, N-86 and N87 PreBBure-Distribution and Boundary-Layer Characteristics
Airfoil Sections in the llinch High Speed Wind-Tunnel. in the Presence of Shock. NACA RM L8C22 (1948).
4. SPECIAL PROBLEMS
4.1 Influeuce of Quality of Surface 26.106 (Figure 4.4:) shows how the effect of roughness
4.1.1 Older Results varies with the place on the chord at which it occurs.
The quality of the surface has a large effect on the profile Figure 4.5 shows the influence of the height of the rough-
properties. From an old AVA measurement (Figure 12.63), ness when this occurs at the nose; in this experiment there
at the relatively small Reynolds number of 63. lOS, we is only a strip of granular roughness along the leading edge.
can see the main effects caused by a surface which is not When such a strip (made from a carborundum layer of a
smooth: a considerable increase in: drag; and, usually, a certain grain size) is placed at a certain point of the chord,
decrease in maximum lift. The roughening for this measure- this is practically equivalent to making this point the
ment was rather coarse: it was produced by a wire net of point of transition (certainly for the Reynolds numbers of
05 mm gauge, with 38 square meshes in a length of 10 most interest today). The flow past profiles with roughness
em; the net was soldered on to a wing of sheet metal, the over the whole surface obeys the laws of turbulent flow over
profile being Go 449. According to this measurement the a rough wall, and so the aerodynamic characteristics do
suction side is very sensitive to roughness; this is generally not change with increasing Reynolds number; however,
true, the nose of the profile being particularly sensitive. profiles with rough strips on an otherwise smooth surface
Figure 4.1 illustrates the effects of various amounts of show a continual decrease of the drag with increasing
coarse roughness on the suction side for the profile NACA Reynolds number (Figure 4.6). The" standard roughness"
0012 at a Reynolds number of 5 .106 The same behaviour applied at the nose consists of a carborundum layer with a
occurs at higher Reynolds numbers, as will be shown. grain size of 028 mm, which covers between 5 and 10%
of the surface in the region 0 ~ x ~ 0'08e, on the suction
4.1.2 Surface Roughness and the pressure sides. To investigate the effect of such
DOETSCH has investigated the effect of the roughness
roughness in modern NACA measurements (where it is
caused by paint on some industrially manufactured wings; used to control transition), the profile characteristics have
the profiles are mostly those of the NACA 24-series, and been measured in the LTT, usually at a Reynolds number
the range of span is fairly large. DOETSCH obtains the of 6.106 , both with a smooth surface and with standard
following result: an increase in drag over that of an ideal roughness at the nose; the chord of the rectangular wings
smooth wing is found in the Reynolds number range of used in these measurements is 2 ft. Results of this kind can
4 .106 to 107 A J u 288 wing shows an increase of 46%, an be found in the figures of Chapter 12. It is not difficult to
He 177 wing 60%, an Me 109B wing 50%, and an FW 190 see from these measure~ents that roughness, at first sight
wing 33% ; the wings are all painted with camouflage paint, seemingly insignificant, can completely counteract any
and no priming has been used; the average height of
roughness is about 0019 mm (Ju 288), 0014 mm (He 179), 16
and 0007 mm (FW 190). Figure 4.2 shows the results from
the measurement of momentum loss along the span of the
I ./ ~
FW 190 wing. A Mustang wing (including armament), t tI
V ~moofh
"'r---- II/I-'"",,,
measured at the same time, gives an increase in sectional 12
5
drag of 41 % over the ideal smooth value; the latter value is 5.1rr
V".4;-""
actually obtained over large parts of the span, and is very ~ . . ..: K I
A'/I12.1~
small, CD being 00044. The effect of various kinds of ,/ ~at.10o
surface at high Reynolds numbers can be clearly seen from
Figure 4.3. Further information on the effects of surface 1/
1'1
OTheo'Y
roughness has been obtained from flat-plate measurements
(see Section 4.1.5).
"r- f....
-ct.-5 0
4.1.3 Standard Roughness Fill. 4.1. NACA 0012 with I--
various amounts of coarse
We have already mentioned that roughness near the roughness on the suction side.
Reynolds number: 5.10'
profile nose is especially harmful. An example at R = (}()2
4.1 INFLUENCE OF QUALITY OF SURFACE 41
0 0
i
R .J, '10 6 i 5 . 106 16 '106 i 7 . 106
I
1- OZ
- I
r-
~
0
- CDI ~ofl
L 1.
1.
~L
ell
I
Centre
wing
\ 2200
1200
0
'I ..
8
I
I
\ ~ ---~n
- '0
I
l \
\'" ... I i
*650 ~ 661~
I
~-
--r- -I
i
[--
---
Fig. 4.2. Dis~ribution of thickness and sectional drag coetllcient of an actual FW 190 wing with camouflage paint but without priming_
Roughness height: kmax. - 0'006 to 0-008 mm. Profiles: NACA 24series. Wind tunnel: DVL 5 m x 7 m
16
CL
1-8
/7,:
. j.-+ ~ ~
t
~~ pig:::; I!'
1-2
~V ~ - r"'"
/V ,/ ~ 0
0-8
~; .j
~ ,..-
- - If ~
if ti08
t 0+
/ { I
I
III
f- - If:
0., I: - '"- ~.~~ rt1 III
1
If
o o !
:\ 'i
\ c\.~
ct_~
1:1"1 .. ~
... \\ /
r\e ,.,. ........ II
-08 roo
0{)0. 0-008 .,. 0 (}QQ. 0-008 ,. ..I
-"0 -"0 j
R -25.10' -1,2
R a 15.10'
Fig. 4.3. Drag of the proftle 65(,,1)-420, o ~ (}QQ8 tHJ1Z tHJ16 (}OZO (}oZ. poZ6 -8" O 8" 16" Z.
a = 1, for R = 15 10' (right) and 25 10' (left).
Wing chord: i-54 m. Wind tunnel: TDT. 0:
-co _CIt
production model with camouflage paint, not Fig. 4.4. Polars for the profile 63( ... )-422, for various positions of roughness.
ftnished. x : production model with camouftage
paint, highly polished, +: camouflage paint, Strips of roughness at ~ = : 0-3 (+); 0'2 (x); 0~-05 (0); smooth (0). Wind
c
not finished. 0: primed, lacquered, polished. tunnel: TDT. Reynolds number: 26_10'. Chord: 0-915 m
aerodynamically smooth
42 4. SPECIAL PROBLEMS
r/
~
/
.
II'
p;1::.:
:p>
- drag; as the lift coefficient increases, roughness certainly
leads to considerably increased drags; and the maximum
lift generally suffers a large reduction. The lift-curve slope
of a profile with standard roughness decreases with
!1 .If increasing thickness (Figure 3.5), and sometimes the angle
o I of zero lift and the moment are noticeably influenced as
well. Drag measurements on wings in their original
\ \\. I construction, with various types of nose, confirm the above
\~ If
.\ experimental results (Figure 4.7).
~~
," .
-{}8
j
-..;::
~.
4.1.4 Isolated Disturbances
-1:2 O 8" 16 Z.
0 0:00'# 1J{}08 0<J12 IJ{}f6 (J020 0-02+ 1J{}20 -8 Isolated disturbances on a surface on which laminar flow
-CO' -'" exists produce transition of the boundary layer in a region
Flg.4.5. PoJars for the profile 63( ... )-422, with various types of roughness at the which extends rearwards; the region is conical at first,
nose. Smooth (0); shellac (+). Size of grain: 0'051 mm (x); 0'0102 mm (0);
0'028 mm (0). Reynolds number: 26.10'. Chord 0'915 m. Wind tunnel: TDT with an angle of 140 to 18, but then broadens more
20 Z'O
L CL
t t
1'Z
1'Z Ai 'P" ~
(}8
A/
VI 1/
/
-I--
-- -
<>
I
A
,- "'
rr
o . o 7
~ L'\. I
I"::: :-..... ......
....... ~. - ro
-OB -OB ro-'
"
Fig. 4.6. PoJars for the prodie 63(11.)-422 (moditled), with standard roughness at the nose.
Reynolds number: 6.10' (0); 14.10' (x); 26.10' (0). Wind tunnel; TDT. Chord: 0'915 m
Co
t
0006
Nose
--~o~~~~~-~~~~~~~oa~~O
o 04 02 0:3 f}5 - L biZ -
Fig. 4.7. Actual FW wing with smoothly polished metal-surface (without paint). Fig. 4.8. Sectional drag coefticlent and position of
Profile: NACA 2415. Reynolds number: 10'4 10'. Wind tunnel: DVL 5 m x 7 m. point of transition. In the vicinity of an isolsted
(1) Front spar (FS) at 30% of the chord. (2) FS at 30% of the chord; de-Icing slot disturbance (suspension wire). Wind tunnel: 5m x 7m
(DS) at 27% of the chord, on the suction side. (3) FS at 10% of the profile chord. (4) DVL. Reynolds number: 2,7.10'
FS at 10% of the chord; DS at 4% of the chord, on the suction side. (5) FS at 10%
of the chord; DS at 2 % of the chord on the suction side and 8 % of the chord on the
pressure slde
4.1 INFLUENCE OF QUALITY OF SURFACE 43
~ i ~
a ......'a what additional drag is to be expected from the very varied
! isolated disturbances occurr,ing in practice in an already
I
turbulent boundary layer. Among many measurements
ad 777
Co which have been made in attempts to answer this question,
t /~~ ~.
the systematic investigations of WIEGHARDT and TILL-
OZ MANN lIil'e particularly worth mentioning, because they
.~~
1-Z
.........
~.i I l---
~1-1 permit a direct application to isolated roughness elements
0-1
. -t-'" )!f::::-1--' .1-0
{}8
on an arbitrary profile in the region where the boundary
1 '
(}If layer is turbulent. A coefficient for the additional drag,
0 01 02 OJ 0+ 0-5 (}6
-o/e LlCD = ~~, has been introduced, whereS is the maximum
Cl
t '- ~"1: ---1....-""-'- .
1 1Zo_
15
x croBs-sectional area (normal to the flow direction) of the
(}8 ~-1~ ~ go protuberance causing the disturbance, and ij is the average
, -I kinetic pressure over the height, k, of the protuberance, so
I I 6
~ 3" that
OJ,
"
IX-0
SJt 10J
1xlOf
:'1-2x f0 4
l\ 1.1
I -R=~
11
Fig. 4.10. Skin-friction drag of rough plates. k" height of roughness (sand); If, momentum thickness; 0" drag coefficient for one side
of plate
44 4. SPECIAL PROBLEMS
10'Z * <:-
f::
TIIRI:
symm. protTle liirlvrbllnce III ric-IN
HtH If 2..1<(}7 "
6 Tani: : -22rR(xJ!'~ l r-... t--.,
c
"
r
6 + k-O:2.5mm}
0 - 09mm flol plole
Zr-rftrTT+ffff-T1~~~~
t ro'
r- t-
2
J",
.. -07mm
'" --symm.ProlileLBt
flc' OLr, (J.; O
10'J ~~. . Oislvr611nce IIII/C=o./
6
6
~
b .... fo- i---" f-o
OVL: Circv/llr lire profile " o t:: i"""'"
Z r, -(}5c 'fJ1f
Oislvr611nce 01 1ft -(HS
,n,
10"
6 61(J5 2 + 6 610' Z + "
6 610 1 Z 10' Z * 6 610 ' 2 + 6 610'
0
o 0-1 O~ 0-3 (# 05
R(K) R/c) -iL
Fig. 4.11. Critical disturbance height, referred to Fig. 4.12. Critical disturbance height Fig. 4.13. Flight measurements for
length of boundary layer; R = Vx. Flat plate and referred to chord; R _ Ve. Disturbance' various qualities of surface, Profile:
symmetrical profile (.)
NACA 66 (215) - 1 (14'5). 0: factory
in front third of a 15 % thick profile made, with camouflage paint, 0:
smoothed. 0: waviness reduced, ~:
visible waves 6lled up, surface waxed.
[R 824]
4.1.5 Permissible Size of Grain and Critical Height of The relationships are rather more favourable if the
Roughness boundary layer is not turbulent; we then speak of a
We now investigate the effect of surface roughness on critical roughness height, and understand by this the
the skin-friction drag of flat plates. Figure 4.10 (from roughness height that just induces transition. Some
measurements by PRANDTL and SCHLICHTING) shows that examples of the behaviour of this quantity with Reynolds
the skin-friction drag of the plate deviates from the curve
corresponding to a smooth surface, and becomes constant (a)
fHJfJlJl
from a certain Reynolds number onwards, this number
depending on the grain size. From this it follows that, at a
._- ".,
J
fJOO16
given Reynolds number, the skin-friction drag of a plate
with a rough surface is the same as that of a smooth plate,
provided that the grain size is below a certain permissible
0Q01Z t
(J(lJf,
value; in other words, the surface can be regarded as
._-...
()QOfJt.
6. :,,- l- S 8 1--
(}(J(J()f.
b:>a: ~ ~ ~ l\
I_V~
L
4.2 PROBLEMS OF HIGH SPEED IN LIQUID MEDIA: CAVITATION 45
number are shown in Figures 4.11 and 4.12; the measure- parabolic nose with continuous curvature at the join
ments have been made on isolated disturbances ([R824 causes the behaviour expected of lI. laminar profile: small
(Figure 19)] ; DOETSCH; YOUNG; TANI). New measurements drag for small lift-coefficients, as in polar (c).
and calculations by TANI and DRYDEN give the ratio of Profiles with a discontinuity in curvature are very
roughness height to the displacement thickness at the sensitive to changes in Reynolds number, because of the
disturbance; they confirm that, for profiles with a favour- large influence of the discontinuity on the onset of transi-
able pressure gradient, there is approximately the same tion.
dependence on the critical Reynolds number as for the
flat plate. 4.2 Problems of High Speed in Liquid Media:
Cavitation
4.1.6 ~a~e8S
In an incompressible medium the pressure falls when the
Free-flight measurements on a modern profile (Figure free-stream speed increases; the smallest pressure that can
4.13) show that the effect of flight roughness is sometimes occur in a liquid is the vapour pressure of the liquid (if we
insignificant compared with the effect of surface waviness. ignore the possibility of delay in boiling). When the liquid
Figure 4.14 shows the behaviour of OD with Reynolds boils, cavities filled with vapour occur; this phenomenon,
number for profiles with various tyPes of waviness (see known as "cavitation", occurs on ship propellers when in
Figure 4.15): model 8 is largely free from waviness; in the rapid motion, and also in water turbines; decreased
efficiency and, sometimes, corrosive effects are associated
O ~ with it. In the flow about a profile the smallest pressures
/ occur on the surface and so, if cavitation occurs, it starts
"t
(}-5
/
SI
/l=3.m t
from the surface; the flow separates from the profile and
forms a free surface (of constant pressure), which encloses
o-g the region of cavitation. This region extends to various
OJ I
,; a
L.- Fig. 4.16. Drag coefficient as a
distances in the direction of flow; it ends in a turbulent
V ....,...-1- function of aL: (a) with a
./ mixing region of liquid and vapour, where a sudden
o-c discontinuity in curvature that
,
O
./ !/ b causes a large disturbance; (b)
with a discontinuity in curva
increase in pressure takes place.
0002 (}ciJff......'O-010 00111 ture that does not cause a The state of cavitation is characterised by the" cavita-
o
, .... r-..l) -Co
large disturbance; (c) without
tion number",
-0 -.. I\~ discontinuitl!: in curvature
(DOETSCH) p - Pv.
o(N a=---,
q
neighbourhood of the nose of model 5 and, especially, of in particular, this characterises the magnitude of the
model 6, considerable waviness exists, which leads to an cavitation region. p is the pressure in the undisturbed
increase in the drag. flow, Pv is the vapour pressure of the liquid (dependent on
Similar effects (changes in the pressure distribution, the temperature), and q is the kinetic pressure of the
which lead to premature transition) can also occur when a undisturbed flow. The cavitation number is defined more
profile has a discontinuity in curvature at a certain point accurately if, instead of Pv; the actual pressure in the region
(see DOETSCH). From Section 7.3.3 we see that the velocity of cavitation (pc) is introduced. pc is the same as pv only
distribution possesses a point of inflexion and that ,a for liquids in which no gas is present; for liquids with gas
relatively large variation of the velocity occurs in the region present (for example, water containing air) pc is greater
of this point. Figure 4.16 shows that this behaviour than pv (REICHARDT).
can lead to transition. By rounding off the nose of a If we wish to avoid cavitation on profiles we must 'be
circular arc profile (~ = 0.1) with another circular arc, familiar with the manner of its formation and with its
effect on the profile polars at various cavitation-numbers.
of radius OOlc (the two parts having the same slope at the Measurements on profiles with normal position of maximum
join), a discontinuity in curvature is obtained; the radius thickness show that the lift falls with decreasing ca,.vita-
of curvature changes from ~ = 001 to eII = 26. The tion number. It is found that shapes whose maximum
c c thickness lies further forward are unfavourable because of
behaviour of polar (a) shows that the expected forward the high minimum pressure and the consequent premature
movement of the point of transition (the existence of which occurrence of cavitation. Profiles with a uniform pressure
is confirmed by direct measurement) produces a consider- dIstribution are favourable; the circular segment profile
able increase in drag. Polar (b) corresponds to a smaller (whose maximum thickness occurs at half the chord) has a
nose radius, and hence to a still greater discontinuity in pressure distribution of approximately this type.
curvature; the influence of this is masked to a certain Measurements of forces on profiles show three typical
extent by the sharp drop in ptessure at the nose. Only a forms of cavitation (see Figure 4.17).
46 4. SPECIAL PROBLEMS
1. cavitation on the suction side which starts from the A theoretical treatment of cavitation is difficult, but the
leading edge-this occurs if the front stagnation point following results have been obtained. For completely
lies on the pressure side, so that the flow accelerates developed cavitation on the suction side BETZ found that
round the nose from the pressure side and the point of the shape of the suction side (hence, in general, the profile
minimum pressure lies very far forward; thickness) is unimportant. For profiles with a flat pressure-
2. cavitation which starts approximately from the position side the theory gives
of maximum thickness when the profile is at the ideal
angle of incidence or when the front stagnation point
lies on the suction side;
3. cavitation on the pressure side which starts from the
leading edge-this occurs if the front stagnation point the first term is the lift coefficient (according to KIRCH-
lies on the suction side, so that the flow accelerates round HOFF'S theory) of a flat plate at a small angle of incidence,
the nose from the suction side. a, the flow having separated; the second term allows for the
Measurements by W ALCHNER of lift and drag coefficients fact that the dominant pressure on the suction side is not
of circular segment profiles at various cavitation-numbers that of the undisturbed flow, but the vapour pressure,
are reproduced in Figures 12.150 to 12.152. The points are which is smaller than the undisturbed pressure. If we take
not experimental points, but have been obtained by the skin-friction drag (G/ ) into account, the drag coefficient
becomes
BRASLOW, A. L.: Investigation of Effects of Various Camouflage SCHERBARTH, K.: Grenzschichtmessungen hinter einer punkt-
Paints and Painting Procedures on the Drag Characteristics formigen Storung in laminarer Stromung. Jahrb. 1942
of an NACA 65(421)-420 a = 1.0 Airfoil Section. NACA dDL I, S. 51-52.
CB No. L4Gl7, 1944 (WR L141). SCHLICHTING, H.: Experimentelle Untersuchungen zum Rau-
- and E. C. KNOX: Simplified Method for Determination of higkeitsproblem. Ing.-Arch. 7 (1936), S l.
Critical Height of Distributed Roughness Particles for - Grenzschichttheorie, Verlag Braun 1951 and London 1955
Boundary-Layer-Transition of Mach Numbers from 0 to 5. (English translation).
NACA TN 4363 (1958). TANI, J., R. HAMA and S. MITUISI: On the Permissible Rough-
DOENHOFF, A. E. andE.A. HORTON: A Low-Speed Experimental ness in the Laminar Boundary Layer. Rep. Aer. Res. Inst.
Investigation of the Effect of a Sandpaper Type of Roughness Tokyo No. 199 (1940).
on Boundary-Layer-Transition. NACA Rep. 1349 (1958). - On the Effect of a Single Roughness Element on Boundary-
DOETSCH, H.: Einige Versuche tiber den EinfluJ3 von Ober- layer Transition. Rep. Inst. Sci. Techn. Tokyo 8 (1954),
flachenstorungen auf die Profileigenschaften insbesondere p. 125/133.
auf den Profilwiderstand im Schnellflug. Jahrb. 1939 dDL I, TILLMANN, W.: Neue Widerstandsmessungen an Oberflachen-
S. 88 und LGL II7. storungen in der turbulenten Reibungsschicht. Forschungs-
- Profilwiderstandsmessungen an Modellfltigeln in serien- hefte f. Schiffstechnik I (1953), S. 81-88.
mal3iger Glattblechbauweise. FB 1731 (1943). WIEGHARDT, K.: Zum Reibungswiderstand rauher Platten.
- Versuche an zwei Modellfltigeln in Blechbauweise mit Lami- UM 6612 (1944).
narprofilen. FB 1855 (1943). - Erhohung des turbulenten Reibungswiderstandes durch
- V"ber den Einflu13 von Oberflachenstorungen auf den Wider- Oberflachenstorungen. Forschungs-Hefte f. Schiffstechnik I
stand der Tragfltigel. UM 1233 (1944), LGL-Bericht 176/1 (1953), S. 65-8l.
und 179a (1944). WILLIAlIIS, D. H. and A. F. BROWN: Tests on RAF 34 Negative
DRYDEN, H. L.: Review of Published Data on the Effect of at Incidences and of the Effect of Surface Roughness on RAF
Roughness on Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow. 34 with Split Flap in the Compressed Air-tunnel. R & l\I No.
J. Aer. Sci. 20 (1953), pp. 477/482. 1772 (1937).
GOTHERT, B.: Einflu13 von Einzelrauhigkeiten auf den Wider- YOUNG, A. D.: Surface Finish and Performance. Aircr. Eng.,
stand von Tragfltigelprofilen. UM 1480 (1945). Sept. 1939.
GRAY, V. H. and U. W. GLAHN: Aerodynamic Effects Caused by ZALOVCIK, J. A.: Profile-Drag Coefficients of Conventional and
Icing of an Unswept NACA 65AOO4 Airfoil. NACA TN 4155 Low-Drag Airfoils as Obtained in Flight. NACA-ACR
(1958). No. L4E31 (1944) WR L139.
HOERNER, S.: Einflu13 der Oberflachenrauhigkeit auf die aero-
dynamischen Eigenschaften der Luftfahrtzeuge. Ringbuch
der deutschen Luftfahrtforschung, Teil IA (1937) 9. 4.3.2 Cavitation
HOLSTEIN, H.: Versuche an einer parallel angestromten ebenen
Platte tiber den Rauhigkeitseinflu13 auf den Umschlag lami- BETZ, A.: Einflu13 der Kavitation auf die Leistung von Schiffs
nar/turbulent. UM 3110 (1944). schrauben. Verh. 3. Int. Kongr. Techn. Mech., Stockholm,
HOOKER, R. W.: The Aerodynamic Characteristics of Airfoils Teill, S. 411. Stockholm 1931.
as Affected by Surface Roughness. NACA TN 457 (1933). HELlIIBOLD, H. B.: Erorterungsbeitrag tiber Kavitation. Hydro-
HOOD, M. J.: The Effects of some Common Surface Irregularities mechanische Probleme des Schiffsantriebes, Hamburg (1932),
on Wing Drag. NACA TN No. 695, 1939. S.338.
JONES, R. and D. H. WILLIAMS: The Effect of Surface Rough- MARTYRER, E.: Kraftmessungen an Widerstandskorpern and
ness on the Characteristics of the Aerofoils NACA 0012 and Fliigelprofilen im Wasserstrom bei Kavitation. Hydro.
RAF 34. R & M 1708 (1936). mechanische Probleme des SchiffSlantriebes, HamburgischE!
KRAEMER, K.: Die Wirkung von Stolperdrahten auf den Grenz- Schiffsbau-Versuchsanstalt, 1932, S. 268.
schichtumschlag. Jahrb. 1959 d. Wiss. Ges. Luftf. NUlIIACHI, F.: Profilmessungen bei Kavitation. 1. Mitt.: Kraft
KRETZ, P.: Profilwiderstandsmessungen an rauhen Flachen. FB messungen an vier Profilen bei Hohlsog. VDI-Forschung II
i
1456 (1941). (1940), S. 303.
- and A. WANNER: Profilwiderstandsmessungen an Gleitflug- - 3. Mitt.: Kraftmessung an Spaltfltigelprofilen bei Kavitation,
zeugen. FB 1212 (1940) und Jahrb. 1941 dDL., S. I 111/19. Werft, Reederei, Hafen 22 (1941), S.295.
LOFTIN, L. K.: Effects of Specific Types of Surface Roughness - Summary Report on the Research of Cavitation Pheno-
I on Boundary-layer Transition. NACA ACR L5J29a (1945) mena Obtained Hitherto by our Institute.
I
.1
WRL-48 Rep. Inst. High Speed lVlech. Tohoku Uitiv. 4 (1954),
PRANDTL, L. and A. BETZ: Ergebnisse der Aerodynamischen p. 159/17l.
Versuchsanstalt zu Gottingen. R. Oldenbourg_ Mtinchen, REICHARDT, H.: Kavitationskanale. Gottinger Monographie,
III. Lieferung (1927). Teil D1 3.2 (1946).
PRANDTL, L. and H. SCHLICHTING: Das Widerstandsgesetz WALCHNER, 0.: Profilmessungen bei Kavitation. Hydromecha-
rauher Platten. Werft, Reederei, Hafen 15 (1934). nische Probleme des Schiffsantriebes, Hamburgische Schiffs
RUNKEL: Profilwiderstand- und Grenzschichtmessung an einem bau-Versuchsanstalt, 1932, S. 256.
NACA 23012-Profil bei glattem und rauhem Anstrich. - Bericht tiber Profilmessungen bei Kavitation. Nicht ver
UM 3507 (1943). offentlichter Bericht des KWI, Gottingen 1934.
L_
~
i!
I
"
, "
5.1 Survey increases with thickness ratio, but so do the flap deflection
The simplest method of increasing the maximum lift of a and tne size of flap required to produce the prescribed
profile is to increase the profile camber by deflection of a maximum value of OL. An additional camber is. more
flap. The possible ways of fitting a flap on to a profile are effective on thin profiles than on thick ones. The shape of
numerous, and the effects on the profile properties are the front part of the profile has an important effect on the
extraordinarily varied. The principal arrangements are: efficiency of a split flap; this can be seen from Figure 5.2,
1. plain flaps;
2. split flaps; 22
3. slotted and double-slotted flaps;
'l.max.
4. nose flaps; .......
in addition, the most diverse combinations of these
arrangements are used. Since the representation of the
t /
/ r-?
,
experimental results in diagrams would take too much 18
l
space, the reader is referred to Table 11.6 (a survey of the
results) and, for more detail, to the literature (see Section
5.6). The influence of Reynolds number can be estimated
[7
V
)(
f-"" I--.
-
f..n. ........,
from the table, but hardly any profiles with flaps have been
investigated over a large Reynolds number range. Some If 7
brief remarks about the resultst follow. Fig. 0.1. Effect of an [I
"!nslgnlftcant" gap of 12
0'0032 c at a plain ftap
5.2 Plain Flaps (ftap chord being 20%
of wing chord). Profile: 1-0
The maximum lift depends essentially upon the ratio of Clark Y. Aspect ratio:
6. Reynolds number:
the flap chord, c1)' to the profile chord, c, as well as upon 0'61.10'. [R938)
the flap deflection, 1]. Ratios ~/c that lie in the range 02 08
o 20 110 80 -11 100
to 025 are favourable when 1] is about 60; the increased
maximum lift rises with thickness. For laminar profiles
the range of OLin which the drag is small can be displaced in Which are plotted the results of a large number of
to higher OL values by small flap-deflections (a small oLm... measurements on profiles with split flaps, for
camber has the same effect). As with all flaps it is essential various values of thickness, position of maximum thick-
that the unavoidable gap between wing and flap be kept as ness, and nose radius; the results are plotted against the
small as possible; otherwise losses in lift cannot be avoided t ,-
(see Figure 5.1). The increase in the moment coefficient parameter -2 I~
(.10 m ) is proportional to the increase in the lift coefficient c '" Xt
Table 11.6 and many diagrams of Chapter 12 conhin
(.10 L ), and is in fair agreement with the theoretical value;
further numerical results. The theoretical behaviour of the
the normal forces and hinge moments also agree well with
moment is not so easily predicted as for plain flaps.
theoretical predictions (see [R634]). Section 12.4 contains
some pressure distributions on wings with flaps.
5.4 Slotted Flaps
5.3 Split Flaps A still higher lift--coefficient can be obtained by the use
of a slotted flap, but the geometrical shape of the slot
With a split flap the suction side of the profile remains
must be carefully considered if the desired increase is to
unaltered, but on the pressure side a downward flap-
be realised; for this reason it is difficult to give definite rules
deflection is possible at the rear. The effect is similar to that
for the best position of the flap. Sharp edges at the begin-
of a plain flap, but considerably more marked. OL maJ:.
ning of the slot are to be avoided as much as possible on thick
t The published experimental results are usually for wings of profiles, but thin profiles are less sensitive in this respect. If
finite span, and only in rare cases for two-dimensional flow. the suction side is bent round at the trailing edge in the
L
5.5 NOSE FLAPS AND SLATS 49
lL_ 08 ,
, ...
4Ci."."
t
a
. I-
6
a
t O'
NA~ (N
5 .
-- --:On -- ,~
V a
_6-
~. . O'C
~
0
./
0
1/"
smo:/t
ACA 6
I'ov.;/t
0-
0
-0,2
t!
~-t-
~! ~. Fig. 5.3. Increase in C Lmax. from nose dap on various prodles, as a function
/ of the nose radius (see Equation (1.7. (0): without spilt dap. (~): with split
/
/ ftap; S!c - 1)'2; '1 - 60. [FB1948]
1 ." rOil!.
t~
/
- 2cXt
Fig. 5.2. Spllt-dap measurements for the NACA 6-series (fuIllihe, !c - 0'06
to 0'21), and the DVL series (dashed line, ~ - 0'09 to 0'18, ~ ~ 0'3 to 0'5).
1'V c c
O~I __________LI__________ ~I~ ________ ~I~ ________ ~' ~Ieaningofsymbols: (0) 63-series; (0) 64-series; (~) 65-series; (x) 66-series
o 0'01 002 (}OJ (}O~
direction of the upper side of the flap, there is often a improve the value of OLmax.; with a suitable arrangement
favourable effect. Numerous results for wings with slotted an increase in maximum lift coefficient, LlOLmax ., of between
flaps are shown in Table 11.6. The use of a double-slotted 06 and 07 is obtained. The additional use of a split flap
flap can produce a further increase in maximum lift- then produces a further increase, so that in the most
r coefficient, but this is realised in practice only at the expense favourable case OL max. is increased from 07 (without flaps)
Ci. L' ~
-',
~1J.~0'2 t 4' \ \.
c /. \ \
7-0 10
'J \
Ci.
I
t 08
v: 1
17
OIl
/ I /
1/ I
,I / 1\
0/1 0/1 II
/ \
I I /'
0'2
/ I
7 ;
o
il II Ii .17
J I IY
1,.7
-02 -0,2 1/ I
-~D
o ,.. 0'02 o
-~D
,..0'02 -1/ o 8 12 - a 20
Fig. 5.4. Cbaraeteristica of a doublewedge prollle (~- 0'0423; wedge angie - 5'1; circular arc Calred In Crom 0'425 .. ~ .. 0'575) with nose flaps oCchords
~- 012 and 0'25. - - with no dedection, '1 - 0'. - - - with deflection. '1 .. 30 (~ = 0'12). _. -. -with deflection,'1 - 30' (~ .. 0'25). [N2018].
Reynolds number: 5'8.10'. Mach number: 0'17
50 5. PROFILES WITH FLAPS
remaining aerodynaInic coefficients change less than, for foil with 20% Plain Flap in the N.P.L. 13 ft. x 9 ft. Wind-
example, when a split flap is used. This flap arrangement is Tunnel. R & M No. 2412 (1946).
CluNE, R. M. and R. W. HOLTZCLAW: Wind Tunnel Investiga.
of importance for the take-off of aircraft having supersonic tion of the Effects of Profile Modification and Tabs on the
profiles (with pointed noses); Figure 5.4 shows the aero- Characteristics of Ailerons on a Low.Drag Airfoil. NACA
dynaInic coefficients of such a profile. Rep. 803 (1944).
For profiles with normal nose radius, retractable slats. CuNNING. R. W., N. GREGORY and W. S. WALKER: An Investiga.
can be recommended as a means of increasing CLm... tion of the Use of an Auxiliary Slot to Reestablish Laminar
Flow on Low.Drag Airfoils. R & M No. 2742 (1950).
Measurements on a profile, NACA 23012, equipped with DAVIDSON, J. M.: The Jet Flap. J. Roy. Aeron. Soc. 60 (1956),
them [L-261] show that LlCLmax . = 05 and that the cor- pp.25-50.
responding angle of incidence is increased by between eight DOETSCH, H. and M. KRAMER: Der Maximalauftrieb der Profil
and ten degrees; for further experimental results see reme NACA 24 mit Spreizklappe, Oberflachenrauhigkeit und
Stordraht, FB 642.
Table 11.6. DOETSCH, H. and G. KONIG: UnteJ;Suchung an einem Normal.
flugel NACA 1242 mit Spaltruder und verschiedenen Spalt.
formen. FB 762.
5.6 References - and A. PASCHKE, Druckverteilungsmessungen und Wagun.
gen an den Profilen NACA 23009, 23012 und 23018 ohne
ABBOTT,!. H. and H. SREENBERG: Tests in the VariableDen. und mit Spreizklappe. FB 1095 (1939).
sity WindTunnel of the NACA 23012 Airfoil with Plain and DUSCHIK, F.: WindTunnel Investigations of an NACA 23021
Split Flaps. NACA Rep_ 661 (1939). Airfoil with Two Arrangements of a 40PercentChord Slot
ABBOTT,!. H.: lift and Drag Characteristics of a Low.Drag Air ted Flap. NACA TN 728, 1939.
foil with Slotted Flap Sub:tnitted by Curtiss Wright Corpora. FISCHEL, J. and J. M. RIEBE: WindTunnel Investigation of
tion. NACA MR, Dec. 2, 1941. an NACA 23021 Airfoil with a 032AirfoilChord Double
- and H. R. TURNER jr.: Lift and Drag Tests of Three Airfoil Slotted Flap. NACA ARR UJ05 (1944) WR L7.
Models with Fowler Flaps Submitted by Consolidated FULLMER, F. J., jr.: Wind. Tunnel Investigation of NACA
Aircraft Corporation. NACA MR, Dec. 29, 1941. 66 (215)216, 66, 1-212, and 651-212 Airfoils with 020Air
- Tests of Four Models Representing Intermediate SectionS foil Chord Split Flaps. NACA CB UGlO (1944). WR Ll40;
of the XB33 Airplane Including Sections with Slotted - TwoDimensional WindTunnel Investigation of the NACA
Flat and Ailerons. NACA MR, June 4,1942. 641-012 Airfoil Equipped with two Types of Leading Edge
AMES, Mrr.TON B., jr.: Wind Tunnel Investigation of Two Air Flap. NACA TN 1277 (1947).
foils with 25PercentChord Gwinn and Plain Flaps. NACA. GAMBUCCI, B. J.: Section Characteristics of the NACA 0006
TN 763, 1940. Airfoil with Leading Edge and Trailing.Edge Flaps. NACA
BOGDONOFF, S. M.: Tests of Two Models Representing Inter TN 3797 (1956).
mediate Inboard and Outboard Wing Sections of the XB36 GLAUERT, H.: Theoretical Relationships for an Airfoil with
Airplane. NACA MR, Jan. 7,1943. Hinged Flap. R & M No. 1095 (1927).
- WindTunnel Investigation of a Low Drag Airfoil Section
GOTHERT, B.: Ruderwirkung bei hohen Unterschallgeschwin.
with a Double Slotted Flap. NACA ACR 2130 (1943). digkeiten. LGL 156 (1942), S. 51.
BRASLOW, A. L. and L. K. LOFTIN, jr.: TwoDimensional
- Unterbrecherwirkung bei hohen Unterschallgeschwindig.
WindTunnel Investigation of an Approximately 14Percent kehen. LGL 156 (1942), S. 64.
Thick NACA 66Series.Type Airfoil Section with a Double
GOTHERT, R.: Systematische Untersuchungen an Fliigeln mit
Slotted Flap. NACA TN 1110, 1946.
Klappen und Hilfsklappell. Jahrb. 1940 dDL I, S. 278/307.
BRYANT, L. W., A. S. HALLIDAY and A. S. BATSON: TwoDimen-
sional Control Characteristics. R & M No. 2730. HANDLEY PAGE: Aeron. Journal (1921), p. 270.
CAHILL, J. F.: Aerodynamic Tests of an NACA 66 (215)116, HARRIS, TH. A.: WindTunnel Investigation of an NACA 23012
a = 06 Airfoil with a 025 c Slotted Flap for the Fleetwings Airfoil with Two Arrangements of a WideChord Slotted
XA39 Airplane. NACA MR UK21, 1944. Flap. NACA TN 715 (1939).
- Aerodynamic Data for a Wing Section of the Republic - and P. E. PURSER: WindTunnel Investigation of an NACA
XF12 Airplane Equipped with a Double Slotted Flap. NACA 23012 Airfoil with Two Sizes of Balanced Split Flap. NACA
L6A08a, 1946 (Wartime Rep. L.544). ACR, Nov. 1940.
- TwoDimensional WindTunnel Investigation of Four Types - and R. S. SWANSON: Wind Tunnel Tests of an NACA 23021
of High Lift Flap on NACA 65-210 Airfoil Sectiqn. NACA Airfoil Equipped with a Slotted Extensible and a Plain
TN 1191, 1947. Extensible Flap. NACA TN 782 (1940).
- and ST. RACISZ: WindTunnel Development of Optimum - and J. G. LOWRY: Pressure Distribution over an NACA
DoubleSlotted.Flap Configurations for Seven Thin NACA 23021 Airfoil with a Slotted and a Split Flap. NA.CA Rep.
Airfoil Sections. NACA RM L7B17 1947. 718 (1941).
- WindTunnel Investigation of Seven Thin NACA Airfoil - and 1. G. RECANT: WindTunnel Investigation of NACA
Sections to Determine Optimum Double.Slotted.Flap con 23012, and 23030 Airfoils. Equipped with 40Percent
figurations. NACA TN 1545, 1948. Chord Double Slotted Flaps. NACA Rep. 723 (1941).
- W. J. UNDERWOOD, R. J. NUBER and G. A. CHEESMAN: - and J. G. LOWRY: Pressure Distribution over an NACA
Aerodynamic Forces and Loadings on Symmetrical Cir- 23012 Airfoil with a Fixed Slot and a Slotted Flap. NACA
cular Arc Airfoils with Plain LeadingEdge and Plain Rep. 732 (1942).
Trailing.Edge I laps. NACA.Rep. 1146 (1953). HILTON, W. F. and A. E. KNOWLER: Lift, Drag and Pitching
CHEERS, E., W. S. WALKER and C. R. TAYLOR: TwoDimen Moment Coefficients on an EC 1240 Tailplane.Elevator at
sional Tests on a 15% Thick- Symmetrical Roof.Top Aero High Speeds. R & M No. 2227 (1943).
--------------------------------------------------------,.
5.6 REFERENCES 51
HOLTZCLAW, R. W. and Y. WEISMANN: Wind-Tunnel Investiga- PLATT, R. C.: Aerodynamic Characteristics of a Wing with
tion of the Effects of Slot Shape and Flap Locations on the Fowler Flaps Including Flap Loads, Downwash, and Cal-
Characteristics of Low-Drag Airfoils Equipped with a culated Effect on Take-off. NACA Rep. 534 (1935).
025-Chord Slotted Flap. NACA WR A80 (1944). - Aerodynamic Characteristics of Wings with Cambered Ex-
v. HOLST, E.: Der rotierende Fliigel als Mittel zur Hochauf- ternal-Airfoil Flaps, Including Lateral Control with a Full-
triebserzeugung. Jahrb. (1941) dDL I, S. 372. Span Flap. NACA Rep. 541 (1935).
JACOBS, E. N. and R. M. PINKERTON: Pressure Distribution over - and I. H. ABBOTT: Aerodynamic Characteristics of NACA
a Symmetrical Airfoil Section with Trailing Edge Flap. NACA 23012 and 23021 Airfoils with 20-Percent-Chord External-
Rep. 360 (1930). Airfoil Flaps of NACA 23012 Section.. NACA Rep. 573
JACOBS, E. N.: Tapered Wings, Tip Stalling, and Preliminary (1936).
Results from Tests of the Stall-Control Flap. NACA ACR, - and J. A. SHORTAL: Wind-Tunnel Investigation of Wings
Nov. 1937. with Ordinary Ailerons and Full-Span External Airfoil
KOSTER, H.: Messungen am Profil 0 00 12-0,55 45 mit Spreiz- Flaps. NACA Rep. 603 (1937).
und Nasenspreizklappe. UM 1317 (1944). PURSER, P. E., J. FISCHEL and J. M. RIEBE: Wind-Tunnel
- Untersuchungen am Profil NACA 0 00 12-0,55 45 mit Investigation of an NACA 23012 Airfoil with a 030-Airfoil-
Nasenspreizklappe. UM 1363 (1944). Chord Double Slotted Flap. NACA ARR 3LIO (1943)
KNAPPE, 0.: Schnellkanalversuche an einem symmetrischen WR L-469.
Klappenfiiigel. Jahrb. (1941) dDL I, S. 96/100. PuRSER, P. E. and H. S. JOHNSON: Effect of Trailing Edge
- Schnellkanalversuche an Profilen und Flugzeugmodellen Modification on Pitching-Moment Characteristics of Air-
und ihre fiugtechnische Auswertung. LGL 156 (1942), foils. NACA CB L4I30, (1944) WR L-664.
S. 128/132. QUINN, J. H. jr.: Tests of the NACA 641 A212 Airfoil Section
KRAMER, M.: Steigfiugklappen. FB 1576 (1942). with a Slat, a Double SIJtted Flap, and Boundary-Layer
KRUGER, W.: V'ber eine neue Moglichkeit der Steigerung des Control by Suction. NACA TN 1293 (1947).
Hochstauftriebes von Hochgeschwindigkeitsprofilen. UM RACISZ, ST. F.: Investigation of NACA 65(1l2)Alll (Approx),
3049 (1943). Airfoil with 035-Chord Slotted Flap at Reynolds Numbers
- Syetematische Windkanalmessungen -an einem Laminar- up to 25 Millions. NACA TN 1463 (1947).
fiiigel mit Nasenklappe. FB 1948 (1944). RECANT, I. G.: Wind-Tunnel Investigation of an NACA 23030
- Windkanalmessungen an einem abgeanderten Mustang- Airfoil with Various Arrangements of Slotted Flaps. NACA
Profil mit Nasenklappe. Kraft- und Druckverteilungsmes- TN 755 (1940).
sungen. UM 3153 (1944). REGENSCHEIT, B.: Versuche an einem Fliigel mit einem Rotor.
KUCHEIIIANN, D.: Dreikomponentenmessungen an einem Fliigel FB 826.
mit rotierendem Hilfsfiiigel. FB 1513 (1944). ROGALLO, F. M. and B. S. SPANO: Wind-Tunnel Investig&tion
- Auftrieb und Widerstand eines rotierenden Fliigels. FB 1651 of an NACA 23012 Airfoil with 30-Percent-Chord Venetian-
(1942). Blind Flaps. NACA Rep. 742 (1942).
LEMME, H. G.: Kraftmessungen und Druckverteilungen an ROSE, L. M. and I. M. ALTMANN: Low-Speed Investigation of a
einem Fliigel mit Knicknase, VorHiigel, Wolbungs- und Thin, Faired, Double-Wedge Airfoil Section with Nose-Flaps
Spreizklappe. FB 1676 (1942). of Various Chords. NACA TN 2018 (1950).
- Kraftmessungen und Druckverteilungsmessdngen an einem ROSE, L. M. and I. M. ALTMAN: Low-Speed Investigation of a
Rechteckfliigel mit Spaltknicknase, Wolbungs- und Spreiz. Thin, Faired, Double-Wedge Airfoil Section with Nose Flap.
klappe oder Rollklappe. FB 1676/2 (1943). NACA TN 2172 (1950).
- Kraftmessungen und Druckverteilungsmessungen an einem ScmLLER, M.: Windkanaluntersuch unglin an einem Fliigel mit
Rechteckfliigel mit Doppelknicknase. FB 1676/3 (1944). Klappenfliigeln und Vorfliigel. Fi3 543.
LOFTIN, L. K., jr. and F. J. RICE jr.: Two-Dimensional Wind- SCHRENK, 0.: Kritischer tlberblick iiber Auslandsuntersuchun-
Tunnel Investigation of Two NACA Low-Drag Airfoil Sec- gen zur Hochauftriebserzeugung. Jb. 1939 dDL I, S. 79.
tions Equipped with Slotted Flaps and a Plain NACA Low- SCHULDENFREI, M. J.: Wind-Tunnel Investigation of an NACA
Drag Airfoil Section for XF6U-l Airplane. NACA MR L5Lll, 23012 Airfoil with a Handley Page Slot and Two Flap
(1946). Arrangements. NACA ARR, Febr. 1942 WR L-261.
LOWRY, J. G.: Wind-Tunnel Investigation of an NACA 23012 SEIFERTH, R.: Neuere Messungen an Hochauftriebsfliigeln.
Airfoil with Several Arrangements of Slotted Flap with Ex- Jahrb. 1939 dDL I, S. 84-87.
tended Lips. NACA TN 808 (1941). SHAW, R. A.: Changes in Control Characteristics with Changes
NONWEILER, T.: Maximum Lift Data for Symmetrical Wings. in Flow Pattern at High Subsonic Speeds: Tests on an EC
Aircr. Eng. XXVII (1955) No. 311, p. 2. 1250 Aerofoil with 25% Concave Flap. R & M No. 2436
- Flaps, Slots and other High-lift Aids. Aircr. Eng. XXVII (1949).
(1955) No. 311, p. 2. SHERMAN, A. and T. A. HARRIS: The Effect of Equal Pressure
- The Design of Wing Sections, Aircr. Eng., July 1956. Fixed Slots on the Characteristics of a Clark Y;Airfoil.
NACA TN 507 (1934).
NOYES, R. W.: Wind-Tunnel Tests of a Wing with a Trailing
SILVERSTEIN, A., S. KATZOFF and J. HOOTMAN: Comparative
Edge Auxiliary Airfoil Used as a Flap. NACA TN 524 (1935).
Flight and Full-Scale Wind-Tunnel Measurements of the
NUBER, R. J. and F. J. RICE jr.: Lift Tests of a 01536 c Thick Maximum Lift of an Airplane. NACA Rep. 618 (1938).
Douglas Airfoil Section of NACA 7Series Type Equipped SIVELLS, I. C. and S. H. SPOONER: Investigation in the Langley
with a Lateral-Control Device for Use with a Fullspan 19-Foot Pressure Tunnel of Two Wings of NACA 65-210
Double-Slotted Flap on the C-74 Airplane. NACA MR and 64-210 Airfoil Sections with Various Type Flaps. NACA
L5C24a (1945). Rep. 642 (1949).
PETRIKAT, K.: Untersuchungen an festen und selbsttatig off- STAUFER: Windkanalmessungen an einem Fliigel mit Doppel-
nenden Fliigeln. Jahrb. 1940 dDL I, S. 248-264. spaltklappe. Jahrb. 1940 dDL I, S. 245.
5. PROFILES WITH FLAPS
52
6.1 Suction as a Means of Increasing the Lift is used (negative when the pressure is less than the free-
Only a limited increase in lift can be obtained by stream pressure).
arrangements of flaps; to gain a further increase. the The older experiments on boundary-layer suction (by
distribution of energy in the boundary layer must be con- BETZ, ACKERET, and SCHRENK) were concerned with the
trolled by suitable means. This can be done by sucking generation of high lift, in conformity with the state of
away the fluid in the boundary layer near the wall (this aircraft development at that time. For practical application
fluid is deficient in energy) or by blowing out air in the it seemed advantageous to use a wing with a flap and apply
direction of flow-that is, by bringing in additional energy suction at the flap; this arrangement has been more
(see Section 6.2). It is customary to use a dimensionless accurately investigated by SCHRENK and REGENSCHEIT,
coefficient for Q, the amount sucked away or blown out, and they obtain better results by sucking through two
called the volume-flow-rate coefficient, slots, one slot lying in front of and the other behind the flap
(Figure 6.1). In this way maximum lift coefficients, OLmu .,
CQ =Q/VS (6.1) greater than 35 are obtained, and the volume-flow-rate
(where S is the area of the part of the wing surface affected). coefficient has a practical value (cQ < 002). The suction
For the required suction or blowing pressure, P" the aircraft of the AVA (AF1 and AF2) have been tested in
coefficient flight by STUPER; an increase in OLm&J:. of about 15 is
obtained (from 0 L au.. = 26 without suction to 0 L maI. =
(6.2) 41 with suction); suction is applied at a flap, the value of
cQ being 002.
From Figure 6.1 it is seen that the behaviour of 0Lmaz.
with increasing CQ is usually as follows: at first there is a
R .17.10' sharp rise in OLmu ., up to a value of about 3; a relatively
small increase follows, despite the application of a large
amount of suction. From theoretical calculations of the
point of separation of the turbulent boundary layer it is
found that, in the range of CQ corresponding to the steep
rise in OLmaz ., there is n~ danger of separation before the
point at which suction is applied (that is, before the flap);
consequently, in this range the only purpose of suction is to
'L...., guide the flow past the flap and to keep the flow attached
t despite the adverse pressure gradient existing on the suc-
tion side of the flap. In the range of CQ corresponding to the
shallow rise in OLm (that is, for values of OLmaz . greater
&
x/c-Ol
R - fHJ.10'-13.1O'
20-+---+.,;C-+-j
L
t-++#-4--+----1
-OC oo 300
Fig. 6.3. Intluence of position Fig. 6.4. CLmax. correspond Fig. 6.5. Intluence of nose Fig. 6.6. Intluence of nose
of suction slot on the cQ ing to the most favourable radius Q (see Equation (1.7 radius on the increase in
necessary for a certain in PQsltion of suction slot. on the most favourable C Lmax" when the suction
crease in C Lmax. Profile: NACA 23015 position of suction slot (with slot Is at the most favourable
split tlap): position (no tlap-detlection)
(a) for Increasing CLmax. ;
(b) for increasmg aCL mu .
increases with thickness ratio; it reaches its greatest value application of this result on profiles with a flap there
at a definite thickness ratio (dependent on cQ). Profiles must be a further suction slot in either the riddle or the
without suction behave similarly. For the still practical forward part of the profile so that the behaviour of 0 Lmax.
value CQ = 002, the favourable thickness ratio lies with CQ can be improved near OL max = 30. Using the
between 015 and 020. W ALZ has investigated theoretically first of these arrangements QUINN has been able to increase
and experimentally the influence of the position of a single the lift of a wing with a double-slotted flap from OLmax =
suction slot; the profiles have a split flap but no plain
35 to 0 Lmax. = 368 when CQ = 0024, and to 0 Lmax. = 416
flap; the results are shown in Figures 6.3 to 6.6. From these
investigations and from further measurements by REGEN- when CQ = 004.
SCHEIT and EHLERS it appears that there are two places on According to REGENSCHEIT, the other favourable posi-
the profile where suction is most advantageously applied. tion for a suction slot is the trailing edge of the profile.
One of these favourable positions lies at the point where, Removal of portions of the boundary layer is then of no
at the required value of 0 L max ., separation would occur in importance; the change in the flow is caused only by the
the absence of suction; separation is prevented by remov- sink effect of the suction, and can therefore be treated by
ing from the boundary layer fluid which is deficient in potential theory.' Figures 6.7 and 6.8 come from theoretical
energy. According to a proposal of W ALZ, for the practical calculations by EHLE~S for the flat plate; they show the
iH.---------r---.---
15 f--.j--...j...,.&---1---+--+
101---:f--+--+-,-L+--==---t
0. 915
1-+-+---r'OJ-"""'::=+--"""'=--+ 09SO
0900
o 00
0~~~iO~1~0~'0z~01.~===oj'0===Oj'0:5==~J~ 001 ~OZ OOJ OO~ 005 0'06
- clil _cQ
Fig. 6.7. Intluence of position of Ruction slot on the increase In lift obtained Fig. 6.8. Intluence of width of suction slot. for suction at the trailing edge.
for a given volumetlowrate coetllcient. Flat plate (theoretical) Flat plate (theoretical)
6.2 BLOWING AS A MEANS OF IXCREASING THE LIFT 55
i a0-6-fJ.8.'10' Cq'
20--1-----
) (('pl.
1.0 0020-
t
/ 0015-
10 --J-l,<--~
J.O
7/
"-t I II
0010
OOZ-.J--A
Cq
t
/V _0
001-+-~.q
2'0 I
/
V 0003 sic 0006
0-3--"--~
C'pJs.cf
2O~'--+----,4-----l
t
M~-
O,Z--+-..l,.--I
(('p).
t t----+-+-__+_---I
t .-.- 'q- _
C- .. ,
__ __
Without sudiM
With tutti", I----t--
fl
6.3.1 Keeping the Boundary Layer Laminar
Suction is frequently used to keep the boundary layer
- - ~!l
Theory ~ ~~
i~~r-
o-9ft---t--+-+----t---t--+--1
laminar; the present state of the theory on this subject is
II '"'/
described in Chapter 9. Theoretical work usually assumes 1-/1
~!"
continuous suction, which can be easily visualised physic-
ally; it is of great practical interest, being theoretically the
most efficient form of suction. With continuous suction
(for example, on a flat plate) gains in performance of 50%
and more are possible, the gains being particularly large at
Flg.6.16. Protlle with a sl1ctlon slot. the pressurp rise being displaced
high Reynolds numbers. rearwards to the slot; designed by Grlftlth (see GOLDSTEIN)
6.3 SUCTION AS MEANS OF REDUCING DRAG 57
I
[,0 6 r---1'Z 106
small amounts of suction if the number of slots is suf- t _ 0'019'' (see
-
DO - 1'04 0'2 to- t--
/
C ..
ficiently large (see also Figure 6.17). Equation (1.7; no co-
In the present stage of technology the manufacture of a ordinates available. Total cQ In I"'
wing with a large number of suction slots (or, better still,
the realisation of continuous suction) w011.ld be extra-
all cases less than 0'0016. Wind
tunnel: Zurich V 0-002- 000'1
ordinarily difficult; however, the large gains in performance
predicted by theory for continuous suction provide a
strong stimulus to look for solutions of this technical drag by keeping the boundary layer laminar. We can
problem. Some progress has already been made: of obtain either a reduction in the form drag by sucking
particular interest are successful experiments (RASPET) away the boundary layer in the region of the trailing edge,
with a specially designed sailplane; and, above all, the 'Or a reduction in the turbulent skin-friction drag by
results obtained by BRASLOW and others [R1025] on a blowing away the more slowly moving air (following a
wing with a porous surface made from sintered bronze proposal by BETZ). The latter case has yet to be investi-
(Figure 6.18). gated, but results exist for the former one.
Suction applied to the boundary layer at higher Mach In the region behind a suction slot the thinning of the
numbers is of particular importance; this is confirmed by boundary layer (when this is not kept laminar) always
one of the first experiments in this field, carried out by increases the skin-friction drag and decreases the form
REGENSCHEIT; the results are shown in Figure 6.19. drag; the nearer the suction slot is to the trailing edge, the
less is the disadvantage of the increased skin-friction drag;
the gains in performance are expected to be largest if the
6.3.2 Control of the Turbulent Boundary Layer suction slot can be placed at the trailing edge. Measure-
The technical difficulties of an attempt to reduce the ments by WALZ [FB 1611] on the profile NACA 23015 at the
drag by controlling a turbulent boundary layer are small Reynolds number of ()'8.1 06 show a gain in per-
expected to be smaller than in an attempt to reduce the formance of about 7% for an arrangement in which the
0000 o'AOtO
r-
I I
Mlnoul sudion 111 010'----.-----
t ~R -20.10 6
0'00'
t-- R - ;.10 6
, R .1-1-1'2.10'
OOOJ
~
.---:: ....... :.:-- I-'" --- ~
.---.- ..
0002 H
'"IF-'
-I---~ -- 1---
0001 -~
--- 1----
_c 001
----
~---
-~ Fig. 6.19. Reduction In drag of
o 0000, OOO/M (}0012 0{}016 _ c~ (}0020 profile by suction at higher Mach
.numbers. Profile: circular arc with
FIg. 6.18. Drag of the proftle NACA 64A010 with porous surface. at CL - 0, as a function rounded leading edge. Reynolds num-
of volume-Bow-rate coelllclent, cQ. Wind tunnel: TDT. Reynolds number: 5'9.10' (0); ber: 11.10' to 1'2.10'. (AVA)
12 10' (0); 19'8.10' (<. Full line is total drag. Dashed line Is portion of drag arising trom
suction; (C,,), - 132
~. 58 6. BOUNDARY LAYER CONTROL
I
suction slot is at approximately 95% of the chord (OL:::: 0). and can be written as
REGENSCHEIT [FB 1550] has carried out other measure-
PI (VI)2 cQ2
ments, at R = 2'2.106 , with an arrangement in which a. q= V = (kslc)2'
(6.3)
suction slot is placed exactly at the trailing edge, the
opening of the slot lying on the suction side (Figure 6.20). The factor k (0 ~ k ~ 1) appears in this expression because
the width of the slot, s, is not wholly effective; the loss in
20 - - . - - , . - - - y - - - - . ,
efficiency is caused by separation at the sharp edges of the
-C~A~I~ entrance; in the suction measurements carried out in
Gottingen k is usually between 03 and 05.
If the sucked air is blown out in the free-stream direction
1-0 ---i--ii---rt---\ with a velocity Vb, then the power, P" required for the suc-
~I tion is given by
f Fig. 6.20. Improvement of polars by
suction at the trailing edge.
CDtot. = CD + cQ[l - (C.),]
p. = -Qps + Q ~ Vb 2
In contrast to the results of WALZ a gain in performance To decide whether suction, when it is used to reduce
occurs only for values of 0 L greater than 04; at 0 L = 1 it drag; does result in a. saving of power, we must consider
amounts to roughly 25% (referred to OD). The arrangement the sum of the power required to overcome the drag,
of the suction slot at the trailing edge has the great
VD = OD ~V3S, and the power required for the suction;
advantage that an increase in OLma>. can be achieved at
take-off and landing with the same suction slot. the sum is
Although the control of the turbulent boundary layer
as a method for drag reduction still seems problematic at P = {OD + cQ [(~r - (Op).]} ~ V3S. (6.5)
low lift coefficients, it is undoubtedly of considerable
We now introduce the power-consumption coefficient,Op;
importance at larger values of OL, and so is suitable for
this is defined by
improving polars. The suction is particularly effective if the
slot is placed immediately behind the nose (or the suction
peak), and is supported by an independent slot in the OD+CQ [(~r -(Op).]=OP. (6.6)
middle of the wing; this is demonstrated in Figure 6.21.
It can be verified that 0 p has a minimum w)1en Vb = V
(see SCHRENK), so that
The sucked air moves into the interior of the wing with a C9N and CQM. (0): I
small speed, because of t1!e generally large cross-section of
without suction, R-
5,8.10'. (0): CQN - 0.'1 II
0'0065, cQ.v =0'0115,
the interior; hence, the "slot loss" is approximately equal R=41.10'.(O): CQN /
to the kinetic pressure formed with the speed in the slot, - 0'0038, cQAf - O'OmlO,
V R = 0'8.10'. Protlle: o
S3,-012 o 000'1 0008 0012 0015
VI = cQ kslc' -to
6.5 REFERENCES 59
In the analysis of drag measurements for profiles with GAINER, TH. G.: Low-Speed Wind Tunnel Investigation to
boundary layer control it is usually assumed that Cp has Determine the Aerodynamic Characteristics of a Rectangular
this minimum value; it is occasionally referred to as the Wing Equipped with a Full-Span and an Inboard Half-Span
Jet.Augmented Flap Deflected 55. NASA MEMO 1-27-59L
total drag coefficient (C Dtot )' (1959).
In the practical application of boundary layer control to GERBER, A.: Untersuchungen iiber Grenzschichtabsaugung.
an aircraft, additional losses (increasing rapidly with cQ) Mitteilungen aus dem Institut fiir Aerodynamik der E.T.H.
Ziirich Nr. 6 (1938).
arise in the ducting and the pump; these pipe losses can be
GLAUERT, M. B.: The Design of Suction Aerofoils with a Very
essentially greater than the power required to suck the air Large CL-range. R & M No. 2111 (1945).
into the interior of the wing (particularly for large values - W. S. WALKER and W. G. RAYMER: WindTunnel Tests on
of cQ). When values of (Cp )8 obtained from wind-tunnel Thick Suction Aerofoil with a Single Slot. R & M No. 2646
measurements are used in calculations, the calculations (1947). .
GoLDSTEIN, S.: Low-drag and Suction Airfoils. J. Aer-on. Sci.,
have meaning only if cQ is very small (for example, when
15 (1948), pp. 189-214.
the suction is used to reduce drag). For further estimates GREGORY, N. and W. S. WALKER: Further Wind-Tunnel Tests
of the pressure and power requirements on an aircraft with on a 36% Symmetrical Suction Aerofoil with a Movable
boundary layer control the reader is referred to the ex- Flap. R & M No. 2287 (1946).
haustive work of KRUGER. GREGORY, N., W. S. WALKER and W. G. RAYMER: Wind-Tunnel
Tests on the 30% Symmetrical Griffith Aerofoil with
Ejection of Air at the Slots. R & M No. 2475 (1946).
GREGORY, N.: Note on Sir Geoffrey Taylor's Criterion for the
Rate of Boundary Layer Suction at a Velocity Discontinuity.
R & M No. 2496 (1947).
6.5 References - Further Observations on the Boundary Layer Theory of
Suction Aerofoils. R & M No. 2577 (1948).
- Addendum to ARC 10854 (Tests on GIas II). ARC 11797.
ACKERET, J.: Grenzschichtabsaugung. Z. VDI 35 (1926) 1153.
- W. S. WALKER and A. N. DEVEREUX: Wind-Tunnel Tests
- M. RAS and W. PENNINGER: Verhinderung des Turbulent-
on the 30% Symmetrical Griffith Aerofoil with Distributed
werdens einer Reibungsschicht durch Absaugung. Naturw.
(1941), S. 622. Suction over the Nose. R & M No. 2647 (1948).
- and A. R. CURTIS: A Comparison of Three Thick, Symmetri-
BAMBER, M. J.: Wind-Tunnel Tests on Airfoil Boundary Layer
cal, Multi-slot Suction Aerofoils. C. P. 20 (1950).
Control Using a Backward.opening Slot. NACA Rep. No. 385
(1931). - R. C. PANKHURST and W. S. WALKER: WindTunnel Tests
on the Prevention of Boundary-layer Separation by Dis-
BEAVAN, J. A . : Note on Reynolds and Mach Number Effects
tributed Suction at the Rear of a Thick Aerofoil. R & M
on the Pressure Distribution on the Tail of EC 1250. R & M
No. 2252 (1943). No. 2788 (1950).
BETZ, A.: Die Wirkungsweise von unterteilten Fliigelprofilen. - and W. S. WALKER: Wind-Tunnel Tests on the NACA 63
Berichte und Abhandlungen der WGL (1922), Heft 6. A 009 Aerofoil with Distributed Suction over the Nose.
R & M No. 2900 (1955).
- Beeinflussung der Reibungsschicht und ihre praktische
Verwertung. Schriften der Deutschen Akademie der Luft- HOLSTEIN, H.: Auftriebsmessungen an einem Fliigel mit Ab-
fahrtforschung, Heft 49 (1941). saugung durch DiiSenwirkung. FB 1253 (1940).
- Neue Ergebnisse der Auftriebsbeeinflussung von Fliigeln. HOLSTEIN, H.: Messung zur Laminarhaltung der Grenzschicht
DAL 1047 (1942). durch Absaugl!lng an einem Tragfliigel. LGL S 10 (1941),
BRA.SLOW, A. L., D. L. BURROWS, N. TETERVIN and F. VISCONTI: S.17-27.
Exp. and Theoret. Studies of Area Suction for the Control HOLSTEIN, H. and A. DONEIS: Messungen an einem Laminar-
of the Laminar Boundary Layer on an NACA 64AOlO Air- profil mit extremer Riicklage des DruckminimuIns. FB 1522
foil. NACA Rep. 1025 (1951). (1941).
CHEERS, F. and O. DOUGLAS: Tests on a Glauert Nose-suction - Messungen zur Laminarhaltung der Reibungsschicht durch
Aerofoil in the N.P.L. 4-ft. No.2 Wind-Tunnel. R & M No. Absaugen an einem Tragfliigel mit dem Profil NACA
2356 (1947). 0012-64. FB 1654 (1942).
CHEERS, F., W. G. RAYMER and O. DOUGLAS: Tests on a HORTON, E. A., S. F. RACISZ and N. 1. PARADISO: Investiga-
'Lighthill' Nose-suction Aerofoil in the N.P.L. 4-ft. No. 2 tion of Boundary-Layer Control to Improve the Lift and
Wind-Tunnel. R & M No. 2355 (1951). Drag Characteristics of the NACA 652-415 Airfoil Section
DANNENBERG, R. and WEIBERG, J.: Effect of Type of Porous with Double-Slotted and Plain Flaps. NACA TN 2149 (1950).
Surface and Suction Velocity Distribution on Characteristics KNIGHT, M. and M. J. BAMBER: Wind-tunnel Tests on.Airfoil
of a 10'5% thick Airfoil with Distributed Suction over the Boundary Layer Control Using a Backward Opening Slot.
Nose. NACA TN 3093 (1953). NACA TN No. 323 (1929).
DOENHOFF, A. E. v. and LOFl'IN, L. K.: Pre~nt Status of KRUGER, H.: tlber den EinfluB der Absaugung auf die Lage
Research on Boundary-Layer Control. J. Aeron. Sci. 16 der Umschlagstelle an Tragfliigelprofilen. Ing.-Arch., 19. Bd.
(1949), p. 7~9. (1951), S. 384-387.
EHLERS, F. and W. SCHWIER: Blasversuche an einem Fliigel KRUGER, W.: Rechnerische und experimentelle Untersuchung
, mit Spaltklappe. FB 1247 (1940). zur Frage des Forderleistungsbedarfes von Flugzeugen mit
:! EHLERS, F.: tlber die Anderung des Auftriebes und der Druck- Grenzschichtbeeinfiussung. FB 1618 (1942).
verteilung an Absaugefliigeln durch. Senkenwirkung. AVA- - Windkanalmessungen am Absaugeklappenfliigel 23012 mit
Bericht 45/Wf15 (1945). Vorfliigel. FB 1623 (1942).
1_. . . .~
60 6. BOUNDARY LAYER CONTROL
LACIDIANN, G. V.: Boundary Layer Control. J. Roy. Aero. Soc. - Untersuchungen an einem Fliigel mit Hinterkantenabsau-
59 (1955), pp. 163-198 und Jahrb. 1953 d. Wiss. Ges. Luftf., gung. FB 1594 (1942).
S.132-143. - Absaugeklappenfliigel 23009: FB 1555; 23012: FB 1543;
- Grenzschichtsteuerung in der Praxis. Z. Flugwiss. 4 (1956), 23015: FB 1591; 23018: FB 1639 (1942).
S.9-14. - Versuche zur Verringerung des Tragfliigelwiderstandes durch
LIGHTHILL, M. J.: A Theoretical Discussion of Wings with selbsttatige Absaugung. FB 1673 (1942).
Leading Edge Suction. R & M No. 2162 (1945). - Versuche an einem Fliigel mit einer Klappe geringer Tiefe
LOFTIN, L. K. and D. L. BURROWS: Investigations Relating to und selbsttatiger Absaugung. UM 3053 (1943).
the Extension of Laminar Flow by Means of Boundary. - Versuche iiber eine neue stromungstechnische Steuerung.
Layer Suction throtlgh Slots. NACA TN 1961 (1949). UM 3104 (1944).
MCCULLOUGH, G. B. and D. E. GAULT: An Experimental In - Messungen am Absaugeklappenfliigel NACA 23015 mit 10
vestigation of the NACA 631-012 Airfoil Section with und 15% Klappentiefe. FB 1763 (1943)-und 43015: FB
Leading.Edge and Midchord Suction Slots. NACA TN 2041 1763/2 (1944).
(1950). - Eine neue Anwendung der Absaugung zur Steigerung des
PANKHURST, R. C., W. G. RAYMER and A. N. DEVEREUX: Auftriebes eines Tragfliigels. FB 1474 (1941).
Wind Tunnel Tests of the Stalling Properties of an 8% Thick - Absaugung in der Flugtechnik. Jahrbuch 1952 der Wissen.
Symmetrical Section with Uniformly Distributed Nose Suc schaftlichen Gesellschaft fiir Luftfahrt, Braunschweig 1953.
tion. R & M No. 2666 (1946). RICHARDS, E. J., W. S. WALKER and R. J. GREENING: An
PANKHURST, R. C. and N. GREGORY: Power Requirements for Aerofoil Designed to give Laminar Flow over the Whole
Distributed Suction for Increasing Maximum Lift. C. P. 82 Surface with Boundary Layer Suction. R & M No. 2263
(1948). (1943).
PEARCEY, H. H. and E. W. E. ROGERS: The Effect of Com RICHARDS, E. J.: Tests 011 a Griffith Aerofoil in the 13 ft. x 9 ft.
pressibility on the Performance of a Griffith Aerofoil. R & M Wind-Tunnel. Part I-Wind-Tunnel Technique and Interim
No. 2511 (1.946). Note. R & M No. 2148 (1944).
PFENNINGER, W.: Untersuchungen iiber Reibungsverminde. RICHARDS, E. J., W. S. WALKER and J. R. GREENING: 13 ft. x
rungen an Tragfiiigeln, insbesondere mit Hilfe von Grenz- 9 ft. Wind-Tunnel Tests on a Griffith Aerofuil. Part II
schichtabsaugung. Mitteilg. a. d. Inst. 'f. Aerodynamik - Effect of Concavity on Drag. R & M No. 2148 (1944).
E.T.H. Zurich Nr. 13 (1946). -and W. S. WALKER: 13ft. X 9ft. Wind-Tunnel Tests on a
- Experiments on a Laminar Suction Airfoil of 17 Percent Griffith Aerofoil. Part III-The Effect of Wide Slots and
Thickness. Journ. Aeron. Sci. 16 (1949), pp. 227-236. of Premature Transition to Turbulence. R & M No. 2148
PRESTON, J. H.: The Boundary Layer Flow over a Permeable (1944).
Surface through which Suction is Applied. R & M No. 2244. -13 ft. X 9 ft. Wind-Tunnel Tests on a Griffith Aerofoil
- W. S. WALKER and C. R. TAYLOR: The Effect on Drag of the Part IV-Lift, Drag, Pitching Moments and Velocity
Ejection of Air from Backward Facing Slots on a 16'2% Distributions. R & M No. 2148 (1944).
Griffith Aerofoil. R & M No. 2108 (1946). - W. S. WALKER and C. R. TAYLOR: Wind-Tunnel Tests on
PRETSCH, J.: Die Leistungsersparnis durch Grenzschichtab- a 30% Suction Wing (Replacing 8473). R & M No. 2149
saugung beim Schleppen einer ebenen Platte. UM 3048 (1945).
(1943). - and C. H. BURGE: An Aerofoil Designed to Give Laminar
- Umschlagbeginn und Absaugung. Jahrb. 1942 I, S. 1/7. Flow over the Whole Surface with Boundary.LayerSuction.
QUINN, J. H. jr.: Tests of the NACA 653-018 Airfoil Section R & M No. 2263 (HI49).
with Boundary-layer Control by Suction. NACA CB No. REID, E. G. and M. J. BAMBER: Preliminary Investigation on
L4HI0 (1944) WR L-209. Boundary Layer ~ontrol by Means of Suction and Pressure
- Wind-Tunnel Investigation of Boundary.layer Control by with the U.S.A. 27 Airfoil. NACA TN No. 286 (1928).
Suction on the NACA 653-418, a = 10 Airfoil Section SCHLICHTING, H.: Die Grenzschicht an der ebenen Platte mit
with a 029 Airfoilchord Double Slotted Flap. NACA TN Absaugen und Ausblasen. Lufo 19 (1940), S. 293.
No. 1071, 1946. - Die Grenzschicht mit Absaugung und Ausblasen. Lufo 19
- Tests of the NACA 641A212 Airfoil Section with a Slat, a (1942), S. 179.
Double Slotted Flap, and Boundary-layer Control by Suc - Berechnung der' laminaren Grenzschicht mit Absaugung.
tion. NACA TN No. 1293, 1947. LGL 141 (1941), S. 14-17 und DLG. Arch. 16 (1948), S. 201.
RASPET, A.: Boundary-layer Studies on a Sailplane. Aer. Eng. - and K. BUSSMANN: Exakte Losungen fiir die laminare
Rev. 11 (1952) 52. Grenzschicht mit Absaugung und Ausblasen. Schriften d.
REGENSCHEIT, B.: Hochauftriebsversuche mit Absaugeklap- DAL Bd. 7B (1943), Heft 2, S. 25-69.
penfliigeln. Bericht A 64 der LGL (1938). SCHRENK, 0.: Tragfiiigel mit Grenzschichtabsaugung. Lufo 2
- and O. SCHRENK: Versuche mit Absaugefliigeln ver- (1928), S. 49 und 5 (1931), S. 634.
schiedener Profilwolbung und Wolbungslage. FB 1061 (1939). - Versuche mit Absaugefliigeln. Lufo 9 (1935), S. 10.
- Systematische Untersuchungen von Absaugeklappenfliigeln. - and F. EHLERS: Spaltklappenfliigel mit Absaug1.Ulg an der
Messungen an den Profilen 23015,23018, 6215 g, 6218 Hinterkante des Hauptfliigels. FB 1064 (1938).
g. FB 1221 (1940). . - Grenzschichtabsaugung. Luftwissen 7 (1940), S. 409.
- Versuche zur Widerstandsverringerung eines Fliigels bei SCHWARTZBERG, M. A. and A. L. BRASLOW: Experimental Study
hoher Machscher Zahl durch Absaugung der hinter dem Ge- of the Effects of Finite Surface Disturbances and Angle
biet unstetiger Verdichtung abgelosten Grenzschicht. FB of Attack on the Laminar Boundary Layer of an NACA
1424 (1941). 64 A 010 Airfoil with Area Suction. NACA TN 2796 (1952).
- Messungen mit und ohne Knicknase an einem Absauge. SCHWIER, W.: Fremde Arbeiten iiber Absaugung und Ausblasen.
klappenfliigel NACA 23015. FB 1312 (1941). LGL A 64 (1938).
- Versuche zur Verringerung des Tragfiiigelwiderstandes durch - Versuche zur Auftriebssteigerung durch Ausblasen von Luft
Hinterkantenabsaugung. FB 1550 (1942). an einem symmetrischen Profil mit Wolbungsklappe groBer
6.5 REFERENCES 61
Tiefe. FB 1462 (1941J. - On the Design of Aerofoils for which the Lift is Independent
- Auftriebsinderung durch Ausblasen von Luft. FB 1481 of the Incidence. R & M No. 2612 (1947).
(1941). - The Production of Lift Indepepdently of Incidence. J. Roy.
- Absaugeversuche an einem Fliigel mit einem Querruder ge Aer. Soc. 52 (1948), pp. 117/24.
ringer Tiefe. FB 1579 (1941). ULRICH, A.: Theoretische Untersuchungen iiber die Wider-
- Ausblaseversuche zur Auftriebssteigerung an einem Fliigel standsersparnis durch Laminarerhaltung mit Absaugung.
von 9% Dicke mit Vorfliigel und Klappe. FB 1622 (1942). Schriften d. DAL 8B (1944) Heft 2.
- Versuche zur Auftriebssteigerung durch Ausblasen von Luft
W ALZ, A.: Messungen zur ErhOhung der tl'berziehsicherheit
an einem Proill von 12% Dicke mit verschiedenen Klappen.
durch Absaugung im vorderen Profilteil (Messungen am Pro-
formen. FB 1658 (1942).
fil 0012 und zusammenfassende Auswertung friiherer Mes-
- Versuche tiber Widerstandsinderungen eines Tragtliigels
sungen). AVA-Bericht 45/W/14 (1945).
beim Ausblasen von erwirmter Luft. FB 1783 (1943).
- Theoretisches zur Absaugung der Reibungsschioht. FB 1775
- Blasversuche zur Auftriebssteigerung am Profil 23015 mit
(1943).
verschiedenen Klappenformen. FB 1865 (1943).
- Versuche mit Reibungsschichtabsaugung an einem Fliigel-
- Anderung von Auftrieb und Widerstand eines Tragtliigels
profil NACA 23015 bei verschiedenen Lagen des Absauge-
bei Luftaustritt auf der Fliigelsaugseite. UM 3064 (1943).
schlitzes lings Fliigeltiefe. FB 1611 (1942).
- Auftriebsinderung durch einen auf der Fliigeldruckseite aus-
geblasenen Lnftstrahl. UM 3192 (1944). WIEGHARDT, K.: tl'ber das Ausblasen von Warmluft fiir Ent-
SPENCE, D. A.: The Lift Coefficient of a Thin Jet Flapped Wing. eiser. KWI-Bericht (1943).
Proc. Roy. Soc. London A 238 (1956), pp. 46-68 and J. WILLIAMS, J.: Some Investigations of the Stalling Properties of
Aeron. Sci. 23 (1956), pp. 92-94. Some Thin Nose-suction Aerofoils. R & M No. 2693 (1952).
STUPER, J.: Messungen und Flugerfahrungen an zwei Absauge- - Some Improvements in the Design of Thick Suction Aero-
tlugzeugen. FB 1821 (1942). foils. C.P. 31 (1950).
THwAITES, B.: A Theoretical Discussion of High-Lift Aerofoils - An Analysis of Aerodynamic Data on Blowing over Trailing
with Leading-edge Porous Suction. R & M No. 2242 (1946). Edge Flaps for Increasing Lift. C. P. No. 209 (1955).
L
7. THE THEORY OF WING PROFll..ES I
Profile Shape and Pressure Distribution in Inviscid the profile, the length of this region being a small
Incompressible Flow percentage of the chord;
7.1 General Remarks (C) experimental pressure distributions.
The velocity distribution on the surface of a profile is The velocity or pressure distributions for camber lines
primarily determined by the distribution of curvature. given in Section 7.2 and Chapters 11 and 12 are of type (A);
In inviscid incompressible flow the velocities can theoretic- those for thickness distributions in symmetrical flow
ally be found for an arbitrary contour (see Section 8.2). If (0: = 0) given in Section 7.3 are also of type (A); those for
the flow is not initially regarded as inviscid, the velocity symmetrical profiles at incidence or for cambered profiles
distribution can often be calculated theoretically (see in Chapter 12 are mostly of type (B). For a comparison
Section 9.1) by correcting for viscous effects, although the between theory and experiment see Figure 12.27. Theoreti-
necessary calculations are more lengthy. A calculation is cal pressure distributions on profiles with flaps are much
always possible if the flow has not separated from the more difficult to obtain, because of the occurrence of
profile; it can frequently be carried out even if this require- separation; experimental results, type (C), have usually
ment is not met. been chosen for these. Figures 12.35 and 12.36 compare
Suppose the speed of the free stream is V and its pressure theoretical and experimental pressure distributions on
is poo; let the speed at a point on the profile contour be w profiles with flaps at small and large lift coefficients, with
and the pressure there be p. The pressure coefficient, Cp , is and without separation.
defined as the difference between the pressure on the profile In compressible flow at subsonic speed the pressures
and the free-stream pressure (.dp) divided by the kinetic
pressure q,where q = ie V2; it is given by Bernoulli's increase by a factor v' 1, ,to a first approximation;
1-M2
equation as they vary more rapidly as the speed of sound is approached,
and if this is locally exceeded significant deviations from
the simple rule are observed (see Section 10.3); the pressure
distribution is also considerably altered, a feature that is
The corresponding relationship for compressible flow is treated in more tletail in Section 10.4. In Chapter 12,
derived in Section 10.2. pressure distributions at these Mach numbers are ex-
Direct measurements of the pressure distribution, made perimental results from'wind tunnels (that is, of type (C)).
by small pressure holes bored in the profile surface, show If the free-stream speed is sufficiently greater than the
that the theoretical distribution is accurate enough for speed of sound then the pressure distributions can again be
practical purposes, provided that the influence of viscosity determined theoretically with good accuracy, except for a
has been allowed for (see Section 9.1). The theoretical small region on the upper side of the profile near the trailing
values for inviscid flow provide a good basis for comparison edge (see Figures 12.48 and 12.49).
of profiles; at small angles of incidence or for small lift
coefficients, they are usually quantitatively satisfactory as
well.
7.2 Camber Line and Velocity Distribution
The pressure distributions given in Chapter 12 can be
divided into three classes: We first consider inviscid incompressible flow. In the
theoretical results of this and the next two sections the
(A) pressure distributions calculated on potential theory
upper and lower signs refer to the upper and lower sides of
for inviscid incompressible flow, which agree approxi-
the profile respectively.
mately with experiment only at small lift coefficients
and for moderately thick profiles;
(B) pressure distributions calculated theoretically, with 7.2.1 Simple Special Cases
an allowance for the effect of viscosity, which agree If the free-stream speed is V then, from Section 8.2.1.2,
well with experiment except in a region at the rear of we find for the local speed, w:
7.2 CAMBER LINE AND VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION 63
(a) on the surface of a flat plate at an angle of incidence a, Type 8 1 : Birnbaum-Glauert camber lines.
The special cases (a) to (c) of Section 7.2.1 are known as
to
V =cosasina V;-=-;
-x- (0 ~ z ~ c); (7.2)
the Birnbaum-Glauert basic distributions. Other camber
lines can be derived from these by linear superposition.
We can easily obtain further special camber lines from the
if the angle of incidence is small, following series (which does not include a term containing
the angle of incidence):
w
-=Ia
V~-=-;
-- (7.3)
V z
2z
where ~=--l. (7.8)
(b) on a circular arc of small camber f, whose contour is c
given by the equation
HELMBOLD and KEUNE have systematically investigated
!!... =
c
4{ !!.... (1 - ~-)
c c c
(0 ~ z ~ c), (7.4)
such camber lines. With the notation employed here and
with retention of the first three terms only, this camber
line may be written
at the ideal angle of incidence,
- I
10= 1 8 - Vz ( z)
- I-- (7.5)
-y(c)
c
z( z) ( + z+ (Z)2 )
= 4 -Icc- 1- -!: 1 llC
- 12 -C
V c c c
z
O~-~l. (7.9)
- c -
V c
I
-W= 1 8 - Vz ( z)
-
c
1--
c
X
1
z) Vz ( z)
o
e
= i_I
ex2
(2XIe~_ (~)2
e
) (1 am indebted to Dr. G. JUNGCLAUS for the derivation
1
of Equations (7.15), (7.18), and (7.4:1).) The velocity
distributions corresponding to positions of maximum
x camber x/Ie = 02, 03, 04:, 05, 06, and 07 are given in
for O;:;! c;:;! 21,
Fignre 12.1 and in Table 11.2; the maximum camber,j, is
(7.14:) equal to 006e. Results for smaller values of the maximum
[(1 _ 2 x ) + 2 x _.x _
y(c) camber can be obtained by affinely reducing the velocitie::;
-= f 1
e e (1 - 21)1 lIe in proportion to the maximum camber. A discontinuity in
curvature exists at the point where the two parabolas join.
w f cosa(Sin9'-=-~J)+sina(I-COS9')
_=_
V e .
sm 9'
V 1 +
(cos 9'1 - cos 9')2
16 (1 cos 9'1)'
;(7.15) (7.17)
kl. k2, and 9' are chosen so that a prescribed value for ot
results and (Om}a = O. Hence, camber lines of this type
have a fixed centre of pressure. The numerical values of
the constants are:
Table 7.1
(7.18)
7.2 CAMBER LINE AND VEI,QeITY DISTRIBUTIOS 65
(1~:.')' {G M! p'+p,),,-
%1 ()0()68 01260 02025 0'2900 0'3910
CL*/<J/c ) 26'9 19'6 16" 14-5 113
J'=- kl/CL" 1206 172-l 1\3'2 22'13 1077
1.0 aL*
y-=IT (7.20)
L* [(1 - x-)
where
y(C)
-
c
= -a -
4" c
In ( 1 - x-)
c
+
+ -xc z]
In -c . (7.21)
- = -61
'y(c)
c
kI x I 3
(x)
1- -C
x
for x 1S- -C S- 1. (7.19)
L
66 7. THEORY OF WING PROFILES I
where
g= - b 1 a [al (! lna- ~)
-b
l
(! ~) 1 lnb-
For the angle of incidence at zero lift, <XQ, the ideal angle of
incidence, a*, and the moment coefficient (referred to the
leading edge) at CL = 0, (Cmoh, there results
b-a 2
1 [1
h = + - - -(I-a)1 In (I-a)-
- ~ (I-b)1 In (I-b)+
2
1 1
+-(I-b)I--(I-a)1 ] +g.
4 4
. (n - 1) . 2
X [ -smq;>+(n+2)sm q;>-
(n - I)(n - 2) . <.b +
If the terms beyond 'JI = 5 are ignored, the velocity - (n +
2)(n +
3) sm "'t'
distribution is (from Section 8.2.1.2)
(n - I)(n - 2)(n - 3) . 4 ]
+ (n + 2)(n + 3)(n + 4) sm q;> - . .. .
(7.27)
; =1m V: (1 - : ) [co + c
1 (1 - :) + Table 7.3 gives characteristic aerodynamic quantities for
some values of n.
+ CI (1 - :)' + (1 - :)' J;
c3 (7.26)
.- 3
Table 7.3
6 7
Type 8 8 : the flat plate with a point of discontinuity. 7.3 Thickness Distribution and Velocity Distribution
The equation of this camber line is
7.3.1 Simple Special Cases
Iii-:-
where Ais a function obi (the position of the discontinuity)
ii
and of the jump in local angle of incidence, 'YJ (flap deflec-
~.. tion). A is given by the velocity distribution is
I~..c
"
..
A= VI + 4X1(I -
2X1(I -
Xl)
Xl)
tan2 'YJ
tan 'YJ
- 1
cos a sin 91 + sin a (l-cos91) . (7.32)
(for 1'YJ1 ~ n/2, A ~ 'YJ).
From Equation (8.21) the velocity distribution is
(7.29) VSin 191 + y
(~ cos~
_ 2x , J(7-'3)
where :J:=--I
where 911, t, and t1 have been defined by Equation (7.16). e
t > 0 for the upper side and t < 0 for the lower side; t1 is
always greater than zero. The function F(A, Xl) is given by at IX = 0 it has the velocity distribution
IEquation 7.34,*
For small thickness ratios the circular arcs can be
replaced by parabolic arcs:
I I
(for 'YJ n/2 F = 1). z
c
= '2 + 2
c
costp , y= 2t (I-cos 2 tp) . (7.35)
*Equation 7.34
(7.34)
1 21'Z In (I+i)[(I+1'2)1_41'2i+(I-1'2)(I+1'2)1_4T2:J:1l]
n 1 + 1'2 z
(I-:J:) [(1 + 1'2)2 + 4 1'2 + (1-1'2) (I + 1'2)1- 4T2z 2 ]
68 7. THEORY OF WING PROFILES I
The velocity distribution can be derived either from 7.3.2 More General Thickness Distributionst
Equation (7.35) or by linearising Equation (7.34); it
has the simple form Type Dl: the NACA standard profile, of which the
ordinates (Table 11.3) are given by
w
v 1+ 4T[ 1 + (xc -"2
---;- 1) c-x]
In - x - . (7.36) yll) = 5t (0.2969 Vz - 0'1260x - 0'3516x 2 +
(7.41)
the velocity distribution is
1Equation 7. 38 1-
where
when e = 0 this reduces to the velocity distribution for
the fiat plate. Results obtained by using this approxi- ..4- -
1 {a
- -o
In
1 + Y;; 1- x
-a1ln - - - -
mate equation are in very good agreement with the -n 2Y;; I-yx x
exact values; the velocity distribution shows small
deviations from that calc)llated by means of exact
conformal mapping (see below) if the thickness ratio is - ( I-X) ,
2 az 1 + x In - x - -
too large (tIc> 02); this is primarily because the
(-2I + + I-X)
linearised equation for the body, Equation (7.37), is no
longer in good agreement with the exact equation. - 3aa x x 2 In --x- -
The parametric representation for the shape of the
symmetrical generalised Joukowsky profile (Equations
(1.14) and (1.15 comes from exact conformal trans-
formation: the velocity distribution for zero angle of
1 I
- 4a, ( 3" + 2' x + Xl
I-X)}
+ z3in - x - ,
incidence is
w _ N (~)
-V = 2 sin 9' --;::===~====:::::::::- (7.39)
y (N _1)2 + 4k 2 sinZ9'
t For simplicity c is set equal to unity in this section;
for the meaning of the symbols see Section 1.4.1. x and Xt represent : and ~ respectively.
c c
-Equation 7.38
w
-=
cos a [ (1 + +) sin 9' -7 sin 29' ] + sin a (1- cos 9') (1- 2 +cos 9' )
(7.38)
V
VSin Z 9'+ :: (C089'-C0829')2
7.3 THICKNESS DISTRIBUTION AND VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION
69
Type D2: profiles with various positions of maximum The slope is given by
. thickness can be obtained by joining two curves together
(without a discontinuity in curvature); the equation of t 1
such a profile is y' = '2 y;- [1 + 3 (al -1) x + 5 (aa- all x 2
y, = 5 t (ao y;- + a l x + a2x 2 + as x3) 0 ~ x ~ Xtl
+ 7 (as - as) x3 + 9 (a, - as) x'
= 5 t [0'002 + d l (I-x) + d s X (7.42)
+ 11 (as - a,) X5 -13 a5x6] (7.44)
X (1 - X)2 + da (1 - X)3J Xt ~ x ~ 1.
Cs =
111=
--
eo Xt - -Xt- ,
2
2as xt 3 = 02 - 0'15 Y2
5el
" II.
aT =
11,=
2'00
()O4776
234
03766
3-15
0'3428
4'65
()O4064
7'00
Wv = Y1 ( (1 + .i. 1I-V;
cos a + y; In
0 0 'L = 14'5812 92034
1-1428
1 + y'2 n
6'333 4'7696 4'4750
3 ()O2711 8'3625 4'1259 1'9357 ()O8366 0'8843
6 1-1 2-1438 -49516 -2-4616 --3'0964 -2'7063
9 3-3 -697 --8'38 -&90 --8'86 -7'97
. . . (7.51)
Type D4: the symmetrical profile
in which b4 = 0 for EOH profiles.
x (1 - x) . t 1 - 2xt The camber lines with which these thickness distribu-
y(l) =a 1 b Wlth a = - 22; b = 2 ' (7.4:7)
+x Xt Xt tions are usually combined are those of Equation (7.9)'
with Z2 = O.
The position of maximum thickness is variable (it depends
on b), the contour has no point of inflexion, and the slopes
at the leading and trailing edges are finite. When ex = 0 the 7.3.3 In1luence of a Sudden Change in Curvature of the
velocity distribution is Profile Contour
w 1 { 1 a [ I+b
V = VI + y'2 1 +:n; (1 + bX)2 1 + - b- X Engineers and designers often approximate a curve of
high order by simple curves (for example, straight lines or
parabolas); they usually ensure that the change from one
X In(I+b)+(l-2x-bx l )ln x x+ bx ]}.(7.4:8) curve to another occurs so that the function and its first
i
derivative are continuous, but higher derivatives are
frequently not made continuous. Profiles are occasionally
designed by joining curves together in this manner. For
Finally, we give some other thickness distributions, for example, DOETSCH has investigated a symmetrical circular
which the velocity distributions have been calculated but arc section the front part of which is replaced by a parabola;
for which no simple algebraic formulas exist. the curvature is made continuous at the join, but the third
derivative is not continuous, so that the curvature has a
"kink". The camber line" of the four-figure NAOA profiles
Type D5: a simple approximation for the contour of the provides another example (see Section 7.2.2). It is com-
hyperbola profile (see Section 1.4:.3) is posed of two parabolas; at the join the curvature is not
continuous, so that the curvature has a "jump". The
y(I) = k (1- x) V(l + b) x - bx l . (7.4:9) questions arise, what effects such discontinuities have on
the velocity and pressure distributions, and how the result-
ant changes in these distributions affect the boundary
layer. These questions have been investigated many times
Type D6: profiles designated EO or EQ (R & M No. 4:726, and the answers are now clear. It is shown below that a
No. 4978) are constructed by joining two curves together. jump in the curvature leads to a point of inflexion in the
The front part of the profile is an ellipse and the rear part velocity distribution, the slope at the point of inflexion
is either a cubic (EO) or a quartic (EQ). The formulas for being infinite; and even a kink in the curvature manifests
the two curves are itself in a slight concavity in the pressure distribution.
The latter behaviour has been confirmed both theoretically
and experimentally for the symmetrical circular .arc
y(l) = VAx- Bx2 o ;::;! x ;::;! Xl'
section with a parabolic nose (see Figure 12.3).
(7.50) Let us consider a jump in curvature, at which the radius
= bo + btx+ bzXI + bax3 + b,x' Xl;::;! x ;::;! 1, of curvature changes from Rl to R 2 ; let the x axis lie along
the tangent at the point of discontinuity, and_assume that,
in which b4 = 0 for EO profiles. in the neighbourhood of this point, the contour is given by
7.3 THICKNESS DISTRIBUTION AND VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION 71
Y= 2R
Xl
+ a3 z3 + a,x' + .... (x < 0),
Xl
1
,
used with caution; this is especially true if, as a result of its
previous development, the boundary layer at the join is
expected to be sensitive to pressure rises.
We must emphasise that the point of inflexion (with
infinite slope) in the velocity distribution occurs only on
the contour itself; at an arbitrarily small distance from the
wall no singularity of this nature exists. To investigate
By an approximate calculation BETZ has been able to show this, BETZ has considered the simple example represented
that the velocity in the neighbourhood of such a point in Figure 7.1. Far away from the singular point the
may be written in the form velocity, V, is parallel to the straight section of the wall; on
the circular arcs of radius +R and -R the velocity is
respectively greater and smaller than V; it is equal to Vat
(7.53)
wall,
x = for reasons of symmetry. At a point (x, y) near the
Xo
~
~ 0,
0, I (7.54)
- In
2
+!I (tan-1
(a
. . . (7.56)
x being measured from the join; the velocity distribution,
calculated by the method of Section 8.2.2, is the symbols are explained in the figure. The behaviour of
the velocity is shown for various values of the distance
W 3 ,/-- x 1 +YI-x2 from the wall. Although the point of inflexion and the
- = - y l - x2 --In-';''''':---
V 2 n Ixl infinite slope do not appear to be dangerous, since the
for-l ~ x ~ 0,
3 x 1 +YI-x2
=-- In Kli In 2!::..
2 nYl- x2 x (7.55)
s V
for o~x ~ 1,
( sin-1 ~-~)
3
=-+
2
x
x 2
nVx2-I
for 1 ~ x ~ co.
-1-5 -1 -0,5 05 1
-- x
s
15
slope is finite at an arbitrarily small distance from the KAWALKI, K. H.: Theoretische Untersuchungen von Schnell
wall, the total fluctuation of the velocity in the neighbour- flugprofilen, die aus Ellipsenprofilen entwickelt sind. FB
1224/1 und 2 (1940).
hood of such a point is considerable. It is advisable not to KOCHANOWSKY, W.: Zur Berechnung del' Druckverteilung tiber
expose sensitive boundary layers to such fluctuations. den Umfang beliebig geformter Fitigelschnitte. Jahrb. 1937
dDL I, S. 58.
7.4 Cambered Profiles - Weitere Ergebnisse von Druckverteilungsrechnungen tiber
den Umfang beliebig geformter Fltigelschnitte. Jahrb. 1938
For small camber, camber lines and thickness distribu- dDL I, S. 82.
tions can be additively superimposed: the corresponding KOPPENFELS, W. Y.: Ebene Potentialstromung langs einer
velocity-distributions can then also be additively super- glatten Wand mit stiickweise stetiger Krtimmung. Lufo 17
(1940), S. 189-195.
imposed, to a good approximation. Even if the cambered
LEHlIIANN and F. ZEUNERT: Beitrage zur Profilforschung.
profiles have not been constructed by simple superposition, UM 7603 (1944).
the velocity distributions can still be thus determined LEMME, H. G.: Kraftmessungen und Druckverteilungsmessun.
provided that co-ordinates with the longest chord as gen an einem Rechteckfltigel mit Spalt.Knicknase, Wol
abscissa are used in the calculation (as required in the bungs. und Spreizklappe odcr Rollklappe. FB 1676/2 (1943).
theoretical treatment in Section 8.2.3). Theoretical - Kraftmessungen t1nd Druckverteilungsmessungen an einem
Rechteckfltigel mit Doppel.Knicknase. FB 1676/3 (1944).
pressure distributions on some profiles, with allowance for PANKHURST, R. C. and H. B. SQUIRE: Calculated Pressure
viscous effects, are given in Figures 12.7 ff, for various lift Distributions for the RAE 100-104 Aerofoil Sections.
coefficients; these distributions have been calculated by C.P. 80 (1950).
the method described in Section 9.1. In Section 12.4 PATTERSON, E. W. and A. L. BRASLOW: Ordinates and Theoreti
experimental pressure distributions are reproduced, in cal PressureDistribution Data for NACA 6 and 6ASeries
Airfoil Sections with Thicknesses from 2 to 21 and from 2 to
which the influence of various arrangements of flaps can be 15 per cent Chord, Respectively. NACA TX 4322 (1958).
examined. The regions of separated flow are prominent; PIERCY, N. A. V., R. W. PIPER and L. G. WHITEHEAD: The
they are recognisable by the pressure's becoming suddenly New Transformed Wing Sections. Aircraft Engineering 10
constant. (1938), p. 339.
PIPER, R. W.: Extensions of the New Family of Wing Profiles.
Phil. Mag. Ser. 7 (1937), p. 1114.
7.5 References PINKERTON, R. M.: Calculated and Measured Pressure Distribu
.ALLEN, H. J.: Calculation of the Chordwise Load Distribution tions over the Midspan flection of the NACA 4412 Airfoil.
over Airfoil Sections with Plain, Split or Serially Hinged NACA Rep. No. 563 (1936).
Trailing Edge Flaps. NACA Rep. 634 !1938). - The Variation with Reynolds Number of Pressure Distribu
BETZ, A.: Verlauf der Stromungsgeschwindigkeit in der Nach tion over an Airfoil Section. NACA Rep. No. 613 (1937).
barschaft einer Wand im Fall einer unstetigen Kriimmungs- RIEGELS, F. and J. LIESE: Druckverteilungskatalog. FB 1884
anderung. Lufo 19 (1942), S. 129-131. (1944).
DOETSCH, H. and A. PASCHKE: Druckverteilungsmes8ungen RIEGELS, F.: Umstromungsproblem bei inkompressiblen
und Wagungen an den Prqfilen NACA 23009, 23012 und Potentialstromungen I, II. Ing. Arch. 16 (1948), S. 373, 17
23018 ohne und mit Spreizklappe im 5 X 7 mWindkanaI (1949), S. 94 und Berichtigung 18 (1950), S. 321.
der DVL. FB 1095 (1939). ROSSNER, G.: nber eine Klasse von theoretischen Profilen mit
DOETSCH, H.: Untersuchungen an einigen Profilen mit ge vier frei wahlbaren geOlpetrischen Parametern. Jahrb. 1942
ringem Widerstand im Bereich kleiner ca-Werte. Jahrb. 1940 dDL I, S. 142.
dDL I, S. 54-57. SCHLICHTING, H. and A. ULRICH: Zur Berechnung des Urn
FI;UGGELoTZ, J. and F. KEUNE: Druckverteilungen an Kar- schlages laminar/turbulent. Jahrb. 1942 dDL I, S. 8-35.
man-TrefFtz-Profilen bei hohen Auftriebsziffem. Jahrb. 1938 SCHMIDT, W.: Entwurf, Auftrieb, Moment und Druckverteilung
dDL I, S. 39. eines JoukowskyS.Profiles. Jahrb. 1939 dDL I, S. 50-54.
FLUGGELoTZ, J. and I. GINZEL: Die ebene Stromung um ein SCHlIfIEDEN, S.: Die konforme Abbildullg von Tragfliigeln mit
geknicktes Profil mit Spalt. Jahrb. 1939 dDL, I S. 55/66. Kriimmungssingularitaten. Jahrb. 194:2 dDL I, S. 106-10.
GLAUERT, H.: A Theory of Thin Aerofoils. R & M No. 910 SCHRENK, 0.: Druck- und Geschwindigkeitsverteilung langs der
(1924). Fltigeltiefe fiir verschiedene Flugzustande. Ringbuch der
- Theoretical Relationships for an Aerofoil with Hinged Flap. Luftfahrttechnik, I A 11 (1938).
R & M No. 1095 (1927). - and A. W ALZ : Theoretische Verfahren zur Berechnung
HARRIS, A. TH. and G. J. LOWRY: Pressure Distribution over von Druck und Geschwindigkeitsverteilungen. Jahrb. 1939
an NACA 23012 Airfoil with a Fixed Slot and a Slotted Flap. dDL I, S. 29. .
NACA Rep. 732 (1942). TRwAlTES, B.: A Method of Aerofoil Design. I, II R & M No.
HELMBOLD, H. B. and F. KEUNE: Beitrage zur Profilforschung 2166 und 2167 (1945).
II, III. Lufo 20 (1943), S. 82. a
- A New Family of Low Drag Wings with Improved L-ranges.
JACOBS, E. N.: Preliminary Report on Laminar Flow Airfoils R & M No. 2292 (1945).
and New Methods Adopted for Airfoil and Boundary Layer W ALZ, A.: t1>ertragung gemessener Druckverteilungen auf be
Investigation. NACAWR 345 (1939). liebige Anstellwinkel. Lufo 16 (1939), S. 121-128.
- N ..EASTlIIAN and R. M. PINKERTON; Pressure Distribution - Potentialtheoretisch gerechnete Druckverteilungen diinner
over a Symmetrical Airfoil Section with Trailing Edge Flap. symmetrischer Profile mit heruntergeklappter Nase und Auf
NACA Rep. 360 (1930). triebsklappe. FB 1170 (1940).
7.5 REFERENCES
73
WANNER, A. and P. KRETZ: Druckverteilungs. und Profil.
widel'8tandsmessungen im Flug an den Profilen NACA NACA 23012 ExternalAirfoil Flap. NACA Rep. No. 614
(1938).
23012 und Go 549. Jahrb. 1941 dDL I, S. 111-119.
WENZlNGER, C. J.: Pressure Distribution over an Airfoil Sec.
- and B. J. DELANO: Pressure Distribution over an NACA
tion with a Flap and Tab. NACA Rep. No. 574 (1936). 23012 Airfoil with a Slotted and a Plain Flap. NACA Rep.
No. 633 (1938).
- Pressure Distribution over an NACA 23012 Airfoil with an
'.:f."
1
:i
Numerical Methods The former method has remained limited to special
profile families. The method of TREFFTZ for the construc-
8.1 The Flow Field tion of Joukowsky profiles has become well-known; in an
Two-dimensional incompressible flow about a profile can extension of this RUDEN describes a graphical procedure
be treated as potential flow throughout most of the field; (later simplified by PERES) for the determination of the
the only exceptions are small regions very close to the velocity vector at an arbitrary point, P, of the flow field.
profile in which viscous effects dominate (see Section 9.2). The construction requires no auxiliary lines, the magnitude
It is therefore possible to determine most of the flow field of the velocity being determined from the following quan-
theoretically, so that experiments are necessary only in tities (the notation is that of Figure 1.15): the distance
special cases (for example, when the effect of large regions PO of P, the point being considered, from 0, the origin;
of separated flow is to be investigated). If we continue to the distance PM between P and M, the centre of the
ignore changes in density, the inviscid flow about a profile transformed circle; the distance P N between P and N, the
at normal speeds (those compared with which the speed singular point near the nose; and the distance PS between
of sound, a, is very large) is governed by the equations of P and S, the front stagnation point on the transformed
continuity circle. We find that
free-stream direction with the tangent to the profile) are Methods involving the use of singularities are simple, but
usually small, so that log w = log (1 Llw) ~ Llw gives + unfortunately they do not give the velocity distribution on
the disturbance velocity directly; here, the disturbance an arbitrary profile to the required accuracy. BIRNBAUM
velocity is the deviation from the free-stream velocity and GLAUERT were able to solve this problem only for the
divided by the magnitude of this velocity. KEUNE (1938) special case of a "thin" profile: lat!lr, RIEGELS gave a
has coJilstructed similar fields, in which, as usual, the suitable solution for profiles of finite thickness; the results
complex velocity (wz + iwy) is used. of this extended theory are presented in Section 8.2.
For profiles of finite thickness PISTOLESI and KEUNE
have developed simple methods of calculation that use
source and sink distributions in addition to vortex dis- 8.2 Calculation of the Pressure Distribution for a
tributions. KEUNE'S method involves the construction of Prescribed Shape of Profilet
networks representing the flow fields of certain hasic
distributions (as in the method for thin profiles); these are 8.2.1 Velocity Distribution on a Thin Profile; Vortex
immediately applicable to other cases. PISTOLESI chooses Distribution
the same form for both the vortex distribution and the
8.2.1.1 Vortex Distribution on a Straight Line of Length c
source and sink distribution:
Suppose vortices are distributed along the x axis from
x = 0 to x = c. This vortex distribution, rex), induces
2w.. sin 8 1 c
V = -aocosh82-cos81 + x = "2 (1 + cosrp) , (8.12)
Q)
2 w,.
- --a
V -
( 1-
cosh e
sinh e 2
cos 8 1
)
+ - cot ~) drp'; (8.13)
2-
1\. as - d l = 2c cos e l , aa + d l = 2c cosh8:a. (8.10) t "The second main problem of profile theory. "
L_-
76
s. THEORY OF WING PROFILES II
-J V-
V--
c
2
y(x) = - -
:It
c-x
x
W
'
(x')
x' dx'
- - , --,-, (8.15) .
c-x x-x
Yc =_ ~ _1_
c sm IP 2 :It
f
~"
dy(c) (cot IP' -IP -
d IP' 2
o o
W, + V sin a dy(c)
(8.16) w = V Yj /2 yc/ 2 ; (8.21)
Veosa = d;-
the upper and lower signs refer respectively to the upper
If a is small this may be linearised to and lower sides of the plate.
W dy(c)
-'+a=~-, (8.17}
V dx 8.2.2 Velocity Distribution on a Symmetrical Profile;
Source Distribution and Additional Vortex
where y(C) denotes the ordinate of the plate at station x. Distribution
For the flat plate that coincides with the part of the x axis Consider a syinmetrical profile whose contour, y = y(t)(x),
dy(c)
-.1 lying between x = 0 and x = c, dx = 0, so that Wy = makes a small angl~ almost everywhere with the x axis.
l Suppose the flow is symmetrical, with a free-stream speed
-a V; from this, with the help of Equation (8.13), we of V cos a. The profile can be replaced by a distribution of
\ obtain the familiar expression for the distribution of sources along the x axis, q,(x), where
Ii circulation along a flat plate,
i
dy(l)
1 - coslP IP
Yj = 2 Va. = 2 Va tan -2 = q, (x) = 2 V cos a dx ; (8.22)
- SllllP
=2Va,
V c-x
-x- (8.18) this source distribution induces a velocity WZI along the x
axis, where
f(
1 dyl/) y(I) dx'
10 = (V cos a +10%,) .1 . (8.24) (8.25)
dx' - 2x'(c - x') x' - x .
Y1 + (dy/dx)2 o
- Equation 8.27
V
10
=J1+ 1 [
[dy(t)] 2 cos a
{ 1
1- ~
f c
ay(I) _dx_'_}
dx' x' - x
dx 0
-Equation 8.27a
10
V
1 . 2 1
[ cosa { sin q; - -c -
2n
-
f
2,.
dy(I)
--cot
dq;'
q;' - q;
2
o
(8.27a)
+ 2
sin a (l-cosq;) { 1 - - ; - -
1
c Sin q; 2n
f (--+-.
2,.
a
y(l))
-
dy(I)
,
------
i obviously be applied to bodies whose mean line is not show that, if b. = 0, the usual theory of thin profiles
straight. If, however, we consider only profiles with small results: using Equation (8.30) with Equation (8.29) we
find that, for small ~;,
camber (in practice, the camber of most profiles is small),
the contribution of the additional term proportional to
sin ex can be neglected. Unsymmetrical body shapes
y = y(x) (more exactly: y = yu(x) for the upper surface,
and y = yz(x) for the lower surface) can be regarded as w
-V = I +
L va.
cosvrp-I rp
+atan- , (8.31)
having been formed by a superposition of symmetrical sinrp 2
profile shapes y(t) on cambered plates y(c) :
this being the expression familiar from the theory of thin
y = y(c) y(t) = yu + yz
"'--_"'-- yu - yz profiles (see DURAND II, p. 41). The term that is singular at
(8.28)
2 2 the leading edge can be written separately if we split the
or, in terms of rp, series up into its even and odd terms; we find that
'y(rp) + y(-rp) + y(rp) - y(-rp)
y ()
rp = 2 2 w .. cos 2vrp-l
V
1+ L2va2.
1
.
SInrp
+
In the calculation of the corresponding velocity contribu-
tions along the x axis a contribution due to the camber, cos (2v -I)rp - cosrp
+ L1
CD
-Equation 8.29
w
v
(8.29)
-- Equation 8.34
CD CD CD CD
w { cos a (sinrp + L va. cos vrp + LV b. sin vrp - L va.) + sin a (1- cosrp) (1 + L {Jp cos p,rp)}
I V
_ _ _ _ _ _ _~l____~===l~=;~7===~l===;~==~===7--~--~o-----
Vsin2rp + (L v b, cos vrp - L va. sin Vrp)2
(8.34)
For an exact calculation from this equation the contour distribution (the difference between the velocities
must be given in the form of a Fourier series. This can be 1.Ovl + y'2 on the upper and lower sides of the axis) is
avoided by using a suitable approximate procedure: if we
are given the ordinates at certain fixed values of x we can
replace the Fourier series by a finite series whose terms F (q;) F (2n-q;) }
consist of products of the ordinates with certain fixed y(q;)=V { sinq; - sin (2n-q;)
coefficients; the fixed values of x are given by t
F(q;) + F. (2n-q;)
:1:"
nn) .
="21 ( 1 + cos 11 (8.35)
=V
SInq;
,
or
The velocity distribution is
N-l
An integration along the chord gives the force normal to
D= Ib,,1 + L B_ x 2Ym(C). the free-stream direction:
",_I
c n
The upper and lower signs refer to the upper and lower sides
of the profile respectively. ~: denotes the slope of the profile
L = (! V I y(x)dx = V I y (q;) sinq;dq;;
(!
o o
with respect to the parametric angle; we can easily obtain
n;
this by plotting y against q; or it is important only near
the nose. 2N is the total number of fixed points at which its coefficient is
the ordinates Ym (on the suction side) and Y2N-m (on the
pressure side) are prescribed; Ym(t) and Ym(C) are given by
+- f
points (those in the series n = 1, 3, 5, ... ) after, ifnecessary. n
dOL ( 2 y(I) (q;) )
- =2n 1 -.-dq;
da. n SInq;
o
8.2.5 Forces and Moments
To determine the force and moment exerted on the body
we require the vortex distribution along the x axis in
Fourier form. Let the numerator of the right-hand side of
Equation (8.34) be denoted by F(q;); then the vortex
N-l :\
t For practical reasons x and y are here referred to a. chord of = 2n (
1 + ~A",X2Ym(t); (8.39)
unity (c = 1).
80 8. THEORY OF WING PROFILES II
CXO = - -
2
n
f" y(c)(q:
- . - - dq:>=
SIn q:>
co,
Y
""T'
va. the positive sense of the moment is clockwise, if the flow is
assumed to come from the left; the coefficient is
o
N-l
=L B". X2Ym(C); (8.40) (Cm)=~=
(! I
1
"2VSc2
,.
a* = -
,
f
,2
- -.-
n
cosq:>
Sill2q:>
y(C) (q: dq:> d~~:h can be written in the form
o
f"
ao N-l
= L (2 v -1) a~._l = L E"..X2Ym(C); (8.41)
1 (
1 1 d(Cm),
--= --
dOL 4
1 + -n2 I+2cosq:>-2cos2q:>
smq:>
. y(t)(q:dq:>
)
o
the corresponding lift coefficient is
"
CL*= 2n(a* - CXO) =4f y(.C)(q:>_) dm 2
T
sm q:>
o
(8.44)
'" N-l
! = -4n L
1
pat. = IF". X2Ym(c).
1
(8.42)
If
When calculating the moment we must remember that
the source distribution, as well as the vortex distribution,
makes a contribution. If we refer the moment to the point " 2cosq:>-cos2q:> n '"
I
-'I,
t
x = 0, then "the contribution from the source distribution
has the value
Cmo= -
fo
I-~osq:>
'y(cf (q: dq:> =- L
22
pa.
l!
I,
LI(Mh = (! V sin a fq
c
(x) x dx; =
N-l
L1
D". X2Ym(c). (8.45)
I,
o
!t
so that, for the total moment referred to the point x = 0, Numerical values of Am, B m, etc are given in Table 11.7.
I'
! we have
c
(Mh =- (! V f[
o
y(x) - aq(x) ]x dx 8.3 Calculation of the Profile Shape for a Prescribed
Velocity Distributiont
L
8.3 CALCULATION OF THE PROFILE SHAPE FOR A PRESCRIBED VELOCITY DISTRIBUTIO~ 81
approximate method has been given by TRUCKENBRODT. symmetrical profile, y(t), at zero incidence, the direction of
We shall describe only the results necessary for practical its chord coinciding with the free-stream direction. Such a
application. velocity distribution can be written W = V W2, where +
W2 denotes the disturbance velocity associated with the
thickness distribution. A stagnation point occurs at the
8.3.1 Thin Profiles leading edge of the profile (that is, W must vanish there).
Suppose the velocities on the upper and lower sides of the We can think of the distribution of W2 as induced by a
chord are different from one another at each point, but source distribution assumed to lie along the chord; since
that they satisfy the relation W = V WI, where the the normal velocity on the surface of the profile must be
upper and lower signs refer to the upper and lower sides zero, E,quation (8.24) represents an integul equation for
respectively; this corresponds to the camber line of a the slope of the upper side.
profile at a certain angle of incidence, a. For the flow to ThiS equation becomes
leave the trailing edge smoothly WI must vanish there. We
can regard the distribution of WI as induced by a vortex
distribution assumed to lie along the chord. From the
condition that the normal velocity vanish on the camber
dr' ~-~j[; Vl+(dt7-}
o
line we obtain the following formula for the slope of the
dy(e)
camber line, dx' by using Equations (8.11), (8.17), and
(8.21).
x
V x' (c-x')
x(c-x)
-----
dx'
x-;r;!'
(8.50)
I ( = ~ (f I (D)+ ~ 1. (8.54)
'" '" '"(( -
1 +
I
Y". a".
(f>-I) )2
,
I'
solution from the Fourier representation, which allows an
immediate calculation of the profile ordinates; we obtain ness distribution, is known; the shape of the camber line
and the local angle of incidence can then be calculated as
described in Section 8.3.1. There the required velocity
I
y(l) 1 f '.,
"
-4- t (p ) sm p In 1
- e= n - C O S p-p
( ')
1 - cos (p + p') ,
dp. (8.55)
distribution is denoted by Wi; for Wi we must now write
I1 (8.56)
so that Equation (8.47) becomes
" Wu - WI (8.60)
9 = - - - - +Llg,
I. 2 V
! TRUCKENBRODT has given the coefficients bmn for N = 12.
I
I
where
Wa
Llg=-a,,-. (8.61)
V
8.3.3 Unsymmetrical Profile at Incidence
Suppose the velocities on the upper and lower sides of the We first put Llg = 0; then, carrying out the calculatioI
chord are different at each point; we can then write described in Section 8.3.1, we find that
(8.57)
or
this term, which is produced by the incidence of the thick- into a circle. Almost all the authors do the second stage by
ness distribution, can be considered simply as an additional an iterative procedure, in which the imaginary part of an
change in the camber line; the corresponding change in the analytic function is determined from a knowledge of the
local angle of incidence is found to be real part. Both MULLER and VON KARMAN and TREFFTZ
use the convenient method of harmonic analysis for this;
a = [1 -2 -
ale)
dy(t)]
ale)
(8.64) -
e (cp) = - 2x
1 f
2,.
-, -,-
cp - cp -,
'P (cp ) cot - 2 - - dcp . (8.69)
-
c dcp '1'=,. o
We find that the change in the ordinates of the camber line Here e = p - 8; it is the angular difference between the
IS vectors of two points connected by the mapping function,
(t)
one on the approximately circular figure (C', with angular
Lfy(e) = -a(1 - cos cp) ( Jf-- + [
dy(t)] ); coordinate 8), and one on the circle (C, with angular
smcp dcp '1'=" coordinate p); this is illustrated in Figure 8.1. C' and
(8.65)
log WI = 'P are known functions of the angle 8, since C'
is the distance from the point chosen as centre of the
and, at the points n = P.. N, we have circle to the point on the approximately circular figure,
x
and so C' can be obtained graphically. If we write p' ~ 8
and use 'P(8) as the distribution function in Equation
(8.66)
(8.69), we can find a first approximation, e(l); from this we
obtain an improved value of p, p(l) = 8 e(l); e(2) is +
where the ,constants, Pn. and qn, have been calculated for formed from 'P(p(l) in the same way, and an iteration
N = 12, and are'given in Table 11.9c. The three parts, procedure carried out until successive approximations
y(t), y(e), and Lfy(e), must be combined to give the required cease to differ significantly.
ordinates: The idea sketched here has been used by the authors as a
method of calculation. In an extension by WALZ it is made
y = y(t) y(c) LJy(c). (8.67) the basis of a graphical procedure, by which even irregular
contours (for example, profiles with flaps and dead-water
regions) can be mapped into a circle; the graphical aids
8.4 Remarks on the Rigorous Methods of Conformal are used mainly in the construction of the approximately
Mapping circular figure and in the evaluation of the Poisson integral.
8.4.1 Older Solutions of the Second Main Prohlem
Mathematical methods for the conformal mapping of
, ~
the exterior of a given profile (lying in the z plane) into the ,- ...
/
exterior of the unit circle (lying in the Cplane) are based on ./
./
~
'the mapping function I
I
, I
,,
I
(8.68)
I
I
BETZ and KEUXE treat the first problem with the help of a Here, (jim = n;;(m = 0, 1, ... , 2N); amn and pmn are
network based on the source-sink flow field; the second
problem is solved with the aid of a suitably numbered constants that can be calculated once and for all,
network. For normal profiles the iteration converges
rapidly, and only a few steps are necessaryt. In the
a",.. = 1 1 - (_1)"'+" X
determination of the velocity distribution the derivative of
the mapping function is required; this can be obtained in
p",,. = I 4N
terms of distances between certain points, as described in n (m+n) n (m-n) )
Section 8.1. X ( cot 2N cot 2N ; (8.72)
We end this brief description of other procedures that
use potential theory by referring to some later work.
RINGLEB and ROSSXER have been able to represent more 2N is the number of values of cpo
general types of profiles by a combination of known WITTICH realises that, with the help of this representa-
mapping functions; the significance of the methods used tion, the function that maps the profile into the circle can
can be easily understood intuitively. THEODORSEN, be obtained by iteration from a simple initial approxima-
GOLDSTEIN, LIGHTHILL, THWAITES, and others have tion, and that an intermediate mapping into an approxi-
succeeded in obtaining solutions of the first and second mately circular figure is unnecessary. This idea leads him
main problems in a different way: they have treated the to a representation of the mapping in the form of an
mapping problem analytically; there is then little need for integral equation for x(<ji),
intuitive assumptions about the form of certain functions,
but the mathematical analysis cannot be described as x (qi) = ao + 2a cos ;p - 2 b sin qi -
simple.
f (x (qi) cot
qi'_qi
2 dqi'; (8.73)
The procedure of Theodorsen requires the evaluation of n
a Poisson integral; such an integral frequently occurs in
i boundary value problems concerning a circle. Graphical this equation is a relationship between the co-ordinates of
I methods are not always the most accurate of procedures; the profile, x and y ( = !(x)) , and the angle <ji. The constants,
ao, 2a, and 2b are determined from the chosen normalisa-
and a direct calculation of the integral is often both
inaccurate and inconvenient because of the singular tion of the profile; if the longest chord is chosen as the x
\
points. For these reasons WITTICH approximates the axis, we can make the point on the circle for which <ji =
go into the trailing edge (x = 1), and another point on the
\ distribution function by a trigonometric polynomial, and
determines the coefficients by considering the integrand at circle, <ji = <ji*, go into the leading edge (x = 0). These
\ certain fixed .values of (ji; by this method the integral is conditions can' be written;
tI
approximated in the sense of the method of least squares
(Gauss).
Instead of the integral
x(o) =1, d- _ (dx)
cp
. =0:
~=O
x(<ji*) = 0, (dd:) _ _
cp y=q*
= O.
f
2n
2~
The solution of the above integral equation, Equation
- I (qi') cot qi' -; qi dqi' = h (qi) , (8.70)
(8.73), is obtained by the following iteration procedure. As
h (qi .. )
h (- )
=}
=
N
La",.. S",-
N
L P",.. d .
m , (8.71)
-
hdcp) = -
1
2n
f
2"
(-I
Yo cp ) cot
cp' -2 qi d-cp' ,
C{J2N-n m=o m_o '
o
where where yo = !(xo); we determine the constants and so
obtain the second approximation,
(8.74)
t WITTICH has investigated the basic question of the conver
gence of the Theodorsen procedure; he finds that, in general, it is
assured provided that the approximately circular figure is with Yl = h(x) we obtain the third approximation, X2, in
stellar (that is, its radius vector is a one-valued function of the the same way. For the calculation of the Poisson integral
polar angle) and that the maximum value of IdlJl/dE>1 is less
h,(<ji) we use WITTICH'S finite series. Numerical calculatiom
than approximately 1/12.
8.5 REFERENCES 85
show that the sequence converges fairly well. For thick JAECKEL, K.: Das Geschwindigkeitsfeld eines beIiebigen diin-
and uncambered profiles the convergence of the process nen und schwach gewolbten Tragfliigelprofils. Lufo 16 (1939),
can be improved by using the following procedure from X2 S.209.
- Eine Formel fiir die von einem diinnen Tragfliigelprofil indu-
. X2
onward s; we wrIte - = Xl+ X2 and , f rom tIS,
--2- h' d etermme
. zierten Geschwindigkeiten in Punkten, die auf der verlanger-
tel1 Sehne liegen. Lufo 16 (1939), S. 53.
. Xa
Xa; we t hen wrIte - X2 + Xa and, f rom tIS,
= --2- h' determme
. - Auswertung der Ackermann-Birnbaumschen Integralglei-
chung mit Hilfe einer Interpolationsformel. Z. f. Flugwiss. 3
X4; and so on. A procedure due to IMAI (proposed at
(1955), S. 46/48.
KARlIIAN, T. v. and E. TREFFTZ: Profilstromung urn gegebene
about the same time) differs only in minor details; Tables
Tragflachenquerschnitte. ZfM 9 (1918), S. 111.
11.4 contain velocity distributions that have been cal- KAWALKI, K. H.: Profile geringster tJbergeschwindigkeit bei
culated by IMAI, KAJI, and UMEDA, with the help of this vorgegebenen Auftriebsbeiwerten. LGL-Bericht 156, S. 163
method. bis 169.
If we restrict ourselves to symmetrical profiles, the - Theoretische Untersuchungen von Schnellprofilen, die aus
Ellipsenprofilen entwickelt sind. FB 1224/1 und 2 (1940).
determination of the constants is greatly simplified; it can
KEUNE, F.: Auftrieb einer geknickt~n ebenen Platte. Lufo 13
be reduced to the solution of the two linear equations (1936), S. 85-87.
- Momente und Ruderauftrieb einer geknickten ebenen Platte.
ao + 2a + h (0) = 1, a o - 2a + h (n) = O. Lufo 14 (1937), S. 558.
KEUNE, F.: Die ebene Potentialstromung urn allgemeine dicke
Tragfliigelprofile. Jahrb. 1938 dDL I, S. 3.
In this case the original idea of RIEGELS-WITTICH (to - Theoretische Profilformen mit weitgehend freier Wahl der
determine the mapping constants by iteration, without Dickenverteilung und der Skelettformen. Jahrb. 1940 dDL I,
S.36-40.
using the preceding integral representation) is easily
- Aerodynamische Berechnung systematischer Fliigelprofile.
carried out; this has been shown by RINGLEB. Jahrb. 1943 dDL I A 024 in Techn. Ber. 11 (1944), Heft l.
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die Ermittlung der Unterdruckspitzen und den Einflu3 des
ALLEN, H. J.: A Simplified Method for the Calculation of Airfoil Hochbiegens der Profilvorderkante. Jahrb. 1940 dDL I, S. 72
Pressure Distribution. NACA TN 708 (1939). bis 80.
- General Theory of Airfoil Section Having Arbitrary Shape KRUGER, H.: Zur Geschwindigkeitsbestimmung an gewolbten,
or Pressure Distribution. NACA ACR No. 3G29 (1943). diinnen Profilen in allgemeiner Potentialstromung. MPI-
BETZ, A.: Anderung der Profilform zur Erzielung einer vor- Bericht 52/B/12.
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S. 1. 7603 (1944).
- and F. KEUNE: Verallgemeinerte Karman-Trefftz-Profile. LIGHTHILL, M. J.: A New Method of Two-Dimensional Aero-
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2665 (1949). MANGLER, K. W.: Die Berechnung eines Tragfliigelprofils mit
EpPLER, R.: Die Berechnang von Tragfliigelprofilen aus der vorgeschriebener Druckverteilung. Jb. 1938 dDL I, S. 46.
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I-III, C.P. 68, 69, 70 (1942). - The Determination of the Angles of Attack of Zero Lift and
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VI, C.P. 71-73 (1945). (1923).
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10 (1938), p. 339. THEODORSEN, TH.: Theory of Wing Sections of Arbitrary Shape.
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(1936). Calculating Pressure Distribution. NACA ARR No. UG05,
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und ZAMM 24 (1944), 273. stromungsproblem bei inkompressibler Potentialstromung.
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durch Singularitaten auf der Achse. AVA-Bericht 45/ A/23 - Die Berechnung der Profilform bei vorgegebener Geschwin-
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.~.Ili
- Das Umstromungsproblem bei inkompresBiblen Potential- W ALZ, A.: tl'bertragung gemessener Druckverteilungen auf be-
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.
stromungen (II. Mitt.) Ing.-Arch. 17 (1949), S. 94-106 und lieher tJ'bergeschwindigkeit bei vorgegebenem Sehlankheits-
11 Berichtigung Ing.-Arch. 18 (1950), S. 329. grad. FB 1051 (1939).
RINGLEB, F.: Beitrage zur Theorie der Tragfiiigelprofile. FB - Zur Anwendung des Druekverteilungsrechenverfahrens von
!'!/, 1496 oder Jahrb. 1942 dDL I, S. 133-140. Theodorsen-Pinkerton. UM 3160 (1944).
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dDL. WEINIG, F.: tJ'ber1iragung der Druekverteilung eines Tragfliigel-
ROSSNER, G.: Systematische theoretiBche Untersuchungen iiber profils bei einem bestimmten auf einen beliebigen Anstell-
den Einfiu13 von Gestalt und Umril3kontur eines Tragfiiigel- winkel. Werft, Reederei, Hafen 94 (1931), S. 115.
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FB 1893 (1940). an einem Tragfiiigelprofil yom Anstellwinkel. Werft, Ree-
- Uber eine KlaBse von theoretiBehen Profilen mit vier frei- derei, Hafen 96 (1933), S. 127.
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S.142-159. fiiigelprofil. Lufo 12 (1935), S. 222-228.
RUDEN, P.: Ein graphisch-rechnerisches Verfahren zur Be- - Die Stromungsverhaltnisse im Felde diinner sehwaehgewolb-
Btimmung des Geschwindigkeitsvektors im Stromungsfeld ter Tragfiiigelprofile. ZAMM 18 (1938), S. 107.
eines Joukowsky-Profils. Ing.-Arch. 7 (1936), S. 71-80. WITTICH, H.: Bemerkung zur Druekverteilungsreehnung nach
SCHRENK, 0.: Druck- und GeBchwindigkeitsverteilung langs Theodnrsen-9arriek. Jahrb. 1941 dDL I, S. 52-57.
der Fliigeltiefe fiir verschiedene Flugzustande. Ringb. d. - Zur nii.herungsweisen Bereehnung der Gesehwindigkeit urn
Luftfahrttechnik (1938) I A 11. Tragfiachenquerschnitte. UM 3145 (1944).
9. mE mEORY OF WING PROFILES III
Viscous Flow
(see Figure 9.1). Because a is a small angle we can obtain a
9.1 Inftuence of Reynolds Number on Pressure linearised representation for the corrected pressure
Distribution and Lift distribution,
It is easily confirmed that, if the flow has not separated,
pressure distributions obtained by potential theory agree
well with measurements at small values of CL (apart from
the immediate neighbourhood of the trailing edge). At
higher values of CL systematic deviations occur; a familiar
+ 2x.. (D =t= C sinal =t= 2a.. ; ]
result is that the measured lift-curve slope is less than the ... (9.1)
value predicted by potential theory (Figure 9.1). A
The derivation of this equation is based on the theory of
Section 8.2; Lt: and; are respectively the pressure and
velocity distributions at the angle of incidence of the
experiment, a, determined according to Equation (8.36);
the meanings of the double sign and of the remaining
Fig. 9.1. Deftnition of Lla quantities (including F = en + (~~r) have already been
explained. The correction term,Lta (dependent on Reynolds
number), is a function of CL and can be taken from an
calculation using potential theory leads to larger peak experiment on the profile being considered; if no such
suctions and CL values than are measured, provided that experiment is at our disposal we can either estimate the
the angle of incidence is the same as in the experiment: the behaviour of CL(a) from the results of a similar profile or
same calculation carried out for a smaller angle of incidence, try to derive an approximation from the calculated
such that the theoletical value of CL is the same as the boundary layer thickness near the trailing edge.
experimental value, produces peak suctions that are too Figure 12.27 illustrates the agreement to be expected
small. Provided that the value of CL is not too high, the between theory and experiment when a slide rule and
fact that the boundary layer thickens rapidly near the graphical aids are used; attached flow is assumed. We
trailing edge (so that the potential flow is displaced out- usually find that large discrepancies between theory and
wards) is responsible for only a small part of the discrep- experiment occur only in the neighbourhood of the trailing
ancy. Usually a more important cause is that the Kutta
condition, that the flow leave the trailing edge smoothly, edge (approximately, between ~ = 09 and ~ = 1)' they
c c'
is not fulfilled, and so a change in the circulation Occurs. arise mainly from the assumption that the rear stagnation
BETZ has therefore proposed that the rear stagnation point point lies at the trailing edge, this being only approximately
should be moved a small distance from the trailing edge true.
and be placed on the suction side of the profile. PINKERTON We have seen that the influence of Reynolds number on
has successfully extended this proposal by assuming that the pressure distribution is small, if the flow is attached.
the slope of the profile changes in a way dependent on the Figure 12.38 shows that important changes Occur if
local state of the boundary layer; the distortion corresponds separation of the boundary layer takes place (for example,
to a reduction in local camber (that is, to a decrease in the at a sufficiently high angle of incidence); the pressure
local angle of incidence). The distribution along the chord distribution is then strongly influenced by the appearance
of the change is arbitrarily assumed to have the form of regions of separated flow. A remarkable feature is that
Lta
"2 (1 + cos tp), since the approximate behaviour only is the variation of pressure along th!l whole chord is altered;
as the Reynolds number decreases, the theoretically high
required; Lta is the amount by which the angle of incidence suction peaks are considerably reduced and finally dis-
must be changed to produce the experimental value of CL appear almost completely. Consequently, at small Rey-
88 9. THE THEORY OF WING PROFILES III
6 FI::S
VZ)_I/.
5z ( - - (9.2)
be found in the exhaustive works of TOLLMIEN (see
Section 1.5.2) and SCHLICHTING (see Section 1.5.1). Before
" any of these procedures had been devised, the methods of
VON KARMAN and POHLHAUSEN were of great importance;
and in the turbulent case these methods use the momentum theorem as a starting-
point for a theoretical calculation. There is an inevitable
loss in accuracy, because the velocity profiles in the
(9.3) boundary layer are assumed to be a one-parameter family
of curves; familiar choices are the boundary layer profiles
calculated by HARTREE for the special potential flows
where x denotes the length of the boundary layer. These
are not sufficient to make an accurate forecast of the w "'. X(2~{J)
(x being the arc length of the contour), and
boundary layer development on a profile; the reason is the polynomial distributions used by POHLHAUSEN to
the strong dependence of the velocity distribution in the represent an arbitrary velocity distribution along the
boundary layer on the pressure distribution in the outer
flow.
In general, the velocity profile u(y) is concave towards ,.g r-------,r-:::::=O-~=-----:::I==---__,
the axis in a favourable pressure gradient; if the pressure
..!!..
begins to rise, a point of inflexion soon appears in the //I
of t he ve IOClty, dy' an d t h e sk'In f'
du .
nctIOn, 't'
du
= f-L dy'
decrease as the outside pressure increases, and finally
become zero ("laminar separation"). However, according
to TOLLMIEN, velocity profiles with a point of inflexion are
unstable-that is, small disturbances can be amplified Fig. 9.3. Infiuence of suction, for the fiat plate; suction velocity given by
to such an extent that transition from a laminar to a v, = - ~2"'%
~. Figure shows velocity distribution in the boundary layer for
turbulent bouRdary layer takes place. The velocity profile
various suction-parameters G = cQv'R. G < 0: blowing. G = 0: Blasius.
is also strongly influenced when air is sucked in or blown G > 0; suction. (SCHLICHTING-BUSSHANN)
9.2 CALCULATION OF BOUNDARY LAYERS 89
t 20
~ ~ ...
(9.8) 117M 18 20
I
I"""
10
(}8
.... ,.,;:
II;'''' I'Z
(}6
(c) "Energy thickness",
, 0,'
6 = f :[
o
1- ( : YJ dy; (9.9)
(9.10)
5
--
10' l
/III"
I'
where
based on the chord, Vc, are prescribed; we wish to know
wi}
"
the development of the laminar and turbulent boundary
b=O. b = 007 log - - 023.
layers (that is, the behaviour of the momentum thickness, "
fj(x), and the form parameter, B(x. The formulas for the The corresponding form parameter, B, and (in the laminar
laminar and the turbulent boundary layers are placed side case) the skin-friction coefficient, TOfj, can be read off from
by side. pw
First, fj(x) is easily obtained from Figure 9.7. In the turbulent case, the skin-friction co-
efficient can be found subsequently from the values
*
- (x)
-= *
- (x)
-= ; (9.14)
obtained for Band wI}, as described by either LUDWIEG
C C
"
and TILLMANN or ROTTA (Figure 9.4 and Section 9.4.3).
Initial Values
in these equations (a) A boundary-layer calculation is usually started at the
stagnation point (so that Xl = 0); at this point W = ex
A., (x) = c1 + A,(x) = Cl + where C = (ddW ) For the laminar boundary layer
X z-O
the following initial values are then valid:
where
V: fjo =0271; Lo=Q-0260; H o =225.
L = !..!.
E
L + In W W +.!.
E
I[b (r) -In!" (E') Jd E' (9.15)
1 WI
,. WI'
92 9. THE THEORY OF WING PROFILES III
\ II
method and from a NACA experiment [R772] on the profile
NACA 65 (216)-222.
1\ 1-8
An allowance for the effect of compressibility on the
boundary layer leads to a considerable complication in
"'~
the theoretical methods and solutions, because not only the
,., velocity profile but also the density (or temperature)
"" ----r--
~
profile is unknown. Nevertheless, there already exists a
large number of theoretical results for the flat plate (with
constant pressure) and for boundary layers in favourable
and unfavourable pressure gradients.
'1
175
~
--- ~ II
7
boundary layer does decrease as H increases, but it never 050
/ iAJO ~~
v;..L. ~:.~
vanishes completely; as an approximation TRUCKENBRODT
and also DOENHOFF and TETERVIN take the smallest value
of H at which separation begins to be 18 and the largest
o:zs ~;}20
" ~.
r~
v> ~
p-
..... 4'c -
value to be 24. The corresponding values of L are -0,13
and -0,18.
f16 ..DB., ........................ .......
'<til
rt.-
t
005 \ .~. f'fO'2
\
: (}(. 06
-sic
lJ8 10
-005
, . I
-fRO
w : .
V -/Ri I/aminar
I,
llrbuIert
"l
"- ......... Fig. 9.10. Example of a boundary layer calculation for compressible tlow,
M = 0'7. Dashed line: incompressible calculation for the same pressure
w'lI l
1-0 distribution. A, = - : Pohlhansen parameter. Danger of separation when
Q IN g.& g.J N_.!!.. go
'1 "" 0'8, '1 being Gruschwitz parameter. Reynolds number: 4.10'. Protllp:
C 23009. IX - 1'47, CL - 0'34. (W.uz)
U
II
J
t An attempt to determine the effect of compressibility
meets still greater difficulties when the boundary layer is
'6 ~ turbulent, since the approximations made for the density
~ ~/ profile in a laminar boundary layer are not valid in a
.,., '" '" ~ V/!
-
turbulent boundary layer. To obtain a first estimate WALZ
I=:?'
~ introduces an average density, which is dependent on the
,.g
.. ~
Mach number and the velocity of the outer flow but not
on the velocity profile of the boundary layer. Figure 9.10
o g., g'l 0;]. g.,_.!!... go
o
shows results for boundary layers on the profile NACA
c 23009 at a Mach number of 0,7, which have been obtained
Fig. 9.9. Comparison ofa NACA experiment (0) witb a theoretical by this method; also shown is a calculation performed for
boundary layer calculation as described in Section 9.2.3
the same pressure distribution on the assumption that the
9.3 RESULTS OF STABILITY CALCULATIONS AND CALCULATION OF THE CRITICAL REYNOLDS NUMBER 93
~
~
V
L 8
6
,
boundary layer becomes unstable to small disturbances at .11< 11<14 /l1It
Q 2.111 OOZ OQJ. 008 008
a sufficiently high Reynolds number. Under certain con- _ , .wyl
"a v
ditions these small disturbances can be amplified; when
they become sufficiently large they cause transition to the
Fig. 9.12. The critical Reynolds numbers (Wd.)
"crit.
and (1116)
" crit.
for
the Pohlhausen class of profiles, as a function of pressure gradient
turbulent state. The original small disturbances arise in
practice from surface roughness, or from isolated rough- (more accurately, of the form parameter, A, - ~~)
nesses such as rivet-heads or small pieces of metal; they
also come from turbulence in the air (for example, in a The extensive calculations lead to diagrams in which
wind tunnel). We shall discuss only the results of the theory, a!5* is plotted against log (w!5*/v) (see Figure 9.11). Here,
which has been experimentally confirmed by SCHUBAUER
and SKRAMSTAD. a: = 2;, where A. is the wave length of the disturbance
superimposed on the potential flow; hen~e, apart from a
factor of 2n, a:!5* is the reciprocal of the disturbance
wave length referred to 15*, the displacement thickness;
.
Ih..
~A @-. c'-
:::;j
L\,\ ~
~ Ls:~; ~:~ r---... SucliQ/1 li~
. t.
~ ~ ~ t--.
~~ i':-.
\~.
rU/ V I
PresslIN W,
/il H.ft
v
u..
V
Fig. 9.11. Result of a stability calculation. for the boundary layer In a o Oz 06 -sic' 1:0
potential flow w = V + :~ x. Instability inside, stability outside, the region Fig. 9.13. Position of the point of instability on a Joukowsky profile
enclosed by thick line. R.rlt. = (W:.) .rlt., the "critical Reynolds number" (~ -0'15), for various values of lift coefficient and Reynolds number.
(SCHLICHTING-ULRICH). A: position of laminar separation
94 9. THE THEORY OF WING PROFILES III
,
6 /"
./
./' ------ values for the Hartree class of profiles show only trifling
/ L differences. For an arbitrary pressure distribution we need
/ / V\-~(i) only perform a boundary layer calculation as described in
Section 9.2.4; the stability or instability of the boundary
1:;/./ ../
layer can then be determined with the help of Figure 9.12 .
V Figure 9.13 shows the results of such a calculation.
/, Investigation of the stability of boundary layers when
~1 suction or blowing is used leads to the remarkable result
that suction (like decreasing pressure) stabilises the bound-
-',15 ,rI- ~ 14
ary layer, whereas blowing (like increasing pressure) has a
destabilising effect. In Figure 9.14 the critical Reynolds
- C"-tjf<D Dr c-,,Ii(/) number is plotted against the coefficient 0 = cQ..;'R for
Fig. 9.14. The critical Reynolds number. (V dO) for the lIat plate with the flat plate: we see that the critical Reynolds number
.. edt.
can be approximately 100 times higher than its value when
Buction or blowing. as a function of the coefficient CQV R or -~ J!f. The no suction is usedt; consequently,_ the effect of an adverse
1 pressure gradient can be removed by using suction with a
suction velocity behaves as either tJ, - vi or tJ, = const. a corresponds
to the asymptotic suction prollie small value of the volume-flow-rate coefficient (see Figures
9.12 and 9.14). We can obtain a fairly detailed picture of
the behaviour of the critical Reynolds number, (W"*) crlt. ,
W"*
v
is a Reynolds number formed with theJocal velocity, V
w, and the displacement thickness. The curves shown in the if we plot this quantity against the ratio ~ (see Figure 9.15)
figure are the boundaries between the regions of stability
t The results obtained by different workers contain small
and instability: points inside the boundary correspond to deviations; these are due to the various form parameters used
an unstable state; those outside to a stable state. The and also to the approximations made in the extensive theoretical
lowest Reynolds number at which instability can occur is calculations. For the asymptotic suction profile, which appears
denoted by R erit ., and is called the critical Reynolds on the :flat plate with uniform suction at a sufficiently large
number. The authors mentioned above have investigated distance from the leading edge, the following va.lues of Rent.
have been obtained: 70,000 according to ULRICH; 55,200
the stability of various boundary layer profiles in favour- according to PRETSCH; and (most recently) 58,000 according to
able and unfavourable pressure gradients, the profiles WUEST.
~~~~=+~==~~~=+~~+=~~
,.
/wI-) "~-+---+--+----I--+---+---+-~-+---+----l
A'crH."\T/cri/ "~
P71' 'I'"
9'1~ G
, r---~---+----~~~~'~--~~--~---4----+----+----~--~---4
, ~--~--~--~-~~'~'~~~-+---+---+---+---+---+---+---4
2~~--+--+--~4-~-;~\~--~~--+--+--4-~~~
~'1,.
Fig. 9.15. The critical Reynolds number. (Wd*)
crit.o
~~~~~~-4---4---+~,r+---+---+---+--~--~~
d* 6 ---- ---- ---- ----- ----- ------~~....~- ------ ---
as a function of the parameter"ii' Without suction: '7.
Hartree prollles; LI. Pohlhausen prollies. Flat plate , r---~--~----+_--_+----~--~--~~.~--~----+----+----~~
1
with suction: O. '" = const.; 0.", - vi' Asymptotlc- 1 r---~--~----+_--_+----~--~--~~~.~~-~---_+._-_---+----~--~ ~-
Buction prollle: El. according to SCHLICHTING; x.
according to l'RlIiTSCH. - - - - flat plate without suction ~1~~~~-*--*-~~~~~~~~~-----+-~~---~'-~-'--~
N H H H M n M H M n ~ ~
0-
-H"-;;-
9.3 RESULTS OF STABILITY CALCULATIONS AND CALCULATION OF THE CRITICAL REYNOLDS NUMBER 95
blowing). The results lie approximately on a single curve, or by a similar parameter). Whether the region of instability
so it can be presumed that this curve is valid for any is reached depends on the wave length of the disturbance
combination of suction (or blowing) and pressure fall (or as well as on the Reynolds number; for disturbances of
rise). very small wave lengtht the region is not reached, so that
if the boundary layer separates it does so when it is still
laminar; for disturbances of large wave length, on the
9.3.2 Amplification and Transition
other hand, the amplification is usually very great in an .
The critical Reynolds number is not the only quantity unfavourable pressure gradient, and this can lead to
that determines whether transition from the laminar to transition; it is conceivable that transition can occur even
the turbulent state occurs; the amount by which dis- when the amplification is relatively small and a favourable
turbances are amplified is also of decisive importance. pressure gradient exists over large parts of the chord. The
This is characterised by the parameter {hd*jw (the solution of the problem of transition is still incomplete,
logarithmic increment of the amplification of the ampli- because it is not yet possible to state what amplification is
tude). This quantity has been calculated by SCHLICHTING ne<;essary to cause transition.
---~
~~
~ ~ :::: :::~ ~
~ ::: :-.::::--
!r
c
t
..... :-. ::'=: ~ ::---::::;:::;:
I"- ~ t:::: f::::
- -r--
0
10- J
.'
r....... r..... .......
~ f-~ fJ.2
(}I.
--
I-..
6 ....... .......... r- t-- I- 06
4 "- ....... --..
OO
z
.............
~
...... .....
t"-
r:-- -- lno
Fig. 9.16. Skin-friction drag coeftlclent of the lIat
plate, wetted on one side, as a function of Reynolds
'IT
, ~~
number for various values of the (chosen) position
of transition point. The momentum thickness Is
assumed continuous at the transition point
2 4 6 10 6 2 4 6 10' 2 , 6 10' 2 , 6
for the flat plate, and by PRETSCH for boundary layers in 9.3.3 Keeping the Boundary Layer Laminar at Higher
favourable and unfavourable pressure gradients. The Reynolds Nuinhers
essential result of PRETSCH'S work is that in the unstable
region the amplification in the boundary layer is con- It is shown in Section 9.4:2 that a large reduction in drag
siderably larger in an unfavourable pressure gradient than can be obtained if the boundary layer is kept laminar at
on the flat plate or in a favourable pressure gradient. The higher Reynolds numbers; for this it is necessary to
following example illustrates this: for a Hartree profile displace the point of transition rearwards from its position
(see Table 9.1) with fJ = 1 (corresponding to a favourable on normal profiles (which is a point somewhere on the first
pressure gradient) the maximum value of the amplification third of the chord); this is clearly true both for the flat
plate and for a wing profile. Whether it is at all possible
is given by (fJ(d*) = 7,3.10-4 ; for the flat plate to keep the boundary layer laminar in this way can be
w max.
(fJ = 0) the value is 3.45.10-3 ; for fJ = -01 (correspond- easily decided by a stability calculation. We might think
ing to an unfavourable pressure gradient) the value is that the stability of the boundary layer can be controlled
1.55.10-2 ; finally, for the separation profile (fJ = -0'1988) by a suitable choice of pressure distribution (that is, by a
the value is as high as 8.10-2 In addition, the curves suitable shape of profile); however, stability calculations
for a large number of profiles with systematically varied
of constant amplification (constant fJ:*) for various pressure distributions show that, for a prescribed minimum
pressure gradients (characterised by fJ) have been calculated pressure (in effect, for a prescribed maximum thickness),
for the whole unstable region of the disturbances; con- it is almost impossible by purely geometrical means to keep
sequently, it is possible to predict theoretically the the boundary layer stable over a large part of the chord,
amplification of disturbances along the whole of a profile t For
example: A < 350* when fJ = I; A < 21d* when
for an arbitrary pressure distribution; all that is required is fJ 0; A < lld* when fJ = -O}; and A < M* when fJ =
=
to determine at each point on the profile the Reynolds -0}988 (separation profile).
96 9. THE THEORY OF WING PROFILES III
if the Reynolds number is above a certain value. For 9.4.2 Drag of the Flat Plate with and without Boundary
profiles with a thickness ratio between 10% and 12% this Layer Control
limit lies at about R = 107 ; for thicker profiles it is higher. The flat plate is often used to provide a crude estimate
We therefore presume that many of the laminar effects for the skin-friction drag of profiles as a function of
measured in the American low-turbulence wind-tunnels at Reynolds number; this is because the skin-friction drag of
still higher Reynolds numbers occur at points that lie in the flat plate is a minimum value. It is usual to consider
the unstable region; consequently the smallest disturbance the skin-friction drag coefficient of one side of the plate.
can lead to transition, and this has actually been found For a laminar boundary layer,
(sensitiveness to finger marks; and other observations).
'"
This explains why in the profile measurements in German
wind-tunnels all the characteristics of a laminar boundary
! Todz 2t?(x) (X )-1/2 ;
(O,ham. = - - = - - = 1328 - R (9.17)
~V2x X C
layer disappear as the Reynolds number approaches 107 , 2
in spite of favourable pressure distributions and very for a turbulent boundary layer when R < 107,
smooth surfaces; the turbulence of the jet in the wind
tunnel is sufficient to cause transition of the unstable (O,}turb = 2t?(x) = 0.074 (~ R)-1/5 ; (9.18)
X C
boundary layer.
I I
7tf c,- 70
~ r-- """""'
--
70 5
~~ ~ ~
.......
5 ~~
~ 1:::-0,::"" !;:" '2 f-
2
~ t::.--... :::""= II=;;:
I........ ~ b ~
-~
.- J"- C-- 7
l""- r-- r-- ....
F=: ~ t---. 1m
r-:: ~...... ,..... "'i">-:" .~ .......
Fig. 9.17. Sklnfrlctlon drag coefficient of the flat
plate with suction as a function of Reynolds
number. for various types of suction velocity and
~
~
-
t-- - I(s-,.
I
'(s-eonst
I
7.
I
" " ..:"
~
.....,.....
........
I n.~
i""oo lM
I"-....
~
using results obtained for the flat plate, PRETSCH has OD = 2.~te (W;et2. (9.21)
calculated this distribution of suction velocity (Figure 9.19).
The drag coefficient corresponding to this. "optimum The second method determines the profile drag by addition
suction" is plotted in Figure 9.18, together with the of the skin-friction and form drags; the latter is estimated
minimum drag coefficients when the distribution of suction from the variation of displacement thickness in the wake
1 with the outside pressure, so that the form of the turbulent
is 'V, = const. and when it is 'V, ,.., Vz; the volume-flow-rate velocity profile at the trailing edge must be considered.
According to PRETSCH and WALZ the drag coefficient is
t When ". "" vx1 the value of cQ is between H .10-4 and given by
28.10-4; when ". = const. it is 1'18.10-4 (according to (9.22)
PRETSCH).
the indices u and l refer respectively to the upper and lower
sides of the profile; the function C( w;e) is shown in Figure
9.20.
A difficulty arises if we start from a velocity distribution
o 5000 7IJ0II0 15000 calculated from potential theory; at the trailing edge the
If If 10 .!!tt H
-V
. can avoid this difficulty by using the theoretical velocity To avoid the boundary layer calculation required by
distribution up to about 90% of the chord, and then Equations (9.21) and (9.22) HELMBOLD and SCHLICHTING
extrapolating the velocity (in a way based on measured have introduced approximate formulas for {) (see p. 467 of
velocity distributions) to a value at the trailing edge, the reference in Section 1.5.1); only the velocity distribu-
tion of the profile still appears in their formula. SCHLICHT-
W;e, different from zero-usually between 075 and 10.
ING'S formula for the drag coefficient of one side of the
profile is
CD varies but little with W;e in this range, because {}
J Cr
1
s
usually varies in the opposite way to V; the physical
CD = O:~~ {f ( ; d ( :) + ; (9.23)
explanation of this is that in the region of the trailing edge :t:T/C
kinetic energy is transformed into pressure energy with
XT, the position of the point of transition IS assumed
hardly any loss, because the dissipative effect of viscosity
is less marked in a thick boundary layer. known; R is written for Ve, and
'II
({}eT)5/4
t:-.--t--~
1
C = 0-0160
I {}T,the value of the momentum thickness at the point of
transition, is obtained from
~r-----------------r-----------------nr-'
..
v
t
'II
. 12 10 8 6 4 0
and the drag coefficients of the flat plate, ell and 0lt (for momentum thickness of the boundary layer at the trailing edge.
smooth and rough surfaces). For symmetrical profiles the WALZ has made some calculations of the boundary layer
formula is quantities and of CD for a 136% thick profile with maximum
thickness at 70% of the chord. These show that, with a suitable
shaping of the rear part of the profile (the contour must change
o N-I
from convex to concave), a reduction in the value of CD can be
: =Ofl(P.. + L P",,,2y,,,(t) + obtained; it is assumed that the shaping does not cl?-ange the
",~I
position of the point of transition, and that the rise in pressure
N-I is not so great that the turbulent boundary layer separates. A
+Olt (Q.. + L
",_I
Q",.. 2y",(I); (9.24) remarkable result of WALZ'S calculations is that the percentage
reduction in CD thus produced increases with Reynolds number:
for example, suitable shaping of one profile produces a reduction
in CD of 6'5% at a Reynolds number of 1.106, and of about 25%
the constants are given in Table 9.3. at a Reynolds number of 30.106
A particular difficulty in the calculation of the profile The calculations show further that, with this shaping of the
drag is the uncertainty in the predicted position of the rear part (which results in a small trailing edge angle, T), the
"p<?,int of transition", XT. If we assume an aerodynamically danger of separation in the region of the trailing edge is reduced
(cf. the behaviour of the form parameter of the turbulent
smooth wing then, for a prescribed velocity distribution,
boundary layer in Figure 9.21). Therefore, the flow in this
we can ~t least determine numerically a region in which the regign can be subjected to a further rise in pressure (for example,
point of transition is expected to lie: the rearward limit of by a control deflection) without the occurrence of separation;
this region is the point at which the laminar boundary this improvement in the behaviour of the boundary layer is
layer separa.tes; the forward limit is the point at which the probably the reason why a control is more effective when the
trailing edge angle is small.
critical Reynolds number is reached (according to the
As a result of these theoretical calculations the following
theory of small disturbances). For small Reynolds numbers conclusion can be drawn: if the flow has to overcome a certain
the second point usually lies near the point of minimum pressure rise, then both the drag and the danger of separation
pressure, so that we can simplify the calculations by defin- are reduced by displacing the main part of this pressure rise to
ing the point of minimum pressure as the forward limit for the region in which the boundary layer is still thin; this measure
becomes more effective as the Reynolds number increases. The
the point of transition. If the maximum thickness lies far
numerous American measurements on the laminar profiles of the
back and the Reynolds number is high, the point at which NACA 6series confirm these theoretical results; further, the
the critical Reynolds number is reached can lie in front of behaviour of the pressure on ordinary profiles when CL is near
the point of minimum pressure; nevertheless, the bouildary CLrm.x. is in conformity with these ideas.
layer is strongly stable when the pressure is falling, and so
transition would not usually be expected to take place
before the point of minimum pressure. The results of
9.S Calculation of Polars
calculations using the first of the theoretical positions are
plotted in Figure 12.109. 9.5.1 Calculation of the Maximum Lift
Figure 9.21 clarifies the question whether it is possible The attainment of maximum lift coincides with the
to reduce the portion of the drag that arises from the occurrence of separation on the suction side. Usually this
turbulent boundary layer; in general, this contribution is begins at the trailing edge of the profile, and it generally
dominant. moves quickly forwards as the angle of incidence is
For this we must try to thicken the turbulent boundary layer increased (more quickly for thin profiles than for thick
in the first part of its length, since there the shear stress at the ones). If the profile has a pointed nose, separation can also
wall is usually high; in doing this we must avoid increasing the begin on the front part of the profile. In both cases it
100 9. THE THEORY OF WING PROFILES III
r
I appears that, at the Reynolds numbers reached in flight,
the boundary layer is turbulent when it separates.
effect, the danger of separation is reduced (by roughly the
same amount in each example).
Numerical procedures exist with which we can determine These simplifying ideas allow us to determine the value
approximately whether a particular pressure distribution of OLma and to predict the complete behaviour of OL(a).
will cause separation; hence, if we have theoretical pressure
distributions calculated for a number of values of 0 L, we 9.5.2 Behaviour of the Pitching Moment
can find an approximate value for OLmax .' Once the pressure distribution has been found there are
In carrying out such a calculation we have to overcome no basic difficulties in the calculation of the moment
a difficulty similar to that met in the determination of the coefficient; if the leading edge is the point ofreference, then
drag: a theoretical calculation of the pressure predicts 1
stagnation pressure at the trailing edge, which is contrary
to reality; if we calculate the turbulent boundary layer (Omh = JL1: : d( : ) .
for such a pressure distribution, we find that, since separa- o
tion occurs before the trailing edge even when 0 L = 0, The small deviations of the theoretical from the experi-
we are unable to obtain a value. for 0 Lm.... A simple mental pressure distribution near the trailing edge can
assumption enables us to proceed further: we use the produce relatively large discrepancies between the theoreti-
theoretical pressure distribution up to a point (say, cal and experimental behaviour of the moment; this is
because the local forces acting near the trailing edge are
:c = 0'90) before which the deviations of theory from
further from the reference point than those acting at other
experiment are small; we then suppose that OL max has points. An extrapolation of the theoretical distribution
been reached if, from the calculation, the flow separates at from a certain point to the trailing edge (as described in
x Section 9.4.3) removes this difficulty. A more exact
or before -c = 09. In the range of 0 L near 0 L mu . a small
consideration of the influence of viscosity appears to be
. change in angle of incidence causes a large movement of necessary in other respects, even though the discrepancies
the separation point; therefore, fixing 0 Lmax. by this are seldom so large that the result of a theoretical calcula-
criterion is not unduly arbitrary. As in the calculation of tion must be regarded as unsatisfactory.
oD, a further difficulty is the uncertainty of the position
of the point of transition, and we are forced to make
. plausible assumptions about the position of this point. As 9.6 References
described in Section 9.4 we can determine a section of the ALLEN, H. J.: Calculation of the Chordwise Load Distribution
chord in which the point of transition lies; in the calcula- over Airfoil Sections with Plain, Split or Serially Hinged
iion of 0 Lmax. this section is small because there is usually a Trailing Edge Flaps. NACA Rep. 634 (1938).
BREBNER, G. G. and J. A. BAGLEY: Pressure and Boundary-
large rise in pressure; it follows that the effect of an layer Measurerp.ents on a Two-Dimensional Wing at Low
uncertainty in the position of the point of transition is Speed. R & M No. 2886 (1956).
usually not large. BURSNALL, W. J. and L. K. LOFTIN jr.: Experimental Investiga-
A further difficulty arises if, following PINKERTON, we tion of Localized Regions of Laminar Boundary Layer
calculate the pressure distribution with an approximate Separation. NACA TN 2338 (1951).
BUSSMANN, K.: Die laminare Reibungsschicht an J oukowsky-
allowance for the influence of the boundary layer (for the Profilen. FB 1632 (1942).
estimation of this influence see Section 9.1); the apparent CHA.RTERS, A. C.: Transition between Laminar and Turbulent
I reduction in camber caused by the boundary layer is Flow by Transverse Contamination. NACA TN 891 (1943).
conside~ed, but not its displacement effect. At large values COLES, D.: Measurement of Turbulent Friction on a Smooth
I' of 0 L this displacement effect can become noticeable even Flat Plate in Supersonic Flow. J. Aer. Sci. 21 (1954), pp.
DRIEST, E. R. van: Turbulent Boundary Layer in Compressible MICKLEY, H. S. and R. S. DAVIS: Momentum Transfer for Flow
Fluids. J. Aer. Sci. 18 (1951), p. 145. over a Flat Plate with Blowing. NACA TN 4017 (1957).
_ Calculation of the Stability of the Laminar Boundary Layel MOORE, L. L.: A Solution of the Laminar Boundary Layer
in a Compressible Fluid on a Flat Plate with Heat Transfer. Equations for a Compressible Fluid with Variable Properties,
J. Aer. Sci. 19 (1952), pp. 801-812. Including Dissociation. J. Aer. Sci. 19 (1952), pp. 505-518.
FERRARI, C.: Velocity and Temperature Distribution Through NITZBERG, G. E.: A Concise Theoretical Method for Profile drag
the Laminar Boundary Layer in Supersonic Flow. J. Aeron. Calculation. NACA ACR No. 4B05 (1944).
Sci. 19 (1952), pp. 39--47. PETERSON, R. F.: The Boundary Layer and Stalling Character
GADD, E. and B. S. STRATFORD: Flow in the Laminar Boundary istic of the NACA 64AOI0 Airfoil Section. NACA TN 2235
Layer near Separation. R & M No. 3002 (1957). (1950).
GARNER, H. C.: The Development of Turbulent Boundary- PrNKERTON, R. M.: Calculated and Measured Pressure Distribu
Layers. R & M No. 2133 (1944). tion Over the Midspan Section of the NACA 4412 Airfoil.
GORTLER, H.: Weiterentwicklung eines Grenzschichtprofils bei NACA Rep. 563 (1936).
gegebenem Druckverlauf. Z. angew. Math. Mech. 19 (1939), - The Variation with Reynolds Number of Pressure Distribu-
S.129-140. tion over an Airfoil Section. NACA Rep. 613 (1937).
- Ein Differenzenverfahren zur Berechnung laminarer Grenz- POHLHAUSEN, K.: Zur nii.herungsweisen Integration der Dif-
schichten. UM 6615 (1944) und Ing. Arch. 16 (1948), S. 173. ferentialgleichung der laminaren Reibungsschicht. ZAMM 1
GRUSCHWITZ, E.: Die turbulente Reibungsschicht in ebener (1921) 235.
Stromung bei Druckabfall und Druckanstieg. Ing. Arch. 11 PRANDTL, L.: Zur Berechnung der Grenzschichten. Z. angew.
(1931), S. 321-346. Math. Mech. 18 (1938), S. 77-82.
HARTREE, D. R.: On an Equation Occurring in Falkner and PRETsCH, J.: Zur theoretischen Berechnung des Profilwider-
Skan's Approximate Treatment of the Equations of the standes. Jb. dDL I, S. 60.
Boundary Layer. Proc. Cambro Phil. Soc. 33 II (1937), - Die Stabilitat einer ebenen Laminarstromung bei Druck-
p.233. gefalle und Druckanstieg. Jb. 1941 dDL I, S. 58.
HELMBOLD, H. B.: Zur Berechnung des Profilwiderstandes. - Umschlagbeginn und Absaugung. Jb. 1942 dDL I, S. 1-7.
Ing. Arch. 17 (1949), S. 273. - Die Anfachung instabiler Storungen in einer laminaren Rei-
HOLSTEIN, H. and T. BOHLEN: Ein einfaches Verfahren zur bungsschicht. Jb. 1942 dDL I, S. 54.
Berechnung laminarer Reibungsschichten, die dem Nii.he- - Die Leistungsersparnis durch Grenzschichtabsaugung beim
rungsansatz von K. Pohlhausen geniigen. LGL S 10 (1941), Schleppen einer ebenen Platte. UM 3048 (1943).
S.5-16. RIEGELS, F.: tJber die Berechnung der Druckverteilung von
HOOD, M. J. and M. E. GAYDOS: Effects of Propellers and of Profilen. Techn. Ber. d. ZWB 10 (1943), 13-20.
Vibration on the Extent of Laminar Flow on the NACA - and J. LIESE: tJber den Einflu13 der Druckverteilung eineR
27-212 Airfoil. NACA ACR (1939), (Wartime Rep. No. Tragfliigelprofiles auf Lage und Wanderung der Stabilitats-
L-784). grenze fiir die Reibungsschicht mit Reynoldschen Zahlen.
JUNGCLAUS, G.: Druckverteilungen angestellter ebener Platten UM 3202 (1945).
mit Totwassereinflu13. ZfW 4 (1956). RIEGELS, F. W.: Neuere Ergebnisse zur Profiltheorie. ZfW 4
KARMAN, T: v.: tJber laminare und turbulente Reibung. Z. an- (1956), S. 61/63. .
gew. Math. Mech. Bd. 1 (1921) H. 4, S. 233-252. RINGLEB, F.: Computation of the Laminar Boundary Layer
- and C. B. MrLLIKAN: On the Theory of Laminar Boundary with Suction. J. Aeron. Sci. 19 (1952), pp. 48-54.
Layers Involving Separation. NACA Rep. No. 504, (1934). ROTTA, J.: Naherungsverfahren zur Berechnung turbulenter.
- and H. s: TSIEN: Boundary Layer in Compressible Fluids. Grenzschichten unter Benutzung des Energiesatzes. Mitt.
J. Aeron. Sci., Vol. 5 (1938), p. 227. MPI Stromungsforschung Nr. 8 (1953) ..
KAYE; J.: Survey of Friction Coefficient, Recovery Factors, SCHLICHTING, H.: Amplitudep.verteilung und Energiebilanz der
and Heat Transfer Coefficient for Supersonic Flow. J. Aer. kleinen Storungen bei der Plattenstromung. Nachr. Ges.
Sci. 21 (1954), pp. 117-129. Wiss. Gottingen, Math.-Phys. Klasse, Fachgr. I, 1 (1935), S.
KELLY, J. A.: Effects of Modification to the Leading-Edge 47.
Region on the Stalling Characteristics of the NACA 631- - tJber die theoretische Berechnung der kritischen Re-Zahl
012 Airfoil Section. NACA TN 2228 (1950). einer Reibungsschicht in beschleunigter und verzogerter
KRAEMER, K.: Praktische Berechnung von Grenzschichten. Stromung. Jb. 1940 dDL I, S. 97.
VDI-Luftfahrttechnik 2 (1956), S. 8-13. - Berechnung der laminaren Grenzschicht mit Absaugung.
LEES, L.: The Stability of a Laminar Boundary in a Compres- LGL 141, S. 14-17.
sible Fluid. NACA TN 1115 (1946). - and A. ULRICH: Zur Berechnung des Umschlages laminar/
LEVY, S.: Effect of Large Temperature Changes (including turbulent. LGL S 10, S. 75-135 und Jb. 1942 dDL I, S. 8.
Viscous Heating) upon Laminar Boundary Layers with Vari- - and K. BUSSMANN: Exakte Ltisungen fiir die laminare
able FreeStream Velocity. J. Aer. Sci. 21 (1954), pp. 459- Grenzschicht mit Absaugung und Ausblasen. Schriften
474. d. DAL (1943) Bd. 7 B, Heft 2, S. 25-69.
LIEPMANN, H. W.: The Interaction Between Boundary Layer - Ein Nii.herungsverfahren zur Berechnung der laminaren
and Shock Waves in Transonic Flow. J. Aeron. Sci., Vol. 13 Reibungsschicht mit Absaugung. Ing. Arch. 16 (1948) H. 3
(1946), pp. 623-637. und4.
LUDWIEG, H. and W. TILLMANN: Untersuchungen iiber die SCHOLZ, N.: tJber eine rationelle Berechnung des Stromungs-
Wandschubspannung turbulenter Reibungsschichten. Ing.- widerstandes schlanker Korper mit belie big rauher Ober-
Arch. 17 (1949), 288. flii.che. Jb. d. Schiffbautechn. Ges. Bd. 45 (1951).
MANGLER, K. W.: Die allgemeine Losung der Prandtlschen SCHUBAUER, G. B.: Air Flow in the Boundary Layer of an
Grenzschichtgleichungen. LGL-Bericht 141 (1941), S. 3-7. Elliptical Cylinder. NACA Rep. No. 652 (1939).
- Ein Verfahren zur Berechnung der laminaren Grenzschicht - and H. K. SKRAMSTAD: Laminar Boundary Layer Oscilla-
mit beJiebiger Druckverteilung und Wii.rmeiibertragung fiir tions and Transition on a Flat Plate. NACA ACR 1943
aIle Machzahlen. ZfW 4 (1956), S. 63/66. (Wartime Rep. No.8) und NACA Rep. 909 (1947).
102 9. THE THEORY OF WING PROFILES III
SCHULTZ-GRUNOW, F.: Neues Reibungswiderstandsgesetz fiir kels auf Hochstauftrieb und Profilwiderstand. UM 3116
glatte Platten. Lufo 17 (1940), S. 293. (1944).
SILVERSTEIN, A. and J. V. BECKER: Determination of Boundary - Theoretische Widerstandsberechnung an einem Laminar-
Layer Transition on three Symmetrical Airfoils in the profil mit verschiedenen Schwanzteilformen. UM 3131 (1944).
NACA Full-Scale Wind Tunnel. NACA Rep. No. 637 (1939). - Zur naherungsweisen Berechnung laminarer und turbulenter
SPENCE, D. A.: Prediction of the Characteristics of Two-Di- Reibungsschichten mit Beriicksichtigung del' Kompressibili-
mensional Airfoils. J. Aer. Sci. 21 (1945), pp. 577-587. tat. AVA-Bericht 45/W/16 (1945).
SQUIRE, H. B. and A. D. YOUNG: The Calculation of the Profile - Naherungstheorie fiir kompressible turbulente Grenz-
Drag of Aerofoils. R & M No. 1838 (1938). schichten. ZAMM-Sonderheft 1956 (Tagung des Fachaus-
TETERVIN, N.: A Method for the Rapid Estimation of Turbulent schusses fUr Stromungsforschung, Gottingen 1955).
Boundary Layer Thickness for Calculating Profile Drag. WIEGHARDT, K.: tJ'ber einen Energiesatz zur Berechnung lam i-
NACA ACR No. L4Gl4 (1944), (Wartime Rep. No. L-16). narer Grenzschichten. Ing. Arch. 16 (1938), S. 231.
TOLLMIEN, W.: Ein allgemeines Kriterium del' Instabilitat la- - Zur Berechnung ebener und drehsymmetrische Grenzschich-
minarer Geschwindigkeitsverteilungen. Nachr. Ges. Wiss. ten mit kontinuierlicher Absaugung. Ing. Arch. 22 (1954),
Gottingen, Math. Phys. KI. I, 1 (1935), S. 79. S.368/77.
TRUCKENBRODT, E.: Ein Quadraturverfahren zur Berechnung WILSON, R. E.: Turbulent Boundary Layer Characteristics at
del' laminaren und turbulenten GNllzschicht bei ebener und Supersonic Speeds-Theory and Experiment. J. Aer. Sci. 17.
rotationssymmetrischer Stromung. Ing. Arch. 20 (1952), (1950), pp. 585-594.
S.212. WORTMANN, F. X.: Ein Beitrag' zum Entwurf von Laminar-
- Die Berechnung des Profilwiderstandes aus del' vorgegebenen profilen fiir Segelflugzeuge und Hubschrauber. ZfW. 3'
Profilform. Ing. Arch. 21 (1953), S. 176-186. (1955), S. 333-345.
ULRICH, A.: Theoretische Untersuchungen iiber die Wider- WUEST, H.: Nii.herungsweise Berechnung und StabiIitatsver-
standsersparnis durch Laminarhaltung mit Absaugung. halten von laminaren Grenzschichten mit Absaugung durch
Schriften del' DAL 8 B (1944) Heft 2. Einzelschlitze. Ing. Arch. 21 (1953), S. 90-103.
W ALZ, A.: Potentialtheoretisch gerechnete Druckverteilungen YOUNG, A. D.: The Calculation of the Profile Drag of Aero-
diinner symmetrischer Profile mit heruntergeklappter Nase foils and Bodies of Revolution at Supersonic Speeds.
und Auftriebsklappe. FB 1170 (1940). WGL-Jb. 1953, pp. 66-75.
- Berechnung der Druckverteilung von Klappenprofilen mit YOUNG, G. B. W. and E. JANSSEN: The Compressible Boundary
Totwasser. Jahrb. 1940 dDL I, S. 265-277. Layer. J. Aer. Sci. 19 (1952), pp. 229-236 and p. 288.
W ALZ, A. : Naherungsverfahren zur Berechnung derlaminaren ZATT, J. A.: Revised Methods for Routine Calculations of La-
und turbulenten Reibungsschicht (mit Anhang: Berech- minar and Turbulent Boundary Layers of Two-Dimensional
nuri'g von cam... und Cw.). UM 3060 (1943). Incompressible Flows. NLL Rep. F 79 (1951).
- Zur theoretischen Berechnung des Hochstauftriebsbeiwertes - Pressure Distributions with Viscosity Corrections for Air-
von Tragfliigelprofilen ohne und mit Auftriebsklappen. FB foils with Flaps. NLL Rep. F. 88 (1951).
1769 (1943). -- The Calculation of the Point of Turbulent Boundary Layer
- EiI)ige Beispiele zur theoretischen Berechnung der Polare Separation on an NACA 0018 Profile and the Determination
eines Tragfliigelprofils. FB 1848 (1943). of the Optimum Angle of Incidence. NLL Rep. F. 89 (1951).
- Theoretisches zur Absaugung der Reibungsschicht. FB 1775 ZALOVCIK, J. A. and E. P. LUKE: Some Flight Measurements
(1943). of Pressure Distribution and Boundary Layer Characteristics
- The.oretische Rechnung zum EinfluB des Hinterkantenwin- in the Presence of Shock. NACA RM No. L8C22. (1948).
10. mE THEORY OF WING PROFILES IV
~ .!!.!.. [ 1 _ (:L)~l] ;
If the density, I, of the medium is no longer constant
then, in place of the simple equation of continuity (Equa- wI! = (10.5)
tion 8.1), a more complicated equation holds: y-1 eo Po
(1 - ::) -2 := if> u if>s, + (1 - ::) if>" = 0 We now introduce the kinetic pressure, q, where
l!m va y
I
2
. . . (10.3) q = -2- = "2 pm M<r) (10.7)
the suffixes x and y denoting differentiation with respect to
x and y. Our knowledge of mixed, non-linear, partial and we find for the pressure coefficient,
differential equations is limited, and it is almost impossible
C p_~_P-Poo
to obtain solutions of Equation (10.3), which satisfy
- -
boundary conditions on a profile, which yield numerical 100 V2 q
results, and which are valid in both subsonic and super- 2
sonic regions; nevertheless, an inspection of the relevant
literature (see Sections l.5.1 and l.5.2) shows that progress = _2
yM!
{[I _(y -1)
2
M2 (W2
V2
_I)]l'~l -I}
IX> .
has been made during recent years.
(10.8)
In terms of the local speed of sound, a, and the local Mach
10.2 Relation between Speed and Pressure
num b er, M = W-, t hIS equation
. .IS
For compressible flows the relationship between speed a
and pressure is the general Bernoulli equation, which
takes into account the variation in density:
Cp - - -
. {[I + -1) M2]Y~1
2 (y 2 OX)
}
- 1 (10.9)
f
.
I' - yM;, 1 + (y;- 1) M2
Wi dp
2+ --e=const. (10.4)
1'0 t In this section we distinguish between Uoo, the speed of sound
corresponding to freestream conditions, and a, the local speed
If we assume that speed is "converted' into pressure
of sound; there is a corresponding distinction between V and w.
adiabatically, and vice versa, in the whole flow field (with For simplicity, we write M instead of Moo in Chapters 3 and 12.
104 10. THE THEORY OF WING PROFILES IV
H
!
PRANDTL reduces it to a linear one by assuming that the 18
15
local velocity differs from the free-stream velocity only by
a small amount, in both magnitude and direction; profiles 25
0 0
with small thickness ratios and pointed noses are a class of
bodies for which this assumption is valid. With this assump-
tion Equation (10.3) can be reduced to the simpler equation
I
I'
(1.- M~ ) iP"" + iP"" = 0, (10.10)
Ij
= !.
where Moo
am
denotes the ratio of the free-stream speed,
V, to the free-stream speed of sound, am. Equation (10.10)
I
is of elliptic type if Moo < 1 (subsonic flow) and of hyper- Fig. 10.1. Nomogram for pressures and Mach numbers in adiabatic lIow.
M = local Mach number; M", = free-stream )[ach number; Po = stagnation
bolic type if Moo > 1 (supersonic flow); with the latter
pressure (reservoir pressure); p", = free-stream static pressure; p - p", +
type of eqution stationary waves are possible. If Moo < 1
we can reduce the solution of Equation (10.10) to the
.1p = local static pressure; q = e~v' _ kinetic pressure; Cp = .1:
determination of the field of an incompressible flow, by an
affine distortion in the y direction with the factor
vI - M';'; the equation then becomes the familiar -12.----r--..,...-----,-,---,----,
Laplace equation. Further investigation yields the simple Cp.."
result that the pressure coefficients in compressible flow
(suffix c) are greater than those in incompressible flow
1
(suffix i) by a factor vI _ M!, -the "Prandtl-Glauert - 0-8t---++--+-:~-+-L __ / - j - - - l
rule':. For example, Figure 10.2 shows the increase in the
mirumum ~alue of the pressure coefficient for tl).e sym-
metrical NACA profiles with various thicknesses, the angle
of incidence being zero; both theoretical and experimental
results are shown. The increase becomes more marked as
the Mach number rises; more will be said about this later.
The rule certainly cannot be used if the local Mach number
11. ;
becomes greater than unity, and strictly the deviations of -~
+ (1'-1) 25
_,u7
( 12
+ -3 1,u5 - _,u3
1) M4 }
4 <Xl
(10.11)
... (10.16)
The highest 'Mach number at which the rule can be used where,u = V 1 ~ M!; and for the symmetrical J oukowsky
depends on the thickness ofthe profile (roughly, Moo = 08
profile at a small angle of incidence, they find
if ~ = 006 and Moo = 0:06 if ~ = 0.15). A corresponding
c' c
formula is valid for the moment of the profile:
(~)j(d~), = { ,u + : Vi ~ X
(10.12)
the magnitude of the velocity, w, and the direction of the and that for the pressure is
e.
velocity, According to VON KARMAN (1941) the equation
for the stream function is (Llp/q);
(10.21)
{J+ ( -1-{J)
2- (Llp/q);
(10.18)
corresponding to stagnation conditions, from which he certain expressions appear that can be regarded as a source
determines the value of the constant in Equation (10.l9): field in the first equation and as a vortex field in the second
on the other hand, VON KARMAN and TSIEN (1939) require equation; a detailed discussion shows that the fields of
that. the linear relation should best approximate the these sources and vortices tend to cancel-particularly on
adiabatic at the point (Pro, (!ro) corresponding to free- the profile contour; the reader is referred to the thorough
stream conditions, and this leads to a different value of the investigation of BETZ and KRAHN for the theory of the
constant; the Karman-Tsien approximation is more suited second approximation, which considers the effect of the
to the conditions of flow about a profile. From their remaining vortex and source fields. Ellipses, the ratio of
simplified form of Equation (10.18) VON KARMAN and whose axes is 0,02,04, 06, 08, and 1, and some common
TSIEN derive simple approximate formulas for the velocity, profiles (for example, NACA 0009,0020,0030,23012) have
We, and the pressure, pe, of the compressible flow in terms been treated. KRAHN has given an empirical correction
of the corresponding quantities in incompressible flow, term to the Prandtl-Glauert rule, which is based on the
w, and Pt. If we write formula for the minimum pressure coefficient, (LIp) .
q c, mm.
on the ellipse (derived from the second approximation);
this formula contains the maximum disturbance velocity
in the incompressible flow (W)i, max., and is particularly
easy to handle; it is
Lip p - Pro
-=--- ,
q (!ro V2
2
Lip)
( q c, min.
{I
= Vl- M!
+ (w>t, max. -
V
V
10.4 Mixed Subsonic and Supersonic Flows WAc}. The cases illustrated in Figures 10.4a and IOAb
10.4.1 Appearance of Shock Waves (local supersonic regions) have received the most extensive
treatment. Whether supersonic regions and shock waves
At a sufficiently high Mach number a finite region of
occur and, if they do, where they appear, are questions
supersonic flow forms on the profile; Figure 10.4 gives a
whose answers depend not only on the free-stream
schematic representation of this.
Mach number but also on the shape of the profile and on the
The theory of mixed subsonic and supersonic flow is still
angle of incidence. Figures 12040 to 12047 show pressure
in its early stages, and most of our knowledge has been
distributions for symmetrical and cambered profiles with
derived from experimental results. The schlieren and inter-
various values of maximum thickness and camber. On the
ferometer photographs of Figure 10.5 show how the flow
whole, the pressure rises resulting from shock waves
field in the vicinity of the profile alters with increasing
measured in American wind-tunnels seem to appear less
Mach number. The transition from the supersonic region
suddenly than those measured elsewhere; this more
gradual transition is probably to be explained by the
occurrence of unsteady processes (fluctuations in the
position of the shock waves).
In a consideration of the quality of a profile it is im-
portant to know whether the shock waves (or, more
generally, the local supersonic regions) lead to separation
(al of the boundary layer or not. !~_thesupersonic region a
fundamental instabilityca!l_o~eur between the outer flow
and the boundary layer: the rapidly increasing displace-
ment thickness of the boundary layer causes an increase
in pressure in the outer flow and this in turn leads to a
furtherincrease in the boundary layer thickness. Whether
thi;p;ocess actually occurs dependsentireTyon the state
of the boundary layer (hence, in particular on the Reynolds
number and the pressure distribution on the profile). The
diagrams of pressure distributions already discussed refer
(e) to flows with and without boundary layer separation. The
presence or absence of separation can be decided from
schlieren and interferometer photographs and also from the
Fig. 10.4. Subsonic 1I0ws with local supersonic region (a-without, b-with,
shock wave), and supersonic lIow with local subsonic region (c) magnitude of the jumps in pressure and from the measured
drag-coefficients (see, for example, Figures 3.14 ff).
to the region downstream, in which the flow is again sub- For profiles of the normal four-figure NACA series
o
sonic, usually takes place through a shock wave; and the boundary layer separation usually occurs at the measured
appearance of a shock on the profile results in a dis- Reynolds number; the observed shock wave in this case
continuous behaviour of the pressure distribution (a sudden runs obliquely to the direction of flow and causes separa-
rise in pressure). If the angle of incidence remains constant tion. For local Mach numbers below M = 12~ this shock
while the Mach number increases, the supersonic region wave bends round into a straight shock as the distance
becomes larger and the shock wave moves rearwards from the profile increases. If the speed of sound is further
along the chord; BETZ has determined the position of the exceeded (M > 12), forked shock waves occur; the first
shock from the requirement that Eheenergy losses in ..t-he oblique shock leads to separation of the flow, so that the
shock must be equal to the pr.-.ess:;ire dr1l.g.
,.",.~
rear shock starts from the boundary of a dead-water
The pictures show that, as the speed of sound is ap- region (ACKERET, FELDMANN, and ROTT).
proached, the appearance of shock waves considerably Profiles which have a small nose radius and whose
alters the behaviour of the flow, making it more com- position of maximum thickness lies far back behave quite
plicated; this statement is true both for subsonic flows differently: a considerable increase in the speed of sound is
with local supersonic regions and for supersonic flows with frequently observed without the resulting shock wave's
local subsonic regions. The latter occur when normal leading to separation (see Figures 3.16 and 3.17). The shock
profiles are placed in a supersonic free stream; a subsonic wave is straight and is normal to the profile; this ca;n be
region (usually small) appears around the stagnation inferred from the pressure distribution, which corresponds
point, and the transition from supersonic velocity to to subsonic conditions downstream of the shock wave (the
subsonic velocity occurs through a shock wave lying at a magnitude of the jump agreeing with the theoretical value
short distance in front of the profile; this shock wave is of for a normal shock). The observed drag coefficients for these
infinite extent, and is called the "bow wave" (see Figure profiles do sometimes show the increase caused by separa-
108 10. THE THEORY OF WING PROFILES IV
tion of the boundary layer but only when the speed of These differential equations have received considerable
sound is exceeded by a relatively large amount. attention. VON KARMAN has derived a similarity rule from
them, which is of the greatest importance; it states that,
10.4.2 Similarity Rules when the free-stream Mach rrumber is close to unity,
According to Sections 10.3.1 and 10.5.2 similar flows at "similar" flows exist about geometrically similar bodies
different Mach numbers occur if the thickness ratio is if the parameter
changed by a factor vI -
M! when the free stream is (Moo -1)
subsonic and by a factor VM! - 1 when the free stream t] 2/3 (10.27)
is supersonic. In terms cof the local velocity components,
[(1' + 1)(;
the ratio ~ must change by the factors vI - M! and has the same value; an experimental verification of this
similarity rule has been given by MALAVARD (among
V M! - 1 respectively (Prandtl-Glauert and Ackeret others).
rules). BOMELBURG has recently succeeded in removing the
In the transonic range the speed of sound, a, is of the restriction that the free-stream Mach number must lie
same order of magnitude as the free-stream speed, V. We close to unity, and has given a more general similarity
introduce the critical speed, a*, where rule, containing two parameters; in the subsonic and
supersonic regions this passes over into the Prandtl-
Glauert and Ackeret rules respectivelyt. Applied to
1'+ 1 1'-1
- 2 - a*2 = a Z + - 2 - (u 2 + v2 ), (10.23) "similar" states 1 and 2, the rule consists essentially of a
"generalised Prandtl-Glauert rule" valid for arbitrary
Mach-numbers
and compare the local velocity component in the x
direction, u, with the critical speed, a*, by forming the
disturbance velocity u' = u - a* (small in comparison (10.28)
with a*). In Equation (10.2) we then replace a 2 ~ u 2 by
+
-(1' 1) a* u', a2 - v2 by a*2, and uv by a* v; the
resulting equation is but with the requirement that the values of Moo and !c
satisfy a further condition; this requirement corresponds
au' + v ( -
(1'+ l ) u ' -
au'+ dv
-) -a* -
OV = O. (10.24) to a second (" generalised von Karman") similarity
. ax dy ax dy
parameter, and may be written
au' av
dy -a;-=O. 00.25) where
Mco=030 M I =045
Fig. 10.5. Change in the flow field caused by increasing lIIach number. Schlieren and interferometer photographs for the profile NACA 0015-44 (ZOBEL)
110 10. THE THEORY OF WING PROFILES IV
Moo =0305
M co =129
M co =0915
Fig. 10.6. Flow about [\ symmetrical double wedge, for Mach numbers between O'S and 2'0 (BO~IELBURG)
,
......
10.5 SUPERSONIC FLOW 111
00 - .CO 9028 44-64 29'42 21'81 1724 IH9 1202 1038 9II4
0'1 - 8'097 7'265 6'570 5983 5-479 5'042 4'659 4321 4'021 3'752
02 - 3'510 3291 3'092 2910 2743 2589 2'448 2316 2-194 2'081
0'3 - 1-97491 87572 78284 69561 61356 53623 46325 39426 32896 26707
0'4 - 120834 15254 09947 04895 00081 *95489 *9II06 *86918 *82914 *79083
0'5 -0,75416 71903 56535 65306 62207 59233 56376 53632 50995 48460
0.6 46022 43677 41421 39250 37161 35151 33216 31353 29560 27835
07 26174 24576 23039 21560 20138 18772 17459 16198 14988 13827
08 12715 II650 10632 09659 08730 07946 07005 06207 05452 04740
09 04070 03443 02859 02319 01824 01375 00975 00628 00339 00119
10 +0-00000 00117 00328 00597 00913 01265 01650 02063 02li01 02962
1-1 03443 03943 04459 04991 05538 06098 06670 07253 07847 08451
1-2 09064 09686 10317 10954 11599 l2250 12908 13572 14241 14916
13 15595 16279 16967 17660 18356 19056 19759 20466 21175 21888
H 22603 23321 24041 24763 25487 26214 26942 27672 28403 29136
1'5 29871 30607 31344 32082 32821 33561 34302 35044 35787 36531
1'6 37275 38020 38765 39Sll 40257 41004 41751 42498 43246 43994
1-7 44742 45490 46239 46987 47735 48484 49232 49981 50729 51478
1-8 52226 52974 53722 54470 55217 55965 56712 57459 58205 58951
1-9 59698 60443 61189 61934 62679 63423 64167 64911 65654 66397
112 10. THE THEORY OF WING PROFILES IV
B.u = ~ f(Pu')"dxu,
Fig. 10.9. O. and O. o
as functions of Mach
_H. number
B.I = ~
c
L = f
o
(,1PI cosf3,-,1pucos f3J ds; (10.36)
10.5.4 Approximate Formulas for Special Profiles, and
Comparison with Wind-tunnel Measurements
The above considerations are easily applied to flat
and for the drag, plates and profiles composed of circular arcs. Writing lu
and II for the absolute values of the maximum ordinates
c of the suction and pressure sides respectively, we have
D = f
o
(,1P, sinf3, -,1P" sin t\) ds. (10.37)
(10.42)
OD= 20,+
~
qIM!-1
2 f (f3 '1 + P '2) dx +
u I (IO.43)
o
(~L
i 015
(10.45)
z 30
(d) the flat plate with a discontinuity In slope (first Fig. 10.10. Influence of profile thickness llnd skinfriction drag on the
4(a+1/ l ) From the above simple formulas we see that the lift of
(10.46)
OL= 11M2 -1 an unsymmetrical circular segment profile has a negative
I' .00
value when the profile is at zero incidence; this has been
where l is written for cTJ/c, the ratio of the chord of the flap confirmed by wind-tunnel measurements carried out by
to the chord of the profile, and 1/ is the flap deflection; for BUSEMANN and WALCHNER and, later, by FERRI. Figures
the moment about an axis at a distance hc from the nose, 12.147 and 12.148 show some of these wind-tunnel results
we have for the circular segment profile; the theoretical curves
(without the skin-friction drag, 20/) are also plotted. A
1
(Cm)A= YM~ -1 [(4h- 2) a + 1/ 1 (4h+ 2l - 4);
striking feature is the good agreement between experi-
ments (particularly FERRI'S) and theory, although the
(10.47) skin-friction drag has been ignored in the theory. Some of
the experimental drag coefficients are less than the values
predicted from a theory ignoring viscosity; the reason for
and for the moment, MTJ = 011(~) V2~2, of the flap about its this seems to be separation of the flow in the vicinity of the
axis of rotation, we have trailing edge, remarkable though this may sound. The
theoretical pressure distribution of the circular segment
2 (a + 1/) profile has falling pressure right to the trailing edge (see
o = - -;=~== (10.48)
'1 VM! -1 Figure 12.48), and so there is little likelihood of separation;
however, as a resUlt of the strong shock wave at the trail-
Following rus derivation of the formulas for the sym- ing edge, a sudden pile-up of boundary layer material
metrical biconvex profile, A. BUSEMANN considers the occurs; consequently, 'the boundary layer separates at a
smallest attainable value of ~~ in supersonic flow; he finds short distance in front of the shock, in order to provide
the necessary room in the supersonic flow for this materiaL
that
This leads to the formation of oblique shock waves, which
later coalesce with the main shock; at the same time the
strong pressure rise at the trailing edge is replaced by
several small rises on the profile; the observed reductions
in drag result from this breakdown of the theoretical
(10.4:9) pressure distribution.
This quantity is plotted against Mach number in Figure 10.5.5 Exact Solution Cor the Flat Plate
10.10; it is assumed that the skin-friction drag coefficient, If we abandon the assumption that the slopes of the
Of, has the value 0003; three thickness ratios are con- profile are small, then, in the integration of Equation
sidered, ~ = 0, c~ = 0'02, and ~c = 004. From this figure (10.32), we cannot assume a linear variation of density, e,
c speed of sound, a, and flow speed, w; however, the integra-
the influences of skin-friction drag and of profile thickness tion can be performed numerically or graphically, without
can be separately discerned; small values of (OOD) are difficulty. The graphical method has been developed to a
L min. high degree, particularly in the last ten years, and a neat
to be expected for very small thicknesses. and quick treatment of fairly strong shock waves can be
10.5 SUPERSONIC FLOW 115
Table 10.2 Pressures a.nd Forces on the flat plate at Supersonic Speeds (exact values from EL BADRAWY)
aO P .../p, .\ 3
carried out by this process; hence, it is possible to treat and lower sides (respectively PZu and pzz), the angle of the
flows that are rotational (and, consequently, non-homen- shock, <5, the lift and drag coefficients, and the ratio of these
tropic). Although the method can be directly applied to coefficients, OD. The coefficients are formed as follows:
wing profiles, the angles of incidence are so small that it is L .
BEAVAN, J. A. and G. A. M. HYDE: Examples of Pressure Dis- HANTZSCHE, W. and K. WENDT: Der KompressibilitatseinfiuB
tributions at Compressibility Speeds on EC 1250. R & M No. fUr diinne wenig gekriimmte Profile bei Unterschallgeschwin-
2056 (1942). digkeit. ZAMM 23 (1943), S. 72-85.
- Note on Reynolds and Mach Number Effects-on the Pressure HANTZSCHE, W.: Die Prandtl-Glauertsche Naherung als Grund-
Distribution on the Tail ofEC 1250. R & M No. 2252 (1943). lage ffir ein lterationsverfahren zur Berechnung kompressi-
BEAVAN, J. A., R. G. FOWLER and G. A. M. HYDE:' Pressure bIer Unterschallstromungen. ZAMM 23 (1943), S. 85.
and Wake Measurements up to Mach Number 085 on an EC HELMBOLD, H. B.: Physikalische Erscheinungen in der kom-
1250 Section with 25 per Cent Control. R & M No. 2065 pressibilen Unterschallstromung. LGL 156 (1942), S. 170 bis
(1945). 174.
BEAVAN, J. A. and G. A. M. HYDE: Pressure Distributions at JACOBS, E. N.: Methods Employed in America for the Experi-
High Speeds on EC 1250. R & M No. 2625 (1947). mental Investigation of Aerodynamic Phenomena at High
BETZ, A.: tlber die Lage des VerdichtungsstoBes bei umstrom- Speeds. NACA Misc. Paper No. 42 (1936). Paper presented at
ten Profilen. Vortrag vor der DAL. AVA-Bericht 43/A/31 Volta Meeting in Italy, 1935.
(1943). KAPLAN, C.: Effect of Compressibility at High Subsonic Veloci-
- and E. KluHN: Berechnung von Unterschallstromungen ties on the Lifting Force Acting on an Elliptic Cylinder.
kompressibler Fltissigkeiten um Profile. Ing. Arch. 17 (1949), NACA TN 1118 (1946).
S.403-417. - On Similarity Rules for Transonic Flows. NACA TN 1527
BOMELBURG, H.: Eine Verallgemeinerwlg des Karmimschen (1948)_
Ahnlichkeitsgesetzes ffir schallnahe Stromungen. ZfM 3 KARMAN, T. v.: Compressibility Effects in Aerodynamics.
(1955), S. 313-322. J. Aer. Sci. 8 (1941), pp. 337-356.
BUSEMANN, A.: Aerodynamischer Auftrieb bei tlberschall- - Supersonic Aerodynamics-Principles and Applications. J.
geschwindigkeiten. Convegno di science fisiche, matematiche Aer. Sci. 14 (1947), pp. 373/402.
e naturali. Rom (1936) und Lufo 12 (1935):S. 210. - Similarity Law of Transonic Flow. J. Math. Phys. 26 (1947),
- Gasdynamik. Handbuch der Experimentalphysik. Bd. IV, p.182.
Teill (1931). KATZEN, E. D., D. M. KUEHN and W. A. HILL: Investigation
- Der KompressibilitatseinfluB ffir diinne wenig gekriimmte of the Effects of Profile Shape on the Aerodynamic and
Profile bei tlberschallgeschwindigkeit. Schriften DAL, H. 18 Structural Characteristics of Thin, Two-Dimensional Air-
(1940). foils at Supersonic Speeds. NACA TN 4039 (1957).
- o. W ALCHNER: Profileigenschaften bei "Oberschallgeschwin- KNACKSTEDT: Priifung und Sichtung der bisher vorliegenden
digkeit. Forschg. Ing. Wes. 4 (1933), S. 87. Ergebnisse bei Stromungen mit hohen Geschwindigkeiten.
CHAPMAN, D. R. and R. H. KESTER: Effect of Trailing-Edge FB 1147 (1939).
Thickness on Lift at Supersonio Velocities. NACA TN 3504 KluHN, E.: Anwendung der PrandtIschen Regel auf dicke Pro-
(1955). file. FB 1466 (1941).
COLLAB, A. R.: Theoretical Forces and Moments on a Thin - Berechnung von Druckverteilungen an Profilen in ebener
Aerofoil with Hinged Flaps at Supersonic Speeds. R & M Unterschallstromung. LGL-Bericht 156 (1942), S. 185-187.
No. 2004 (1943). - Der KompressibilitatseinfluB nach der Prandtlschen Regel.
CREAGER, M. 0.: Effects of Leading-Edge Blunting on the AVA-Bericht 43/A/20 (1943).
Local Heat Transfer and Pressure Distributions over Flat - Ein Korrekturglied zur Prandtlschen Regel. AVA-Bericht
Plates in Supersonic Flow. NACA TN 4142 (1957). 45/A/22 (1954).
DONALDSON, C. P. and R. H. LANGE: Study of the Pressure - Stationare Unterschallstromungen. Go. Mon. C 3 (1946).
Rise across Shock Waves Required to Separate Laminar LAMLA., E.: "Ober die ebene Potentialstromung um ein Profil,
and Turbulent Boundary-Layers. NACA TN 2770 (1952). das sich konform auf einen Kreis abbilden laBt, im unter-
ERICKSON, W. D.: 'Study of Pressure Distributions on Simple kritischen Gebiet. Jb. dD~ I (1940), S. 26-35.
Sharp-Nosed Models at Mach Numbers from 16 to 18 in LIGHTHILL, M. J.: Two-Dimensional Subsonic Aerofoil Theory.
Helium Flow. NACA TN 4113 (1957).
R & M No. 1929 (1944).
FERRI, A.: Aluni Resultati Experimentali. Atti di Guidonia
(1939) Nr. 17. LoCK, C. N. H.: The Ideal Drag Due to a Shock Wave.
R &, M No. 2512 (1951).
GUUERT, H.: The Effect of Compressibility on the Lift of an
Airfoil. R & M No. 1135 (1927). LUDWIEG, H.: Ergebnisse der experimentellen Profilunter-
GOTHERT, B. : Ebene und raumliche Stromung bei hohen Unter- suchungen bei hohen Unterschallgeschwindigkeiten. Go.
schallgeschwindigkeiten (ohne und mit Auftrieb). Jb. dDL I Mon. E 8 (1946).
(1941), S. 156. ~VA.RD, L.: Etude des Ecoulements Transsoniques. Con-
- Berechnung kom"pressibler ebener Stromung bei hohen trole Experimental des R.egles de Similitude. Jahrbuch
Unterschall-Anblasegeschwindigkeiten. UM 1117 (1943). 1953 der WGL, S. 96-103.
- Bemerkung tiber Ausbildung von VerdichtungsstoBen an MEYER, TH.: "Ober zweidimensionale Bewegungsvorgange in
Profilen. LGL 156 (1942), S. 174-183. einem Gas, das mit tlberschallgeschwindigkeit sljromt.
- and K. H. KAWA.LKI: Berechnung kompressibler Stromun- Mitt. Forsch. Arb. VDI (1908) 62.
gen mit ortlichen tlberschallfE:ldern. FB 1794 (1943).
OSWATITSCH, K. and K. WIEGHARDT: Theoretische Unter-
- - Die kompressible Stromung uin verschiedene ebene Profile
suchungen tiber stationare Potentialstromungen und Grenz-
in der Nahe der Schallgeschwindigkeit (Beispielrechnungen
schichten bei hohen Geschwindigkeiten. LGL S 13 (1942),
nach OM 1117). OM 1471 (1945).
S.7-24.
GUDERLEY, G.: The Flow over a Flat Plate with a Small
Angle of Attack at Mach Number 1. J. Aer. Sci. 11 (1954). PuCKETT, A. E.: Supersonic Wave Drag of Thin Airfoils.
pp.I-14. J. Aer. Sci. 13 (1946), pp. 475-484.
-and H. YOSHIHA.RA.: The Flow over a Wedge Profile at RICHARDS, E. J.: Theoretical Critical Mach Numbers for NACA
Mach Number 1. J. Aer. Sci. 17 (1950), p. 723. 16 Series Aerofoils. R & M No. 2170 (1945).
118 10. THE THEORY OF WING PROFILES IV
RICHTER, G.: Druckverteilungen an Tragfliigeln in ebener kom- THEODOBSEN, T.: A Condition on the Initial Shock. NACA
pressibler Stromung. LGL-Bericht S 13 (1942), S. 25-29. TN 1029 (1946).
- Vergleich von Nii.herungsverfahren zur Berechnung der TOLLMIEN, W.: Stromungen kompressibler Fliissigkeiten. Go.
Druckverteilung an Profilen bei unterkritischen Machschen Mon. C (1946).
Zahlen mit Messungen. LGL-Bericht 156 (1942), S. 183-192.
- Die Stabilitii.t des VerdichtungsstoBes in einer konkaven - und H. LUDWlEG: Durchgang durch die Schallgeschwindig-
Ecke. ZAMM (1948), S. 341-345. keit. Go. Mon. C 6 (1946).
RIEGELS, F. W.: Neuere Ergebnisse zur Profiltheorie. ZfW 4 TSIEN, H. S.: Two-dimensional Subsonic Flow of Compressible
(1956), S 61-67. Fluids. J. Aer. Sci. 6 (1939), pp. 399-407.
RINGLEB, F.: Naherungsverfahren zur Bestimmung der Druck- VALENSI, J. and W. PRUDEN: Some Observations on Sharp-
verteilung in adiabatischer Gasstromung. FB 1284 (1940). Nosed Profiles at Supersonic Speed. R & M No. 2482 (1951).
SAENGER, E., Gaskinetik sehr groBer FlughOhen. FB 972 (1938) VAN DYKE, M. D.: Second Order Subsonic Airfoil Theory
und Schweizer Archiv, Febr. 1950, S. 43. Including Edge Effects. NACA Rep. 1274 (1956).
SCHAFER, M.: Chal'akteristikenverfahren und Verdichtungs-
VINCENTI, W. G. and C. B. WAGONER: Transonic Flow Past a
sWBe. Go. Mon. C 4.1 (1946).
Wedge Profile with Detached Bow Wave - General Analytical
STACK, I.: Compressible Flow in Aeronautics. J. Aer. Sci. Method and Final Calculated Results. NACA TN 2339
(1945), p. 127. (1951).
STEWARTSON, K.: On the Interaction between Shock Waves
and Boundary-Layers. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 47 (1951), ZOBEL, T.: Fortschritte in der optischen Stromungsmessung.
pp.545-553. FB 1934 (1944) und DAL Nr. 5008/44.
11. TABLES
11. TABLES
I~I ;/
0, l... .
r
.. c.:. dOl.
R .. .. cl.ma
5 "0 ~
aO0 "(j;; (0.. ). z./e 1I./e eo lie :1:tlc :1:,/e ''1'
Designation of profile
10-' _.
Il ~
.10' 10 10' 10' 10' 10' 10' 10' .103 10' 10'
""
10' .10' 10'
Sources
~~ I
Go 1K
2KI
I 0000
0000
19
19
50
50
38
74
50
50
200 Hydromech. Pro.bl.
200 (1932)
4K 0000 74 50 148 50 200
5K 0440 18 110 037 50 250 KWJBericht (1934)
6K 0440 37 50 075 50 270
7K 0440 55 50 no 50 290
8K 0440 74 50 149 50 300
9K 0970 12 50 025 50 290
10K 0970 19 50 039 50 300
11K 0970 37 50 07-5 50 310
12K I 36 012.') 0970 55 50 1l-l 50 320
13 K 28 0155 0970 72 50 148 50 340
14 K 1I 0095 0600 60 50 120 50 350
lliK 13 0125 0600 75 50 115-0 50 360
16 K 15 0175 0600 91 50 182 50 370
123 7 127 -37 101 85 0150 2550 64 35 056 22 TBI
227 7 168 -97 1I0 65 0270 0610 94 47 146 26 TBII
242 7 174 1I6 55 0280 0000 88 50 16-1 30 TBII
243 7 150 108 80 0280 0440 106 50 192 17 TBII
289 14 103 -88 094 55 0260 0750 85 40 168 30 102 TBII. EI. EIV
301 168 138. -84 101 55 0100 1250 70 35 098 25 TBII
335 7 151 -53 103 75 0200 1100 533 068 20 110 TB II. E I. E IV
342 7 132 -42 108 90 0160 2400 67 40 05-4 23 TBII
344 7 097 -17 100 35 0130 1630 44 32 7 20 TBII
38'7 840 D 170 -66 097 30 0076 -093 243 040 76 30 148 30 098 EI. R669
398 42 -07 097 64 0116 49 30 137 30 125 E I. R669
810 D 168 -60 094 15 0076 -081 246 010
409 42 076 093 0082 0700 127 35 101 EI
410 42 A 095 06 101 0101 1200 162 27 052 EI
417 A 4 106 -23 151 0260 0173 58 40 29 E III. Schmitz
17 111 -27 151 0215
42 129 -33 158 0092
420 42 -09 099 20 0128
824 D 151 -83 095 18 0104 -084 254 070 45 50 187 30 061 E III. R 628
436 7 123 -40 100 65 0150 1250 39 35 110 30 113 EI. R628
42 121 -53 097 0096
805 D 168 -44 098 22 0082 -061 245 050
L".
11.1 COLLECTION OF GEOMETRICAL AND AERODYNAMIC DATA 121
Designation of profile R
.10-4
~
0:
l: -0
-:5 ~
.; .~
~
a
..c:bile;;,"'l
= cJ 10'
00
10
dOL
d;"
10'
I
C1 CDmin (C.. ).
10' 10' 10'
z.le Yole
10' 10'
110
10'
I/e
10'
z"e
10'
tIc
10'
x,le
10'
BI'
10'
Sources
..II~ ~ I
t
624 11 133 -75 095 0319 OSlO 48 37 16 30 130 Lufo 13, 103
~-,
..II ~
A
I I
G0 770 240 118 -32 101 47 0075 { wing. tips not 0750 20 30 15 30 090 AVA 41/14/28
771 240 123 -29 lOS 0073 V' rounded 0667 40 30 15 30 OSO AVA 41/14/28
118 -30 098 49 0069 wing. tips rounded
775 300 102 00 093 0113 1100 00 00 21 30 113 AVA 43/W/7
776 310 100 -02 085 0124 1100 00 00 25 30 113 AVA 43/W/7
777 205 144 -48 095 32 0105 0750 60 30 22 30 090 AVA 43/W/7
310 125 -47 097 52 0097
780 80 069 000 104 00 0078 0210 10 50 12 50 185 UM3040
200 067 -01 103 09 0042 3056
350 067 -02 097 12 0031 3159
793 0224 132 60 FB 1522
794 0238 136 70
795 38 093 0009 0900 24 44 8 30
796 38 115 0010 0900 37 43 12 30
} Unpublished
797 ~8 136 0012 0900 51 42 16 30
798 38 150 0016 0900 65 41 20 30
. FB 1884, FB 1910'),
AVA 45/W/16,
TB 11 (1944)
12 ()O55 45 270 111 ,OS6 0053 0550 12 45 200 OM 1363, FB 1621,
FB 1884
12055 50 278 112 OS6 0047 0550 12 50 236 OM 1167
12055 50 264 098 086 0042 0550 12 50 236 FB 1621, FB 1884,
TB 11 (1944)
12082535 259 121 093 0059 OS25 12 35 150 FB 1621, FB 1884
12082540 279 126 OS9 0053 0825 12 40 172 FB 1621, FB 1884
12082545 259 122 086 0044 0825 12 45 200 FB 1621, FB 1884
12 HO 30 320 lOS 0072 1100 12 30 113 UM 1167,l!'B 1490,
FB 1503, FB 1506,
FB 1884, JB 1937,
LGLI27'),
AVA 45/W/15
12 HO 40 254 126 090 0053 1100 12 40 171 FB 1621, F;B 1654,
FB1884
12 HO 50 263 122 089 0046 1100 12 50 236 FB 1621, FB 1884
15055 40 260 105 082 0057 0550 15 40 171 FB 1621, FB 1884
15055 45 273 112 079 0049 0550 15 45 200 FB 1621, FB 1884
15055 50 271 113 079 0041 0550 15 50 236 FB 1621, FB 1884
15082545 259 113 080 0047 0825 15 45 200 FB 1621, FB 1884
151-10 30 320 105 0076 1100 15 30 113 FB 1490'), FB 1506'
FB 1884, JB 1937.
FBl505
151-10 40 1100 15 40 172 FB 1227, FB 1329,
FB 1621, FB 1884,
JB(1941)
11.1 COLLECTION OF GEOMETRICAL AND AERODYNAMIC DATA 123
Designation of profile 01 ODml n (Cm)a "'ale y.le fie lie "',Ie "1' Sources
10' .10' 10' 10' -10' 10' 10' -10' 10'
DVL 000 15 HO 50 250 ll5 086 0060 llOO 15 50 236 FB 1621, FB 1884
- 18 0'55 40 269 124 080 0073 0550 18 40 172 FB 1621, FB 1884
18 055 45 274 101 075 0065 0550 18 45 200 FB 1884
180825 45 0825 18 45 181 FB 1621
18 0825 45 274 109 078 0056 0825 18 45 181 FB 1884, 1621
18 HO 30 320 096 0081 llOO 18 30 113 FB 1349. FB 14907 ),
FB 1505'), FB 1506')
FB 1884, JB (1937),
JB (1940), UM 3145
18 1-10 40 263 109 080 0063 1100 18 40 172 FB 1621, FB 1884,
18 1-10 50 259 ll5 082 0085 llOO 18 50 236 FB 1621, FB 1884,
211-10 30 llOO 21 30 113 FB 1884, JB (1937)
25 0-55 40 0550 25 40 172 FB 1884
25 1-10 30 llOO 25 30 113 FB 1884
251-10 40 1100 25 40 172
30 1-10 30 llOO 30 30 113 FB 1884, UM 3145
1 35 12 0'55 40 0550 10 35 12 40 172 FB 1910')
2 35 12 0'155 40 0550 20 35 12 40 172 FB 1910'),
172 AVA45/W/16
4 35 12 0'55 40 0550 40 35 12 40 172 FB 1910')
260 0031
NACAOOO3 805 D 158 -29 095 08 0065 -027 243 060 1100 o 3 30 113 & 669, & 628
810 B 096 005 032 234 -010 1100 o 6 30 113
0006 300 D 084 108 0044 -006 250 1100 o 6 30 113 &824
600 D 084 108 0050 0 250
600 r D 090 105 0089
847 D 091 098 0051 0 243 020 669
900 D 092 103 0052 0 250 824
0009 300 A 125 110 0052 0 250 llOO o 9 30 113 R 586, 637
600 r D 092 105 0091 &824
600 D 131 109 0056 0 250
829 A 139 098 0058 0 240 050 669
900 D 131 llO 0056 0 250 005
0012 70 r B 085 083 0129 llOO o 12 30 113 R 586, 637, R660
I Nl945
124 11. TABLES
Designation of profile CI- CDmln (C.. ). z.le y.le 110 lie tIc z,le Of'
Sources
10' 10' 10' 10' 10' 10" 10' 10' 10' 10'
~.: ...~B
... c;" dOL
R S I~ OLmax a o0 Ta" 01 ODmin (Om). ::./e y.le Qo fie ::,Ie lIe ::,Ie 82'
Designation of profile Sources
.,... "1.1.. .10'
.~
~
~
10 10' 10' 10' 10' 10' 10' 10" 10' 10' 10' 10' 10'
..II ...~
-
.....
126 11. TABLES
=
..=..,Cl"'la
1
dOr.
R 51;
... ... GLma% 00 Ta' 01 DmID (0 ..). "'./e y./e ~o fie ""Ie tIc x,le 81'
Designation of profile Sources
10-4 ~ . 10' 10 10' 10' 10' 10' 10' .10' 100 10' 10' 10' 10' 10'
~ I>
.II ~
NACA4421 600 D 142 -39 102 20 0075 ~2 236 -010
600 D 142 -39 102 20 0075 -082 236 -010
821 D 141 -34 089 OS 0088 -071 231 -020 R669
900 D 148 -39 100 28 0072 -082 238 -009 824
24 300 D 128 -39 100 21 0088 -080 224 -035 1100 40 40 24 30 113 824
600 r D OS5 -30 088 10 0132
600 D 135 -38 100 21 0080 ~O 230 -016
900 D 139 -39 100 20 0075 ~o 239 -005
4506 805 D 115 -43 104 42 00871) -110 245 -010 1100 40 50 06 30 113 R460
4509 824 D 156 -41 103 39 00931) -106 247 1100 40 50 09 30 113 460
4512 845 B 169 -42 097 32 0095') -106 239 1100 40 50 12 30 113 460
4515 814 D 162 -41 101 28 0113') -097 241 1100 40 50 15 30 113 460
4518 826 D 1M -39 096 16 0125') -093 236 020 1100 40 50 18 30 113 460
4521 831 D 146 -34 095 14 0138') ~2 234 020 1100 40 50 21 30 113 460
4612 847 B 176 -46 098 30 0099') -124 240 1100 40 60 12 30 113 460
4712 834 A 182 -50 097 30 0104') -143 238 1100 40 70 12 30 113 460
6212 855 A 175 -52 100 55 OWl') -089 242 040 1100 60 20 12 30 113 460
6306 813 D 1M -52 105 63 0092') -109 2M 1100 60 30 06 30 113 460
6309 821 B 167 -54 104 52 0101') -112 2 030 1100 60 30 09 30 113 460
6312 839 B 166 -55 101 40 0102') -111 243 010 1100 60 30 12 30 113 460. R 5&6
~15 819 B 155 -54 101 41 0120') -105 243 020 1100 60 30 15 30 113 460
6318 813 D 143 -52 098 30 0130') -098 237 010 1100 60 30 18 30 113 460
6321 829 D 137 -52 096 10 01') -090 235 020 noo 60 30 21 30 113 460
6406 819 D 143 -56 104 53 0086') -129 257 1100 60 40 06 30 113 460
6409 808 D 168 -59 101 59 0094') -133 250 -020 1100 60 40 09 30 113 460
6412 815 D 167 -57 101 48 0104') -133 241 010 1100 60 40 12 30 113 460
64111 80s D 1119 -57 099 39 0120') -125 243 -020 noo 60 40 15 30 113 460
6418 818 D 151 -57 099 28 0132') -118 237 1100 60 40 18 30 113 460
6421 800 D 141 -52 096 17 0146') -110 233 1100 60 40 21 30 113 460
6506 846 D 129 -53 101 63 0093') -159 2110 1100 60 50 06 30 113 460
6509 821 D 171 -63 103 51 0100') -158 249 -030 1100 60 50 09 30 113 460
6512 840 D 175 -62 101 0106') -155 242 -030 1100 60 50 15 30 113 460
65111 819 D 167 -60 099 40 0127') -147 240 -020 1100 60 50 18 30 113 460
6518 819 D 161 -57 095 29 0141') -139 234 -020 1100 60 50 18 30 113 460
6521 814 D 149 -53 094 10 0IM') -129 232 030 1100 60 50 21 30 113 460
6612 868 D 183 -66 099 45 0114') -185 233 -020 1100 60 60 12 30 113 460
6712 8113 A 195 -70 097 30 0126') -199 238 020 1100 60 70 12 30 113 460. R 586
21012 837 C 163 -06 099 04 0070 001 235 060 1100 11 <'II 12 30 113 610
22012 832 C 172 -09 100 10 0071 -005 237 050 1100 111 10 12 30 113 610
22112 850 B 164 -08 100 06 0072 -001 240 050 1I00 III 10 I~ 30 1I3 1137
23006 829 D 1I7 -12 100 15 0057 -012 240 080 1100 18 15 06 30 113 R 610. 669
23009 260 A 134 -12 098 19 0076 -061 1I00 18 15 09 30 113 FB 1095. FB 1555.
JB(1937).
AVA 45/W/16.
UM 1259'). &.669
23012 1100 18 15 12 30 113 FB 1095. FB 1M3.
FB 1769. FB 1848.
JB (1937). UM 3145.
UM 3507. UM 1259').
JB(1941)
70 r D 095 -12 OSO 06 0120 NI945
70 .. D 118 -14 099 11 0076 -010 231 152
100 r B 100 -14 OS7 13 0128
100 D 130 -13 099 10 0069 -010 230 139
150 r B 108 -13 095 12 0123
150 B 143 -13 100 1I 0065 -010 233 131
200 r B 114 -13 097 10 0120
200 B 150 -13 0911 11 0066 -009 232 098
300 B 161 -12 104 13 0063 -013 241 035 R824
600 r B 124 -15 103 19 0099
600 B 1711 ~12 105 19 0061 -013 241 03Ii
837 A 174 -12 100 OS 0060 -008 238 070 R669
880 A 179 -14 105 23 0069 -013 247 004 Nl945
23015 1I00 18 111 15 30 113 FB 1312. FB 11179,
FB 1221. FB 1591.
FB 1763. FB 1769.
R 824. UM 1259
11.1 COLLECTIO~ OF GEOMETRICAL AND AERODYNAMIC DATA 127
...fBI" ..=a
.. <:::> tlO L
R g 0
... "a... GLm&J: "0 /i;; C1 CDmin (Coo). "'.Ie y.le 110 fie "',Ie lie "',fc Of'
Designation of profile Sources
10"" -:i g 10' . 10 10' 10' 10' 10' 10' 10' 10' 10' 10' 10' lQ' 10'
.; .~
~~ I
I
I I
NACA16012 0489 00 - 12 60 267 N976. R 763
16016 0489 00 - 15 50 267 N976
16018 0489 00 - 18 60 267 N976
16021
16109 60 ~8 102 12 0050 ~25 285
0489
0489
00
06
-50 21
9
50
50
267
267
N976
N 9767)
16209 60 -14 100 26 0050 ~ 286 0489 11 50 9 50 267 N2951
16506 60 -38 110 40 0045 -110 260 0489 28 50 6 50 267
16509 60 -38 112 50 0050 -105 260 0489 28 50 9 50 267
16512 60 -38 098 40 0080 -110 280 0489 28 50 12 50 267
16515 60 -38 090 30 0105 -110 310 0489 28 50 15 50 267
16521 60 -21 090 02 0160 ~70 310 0489 28 50 21 50 267
16530 60 -17 068 -12 0300 ~15 330 0489 28 50 30 50 267
16709 60 -50 112 52 0080 -140 260 0489 39 50 9 50 267
161009 60 -65 124 75 0110 -175 270 0489 55 50 9 50 267
27209 805 092 -16 091 12 0060 ~ 0525 13 50 9 20 55 L-345
27212 849 112, -10 089 05 0069 ~35 0525 13 50 12 20 55 L-345
27215 850 128 00 087 -05 0084 015 0525 13 50 15 20 55 L-345
63 -006 300 D 080 110 0042 007 258 ~ 0825 00 00 6 35 043 R824
600 D 081 110 0041 007 258 ~29
600 r D 088 108 0088 007 258 ~33
900 D OSO 110 0042 007 258 ~33
1500 D 088 III 0050 R964
2000 D 090 112 0062 964
2500 D 096 111 0061 964
63 -009 300 D 110 110 0042 258 010 0779 9 35 040 R824
600 r D 090 107 0088
600 D 110 110 0041 258 ~7
900 D 115 110 0041 258 ~16
1500 r D OS9 109 0081 964
631 - 012 300 A 139 114 0050 265 ~17 0775 12 35 036 R824
600 r D 098 110 0092
600 D 139 116 0045 265 ~19
900 D 145 114 0043 265 ~30
1500 D 146 114 0048 964
2000 D 143 114 0051
. 2500 D 141 115 0057
63. - 015 300 D 138 110 0053 270 ~32 070S 15 35 035 R824
600 r D 112 III 0095
600 D 148 lOS 0051 272 ~27
900 D 150 110 0049 271 ~34
630 - 018 300 D 125 118 0058 277 ~5 0654 18 35 034 R824
600 r D 111 118 0102
600 D 144 118 0054 271 ~19
900 D 152 lI8 0049 271 ~2O
1500 D 163 117 0048 964
2000 D 165 ~5 118 0052
63.-021 300 D 115 113 0063 276 ~06 0601 21 35 033 R824
600 r D 099 112 0109
600 D 127 119 0056 273
900 D 139 115 0052 273 ~1
63 AOO6 0736 06 37 110 R903
63 A008 0739 08 37 109 R903
63 AOI0 900 B 119 105 0046 254 ~3 0742 10 37 107 R903
631 A 012 0744 12 37 107 R903
63. A 015 0724 15 37 105 R903
63 - 206 300 D 096 -20 105 20 0040 ~39 251 005 OS25 11 50 06 35 043 R824
600 D 101 -19 112 20 0040 ~39 250
600 r D 109 -20 110 22 0082
900 D 108 -20 105 25 0040 ~39 254 ~11
63 - 209 300 D 129 -12 110 26 0044 ~31 260 ~18 0779 11 50 09 35 040 R824
600 r D 106 -12 110 05 0088
600 B 141 -13 110 20 0046 ~31 263 ~26
900 D 141 -12 110 20 0046 ~31 262 -032
1500 D 140 -13 114 01 0056 964
2000 D 138 -15 114 02 0058
2500 D 135 -17 114 0062
-----~-------------------------------------------------------------------,.
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Sources
Designation of profile 10'
10-' -= 10 . loa 10' 10'- 10' 10'
.; .;;:0"
.... 10' 10 10' 10' 10' 10' -lO'
II
.. ;q
~
NACA 63-210 300 D 141 -14 110 20 0048 1 -033 264 -031 0770 11 50 10 3.', 038 R824
600 r D 102 -10 110 15 0091
600 D 151 -13 112 20 0045 -033 261 -037
900 D 156 -12 110 20 0045 -033 261 -033
63, - 212 300 D 152 -20 110 15 0048 -034 264 -046 0755 11 50 12 35 036
600 r D 119 -20 110 20 0091 R824
600 D 159 -18 117 25 0045 -034 263 -034
900 D 162 -20 110 25 0045 -034 263 -029
1500 D 162 -18 112 15 0051 964
2000 D 155 -18 114 0065
2500 D 154 -18 114 0067
63. -215 300 D 141 -10 120 15 0058 -031 269 -052 0708 11 50 15 35 035 R903
600 r D 125 -10 112 15 0098 824
600 D -'59 -13 118 05 0048 -031 266 -024
900 D 161 -12 120 20 0046 -031 267 -020
6a. - 218 290 D 131 -12 120 15 0060 -027 273 -050 0654 11 50 18 35 034 R824
600 r D 115 -12 110 10 0101
600 D 145 -13 118 17 0051 -032 272 -047
900 D 150 -12 120 20 0049 -032 271 -042
63. - 221 300 D 118 -13 110 15 0062 -030 274 004 0601 11 50 21 35 033 R824
600 r D 103 -13 110 05 0112
60Q D 131 -13 119 10 0055 -030 270 -017
900 D 146 -13 110 20 0053 -030 269 -033
63 A 210 0742 11 50 10 37 107 R903
63, - 412 300 D 158 -30 102 30 0053 -075 271 -095 0755 22 50 12 35 036 824
600 r D 131 -30 100 25 0098
600 D 171 -28 108 38 0048 -075 271 -080
900 D 178 -30 100 32 0045 -075 270 -073
63. - 415 70 r D 103 -27 092 06 0118 0708 22 50 15 35 035 R903
70 B 126 -26 109 16 0077 -063 274 016 N1945
100 r D lOB -25 098 15 0131
100 B 130 -28 lOB 30 0070 -064 271 022
150 r D 118 -25 100 20 0128
150 D 136 -28 112 20 0064 -068 273 -081
200 r D 119 -25 105 17 0123
200 D 141 -28 111 25 0061 -069 273 -069
300 D 154 -30 115 35 0065 -071 264 -043
600 r D 132 -30 113 21 0099
600 D 162 -28 118 22 0052 -071 264 -039
900 D 167 -30 115 35 0049 -071 262 -036
63, - 418 300 D 139 -26 118 30 0060 -065 272 -052 0654 22 50 18 35 034 R824
600 r D 120 -24 110 18 010B
600 D 150 -26 118 23 0052 -071 271 -057
900 D 158 -26 118 22 0050 -071 272 -051
63,4-420 310 D 119 -21 101 05 0059 -060 265 -036 0784 22 50 20 35 033 R8245 )
600 r D 109 -21 101 05 0102
600 D 133 -21 104 05 0058 -060 264 -049
900 D 142 -21 110 05 0055 -06{J265 -054
63,4- 420 300 D 120 ...5.25 108 37 0067 -036 264 -025 0784 29 35 20 35 033 R824
a= 0-3 600 r D 104 -25 104 10 0110
600 D 122 -25 110 07 0060 -036 264 006
900 D 135 -25 lOB 45 0058 -036 265
63. - 421 300 D 132 -28 120 20 0067 -057 275 --025 0601 22 50 21 35 033 R824
600 r D 110 -25 114 20 0112
600 D 138 -28 120 25 0056 -057 279 -030
900 D 148 -27 120 28 0054 -063 275 -027
630 - 615 300 D 145 -40 116 25 0058 -110 266 -037 070B 33 50 15 35 035 R824
600 r D 139 ~9 108 30 0102
600 D 159 -35 120 42 0052 -110 266 -043
900 D 167 -38 120 42 0048 -110 266 -040
6a. - 618 300 D 140 -38 118 22 0060 -098 267 -012 0654 33 50 18 35 034 R824
600 r D 127 -38 110 24 0107
600 D 148 -38 118 28 0053 -098 266 -013
900 D 158 -38 118 45 0062 -098 267 -016
63Cuo) -422 600 r D 110 -28 105 26 0117 0790 22 50 22 35 033 824
600 D 130 -31 113 05 0064 -064 269 -068
900 D 140 -31, 110 12 0060 -064 271 -043
.------------------------------ -----
Designation of profile
01 ODmi n (0..). "'.Ie flo fie Ifc ""Ie "'I' Sources
10' .10' 10' 10' loa 10' 10' 10' 10'
NACA 63(4110) - 517 310 D 145 -33 114 25 0062 ~7 264 -107 0790 27 17 034 R8~
590 D 154 -33 113 35 0058-O8ll 262 -007
890 D 161 -30 110 35 0057 ~5 264 -OJS9
64-006 300 D 082 110 0040 259 -008 0711 00 00 06 38 053 R8~
600 r D 082 108 0085
600 D 080 110 0038 258 -014
900 D080 110 0040 256 -014
1500 D 088 110 00%
2000 D 095 III 0049
2500 D 096 112 0050
64-008 0711 08 38 055 R8~
64-009 300 A 110 110 0043 257 015 0715 09 38 051 R8~
64 -108 300 D 086 110 10 0042 -013 259 -029 0711 6 5 08 38 R8~
it.
11.1 COLLECTION OF GEOMETRICAL AND AERODYNAMIC DATA 131
dCr.
Designation of profile "'(1;;: C1 CDmin (C.. ). z./e y./e 110 fie zf/e t/e z';e
10' 10' 10' 10' 10' .10' lQ1 Sources
10' 10' 10' .10'
I
NACA 642 - 415 100 r D 117 -29 099 18 0136
100 B 124 -30 105 10 0071 -067 268 -087
150 r B 122 -29 102 20 0123
150 D 131 -30 106 10 0062 -068 270 -084
200 r B 128 -29 106 16 0123
200 D 138 -30 110 40 0061 -069 271 -077
310 D 148 -29 114 25 0056 -070 264 -070 R824
600 r D 130 -29 110 25 0100
600 D 160 -29 115 35 0050 -070 265 -051
900 D 164 -29 112 35 0047 -070 264 -040
70 r D 104 -26 098 15 0125 0681 22 50 18 R824
64. - 418
70 D 122 -24 116 30 0093 -062 281 -060 N1945
100 r D 105 -23 098 20 0146
100 D 125 -27 116 05 0083 -064 277 -064
150 r D 109 -22 106 20 0135
150 D 129 -27 113 15 0070 -065 279 -077
200 r D 111 -23 104 20 0132
200 D 131 -28 112 20 0068 -065 279 -084
300 D 138 -30 115 35 0060 -064 267 -051 R824
600 r D 124 -30 113 25 0107
600 D 149 -29 116 10 0053 -064 271 -050
900 D 158 -30 117 23 0050 -064 273 -049
300 D 134 -26 115 10 0062 -065 277 -017 0654 22 50 21 &,824
64, - 421
600 r D 119 -25 110 20 0112
600 D 148 -26 120 10 0055 -065 278 -035
900 D 153 -25 115 11 0052 -065 276 -047
64 A 410 70 r D 121 -39 098 20 0108 0687 22 50 10 39 104
70 D 133 --42 102 40 0072 -100 260 -041 N1945
100 r D 129 -39 099 30 0128
100 D 133 --41 106 32 0067 -105 268 -072 R903
150 r D 133 -39 101 30 0118
150 D 140 --40 III 50 0060 -100 271 -048
200
200
r D
B
134
145
--41
--40
098
110
34
57
0117
0058 -100 271 -063 .
300' D 160 --42 112 37 0050 -105 270 -028
600 r D 139 --40 III 44 0096
600 D 178 --41 117 50 0046 -105 268 -039
~!I
900 D 178 -39 117 46 0044 -110 264
64. - 618 300
600
D
r D
138
130
-38
-35
120
112
40
27
0058
0108
-076 289 0681 33 50
.
18 R824
~
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= ""~c.;, dOr,
Designation of profile
R o 0
.10- 4
"
...
...,
..0
-
...
0"
OLmax aO
0
10' 10
a;;;-
10'
O,!
10'
C.DmI D (0",).
10' 10'
x.lc
10'
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10'
110
l()1
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10'
x/Ie
10'
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10'
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10'
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10'
Sources
.~ ]
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os. - 218 - tl>300 . ~D e133 ,-13 ';-i02 :-15 ~M. ~29 ,264 ,-~ t-0605 lI ' . Ii(} '18 40 '52 R824
"0
65. -415 300 D 138 -25 110 25 0050 ~ 264 ~18 0669 30 40 15 .1 53 R824
0.=05 600
890
D
D
1M -25 116
160 -25 112
25 0045 ~6 264
40 0041 ~6 264 ~21
~2
134 11. TABLES
I
I
NACA 65, - 418 300 D 134 -25 110 121 0052 -'J61 265 -090 0606 022 50 18 40 112 R824
600 t D 122 -25 100 NI945
600 D 150 -25 111
121
30
0106
0045 -'J61 263 -'J59
900 D 155 -25 110 35 0044 -061 265 -'J60
65, - 418 290 D 129 -30 110 60 0054 -'J54 265 -'J12 0605 030 44 18 40 52 & 824
a = 0-5 590 r D 120 -30 105 30 0120
590 D 142 -30 110 35 0047 -'J56 266 -'J52
890 D 150 -30 110 35 0044 -'J56 267 -'J47
300 D 129 -28 112 OS 0054 -'J67 268 -065 0567 022 50 21 40 51 & 824
600 r B 120 -25 100 25 0113
600 D 140 -28 112 10 0050 -067 272 -'J46
900 D 155 -28 112 25 0045 -067 272 -'J76
65, - 421 300 D 121 -30 110 30 0058 -'J55 266 -'J84 0567 022 50 21 40 III & 824
a = 05 600 r D 112 -25 093 15 0119
600 D 132 -28 110 12 0050 -'J55 271 -'Jll
890 D 143 -28 110 30 0047 -'J55 272 -'J04
65., - 618 300 D 140 -40 115 45 0055 -104 275 -'J44 0605 033 50 18 40 112 R824
600 r B 130 -40 105 30 0110
600 D 154 -41 115 45 0047 -104 274 -'J35
900 D 166 -40 115 50 0042 -104 276 -'J22
65. - 618 300 D 128 -42 105 40 0056 -'J79 257 -'J59 0606 045 44 18 40 52 824
a = 0'5 600 r D 120 -42 102 22 0112
600 D 142 -42 105 42 0050 -'J79 264 -'J08
900 D 150 -42 105 42 0048 -'J79 265 -'J26
65 (215) - 114 300 B 142 -'J7 110 03 0048 -'J17 261 -'J20 0670 6 50 14 41 37 824
600 r D 108 -'J7 108 OS 0098
600 D 143 -'J7 110 10 0042 -'J22 264 -'J27
900 D 143 -'J7 110 10 0040 -'J22 266 -'J27
65 (216) - 415 310 D 140 -30 114 47 0052 -'J57 265 -'J23 0666 30 44 16 41 35 824
600 D 156 -28 114 40 0044 -'J57 266 -'J20
890 D 162 -30 114 32 0042 -'J57 267 -'J31
65 (216) - 415 310 D 138 -30 110 25 0055 -'J80 269 -069
a= 0'5 600 D 150 -30 110 28 0046 -'J80 268 -'J98
900 D 1~9 -30 110 46 0044 -'J80 266 -'J86
65 (421) - 420 310 D 130 -25 116 10 0056 -061 273 -110 0567 22 50 21 41 116 824
600 r D 112 -21 099 15 0113
600 D 144 -25 116 15 0050 -062 272 -'J70
900 D 152 -25 116 26 0045 -063 276 -'J46
653 - 618 310 D 138 -41 115 32 0053 -'J88 279 -'J20
620 r D 124 -33 105 23 0109
620 D 150 -41 115 42 0044 -100 276 -'J83
900 D 161 -38 116 57 0043 -100 273 -'J93
66 -006 300 D OSO 00 100 00 0030 0 255 -'J27 0619 00 00 6 080 R824
600 D 080 100 0030 258 068
600 r D 081 105 0083
900 D 080 100 0032 252
66 -008 0642 8 45 079 &824
66 -009 300 D OS2 107 0035 255 063 0654 9 45 078 &824
600 r D 086 107 0090
600 D 100 107 0031 258 002
900 D 105 107 0030 259 -'J25
66 -010 0662 10 45 077 &824
66, -012 300 B 122 105 0040 012 259 -'JOB 0661 12 45 076 R 824
600 r D 090 109 0094
600 B 123 107 0036 -'J06 259 -'J04
900 D 124 105 0032 258
300 B 129 102 0046 265 -'J16 0638 16 073 R824
600 r D 096 100 0100
600 B 137 103 0037 265 -'Jll
910 D 136 102 0034 265 -'J05
66. - 018 300 D 126 100 0048 -'J06 268 -112 0603 18 070 R824
590 D 134 03 108 0039 -'J06 266 -'J58
600 r D 104 05 098 010S
I
D 133 05 100 0034 -'J06 264 -'J27
66, - 021 D 119 100 0052 280 -360 0578 21 411 065 &824
r B 103 I 075 0120
D 132 I 104 0041 276 1-235
11.1 COLLECTION OF GEOMETRICAL AND AERODYNAMIC DATA 135
C1, CDmin (Cm)a "'ale Yale flo fie "'tIc tIc "'tic '1' Sources
Designation of profile
10' 10' 10' 10' 10' 10" 10' 10' 10' 10' 10'
747 A 015
747 A 315
600
300
D
D
147
122
-18 099
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R ,,-
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0
Tu: C1 CDmiI (C..). x.le y./e. 110 fie x/Ie tic xde 8T
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Designation of profile 0
Sources
.... 0 10' 10 '10' 10' 10' 10' 10' 10' .10" 10' "10' 10' 10' 10'
.; ">
...II~
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600 r D
I llO -16 100 10 0104
NACA 747 A315
600 D 138 -16 107 32 0042 ~13 261 034
900 D 144 -16 llO 22 0038 ~13 262 012
747 A 415 300 D 131 -18 105 20 0050 ~32 264 ~18 0686 31 37 15 39 R824
600 r D ll8 -18 103 20 0104
600 D 142 -18 107 35 0042 ~32 260 ~1
900 D 150 -18 105 35 0041 ~32 260 ~1
847 B 110 0693 06 30 10 40 044 R947')
836 D 110
8 -H -12
061!!
0920
05
35
20
30
10
12
40
30
044
035
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ll-H-09 0715 45 30 9 40 052 N1922
CLARK y- 6% 835 107 -29 ~98 15 0055 ~38 243 050 1100 19 40 6 30 ll3 R628, R 669
- 8% 795 D 137 -36 096 14 0060 ) ~5 243 060 1100 25 40 8 30 ll3 R628
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-10% 792 B 168 -45 098 23 0075 ) ~59 243 040 1100 31 40 10 30 ll3 R628
'
-117% 120 123 -62 096 50 0096 1) 1100 36 40 ll7 30 ll3 R502
230 128 -57 096 30 0091')
330 133 -56 097 10 0087 1)
450 145 -55 100 30 0086 1)
610 146 -54 100 20 0084 1)
670 151 -53 100 10 0083 1)
811 D 107 -29 098 15 0059 1) ~38 243 050 R628
837 D 168 -50 092 12 0071 1) ~9 239 040 R502
960 -54 10 0085 1)
-14% 797 D 172 -62 096 15 0090 )
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~O 238 060 lloo 43. 40 14 30 113 R62!!
-18% 813 D 148 -76 092 23 0117 ) ~98 235 060 lloo 55 40 18 30 113 R628
-22% 794 D 136 -93 OS8 15 0140 1) -107 232 130 1100 68 40 22 30 113 R628
N:t2 810 D 172 -54 096 17 0075 ~75 244 040 0910 45 40 124 30 074 R669
60 810 D 173 -55 097 30 0086 ~78 250 0910 30 36 124 30 074 R628
85 1000 17 15 09 30 086 N665
86 0760 17 15 09 35 107 N665
87 0620 17 15 09 40 120 N665
RAF 6- 6% 1670 30 30 06 30 1280<) R 463, UM 1321
6- 8% 1250 40 30 08 30 975') R463
6-10% 1000 50 30 10 30 925') R463
RAF-C 65 158 -66 OS5 65 0170 0960 84 30 168 30 602') R &MI771
650 151 -65 101 38 0120
RAF-D 65 139 -57 090 57 0180 OSlO 64 30 129 30 600') R&MI771
650 152 -55 101 70 0120
RAF-E 65 134 -47 091 60 0140 1080 52 30 103 30 715') R & M 1771
650 163 -44 105 63 0100
RAF-F 65 113 -32 097 60 0120 1500 43 30 086 30 1490') R&M1771
650 161 -30 105 62 0120
RAF-15 851 D 130 -22 096 25 0060 ~3 233. 100 29 30 064 15 320 R352
RAF-34 805 C 158 ~8 098 20 0071') ~ 246 050 OSOO 18 30 126 34 115 R& M 1771, R628
I I I
_I,
11.1 COLLECTION OF GEOMETRICAL AND AERODYNAMIC DATA
137
(Continuation of Table 11.1)
Remarks
As a rule, the values given here are the most modem ones. For the NACA 6proftles, the values were mainly obtained from graphs and rna" be in error
by a few per cent.
1. These drag coefficients and the C Lmax. values in these iines still require the correction describel in [R669].
2. Cm is referred to the aerodynamic centre when values for :t. and 11. are given; otherwise it is referred to the quarter-chord point_
4_ Here, the trailing edge is rounded; the radius of the circle of curvature at the trailing edge is eT' where el' = %~:)C!. 10' eT is gh-en_
5_ Measurements made with flaps deflected_
6_ The reference direction is US~aIlY the chord according to the NACA definition. For Giittingen proflles.it is the tangent at the trailing edge on the
pressure side; for symmetrical profiles it is always the line of symmetry_ -
We ~ow give som~ typical values for aR, the angle (in degrees) between the chord when defined as the longest line joining two points of the profile (the
deftnlJ;lOn In theoretical work) and the chord actually used for the profile_
Profile GO 436 549 564 596 620 622 623 62~ 625
aR= I 1-4 2-0 1-3 1-0 3-0 1'4 1-8 2-3 3-2
Protlle Clark Y 6% 8' 10% 11-7% 14% N85
/0 86 87
aR= I 1-0 1-4 1-7 2-0 2-4 0-1 0-1 0-1
Protlle NACA 2406 2409 2412 2415 2418 2421 4406 4409 4412 4415 4418 4421
aR= I 0 0-1 0-1 0-1 0-2 0-3 _0 0-1 0-2 0-3 0-4 0-6
Protlle NACA 6406 6409 6412 6415 6418 6421 23006 23009 23012 23015 23018 23021
aR= I 0-1 0-2 0-3 0-4 0-6 0-8 0-1 0-2 0-3 0-4 0-6 0-9
100 x/c 100 y/c .dw/V 100 y/c dy/dx .dw/V 100 y/c dy/dx .dwJV 100 xJc
II I dy/dx
II I II 1\
CL*=0'30; a'=1'65; C",*=-O'014 C L *=030; a*=145; C..=-0019 CL'=0'30; a*= 1'26; C..*=-0026
ad
11.2 ORDINATES, SLOPES, AND VELOCITY DISTRIBUTIONS OF CAMBER LINES 139
100 x/c
II 100 y/c dy/dx .dw/V
II 100 y/c I dy/dx
I .dw/V
II 100 y/c
I dy/dx .dw/V
II 100 x/c
OL"=0'10; a"-4'56; 0 .."=-0'083 0L"=10; a"=443; 0 .."=-0'086 L"=10; a"=4'17; 0 .."= -0'094
0 0 0 0 0
05 0460 0.758671) 0-498 0440 0.73441 1) 0'466 0'414 0.694921) 0'417 0-5
0-75 0'641 069212 0-496 0-616 0-67479 0-466 0'581 064047 0-417 075
125 0964 0'60715 0'494 0933 0-59896 0455 0882 0'57135 0'417 125
25 1'641 0'48892 0'488 1-608 0'49366 0'455 1-530 0-47592 0'417 2-5
50() 2693 0'36561 0'475 2-689 038235 0'455 2'583 0-17661 0-417 5-0
7'5 3'507 029028 0-463 3'651 031067 0455 3-443 031487 0417 7-5
10 4'161 0'23515 0'450 4-253 025057 0455 4-169 0-26803 0417 10
15 5124 0'15508 0'425 5-261 016087 0429 5317 0'19373 0417 15
20 5747 009693 0'400 5'905 0'09981 0-404 6-117 0'12405 0'417 20
25 6'114 005156 0375 6282 00()5281 0379 6672 00()6345 0391 25
30 6277 0'01482 0350 6-449 00()1498 03154 6777 00()2030 0365 30
35 6273 -'01554 0-325 6443 ~01617 0328 6789 -'01418 0339 35
40 6130 --04086 0300 6296 ~04210 0303 6646 -'04246 0313 40
45 6'871 ~06201 0275 6029 ~06373 0-278 6373 ~06588 0287 45
50 5'516 ~07958 0-250 5-664 ~08168 0253 5:994 ~08522 0260 50
65 11-081 -'!l9395 0-225 6218 ~09637 0-227 5527 -'10101 0-234 55
60 4'581 -10539 0200 4706 -10806 0202 4989 -'11359 0208 60
65 4'032 -'11406 0'175 4-142 -'11694 0177 4-396 -'12317 0182 65
70 3445 -12003 0'150 3641 -'12307 0152 3762 -12985 0156 70
75 2'836 -12329 0'125 2916 --12644 0126 3-102 -13363 0-130 75
80 2-217 --12371 0'100 2281 -'12693 0-101 2-431 --13440 0104 80
85 1-604 --12099 0-075 1652 --12425 0-076 1'764 --13186 0-078 85
90 1-013 --11455 0050 1-045 --11781 0-050 H19 --12641 0052 90
95 0'467 --10301 0-255 0-482 --10620 0025 0-518 --11361 0-026 95
100 0 --07958 0 0 ~08258 0 0 ~08941 0 100
100 x/c
II 100 y/c
I dy/dx L1w/V
II 100 y/c I dy/dx
I L1w/V
II 100 y/c
I dy/dx
I L1w/V
II 100 x/c
L"=l'O; a"=258; Om*= -0158 0L*=l'O; a*=209; 0 ..*=-0'179 OL"=10; a*=I54; 0",*=-0'202
0 0 0 0 0
0'5 0325 0.548251) 0312 0305 0'516201) 0294 0287 0'~5351) 0278 0'5
0'75 0'455 0'50760 0312 0425 0-47795 0-294 0-404 0-44925 0-278 0-75
1-25 0-695 0-45615 0-312 0-655 0-42960 0-294 0-616 0-40359 0-278 1-25
2'5 1-220 038555 0312 1-160 036325 0294 1-077 034104 0278 2-5
50 2-080 031325 0312 1955 029545 0294 1-841 027718 0278 5'0
7'5 2805 026950 0312 2645 025450 0294 2'~3 023868 0278 7-5
10 3-435 0'23730 0312 3240 022445 0294 3'043 0'21050 0278 10
15 4'495 0'18935 0312 4245 017995 0294 3'985 0'16892 0'278 15
20 5345 0'15250 0312 5060 0'14595 0294 4748 013734 0-278 20
25 6035 0-12125 0-312 5715 0-11740 0294 5367 0'11101 0-278 25
30 6'570 0-09310 0312 6240 0'09200 0294 5863 0-08775 0278 30
35 6965 0-06660 0-312 6635 0-06840 0294 6-m 0'06634 0-278 35
40 7-235 0-()4060 0312 6925 0'04570 0-294 6'528 0'04601 0278 40
45 7-370 001405 0'312 7-095 0'02315 0294 6709 0'02613 0278 45
50 7370 -01435 0312 7-155 0 0-294 6790 0'00620 0278 50
55 7-220 -!.04700 0-312 7090 --02455 0294 6770 ~01433 0-278 55
60 6'880 -'09470 0312 6-900 ~05185 0294 6644 ~03611 0278 60
65 6'275 --14015 0273 6'565 ~08475 0294 6405 ~06010 0278 65
70 6'505 -16595 0234 6030 -'13650 0294 6-037 ~08790 0278 70
76 4630 -18270 0195 5205 -18510 0245 6514 -'12311 0-278 75
80 3695 -19225 0156 4215 --20855 0196 4-771 -'18412 0'278 80
85 2-720 --19515 0-117 3'140 -21955 0147 3-683 --23921 0-208 85
90 1-755 --19095 0078 2035 -21960 0-098 2-435 ---25583 0'139 90
95 0825 -17790 0039 0-965 --20725 0'049 1-163 -'24904 0069 95
100 0 -'1~50 0 0 --16985 0 0 -'20385 0 100
0 0 0 0
0'5 0-269 0.454821) 0263 0250 0'421201) 0-250 0-5
075 0379 042064 0263 0350 0-38875 0250 075
1-25 0'577 037740 0'263 0-635 034770 0-250 125
2'5 1008 0-31821 0263 0930 0-29155 0250 2'5
50 1-720 025786 0263 1580 023430 0250 5'0
7-5 2'316 022153 0263 2-120 019995 0250 7'5
10 2'835 019500 0263 2585 0'17~5 O()250 10
15 3707 015595 0263 3365 013805 0250 15
20 40410 012644 0263 3980 0'11030 0250 20
25 4-980 0'10196 0263 4475 0'08745 0'250 25
30 5-435 008047 0263 4-860 0-06745 0250 30
35 5787 006084 0263 5-150 0-04925 0250 35
40 6045 004234 0263 5355 003225 0250 40
45 6212 002447 0263 5-475 001595 0'250 45
50 6290 000678 0263 5'515 0 0250 50
55 6279 ~01111 0263 6-475 ~01595 0250 55
60 6178 -02965 0263 5355 ~03225 0250 60
65 5981 -04938 0263 5-150 ~04925 0250 6IS
70 5681 ~07103 0263 4860 -'06745 0250 70
75 5265 ~09583 0263 40475 -'08745 0'250 75
80 4'714 -12605 0263 3'980 -'11030 0250 80
85 3987 -16727 0263 3365 -'13805 0250 85
90 2-984 -25204 0'263 2'585 -17485 0250 90
95 1-503 -31463 0132 1-580 -23430 0250 95
100 0 -'26086 0 0 100
II
I
1 The value of dy/dx at xle = 0005 is given, since dy/dx ...... 00 as x ...... O.
11.3 PROFILE CO-ORDINATES
141
x
II Yu !lz
II !lu !II
II !lu !lz
II !lu !II
/I
x
GaSK Ga 6K Ga7K GaSK
0 00533 0'533 1-080 1-080 1-684 1-684 2'138 2-138 0
26 1-299 0174 2633 0'363 3'861 0'617 6212 00698 2'6
50 1-669 0118 3'383 0240 4'961 0352 6-697 0-475 50
7-6 1'957 00081 3'968 0165 5'819 0242 7-866 0327
10 2216 0'066 4'493 7'6
0'113 6'689 0'165 8'895 0223
15 2627 0'011 6325 10
0'023 7'810 00033 10644
20 2'942 0 0'045 15
5963 0 8'746 0 11-806
30 3'404 0 0 20
6'900 0 10'120 0 13'662
40 3'646 0 0 30
7'388 0 10'835 0 14'627
50 3'700 0 0 40
7-500 0 11'000 0 14'860
60 3'574 0 0 60
7-246 0 10626 0 14345
70 3'167 0 60
0 6-420 0 9'416 0 12'712 0 70
80 2'601 0 5-070 0 7-436 0 10039 0
90 1'532 0 3-105 80
0 4-1154 0 6148 0
95 0-932 0 1-890 90
0 2'772 0 3'742
100 0111 0 95
0111 0'225 0-225 0330 0'330 0-446 0-446 100
Ga9K Go 10 K Goll K Go 12 K
0 0'578 0'578 0'909 0909 1758 1768 2'620 2'620
2'5 1201 0142 1-886 0
0223 3'651 0'432 5439 00644
5-0 1'141 0-054 2-264 2'5
0'085 4381 0164 6'527 0244
10 1-752 0 2'753 5'0
0 5-327 0 7936
15 l-977 0 0 10
3-107 0 6012 0 8968
20 2-149 0 15
0 3-376 0 6'534 0
30 2364 9735 0 20
0 3'715 0 H89
40 0 10712 0 30
2'435 0 3'827 0 7'405 0 11033 0 40
50 20450 0 3-860 0 7'460 0 11-100 0 60
60 2-367 0 3'719 0 H97 0 10723 0
70 2-102 0 60
3'303 0 6'392 0 9'524
80 1'661 0 70
1 0 2'610 0 5060 0
90 1-029 7'526 0 80
0 1-617 0 3-129
ct 95 0-639 0 1-005 0 1-944
0 4662 0 90
100 0 2'897 0 95
00083 0083 0131 0'131 0253 0253 0377 0377 100
x
II
I
Yu I Yl
II Yu I yz
II Yu I
335
Yl II Yu
342
I YZ II x
G6289 301
4-06 405 1-2 1-2 0075 075 ()O8 0'8 o
0 1'25
38 0 2'35 0'00 2'8 0
1-25 660 206
112 0 3'25 0 3-7 02 2-50
2-50 7-85 1'110
02 4'511 0'15 '9 08 6-00
IHIO 990 080 6'8
0'4 5'50 035 11'8 1-2 7-50
750 1H5 ()O40 80
89 0'6 635 0'60 6'5 1'7 10
10 12'80 020
()O06 103 H 7'50 1011 77 2'4 lIS,
111 14-85
1H 1-5 8'25 1-40 811 3-l 20
20 1615 0
118 2-1 8-65 195 9-l 39 30
30 17-00 0'20
065 lJ06 2-3 835 2-15 9'2 4'2 40
40 16'411
10'8 2-2 775 200 89 4-0 50
50 1495 0'85
2-1 670 1'70 B-1 37 60
eo 1280 0'9Il 9'4
130 66 33 70
70 10'10 0'95 77 1'8 1i'3O
55 1-2 370 OSII "8 2" 80
SO 7-10 075
31 07 2-10 0'411 2'7 1'3 90
110 370 040
1-7 ()OS HO 025 95
9Il 1'95 011i
0'4 01 0 0 OS 0 100
100 0 0
409 410 417a
.398
300 3'00 0 0 0 0 Hli 1'411 o
0 ()006 1'25
6'40 1'75 1'85 -1-85 260 -2'60 3'00
125 ()O411 2-50
1'25 2'50 -2'50 365 -3'65 3-65
2'50 7'50
Hli -3'411 11-011 -11'05 4070 HS5 IS'OO
11'00 901i 070
-4010 590 -11'90 1160 250 7-50
7'50 10'30 0'40 4'10
470 -470 6'50 -61i0 6'30 330 10
10 .101'30 020
00()() 1i'40 -11'40 7'211 -7-21S HIS 420 lIS
lIS 12'60
1i85 -1185 780 -7'80 775 4'85 20
20 13'35 000
635 -635 800 -800 8'60 1S70 30
30 13'81i 000
631i -6'35 7'411 -Nli S'80 1190 40
40 13'35 020
11'85 -1185 630 -6'30 8'415 11-1111 110
50 1230 025
-5-l11 11'00 -11'00 785 '-911 60
60 1060 0-35 1S'15
-4-20 3'60 -3'60 690 400 70
70 8'45 035 420
-300 2'20 -220 11-70 2'80 80
80 11911 025 3'00
1'50 -1'50 1-00 -100 4'25 130 90
90 3-25 011S
065 -0-65 0'45 ~'411 3511 ()O60 95
91S 1'80 0'05
. 100 020 0'20 0 0 0
436
0 1'45
449
1-411 100
420 426
8'00 8'011 350 3'50 250 250 1160 11-60 o
0 1'25
1S-60 1060 4'70 100 8'65 3'711
125 10711 11'25
135 1170 ()O20 l()OOO 30011 250
2-110 1220 4'40 665
11-85 2-25 11-00
u. . ---~. -~-.-~.--
11.3 PROFILE CO-ORDINATES 143
:r: Yu
II Yl
II Yu Yl
II Yu Yl
II Yu Yl II :r:
GIS32 633 63S 1549
0 HS HS 320 320 4-30 430 345 3'45 0
1-25 585 1-15 &00 175 8-35 2'30 5'70 1'95 l' 25
2'GO 7'00 080 720 135 9-75 1'55 680 1-60 2 GO
5'00 8'55 o-GO 880 0'95 ll-55 080 8-45 1'10 S' 00
7'GO 965 0'30 10'00 0'65 12-90 0'50 9-65 0-75 7' GO
10 10'65 0'15 IHO 0'50 1395 0'30 1070 0'55 10
IS 11-60 0 IHO 0'25 15'30 0-00 1225 0'25 15
20 12-25 0 1325 0-10 1605 0 1320 0'05 20
30 1275 0'25 1370 0 16-30 0'25 13'85 0 30
40 1205 0'65 13'05 015 1535 1'15 13'40 0'10 40
GO 1070 1-05 11'65 0-60 13'75 2'20 1200 0-30 GO
60 9-00 1-35 9-65 HO 11-65 3-00 10'05 0'55 60
70 7-10 I-50 7-50 1-40 9'22 3-00 7-90 0'65 70
80 4-90 1-35 5-20 1-35 6-55 2'50 5-35 0'55 80
90 2-60 0-80 2-70 0-85 3-55 1-45 2-70 0-30 90
95 140 0-45 1-40 045 1-90 0-65 1-40 0'15 95
100 0-10 0-10 0 0 0-15 0-15 0 0 100
0 4'90
. soo 490 230
SM
2-30 3-00
S93
300 1-70
S96
1-70 0
1-25 705 3-00 3-90 HO 5-50 1-80 3-80 0-40 1-25
2-GO 8'00 2-25 4-60 0-70 6-GO 135 4'60 015 2'GO
5-00 935 1-30 5-65 0-25 7-85 . 0'85 5'80 0-00 5-00
7' GO 10-35 0-70 6-30 0'05 8-90 0'55 6-80 0 7-GO
10 IHO 0-35 6'85 o. 9-75 0-40 7'60 0 10
15 12'30 0 7-GO 0 10-95 025 8'70 0 15
20 13-00 0-10 7'85 0 11-50 0-15 9'45 0-10 20
30 13-45 0-75 8-20 0 12'00 0-10 10-00 0-25 30
40 13-00 1'20 8-10 0 11-70 0 9-75 0-35 40
GO 11-85 1'60 7-60 0 10-85 0 880 040 GO
60 10-20 1-65 6-70 0 9-45 0 7-GO 0-35 60
70 8-10 1-60 5'60 0 7-65 0 6-00 0'25 70
80 5-70 1-25 4'00 0 5'50 0 4-15 0-15 80
90 3-10 070 2-25 0 3'00 0 2-15 0-10 90
95 1'65 0-40 ]-20 0 1'65 0 1'10 0'05 95
100 0 0 0 0 0-00 0 0 0 100
820 822 623 824
0 5-15 5-15 2-40 2'40 3-25 3-25 400 4-00 0
1-25 8-30 3-00 3-75 1-45 5-45 195 7-15 2-25 1-25
2-50 9-85 2'25 4-GO 1-05 6-45 I-GO 8-50 1-65 2-50
5-00 11-90 1-40 5-45 0-60 7-90 0-90 10-40 0-95 5-00
7 GO 13-35 0-85 6-15 0-35 905 0-35 ll-75 0-60 7-50
10 14-35 0'50 6-60 0-25 9-90 0-20 ]2-85 0'40 10
15 16-00 0'10 7-30 0'15 10-95 0'10 14-35 0-15 15
20 16-95 0 770 0'05 ll-55 00()5 15-30 0-05 20
30 17-70 0-20 8-00 0 1200 0 16-00 0 30
40 17-30 0-60 7-80 0 11-70 0 15-40 f) 40
50 16-00 0-95 7-10 0 10'65 0 14'05 0 GO
60 13-95 1-20 6-15 0 9'15 0 12-00 0 60
70 IHO 1'20 5-00 0 7-35 0 9-GO 0 70
80 7-80 0-95 3-55 0 5-15 0 6'60 0 80
90 4-10 0-45 1-95 0 2-80 0 3-55 0 90
95 2-10 0-20 1-15 0 1-60 0 2-00 0 95
100 0 0 0-20 0 0-30 0 &.50 0 100
825 8152 854 878 (M 12)
0 5-GO 5-50 5-80 5-80 3-00 3-00 0 0 0
1-25 9-00 3-30 9-GO 2-70 5-60 1-45 1'85 -1-60 1-25
2 GO 10-80 235 ll-oo I-GO 7'00 HO 2-70 -2-15 2-GO
5-00 13-30 1-25 13-00 O-GO 9-20 0-70 3'95 -2-70 5'00
7-GO 14'95 0-75 14-GO 0-10 10-75 0-45 4-85 -3'00 7:GO
10 16'35 0'40 15-65 0 ll-85 0-30 5-GO -325 10
15 18-25 0'15 1720 0'35 13'35 0-10 8-60 -3-50 15
20 19-30 0-10 18-25 1-20 14-20 0-05 7-35 -3-70 20
30 2()-00 0 18'85 3-45 14-50 0 7-95 -395 30
40 19'05 0 18-45 5-70 13-80 020 785 -3'91 40
GO 17-35 0 17-05 7-25 12-20 0-40 7-25 -3'75 GO
60 15-00 0 14-85 795 10-25 0'65 8-20 -3'45 60
70 12-10 0 11'90 770 7-95 0-65 4'95 -2-95 70
80 8-60 0 8-35 6-30 545 0-45 3-40 -2-25 80
90 475 0 4-45 370 2-85 0-25 1-80 -1-25 90
95 275 0 2-35 1-95 I'GO 0-15 0-95 -0-70 95
100 0-65 0 0 0 0 0 0-15 -0-15 100
11. TABLES
144
x
x
II Yu Yl
II Yu Yl
II Yu Yl
I Yu Yl
II
682 683 692
Gi 677 (U6)
7-00 7-00 ..,5 ..,5 0
0 0 0 2'50 2-50
10-00 7-50 2-65 1-25
I-SO -1-70 '-55 1-05 '-50
1-25 8-S0 1-90 2-60
-2-25 5-55 0-60 11-50 3-50
2-50 2-75 1-05 5-00
7-00 0-25 13-50 2-35 10-65
5-00 '-05 -2-75 7"50
0-10 15-00 1-65 12-00 0-60
7-50 '-90 -3-00 8-05
16-10 Hl6 12-95 0-30 10
10 5-65 -3-20 8-90 0
17-90 0-40 14-35 0-05 15
15 6-75 -3040 10-00 0-05
191>5 0'10 15-25 0 20
20 7-60 -3-60 10-65 0-20
19-90 0 16-10 0 30
30 8-20 -375 11-20 0-55
19-40 0-20 15-90 0 40
40 8-00 -3-S5 10-90 0-75
IS-10 0-65 14-85 0 50
50 7:25 -3-80 10-05 0-80
16-20 1-25 13-00 0 60
60 6-05 -3-70 S-65 0-85
14-00 2-00 10-60 0 70
70 4'60 -3-35 6-90 0-75
11-60 2-90 7-60 0 SO
80 3-15 -2-75 '-85 0-60
9-30 '-30 '-30 0 90
90 1-65 -1-65 2-55 0-35
8-20 5-20 2-50 0 95
95 0-95 ~-95 1-35 0-15
7-00 7-00 0-50 0 100
100 0-20 ~o2O 0 0
11.3 PROFILE CO-ORDINATES 145
II Yu = - I
Yl Yu = - Yl II Yu YI II Yu Yl II Yu Yl II
G6175 776 777 780 795
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2040 2-4() 0
125 3'320 3950 5267 -H17 0-0080 -0-0000 375 1'30 1-25
250 4'580 5'450 6'733 -2-133 0-0127 -O'()130 44() er90 2'50
5-00 6'220 7'400 9067 -3'017 0'0200 -O'()188 530 0-48 500
750 7-350 8750 10'880 -3'500 0'0246 -0-0241 595 0-24 7'50
10 8-180 9'750 12370 -3'883 0'()298 -O'()266 645 0'15 10
15 9'350 lI-l33 14'580 -4'483 00()4()9 -O'()323 H5 0 15
20 10'()33 11'950 16'()16 -4'867 00488 -0-0370 7-65 0 20
30 10'500 12500 16917 -5-083 0-0611 -0'0443 800 0 30
4() 10'150 12-080 16'183 -4'917 0-0678 -0-0485 7-90 0 4()
50 9'267 11'033 14'167 -4-517 0-0700 -0-0500 74() 0 50
60 7983 9500 11-533 -3"100 0-0650 -0-0488 6-48 0 60
70 2-533 7'630 8-667 -2-783 0'()52O -0-0443 525 0 70
80 6417 5'467 5'833 -1'900 0-0342 -00361 385 0 80
90 4-600 3017 2'983 -1'033 0-0175 -0-0215 2'20 0 90
95 H17 1'683 1-550 -0-833 0-0084 -O'()118 130 00()4 95
100 0-217 0267 0'133 -0'133 0 0 04() 0'10 I 100
ClarkY N 60 N 60 R N85
0 3'50 -3'50 3-40 -340 3-40 -34() 0 0 0
125 545 -1'93 5'60 -191 5'60 -1'91 I-77 -HO H5
2'50 6'50 -l'47 676 -H6 6'76 -1'46 2,60 -1,35 2'50
5-00 790 -0113 8'24 -0'96 8'24 -0-96 3-75 -1'62 5'00
7'50 8-85 -0-63 9-33 -0,62 9'33 -0'62 4-53 -1-80 7'50
10 9'60 -0042 10-14 -O-4() 10-14 -O-4() 5-07 -1-98 10
15 10-68 -0-15 11-32 -0-15 11-32 -0-15 5'66 -2-36 15
20 11-36 -0-03 H-98 -0-04 H-98 -0'04 5-93 -2-68 20
30 11-70 0 12-41 -0'04 12041 -O0()4 594 -3-06 30
4() IHO 0 12-03 -0-22 H-95 -0-14 5-57 -3-14 4()
50 10'52 0 ll'06 -0-48 10-79 -0-21 &00 -2-95 50
60 9-15 0 9-55 -0-71 9-18 -0-34 4,25 -2-65 60
70 7-35 0 7-66 -0-78 7-42 -0'54 3-4() -2'17 70
80 5-22 0 5'50 -064 5-75 --0089 2,47 -1-65 80
90 2-80 0 3-04 -0'37 4-28 -1-61 1-47 -1-08 90
95 H9 0 1-72 -0,19 3-66 -2-13 95
100 0'12 0 0-4() 0 3'20 -2'80 0;50 -0-50 100
N 86 N 87 LB 24 Ztl 11
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1'25 I-50 -0-85 l'55 -0'73 0-945 -01145 1'25
2'50 2'35 -1-10 228 -0-88 H17 -H17 190 -H5 2'50
5-00 3'45 -1'35 3'33 -1-03 1'983 -1-983 285 -1-42 50()()
750 4-20 -I-55 4-07 -1'15 2'420 -2-420 7'50
10 4'83 -175 4'62 -1'30 2-790 -2'790 4-19 -1'74 10
15 5'47 -2-07 527 -1'72 3-388 -3'388 15
20 572 -2'50 5-60 -2-19 3'866 -3'866 5-81 -1'90 20
30 5'87 -3,07 5-85 -2-86 4-533 -4'533 680 -1,82 30
4() 570 -3'25 5'79 -321 4900 -4'900 723 -1-66 4()
50 5'23 -3'18 5'43 -3'30 5000 -5'000 '1-23 -l'42 50
60 4-50 -2'96 4-81 -3-13 4900 -4'900 6112 -1'26 60
70 3'75 -2'50 4'01 -2-74 4'450 -4'450 6,17 -0'95 70
80 2'80 -1'91 299 -215 3'620 -3-620 4'86 -0'71 80
90 1'88 -1'24 1'79 -1'37 H80 -2-180 2'-88 -0,32 90
100 0-50 -0'50 0'50 -0'50 1'255 -1'255 100
11. TABLES
146
x
x
II Yu = -YI
II Yu = -YI
II Yu = -yz
II Yu = -<yz II
DVL 00009-0'82540 o 00 09-0'55 40 o 00 09-0'55 45 o 00 09-0'55 50
0737 0'727 0'625
0625 0'872 0'752
1030 1012 1250
1250 1221 1061
1441 H05 2'500
1684 H99
2500 2-004 1936 5-000
5000 2294 2'109
2-419 2'324 7'500
7500 2726 2561
2-705 2-638 10
10 3064 2-925
3,484 3282 3-135 15
15 3'571 3520 20
3'881 3682
20 3933 4'070 30
4-350 4215
30 4-366 4-392 40
4'500 4,469
40 4'500 fiO
4'370 4'468 4'500
fiO 4-370 4376 60
3'987 4-206
60 3-987 3952 70
3358 3'358 3'660
70 2,808 3-149 80
80 2-493 2-493
1-625 1'888 90
90 1'401 1401
0'903 1'061 95
95 0'772 0'773
0-000 0-090 100
100 0-000 0090
x
II Yu = -Yl
II Yu = -Yl
II x I Yu = -Yll! x I Yu = -Ylil
00018-1-150 000 10'75-0'356 48'7 o 00 10'1i-O'95 48 00010'1-0'09850
0-625 1'~6 0'719
1-250 2643 1017 I'M7 1047 0 0
2'500 3-546 1-430 3'208 1-446 2'344 0541
5'000 4652 2034 5648 1-852 4-687 0976
7'500 5384 2-492 9715 2432 7'031 1389
10 5-936 2877 12-155 2808 0'375 1779
15 6754 3'524 15409 3'244 15'625 2'710
20 7363 4-064 21'916 3-967 21'875 3-483
30 8244 4-865 31-876 4748 31'250 4350
40 8-797 5'295 41-437 5168 40'625 4868
60 9000 5356 51'197 5228 50000 5'Ml
60 8'752 50049 60'968 4929 59'375 4868
70 7904 4'373 70'118 4268 68750 4'350
80 6298 3'323 80'479 3244 78-125 3'483
90 3-776 1-897 90'239 1-852 90'622 1-779
95 2-122 I'Ml 96'120 1'016 95312 0'976
100 0'180 0-088 1000000 OO()86 100-000 0-083
------~-------..--------..--------~--------..---------..--------..--------..-------.
x 1\ Yu = -Yl II Yu = - Yl II Yu = - Yl II Yu = - Yl II Yu = - Yl " Yu = - Yl II Yu =- Yl II x
II
8'02
20 2-87 4'30 5'74 7-17 8'61 I()'M 11'95 20
30 3'00 4'50 6-00 7'50 9-00 10'50 12-50 30
,40 2'90 4-35 580 725 8'70 10'16 1209 40
I
~'.l
50 2'65 397 529 &62 7'~ 9-26 110()3 50
l 60 228 4-56 6-84 7-99 9'51 60
3-42 5'70
70 I-83 2'75 3'66 4'58 5'50 6'41 763 70
80 1'31 1'97 262 3'28 3-~ 4-59 11'46 80
90 072 1'09 1-45 l'81 2-17 2'53 302 90
95 0'40 060 081 1'01 121 I-41 1'68 95
100 0006 0'10 I 0'13 0'16 019 0'22 026 100
I l-25
2'50
5'00
750
10
15
20
0030
474
6'54
8'89
10'50
ll-71
13-36
14'34
0012-83
1-91
2-65
3'62
428
4'76
5'41
ll-79
001tJ...-84
0001~1-1
2-267
3067
4-083
4767
5300
6-083
6-617
<10
0009-34
085
1'26
1'87
235
274
337
3'82
0009-35
079
H4
1-66
206
240
2'96
0009-93
2'(2
2'74
340
376
399
4'25
439
18-009
0-969
1354
1'882
2274
2593
3-101
3'498
1'25
2'50
5-00
NSO
10
15
20
3-41
30 15'00 6-00 7-283 4-35 4'03 4'50 4'063 30
40 14'51 585 7500 4'50 4-39 4'38 4'391 40
50 1324 5-41 7-283 4-37 4'50 4'06 4'500 50
60 IH1 4'72 &650 399 438 3'54 4'376 60
70 9'16 3'81 5600 336 3'35 286 3952 70
80 6'66 2-72 4-150 249 3'15 2-04 3-149 80
90 3'62 1'48 2333 1-40 I-89 l-Il I-888 90
95 21>2 0-81 1'283 0-77 1-06 (Jo61 1'061 95
100 0'31 012 0-150 00()9 (Jo09 01)9 Oo()9O 100
148 11. TABLES
NACA
65-006 65 A 006 65 A 008 65 AOI0 65 1-012 65 1 A 012 65.-015
0-60 0'476 0-464 0615 0-765 0923 0913 H24 060
0'75 0-574 0563 0746 0-928 H09 BOO 1356 0-75
1-25 0717 0-718 0951 1-183 1'387 1'414 1-702 1-25
2-50 0-966 0981 1-303 1-623 1-875 1042 2-324 2'50
5-00 1-310 1'313 1-749 2'l82 2606 2614 3-245 5000
7-60 1-589 1'591 H2O 2'650 3-172 3-176 3-959 7-50
10 1'824 1-824 2-432 3-040 3647 3'647 4'555 10
15 2197 2-194 2926 3-658 4-402 4'392 5-504 15
20 2-482 2-474 3'301 4127 4-9711 4956 6-223 20
30 2-852 2-842 3-791 4-742 5716 11693 7-1112 30
40 2-998 2-996 3995 4-995 5997 11-995 7-498 40
50 2900 2925 3'895 4-863 5'757 11828 7-168 60
eo 2518 2602 3-456 4-304 4-943 5-143 6'1l8 60
70 1-935 2087 2-763 3'432 3'743 4'091 4-600 70
80 1-233 1437 1-898 2352 2-345 2'798 2-858 80
90 0510 0727 0-960 H88 0-947 1-413 H44 90
15 0-195 0-370 0'489 0-604 0-356 0'719 0-428 95
100 0 0-013 0018 0-021 0 0025 0 100
11.3 PROFILE CO-ORDINATES 149
x
II Yu = -Yl Yu = - Yl Yu = - Yl Yu = - Yl Yu = - Yl Yu = - Yl Yu = - Yl x
Xu Yu Xl Yl Xu Yu Xl Yl Xu Yu
NACA 1408
H89
2'418
1-324
1'862
" 1-311
2-582
-1-200
-H2O
" 1-174
2'398
NACA 1410
1639
2297
" 1-326 -1'515
"
NACA 1412
1'158 1'954
2602 -2-055 2378 2'733
4-896 2'602 11'104 -2-134 4'870 3-194 5'l30 -2-726 4-845 3'786
7'386 3'138 7-614 -2-458 7-358 3'837 7-642 -3-157 7-330 4'537
9'883 3'558 10'117 -2'682 9854 4'338 10-146 -3-462 9'824 5-118
14'889 4'171 15-111 -2'953 14'861 5-062 15'139 -3'844 14-833 5951
19'904 4'574 20~96 -3-074 19'880 5531 20'120 -4O()31 19'857 6-486
24'926 4'819 25'074 -3101 241107 11'809 25-093 -4091 24889 6-799
29'950 4'939 30050 -3-063 290937 5'940 30'063 -4'064 29-925 6'940
40'000 4869 40'000 -2'869 40-000 5-836 40000 -3-836 40-000 6'803
50020 4'502 49'980 -2'1156 5()-025 5'385 49975 -3-439 50'029 6267
6O~34 3'931 59-966 -2-153 60-042 4-692 59-958 -2-914 60051 11-453
70'041 3-193 69959 -1'693 70~1 3'804 69'949 -2'304 70061 4'413
80~39 2'305 79-961 -H93 80-049 2'741 79'951 -H29 80'058 3-178
90-027 1'271 89'973 ~'659 90034 1-513 89'966 ~'901 90040 1'753
95'016 0'698 94-984 ~-378 95021 0'832 94-979 ~'512 95'025 0966
100-000 0'084 100'000 -0-084 100-000 0'105 10&000 ~'105 100-000 0'126
Xl Yl
NACA 847 B 110 NACA 836 D 110
0'445 0792
0688
1-179
0-964
1-239
0'5115
0812
1-321
~'711
~'847
-1-055
0'443
0'681
H66
0-769
0937
1-204
0'558
0-812
1-315
~-678
~.g08
-1'004
" 1-342
2'622
6-155
-1830
-2'491
-3'318
2'420 1'723 2'580 -l'400 2'400 1694 2'564 -1'352 70670 -3-857
4918 2413 5082 -1'871 4'898 2-406 5'070 -1'858 10'176 -4-242
1'421 2'947 7'579 -2-233 1'406 2959 7'560 -2'l!44 15'167 -4733
9'926 3'390 10-074 -2'537 9'913 3'422 100041 -2'574 20143 -40986
14-942 4'095 15'058 -3~38 14'942 4-135 15-014 -3-122 25'111 -50081
19'962 4631 20-038 -3'447 19'977 4-650 19981 -3-578 30~75 -5-064
24'985 5O()31 25015 -3-784 30071 11204 29-891 -4295 40-000 -4-803
30-011 5309 29989 -4'057 40'149 6-119 39'817 -4770 49971 -4-321
40'087 5'490 39'913 -4'426 110139 4'1158 49'833 -4'887 59'949 -3'675
50'141 1I~72 49'8119 -4'499 60-051 3-709 119-929 -4'547 69-939 -2-913
60119 4'273 59'881 -4'293 64'995 3251 64'997 -4'157 79'942 -2-066
70'037 3'280 69'963 -3'722 69941 2'793 700047 -3-601 89'960 -H41
74'982 2741 75'018 -3207 74932 2-325 75-058 -2920 -0-646
94-9'5
79-957 2-179 80-043 -2'517 79941 1-847 80'051 -2-182 100-000 ~'126
84'965 1'606 85035 -1-744 84-964 1'366 85-032 -l'430
89'982 1'033 00-018 ~'976 89985 0'885 90013 ~-732
94'999 0-477 95-001 ~'299 95-001 0-427 94'999 ~'182
100-000 0 100-000 0 100-000 0 100-000 0
150 11. TABLES
J
II
l
100 00()9 -00()9 012 -0-12 0'12 -012 &12 -0-12 100
------------------"
11.3 PROFILE CO-ORDINATES 151
II X. Yu II Xl Xu Y. xI
YI
II YI
131-212 MA 210
0'417 1'032 0'683 -0932 0-424 0866 0'576 -0744
0-6ti7 1'260 0-843 -H2O 0-665 1044 0'835 -4886
H4ti Jo622 1'3M -1-408 H83 1'342 1'347 -HOO
2-378 2'284 2-622 -1'912 2387 1-895 2-613 -1-473
4-883 3-238 ti'l37 -2-606 4-874 2685 5'126 -1-963
1 7'358 3983 7-642 -3'116 7369 3'288 7'631 -2'316
9-859 4'OM 10'141 -3'620 9'868 3"792 10'132 -2'600
14'868 5'470 16'132 -4124 140874 40692 15'126 -3'030
19'882 6'137 20'118 -4645 19886 6200 20115 -3340
240900 6'606 25'100 -4816 24900 6-656 25'100 -3'OM
29920 6901 30'080 -4967 29'917 6-984 30'083 -3'688
34'941 7'030 3&059 --40970 34'935 6'192 35066 -3"744
39-962 6991 ~038 -4'849 39-966 6'274 40-045 -3716
44-982 6799 4&018 -4'609 #975 6-208 4&026 -3880
600000 6'473 600000 -4'267 49994 6014 600006 -3'364
60-029 6-491 69-971 -3349 60-028 6323 69972 -2'719
7(}O043 4-182 69957 -2238 700064 4-310 69946 -1'944
8(}OOO 2'698 79968 -1'106 SO'076 3'037 79924 -1-167
901l2ti 1'224 89-976 -0'190 900052 1'601 89948 -0'671
96'012 0'666 94'988 ()O066 95-027 0'786 940974 -0-296
100-000 0 100-000 0 10(}0()0() 00021 100-000 -00021
0-409
"1 A 2t2
1013 0'591 -0901 0-436 0819
85-2tO
0'665 -0719
0-648 H33 0852 -1-076 0678 0999 0'822 -0869
H36 1'680 1'366 -1338 H69 1-273 1331 -1'059
2'385 2'226 2'635 -1'803 2-408 1'767 2'592 -1'385
4'849 3-l46 5'151 -2-423 4-898 2-491 6'102 -1'859
7'343 3'846 7667 -2874 7-394 3-069 7-606 -2'221
9'842 4432 10'158 -3'240 9894 3'555 10'106 -2'521
14'849 6358 15'161 -3'796 14'899 4'338 15'101 -2992
19'862 6'060 20'138 -4200 19-909 4938 20-091 -3'346
24'880 6'684 2ti'l20 -4'482 240921 5397 25'079 -3'607
29'900 6966 30'100 -4'660 29936 5732 30'064 -3-788
34'922 7-189 35-078 -4741 34-951 50964 35-049 -3'894
39'946 7272 ~054 -4'714 39968 6.()67 ~032 -3'925
44970 7-177 45'030 -4'649 #984 61158 45'016 -3'868
49'993 6936 5(}o007 -4'275 5(}o000 6915 60'000 -3'709
600034 6103 69966 -3-499 6(}o027 6217 69'973 -3'075
70064 4'903 69'936 -2'537 7(}O043 4-128 690957 -2184
SO,09O 3-433 79'910 -1'563 SO'044 2'783 79'956 -}ol91
90'062 1'761 89'938 -0771 90028 1-327 89-972 -0'293
96'032 0'888 94968 -0'398 95014 0'622 94'986 0-010
1000000 0'026 100-000 -0025 100'000 0 100-000 0
IIiiii...
152 11. TABLES
Xu xI Yl Xu Yu xI YI
II Yu
II II II II
NACA 85.-215 Ja = 0'5) 88'2-215 (a = 0'8)
0370 H86 0'630 -1-047 0'379 1-168 0'621 -1'038
0-606 1-446 0'896 -1-251 00616 H13 0'884 -1231
1-086 1'841 1'414 -1-647 HOI 1-777 1-399 -H99
2311 2'575 2'689 -2057 2'329 2466 2'671 -1978
4.-786 3'679 5'214 -2'797 4807 3-496 5-193 -2-664
7276 4'547 7724 -3'359 7298 4-313 7'702 -3-191
9"" 5'274 10226 -3'822 9794 5'019 10'206 -3'645
14783 6'448 15-217 -4'552 14-801 6'150 15-199 -4'352
19'806 7-344 20'194 -5-096 19818 7030 20'182 -4'892
24'835 8'024 26165 --6'500 29'871 8'245 30'129 -5-617
29'871 8'519 30'129 --6783 34'904 8'622 35'096 -5-836
34'912 8'838 35'088 --6'952 39'910 8'862 400060 --6968
39'958 8'984 40042 -6012 44979 8'969 45'021 -6'021
45009 8'925 44991 --6'929 500021 8'931 49'979 --61186
50076 8'638 49'924 --6698 55-069 8738 54'931 --6-860
60'154 7'396 69'846 -4834 60'132 8'336 59868 --6'584
70147 6'589 69'853 -3607 70'186 6'695 69'814 -4'493
80'100 3'509 79-900 -2203 80'139 4'352 79'861 -2'874
900039 1'450 89961 -0'836 90'057 1'838 89'943 -H36
96013 0'672 94'987 -0'284 95020 0'726' 94-980 -0-395
100-000 0 100-000 0 100-000 0 100-000 0
88 (215)-216 87'1-215
0-401 1'230 0'599 -1'130 0-402 1-213 0'1198 -H13
0-640 1-484 0'860 -1344 0642 H60 0'858 -1320
1-128 1-858 1'372 -1'644 1-128 1-867 1372 -1'653
2'382 2'560 2838 -2-188 2'381 2677 2839 -2-205
4'848 3'604 5-154 -2-972 4-848 3557 11'152 -2925
7-340 4'428 7-660 -3'580 7344 4-321 7-656 -3'473
9'838 5-140 10'182 -4'106 9845 4'947 10'155 -3-913
14'845 &278 15'155 -4'930 14'854 5954 15-146 --4-608
19'860 70158 20-140 --6564 19'889 8'735 20131 --6143
24879 7'844 25'121 -6054 24'887 7'348 25'113 --6'658
29'900 8388 30100 -6422 29908 7-826 30-092 --6881
34924 8-736 35'078 -6'676 34'930 8'185 35'070 -6'125
39-949 8980 400051 -6838 39953 8430 400047 -6288
44974 9-092 45028 -6-902 44978 8570 45-024 -6380
500000 9-060 50000 -6'854 50-000 8'600 50-000 -6394
600048 8-498 59952 -6354 60'047 8302 59-953 -6'160
700081 8'941 69919 -4'997 70-OS8 7'373 69914 --6'429
80-085 4'644 79915 -3-052 80'100 5'335 79-900 -3'743
900055 2-103 89945 -1069 90-071 2'537 89'929 -1'503
950028 0'913 94'972 -0-281 95'037 H03 94'963 -0-471
1000000 0 1000000 0 1000000 0 1000000 0
L. __.-.4
11.3 PROFILE CO-ORDINATES 153
II
Xu Yu
II XI YI
II
NACA 747 A 315
0-229 1-306 0-771 -1-031
0-449 1-599 1-051 -1-207
Mill 2'066 1'589 -1-473
2-109 2936 2-891 -1-927
4-664 4-2114 6-436 -2-618
7-053 6-286 7-947 -2-952
9-558 6140 10-442 -3'304
14-699 7-497 16-401 -3-843
19-668 8603 20-332 --4-247
24-758 9-242 26-242 --4-646
29-867 9-731 30-133 --4-773
40'200 9-962 39-800 -6-020
60-447 81164 49-663 ---6O()14
60-436 7-324 69-666 --4772
70'241 6-364 69'769 --4-110
80o()73 3-296 79-927 -2-743
9C}016 1-289 89-984 -1-097
9&004 0-481 94-996 -0-406
100-000 0 100-000 0
Yu Yl Yu Yu Yl
II Yu Yl
II II Yl
II
4409 4412 4411i
H6
2-60
NACA 4406
1-26
1-88
~-M
~-79
1'81
2'61
-1-05
-1-37
2-44
3-39
-1-43
-1-911
3-07
4-17
-1-79
-2-48
" 1-211
2-50
11-00 2-79 ~82 3-74 -1-66 4-73 -2-49 6-74 -3'27 6000
7-60 3-63 ~-73 4114 -1-74 11-76 -2-74 6-91 -3-71 7-50
10 4'16 ~-60 6-37 -1073 6'/l9 -2-86 7-84 -3-98 10
III 11-15 ~-25 6-52 -1-511 7-89 -2'88 9-27 --4'18 16
20 6-90 0-12 733 -1-30 8-80 -2-74 10-26 --4-111 20
30 6-76 0-74 8-26 ~"76 9'76 -2-26 11-25 -3-76 30
40 6-90 1'10 8-36 ~-36 9-80 -180 11-26 -3-26 40
60 6-66 1-24 7-87 ~0()7 9-19 -1'40 10-53 -2-72 50
60 6-S6 1-27 7'00 0-14 8'l4 -1-00 9-30 -2-14 60
70 4-86 1-16 11-76 0026 6'69 --0-65 7-63 -1-65 70
80 3-56 0-91 4-21 0-26 4-89 ~-39 11-511 -1-03 80
90 1-96 0-49 2-33 0-14 HI --0-22 30()8 ~'57 90
96 1'011 0-24 1-26 0-03 1-47 ~-16 1-67 ~-36 95
100 0-0& -0-0& 00()8 00()9 0-13 -0-13 IH6 ~-16 100
Xu xl Xl
II Yu
II Yl
II Xu Yu
II Yl
II
NACA 63.-415 63-4----420
0300 1287 0700 -1087 0215 1'790 0785 -1'590
0'525 1'585 0-975 -1'305 0-430 2'196 1'070 -1916
0991 20074 1-509 -1'646 0887 2827 1'613 ~2'399
2-198 2964 2'802 -2-220 2082 3-954 2918 -3210
4-660 4264 5'340 -3-000 4'538 5'557 5-462 --4'293
7'147 5261 7'853 -3'555 7024 6793 7976 -5-097
9-647 6077 10'353 --4-009 9'526 7'817 10'474 -:)0749
14-669 7348 15-331 --4'656 14'554 9424 15-446 -60732
19-705 8'279 20-295 -5.095 19-603 10-689 20-397 -70405
24'750 8941 25-250 -5'361 24-663 11'414 25337 -7'834
29800 9362 30'200 -5-474 290732 ll'895 30268 -8'007
34'852 9'559 35148 -5-439 34'803 120036 35'197 -7916
39'905 9'527 4O.Q95 -5-243 39'874 ll'906 40'126 -7'622
44-955 9289 4&045 --4-909 44-940 11-556 4&060 -7'176
50-000 8'871 5tl-OOO --4-459 50-000 11-025 5tl-OOO -6613
60-070 7-595 59-930 -3-3ll 600095 9-492 59-905 -5'208
70106 5-877 69'894 -1'989 70148 7438 69'852 -3'550
80'102 3-900 79898 -0'716 80-150 4-990 79'850 -1806
90-059 1-884 89941 -0'184 90-094 2379 89-906 -O-3ll
950028 0-931 94'972 -0'333 9&047 1-131 94-953 -0'133
100-000 0 100-000 0 100-000 0 100-000 0
63,-421 83(00)-422
0 0 0 0 0-187 1'959 0-813 -1-759
0-237 1-661 0763 -1'461 0-398 2-402 1-650 -2660
0-452 2-054 1-048 -1774 0-850 3-088 2959 -3-568
0-902 2717 1'598 -2289 2-041 4-312 1-102 -2-122
20()86 3'925 2914 -30181 4-492 6'050 5-508 --40786
4'527 5675 5'473 --4-4ll 6-977 7'387 8-023 -50691
7'007 7010 7993 -5314 9-478 8-496 10-522 -6428
9'506 8'097 10-494 -6-029 14'509 10'231 15-491 -7'539
14-535 9'774 15-465 -7-082 19'563 ll489 20'437 -8'305
19'585 10993 20-415 -7809 24'630 12-377 25'370 -80797
24-649 U'837 25351 -8'257 29'705 12-890 30295 -9-002
290719 12352 30281 -8-464 34-784 13-034 35216 -8'914
34'793 12568 35-207 -8'438 39-861 12883 40'139 -8599
39'867 12-439 40133 -8-155 44-934 12-493 45-066 -8'll3
44937 12'044 450()63 -7'664 500000 ll-907 50-000 -70495
500000 1l'412 50-000 -7'000 60'104 10-227 59-896 -5-943
60096 9-582 59-904 -5'298 70'163 7988 69-837 --4-100
70'143 7-232 69'857 -3'344 80'165 5-329 79-835 -2'145
80'135 4'643 79865 -1'459 90'103 2'513 89-897 -0'445
90-078 2-144 89922 -Oo()76 9&051 H81 94'949 -O0()83
100-000 0 100000 0 100-000 0 100-000 0
84---409 64 A410
0'377 0'829 00623 -0-629 0'350 0902 0-650 -0'678
,
:!
1
0-613 1'021 0'887 -00741 0'582 H12 0'918 -0'796
1095 1'331 1405 -0-903 1-059 1-451 1'441 -0-969
2322 1'895 2'678 -1'151 2276 2-095 2724 -1-251
4803 2'732 5'197 -1-468 4-749 3'034 5'251 -1'592
7297 3'383 7-703 -1'687 7230 3-865 7'770 -1'919
9'798 3-925 10'202 -1'857 9'737 4'380 10263 -1'996
14'810 4-796 15'190 -2-104 14-748 5'366 15-252 -2'244
19'830 5-456 20'170 -2'272 19'770 6126 20-230 -2406
24'854 5'957 25-146 -2'377 24-800 6705 25200 -2-499
29'882 6'315 3OU8 -2'427 29'834 H31 30166 -2'537
34-912 6'538 35'088 -H18 340871 70414 35'129 -2'518
39942 6632 40-058 -2'348 39910 7'552 40-090 -2-436
44'972 6'554 4&028 -2'174 44950 Ni22 450050 -2'266
50-000 6'342 500000 -1930 49989 7-344 5000ll -2-024
60-045 5'594 59-955 -1'310 60057 6624 59-943 -H18
70-069 4'504 69931 -0-616 70'108 5'490 69-892 -0760
80-069 3'154 79'931 -00030 80'151 3'967 79'849 -0'229
90'043 1'644 89957 -0'424 90-104 2-038 89'896 -O0()76
95'021 0858 94'979 -0'406 95'053 1'028 94'947 -O-()48
100-000 0 100-000 0 100-000 00021 100-000 -00021
lc __ ...ci
11.3 PROFILE CO-ORDINATES 155
Xu Yu Xu
/I II Xl Yl
II Yu
II xl Yl
II
NACA 84 C -412 64,-415
0338 Hl64 0-662 ~'864 0299 1-291 0701 -1'091
0'1169 1'3011 0931 -1'0211 0'526 N79 0974 -1'299
1045 1-690 1-4115 -1-262 0'996 2038 1'504 -1'610
2-264 2'393 2-736 -1-649 2'207 2'883 2-793 -2-139
4738 3-430 5'262 -2'166 4'673 4'121 11327 -2'8117
7'229 4'231 7'771 -2'1i35 7'162 11075 7838 -3'379
9'730 4'896 10'270 -2'828 9-662 5'864 10'338 -3796
IH411 5-959 152115 -3267 14'681 7-122 15319 -4'430
19772 6"760 20228 -3'1176 19'714 8'066 20'286 -4'882
24'805 7-363 25-195 -3'783 24'7115 8'771 211'2'" -6'191
29'842 7-786 30'158 -3'898 29'803 9'260 30'197 -6'372
34'882 8'037 35-118 -3'917 34'853 9'541 35-147 -6'421
39'923 8'123 40'077 -3'839 39'904 9'614 40096 -6'330
""963 7-988 411'037 -3'608 ""954 9'414 45-046 -60()34
110'000 7'686 60'000 -3274 110-000 9'016 5()o000 -4'604
60'059 6'690 59'941 -2'406 60'072 7762 119-928 -3'478
70'090 11'293 69910 -1'405 70'111 6-0115 69'889 -2-167
80'089 3'619 79'911 ~'435 80'109 4'062 79'891 ~878
900()55 1'818 89'945 ~'250 90066 1-982 89'934 ~0()86
95'027 0'919 94'973 ~'345 95O()32 0976 94-968 ~'288
100'000 0 100000 0 100'000 0 100-000 0
848-418 85,-415
0'263 1'608 0737 -1308 0'313 1-208 0-687 -1008
0-486 1'840 1-014 -1-560 0'542 1-480 0'958 -1-200
0-960 2370 1'1150 -1-942 1-016 1'900 1-484 -H72
2-1112 3357 2'848 -2613 2'231 2680 2'769 -1-936
4'609 4-800 5391 -3'1136 4'697 3'863 11'303 -2-599
7'095 11908 7905 -4'212 7-184 4'794 7-816 -3'098
I -3'510
h 9'595 6'823 10-405 -4'755 9'682 11'1178 10'318
14-617 8277 15'383 -6'585 14'697 6842 15'303 -4'160
19'657 9'366 20343 ~'182 19'726 7-809 20274 -4'625
24'707 10176 25'293 ~'lI96 24-764 8'1i6O 25236 -4-970
29'763 10730 30-237 ~'842 29807 9-093 30'193 -6205
34'823 11-037 35'177 ~'917 34'854 9'4115 35146 -6335
39'885 11'093 40'115 ~.g09 39903 9-639 40-097 -6'355
"'945 10820 45'055 ~'440 ""'953 9-617 411047 -6'237
60'000 10321) 110-000 -6'908 50'000 9'374 50000 -4962
6OO()86 8799 59-914 -4'515 6()o079 8260 119921 -3'976
70'131 6784 69'869 -2-896 70124 6'1542 69876 -2654
80127 4'477 79'873 -1'293 SO126 4'''''7 79874 -1-263
90077 2'132 89-923 ~064 900()80 2'175 89920 ~'107
911-037 1030 94-963 ~234 95'040 Hl58 94960 ~'206
100'000 0 100-000 0 100-000 0 100'000 0
xl
II Xu Yu
II Xl Yl
II Xu Yu
II Yl
II
NACA 653--'18 (8 = 0'5) 65(681)-420
0803 -H64 0258 1-537 0-742 -1-337
0197 1-440
1089 -1378 0-482 1-864 1-018 -1'684
0411 J.766
2271 1-632 -1'683 0-960 2374 1-550 -1'946
0'868
2943 -2-197 2-162 3'368 2848 -2-614
2057 3233
4715 5'507 -2'951 4'603 4-866 6397 -3602
4493
8034 -3'515 7-083 6-066 7-917 -4-370
6966 5'891
6'882 10-541 -3978 9-679 7-060 10-421 -4992
9-459
15519 -4-690 19634 9'885 20-366 -6701
14481 8482
9-709 2&467 -5213 24-684 10815 26-316 -7236
19-533
10-643 25'396 -5'595 29742 IH94 30268 -7'606
24-604
30-309 -5853 34-805 11-939 35'195 -7-819
29-691 11'325
35-211 -5-998 39871 12-140 40-129 -7-856
34789 Il'770
11'970 40101 -6-026 44'937 12'056 45-063 -7'676
39'899
49818 -5'626 50-000 11-672 50-000 -7-260
50-182 11-506
69-636 -4-696 60-103 10-126 59897 -&842
60-364 9820
7-397 69-653 -3-433 70'160 7'861 69-840 -3973
70-347
4636 79-768 -2-024 80'159 5200 79841 -2-016
80'232
89-911 ~-702 9()-098 2441 89-902 ~'373
900()89 1'930
94970 ~-201 95-049 1-150 94-951 ~'114
95-030 0777
0 100-000 0 100000 0 100000 0
100-000
1..--
11.3 PROFILE CO-ORDINATES 157
Yu Yl Xu
Xu Yu Yl
11
Yu Yl
II Yu Yl
11 II
NACA 6409 6412 6418 6421
}-25 " 2-06
296
-0'88
-HI
2-73
3'80
-1'23
-1'64
4'26
562
-182
-2'59
5'13
6-60
-20Q8
-3.0.
1'25
2'50
2'50
5-00 4-30 -1-18 536 -1-99 7'53 -3'46 8'65 -416 5-00
7"50 5-42 -1'08 6'57 -2'05 898 -391 10'24 -481 7'50
10 631 -0'88 7'58 -1'99 10'16 -415 11'52 -5'18 10
15 778 -0'36 9'18 -1'67 120()2 --4026 13-44 -5'52 15
20 888 -017 10'34 -1-25 13'32 -4'07 14-79 -5'49 20
25 965 -0'69 11-14 -078 14'17 -3'75 15-65 -523 25
30 1013 -1-12 11'65 -0'38 14'64 -340 16'15 -4'91 30
40 1035 -1-65 11'80 -020 14-70 -2'70 16'16 -4'16 40
50 9'81 -1-86 11-16 -0'55 1380 -2'08 15-14 -3-40 50
60 878 -192 995 -0'78 12'24 -1-47 13-44 -259 60
70 7'28 -1'76 8'23 -0-85 1011 -094 ll'06 -1'83 70
SO 534 -1'36 60()3 -073 7'40 -0'54 8'08 -1-17 80
90 295 -0'74 3'33 -039 4'12 -0'31 4'51 -0-65 90
95 1-57 -0'35 1'79 -0'16 2'24 -0-23 2'46 -0'42 95
100 009 -0-09 0'12 -0'12 0'19 -0'19 0-22 -022 100
Xu Yl
1/
Xu Yu
II 1:1 Yl
II Yu
II Xl
II
NACA 63a~15 631~18
0 0 0 0 0'156 1511 0'844 -1211
0 0 0 0 0-361 1'878 1'139 -1-458
0'205 1'317 0795 -1017 0797 2-491 1'703 -1-849
0418 1'634 1-082 -1-214 HI65 3616 3'035 -2'500
()O866 2-159 1634 -1'517 4'393 5268 5'607 -3'372
2-050 3'129 2'950 -2013 6'868 6'542 8-132 -3998
4-492 4'560 5'508 -2664 9367 7'586 10'633 -4484
697:' 5667 8'027 -3'123 144(M 9'219 15'596 -5181
9473 6'578 10527 -3'476 19-469 10'418 20'531 -5-642
14-5IM 8010 15-496 -3'972 24'549 11273 25'451 -5-903
19'558 11-066 20-442 -4290 29-640 11822 30'360 -5900
24-625 9'830 25'375 -4460 34'734 12086 35-266 -5906
29700 10'331 30300 -4'499 39'829 12'056 40-171 -5'630
311-857 10'598 40'143 -4172 44'919 11767 45081 -5'197
50-000 9-974 5()o000 -3'356 5()o000 1l251 5()Oooo -4'633
60-105 8'665 59'895 -2'239 60'125 9-667 59875 -3241
7()O159 6'~7 69'841 -1'015 70187 7-534 69-813 -1-702
80'153 4-693 79'847 -0083 80'178 5073 79'822 -0297
90-089 2'398 89'911 -070. 90'103 2'531 89-897 -0'571
95'0.2 1-245 94'958 -0-651 95'048 1-293 1'14'952 -0-603
100000 0 100-000 0 100-000 0 100-000 0
641~12 643~18
()O260 1'098 0740 -0798 0150 1'534 0'850 . -1-234
0'482 1'358 1-018 -0938 0359 1'885 1-141 -1-465
0'946 1'780 1'554 -H38 0-805 2-452 1'695 -1'810
2-149 2'563 2851 -1'447 1'982 3'518 3'018 -2'402
40609 3'731 5391 -1'835 4'417 5'093 5'583 -3-197
7'096 4'642 79(M -2-098 6'895 6'312 8'105 -3'768
9'596 5'401 1(}4(M -2299 9395 7322 1()O605 -4220
14-619 6'623 15'381 -2585 14'427 8937 15'573 -4899
19-658 7'550 20'341 -2'774 19-486 10153 20514 -5377
24'708 8'253 25292 -2'883 24'560 11'065 25'440 -5695
29'764 8755 3()O236 -2923 29645 11-698 30'355 -5'866
34'823 11-065 35-177 -2885 34'735 12'065 35265 -5-885
39'884 9-193 40'1l6 -2767 39'827 12-163 40'173 -5737
44-945 9'083 45'055 -2513 44-917 11915 450()83 -5'345
5()o000 8789 5()o000 -2-171 5()o000 11423 50-000 -4'805
60'088 7'760 59-912 -1'334 60129 11-870 59'871 -3'444
70'135 6263 69'865 -0'431 70196 7754 6980. -1922
SO'I34 4'413 79'866 -0363 80'191 5'270 79'809 -0-494
900()82 2'333 89'918 -0'769 90'115 2-646 811-885 -0'456
95'0.0 1-233 941160 -0-663 950()56 1344 94-944 -0'552
100-000 0 100000 0 100-000 0 100-000 0
158 11. TABLES
Xu Yu xl Yl
II Xu Yu
II xl Yl
II II II
NACA 653-618 653-618 (8 = 0'5)
0-172 H46 00828 -1-146 0-059 1469 0-941 -1-055
0'385 1'776 H15 -1'356 0256 1'821 1-244 -1-239
0'839 2'293 1-661 -1-651 0-689 2'375 1-811 -H93
2026 3268 2\174 -H62 1-846 3-449 3-104 -1-895
4'462 4776 5'538 -2'880 4-248 5-115 5'752 -2'469
6936 5971 8'064 -3'427 6-706 6-448 8294 -2'884
9'431 6978 10569 -3''376 9'194 7'575 10-806 -3219
14'455 8'BOll 15545 -4'564 14225 IH04 15'775 -3716
19'506 9'848 20-494 -6'072 19'301 10'815 20-699 -4071
24'574 10'803 25'426 -6'433 24'407 11'893 25'593 -4321
29'652 11'504 30'348 -6-672 29537 12-687 30'463 -4'479
34-738 11972 35'262 -6'792 34'684 13'209 35'316 -4'551
39'826 12210 40:174 -6'784 39'849 13-456 40'151 -4'540
44915 12-186 45'085 -6'616 50'273 12'974 49727 -4'154
00-000 11'877 00-000 -6259 60'546 11'090 59-464 -3404
60'141 10'479 59859 -4'053 70-519 8374 69'481 -2-428
70-219 8'338 69'781 -2-506 80347 5279 79'653 -1'361
SO'220 5719 79'780 ~-943 90'133 2233 89'867 ~-391
B-H-12 ll-H-09
0'147 1-229 0853 -{l'819 0'134 0983 0866 -{l301
0'368 1'520 1-142 -{l'946 0'338 1-267 1-162 -{l3l1i
0'804 2'006 1696 -1-128 0-785 1'745 l'715 ~'311
1'980 2-941 3020 -1'415 20()()() 2'660 3'000 -{l-238
4'424 4'312 5576 -1'736 4475 3'996 5'525 ---4090
6'914 5-380 8'086 -1'920 6-988 5'018 8012 0-036
9-427 6263 10-573 -2'059 9'520 5-851 100480 0135
14'497 7-626 15-503 -2'242 14'615 7-112 15385 0-250
19-607 8605 20'393 -2'351 19'728 7-994 20272 0-278
24'754 9243 25246 -2'417 24844 8-569 25-156 0-235
29-969 9'533 3&031 -2455 29'957 8-890 300()43 0-144
40-292 9'030 39-708 -2'494 40217 8828 39-783 ~'142
50-390 7'666 49610 -2-436 50'394 7'721 49-606 -{l513
60-358 5'846 59-642 -2'290 60'392 5'967 59608 -{l-893
70'250 3-838 69'750 -2'034 70295 3'915 69'705 -1-173
SO'118 1'895 79'882 -1-645 80'151 1843 79849 -1-271
90-016 0'343 89-984 -1'051 90024 0-170 89-976 -1-052
94'995 0119 95-005 -{l'629 94-995 0-271 95-005 -{l725
100000 0 100-000 0 100'000 0 100'000 0
---
---------------------------------------
100 Y 100 Y
x x
R.A.E. R.A.E. R.A.E. R.A.E. R.A.E. R.A.E. R.A.E. R.A.E. R.A.E. R.A.E.
100 101 102 103 104 100 101 102 103 104
Table 11.4 Ordinates and Velocity Distributions (from Potential Theory) of NACA Profiles
w/V = We cos IX WI sin IX
l00x/c I 100 y/c I We WI
I 100 x/c I 100 y/c I We WI 11100x/c I 100 y/c I We W,
NACA 0003 0006 0009
100'000 0 0 0 100000 I 0 0 0 100-000 0 0 0
970445 0'120 009841 0'1559 97-330 0245 ()O9654 0'1529 97-115 0'365 09397 01487
9()O095 0360 09971 03240 89730 0740 0'9946 0'3232 89'315 H50 0-9930 03227
78'790 0690 10080 0'5136 78'200 1405 1-0160 0'5177 77'570 2-170 10258 0'5227
64'685 1'040 1'0178 07394 63930 2-110 1'0357 07525 63-175 3'215 1'0535 0'7654
490185 1335 10274 10274 48'405 2700 1'0557 1'0551 47645 4'080 10847 1-0847
33'620 1490 10367 1-4268 330145 2990 1'0739 1-4781 32-505 4'490 HI29 1'5317
2()O085 1-430 10446 20502 19'605 2'860 1'0902 2-1397 19-165 4'265 1-1357 2'2290
9'270 H35 1-0508 3'2341 90030 2260 HOoo 3'3853 8'780 3345 1-1441 3'5211
5275 00910 10517 4'3808 5'115 1'800 1'0934 4'5545 4970 2660 l'l355 47297
2'360 0635 10502 66304 2'275 1'270 10859 6'8564 2'205 1850 10928 609005
0'585 0330 1-0293 13'0789 0'570 01160 0'9889 12'5647 0'525 0'950 0'9170 11'6542
0 0 0 482049 0 0 0 24'6540 0 0 0 17'6181
Go lK
y ~ I I I O~
P. 00 01 ! 03 I I04 05 j ~6 0-7 / 08 / 09 11-0 / 1-1 /1'2 /l-3 / H
6 CL 015 026 0'37 0'47 0'56 ~64 071 0'76 079 079 076 0'76 0'15 074 0'73
CD 0023 0034 0'044 0-052 0'059 ~OM ~069 0'070 0-003 0-053 0-049 0-048 ~047 ~047 0-047
SO CL 013 0'23 0'34 0'44 0'53 0'60 066 0'70 0'70 0'67 ~66
0'67 ~66
CD 0-020 0'029 0-036 0-042 ~046 ~051 ~054 0'044 ~035 0'033 0'034 0'035 0-035
4 CL 011 020 030 0-41 050 0'56 ()'61 060 0-57 0'57
CD 00016 00023 ~027 0'032 ~036 ~038 0032 ~021 0'023 ()O024 00024
3 CL ~08 0'17 0'28 038 046 0'50 050 ()o47 0'46
CD 0012 0'017 00020 0'024 ~027 0'018 0014 0015 0'016 0'016
~ CL 005 0'17 028 0'37 0'41 0'37 ~37
CD 0013 0014 ()OO16 0'016 0'011 00012 0012
G02K
I 0'2 / 03 / ()O4 I 0'5 / 0'6 I 0'1 I 0'8 I 0-9 1 1'0 / 1-1 /1'2 /1'3 I H
,
SO CL 017 0-25 0'35 0-46
CD 0-031 0'037 0'046 ()OOM
.
5 CL 0'13 0'24 0'33 0'44 054 061 0'68 075 081 0'83 0'76 0'74 0'74 0'14 0"
CD 0'028 0'033 0-040 01)46 ~049 0'050 0-049 0-046 00034 0'023 0-025 00027 0'029 ()OO29 00Q29
4 CL 0'08 0'19 0'30 0'41 0'52 0'61 0'68 0'73 0'12 0-67 0-66 066 0'66
CD 0'025 0'029 0034 0'038 00039 OO()36 00030 0-021 00018 0'021 00023 0-023 0,023
3 CL 0'04 0'14 027 0'38 0'50 0'59 0'60 0'57 0'57 0'57
CD 0023 0'026 00030 0'032 0'030 00023 00017 0'018 00018 0'018
~ CL OO()I 0'08 022 0'36 0'47 ()O50
0'50 050
CD 00020 0'023 00027 00028 0'023 0'013 00013 00013
1 CL -~03 ~02 0'18 0'32 on ()O43 0-43
CD 0'018 0'021 0'024 00024 0'017 0-012 ()OO12
-SO CL -0'05 -0-00 -()O07 -0'02 . ()O06 ~08 0009 0'10 010 0'10
Cn 00036 00033 0'028 0020 0'016 ()'017 0017 0'018 0'018 0'018
----------------------------------------------
Go 4K
4 CL -0,02 0-10 0-22 0'35 0-47 0'58 0-70 0'79 ()O84 0'85 0'85
CD 00038 0'051 0'061 0'067 00069 ()O068 0-062 ()O053 0'037 (loOM 000340
3 CL -0'04 0003 017 0'30 0'43 0'55 0'66 0'74 0'81 ()O81
CD 00()42 00()49 0'058 0'063 ()O063 00061 0053 0043 ()O032 ()OO30
~ CL -()o~ -0'04 O'U 0-26 0'38 ()O51 0'62 0'70 0'74 0-75
CD ()O047 0'050 01156 ()O059 00058 00053 ()O045 ()O033 0027 ()O026
1 CL -00()4 -0'05 0'03 0'19 0'340 ()O46 0'57 ()O65 ()O68 0'68
CD 00051 0'054 ()O051 0'056 ()OO55 00()49 ()o04O 00026 (lo022 0'022
0" CL -0,05 -()O06 -0,02 0'14 0'29 0'42 0'52 ()O60 ()O61 ()O61
CD 00057 00059 000540 0'055 00053 ()O047 00036 0'024 0'020 0'020
_1 CL -0,06 -0'06 -0'06 0009 0'24 0'37 0'47 ()O53 0540 ()oM
CD 0'061 0'065 00061 ()O055 00051 ()o045 ()OOM ()O023 0'022 0-022
-~ CL -()O06 -()o06 -()O07 0003 0'18 0'30 ()O40 ()O45 ()O47 0'47
CD ()O066 0'071 0'067 ()O057 ()O051 ()O043 0'03 ()O025 ()O025 0025
_3 CL -()O06 -(lo07 -()O07 -()O03 ()OU 023 0-32 0'36 0-38 0-38
CD 0-070 0-074 0'074 ()OO65 000540 0'043 00035 ()O032 0032 ()O032
-40 CL -()O06 -()O07 -0'07 -()O07 0'03 0-16 0-25 ()O28 0'28- 0-28
CD 0'074 0'081 0'081 0'074 ()OOSO 0047 00039 ()OO38 00038 0'038
Gij5K
~ -/. I ()oO I 0-1 I 0-2 I 03 I 04 I ()O5 i ()06 I 007 I ()OS I 09 I 1'0 1 I-l / 1-2 /
14
- /
16
-
6 CL 0'150 0'245 0'340 0-440 ()O540 0645 0-750 ()OS55 0910 0-890 0'860 ()OS40 ()OS25 0'S05 0-795
CD 0'02S 0'036 00()45 000540 ()O063 0'073 000S2 ()O089 0-089 0'081 0-072 ()OO66 00063 ()O059 00057
5 CL 0-130 0220 0320 0'420 0'520 0-615 0'705 0'780 0'790 0'760
.
0-740 0-725 0'715 0'695 0585
CD ()O023 0029 ()O037 0'044 0051 0-057 00062 0-064 00058 0-050 0-460 0043 0'041 ()OO38 00037
4 CL 0-105 0-200 0300 ()O400 0'500 0'585 ()O665 0'700 0655 0-630 0-615 ()O605 0-600 0'590 0'585
CD (lo018 0023 00028 ()OOM ()O039 00()43 00046 ()O042 0'032 ()O029 ()O027 ()O026 0'026 00025 00024
3 CL 0'080 0'180 0280 0380 0'475 0'555 ()O555 0-515 0'500 ()O490 ()O490 ()o490 0-490 0-485 0'480
CD 0'012 ()O016 00021 0-025 00028 00029 (lo020 ()OO17 0'016 0'016 0'016 0016 0-016 00016 ()OO15
~ CL ()OO50 0'160 0-265 0'360 0'450 0-450 00400 0'390 0'385 0'380
CD 0'008 0'010 0'014 0-017 ()O018 00012 OOOU oon ()OOIO 00010
Gil 6K
0-0 I 01 02 I 03 I 0'4 I 0'5 I 06 I 0'7 I 0'8 I 0-9 I 1'0 I 1-1 1 1'2 I 1-4 I 1'6
6 CL 0170 0270 0'365 0460 0'560 0-655 0-750 0835 0'915 0975 0980 0'955 0'935 0'915 0'905
CD 0'026 0-036 0'045 0'054 0-062 (lo07l 0-077 0082 0'084 0-082 (lo067 0'054 (lo046 (lo039 0'036
5 CL 0'150 0250 0'350 0445 0'540 0'630 0'720 0'800 0-870 0'895 0'860 0-840 0'825 0'810 0-800
CD 0'021 0029 0-036 0'043 0049 0-054 0-058 0061 0-058 00()45 (lo033 0'029 0-027 0-024 0023
4 CL 0120 0235 0'345 0445 0'545 0'620 0-695 0'765 0'800 0'780 0750 0'730 0-725
CD 0-019 0-025 0'030 0-034 0'038 0-041 0-042 0.()41 0'027 0-022 0'019 0-018 0'018
_3 OL -0-005 -0-010 (loO 0-095 0125 0-130 0135 0135 (lo135 0-135
OD 0'()25 0024 0021 0-014 (lo012 0-012 0-001 0-011 (loOl1 (lo010
-40 OL ~01O -0-02 ~045 -0-080 -0-020 0'()20 0'035 (lo035 0-035 (lo035 (lo035 0'()35 (lo035 0-035
OD 0028 (lo028 0'()28 0027 (lo022 0-019 0018 0'()17 0'()17 (lo016 (lo016 0-015 0-015 (lo014
Gil 7 K
6 CL 0160 0'280 0-400 0-520 0-640 0755 0-855 0-925 0-950 0955 0-955 0-955
OD 00()42 0-052 0'061 (lo067 (lo069 0-066 (}059 0049 0'039 0'033 0'()29 0-027
5 CL 0130 (lo245 0'365 (lo490 (}615 0740 0'840 0910 0'940 0'945
OD 0-037 0'045 0-052 0-057 (}059 0054 0-042 0030 0'022 0~021
-40 CL -0-020 -0-040 ~'025 0070 0-150 0-180 0-190 0-195 0-195 0-195 0'195 0195
OD (}047 0'047 0'043 0-031 0'()22 0'()19 0017 (}016 (}015 0-014 0-014 (lo013
_5 CL -0-025 ~-040 ~'045 -0-030 0-0 0'045 0-075 0'095 0'100 0'105 0-110 0-110 0'110 0110 0110
CD 0-050 0'052 0052 0-048 0036 0-032 0029 0-027 (lo025 0-023 (}022 00021 ()0020 0'()18 0'()18
11.5 MEASURED FORCE AND MOMENT COEFFICIENTS 165
Go8K
~-PV
a IJ
I 00
I
01
/
02
I
03
I 0-4
I 0-5
I
06
/
07
I
0-8
I
09
I
10 H 1'2 1'4 106
4 CL 0-090 0'190 0'315 0-445 0'575 0700 0-830 0-935 1'00 1'01
CD 0-054 ()O061 0'066 OO()69 ()O070 OO()65 ()O056 0-043 ()O032 OO()31
0 OL -0-010 0'0 0100 0'250 0395 0'525 0-635 ' 0'680 0'680
OD 0-056 0-051 0'048 0048 0-043 ()OO34 00()24 0019 0'019
-40 OJ. -0-030 -0-040 -0-055 -0050 0'140 0290 0330 0'335 0340 0'340
CD ()O078 ()O076 OO()73 0064 00()44 ()O026 0021 ()OO19 OO()17 ()OO17
_5 CL -0035 -0-045 -oO()65 -oO()70 ()OO60 0190 0245 0250 0'255 0-205 0255 0'255 0'255 0255 0-255
CD ()O083 0-083 0'082 0'077 ()O053 0-035 OO()3O ()O029 0-028 0-026 0-024 0-023 0021 0-019 0-018
_6 CL -0'040 -oO()55 -0-070 -0'075 00 0-085 0'135 0160 0175 0'180 0'180 0'180 0180 0'180 0'180
OD 0'089 OO()91 ()OO90 0-086 0-065 0049 00()42 0-039 OO()37 0035 0-034 0-033 0-032 0'029 OO()28
_7 CL -0-050 -0'070 -0-075 -0-070 -0-040 ()OO OO()25 0055 OO()80 0-095 0'100 0'100 0105 0'105 0'105
OD OO()96 OO()97 0'096 0-093 0-086 ()O070 0-062 0-058 OO()55 0-053 0-051 0'049 0-046 0-044 0'057
Ga9K
5 CL 0130 0'220 0'315 ()O415 0'510 0'610 0700 0755 0745 0715 0-6Q5 0'680 0665 0'645 0'635
CD 0022 0-028 0'035 0'043 ()OO50 0-057 ()O063 ()OOM ()O060 0055 OO()52 0'050 ()O048 0'045 0'044
4 OL 0110 0'205 0'295 0'390 0490 0'585 0-655 0-635 ()O595 0'565 0'550 0'545 ()O540 0'530 0'530
CIJ 0'016 0022 0'028 0-034 ()O04O 0-045 0'046 0041 0035 OO()33 ()O032 0'031 0'030 0'029 0-028
3 OL 0-080 0'180 0'280 0'375 ()O475 0545 0'520 0-470 0455 0450 0445 ()O440 0'435 0'435 0-435
CD 0-010 0016 0-021 (}025 0028 0-028 (}O23 0020 0-019 (}0I8 (}0I8 ()OO17 0016 0016 ()O0l5
Go 10K
~-," \,. \" \,. \,. \,. \., \,. \,. \., \,. \'" \'" \'" I"~ I"~
0'910 0-896 0-860 0-845 0-816 0-795
0-440 0'636 0-630 0-720 0806 0886
6 0'160 0250 0340 0-072 0067 0-061 0'067
CL 0-071 0079 0'086 0091 0'087 0-079
0026 0'035 0'043 0-063 0'062
CD
0'760 0740 0-730 0726 0710 0'696
0'426 0620 0610 0'696 0'770 0'810
6 0'136 0'235 0'330 0-046 00()43 0-040 0-037
CL 0060 0-066 0-062 0-067 0-063 0-061 0'047
0021 0-027 0'036 0042
CD
0640 0626 0-616 0'610 0-606 0600
0'610 0'690 0'660 0-706 0680
4 CL ono 0210 0316 0'416
0-046 0-042 0-034 0-030 0-028 0027 0-026 0-023 0-021
0017 0-021 0026 0031 (}0037 0-042
CD
0'616 0/506 0'600 0600 0600 0'500
0-310 0420 0'496 0'650 0'680 0'636
3 CL 0'080 0196 0-014 0-013 0'012 0"012
0026 0'027 0'023 0-017 0-016 0016
CD 0014 0-017 0019 0-023
Go 11K
.. -
11.5 MEASURED FORCE AND MOMENT COEFFICIENTS 167
a CL CD
II a CL CD
II a
I CL
I CD
I a CL
I CD
II a
I CL
I CD
lOO,CD
a CL
I l00,C D
I -10C",
II a CL 100 CD
I -10.C.. II a CL
I -10C..
Gii 123: R = 72 .10' Gii 227: R =9'6.10' Gii 242: R = 9'6 .10'
-82 ~248 9'08 0'089 -U'8 --()O()54 13018 0-530 -9'0 00016 1090 0"740
-5'2 ~236 ,7'21 0'140 -90() 0-017 10000 0'880 -6'8 0'216 3'62 1-730
-4-1 ~'115 5-73 -7'9 0'112 730 1'267 -5'8 0'345 327
-3'3 ()O094 4'55 0722 -7-1 0'282 3'30 1-889 -4'8 0-465 278 1890
-2'4 0278 3'50 --ao() 0'400 2-90 -3'8 0'594 275
-1-4 0-434 2'73 1-156 -409 0'512 2'80 1'949 -2'7 ()O699 292 1'890
~'4 0'573 2'10 -4'0 0646 2"70 -1'7 0'819 321
0'7 0-689 1'65 1'135 -29 0'748 2-80 1'960 -0-6 0'930 322 1940
18 0793 1-95 -19 0'863 2-90 04 l-035 346
3'0 0-896 1'54 0'961 ~'8 0975 3-10 1'979 1'5 H50 3'64 1950
4'l 1'015 1'98 13 H96 3'40 1'975 3'6 1'375 4'16 2O()2O
5'3 H15 2'08 0960 3'5 l'404 4'10 20()01 5'9 1'570 496 2'170
7'8 1266 342 0-825 5'8 1'585 5'30 1'980 8'2 1'739 6'35 2'240
10'8 1'260 10'69 0'950 8'4 1'679 S'40 1-958
14-3 10112 24'00 1-460
Gii 301: R = 7-2 .10' Gii 335: R = 4,2 .10' Gii 417a: R = 4-2 .1()6
-8'5 ~'165 10'50 0-039 -78 ~'258 8'85 0'019 -704 ~'293 963 ~'13
-5-8 -0-075 7-80 0-467 -5-3 ~-141 594 0-419 -4-9 ~'198 7-02 015
~i -4-8 0-078 6'20 0'870 -4'4 ~0()25 4063 0'672 -400 ~'100 5-74 0'33
-3,8 0-238 4'60 1-010 -3-4 0'1000 3043 0'805 -3'1 0-021 4-68 0'55
-2-7 00375 3-40 . 1-140 -2'5 0-216 2-17 ()O842 -2-2 0-148 3-77 O'SI
-!06 0-497 2-70 HI0 -1-4 0-321 1-32 00837 -!06 0'277 324 1-03
-0-5 " 0-611 2'30 HI0 ~'3 0-420 H8 0'829 -0-7 0-405 2-94 H7
0'6 0'723 2-00 1-070 006 0'523 l'U 0-838 0-1 0-530 2-97 125
1'7 0'S37 2-10 1-030 1-7 00623 1'05 f)805 1-0 0-643 2-05 1-28
2'8 0-950 2-10 1'000 2-6 0-724 1-09 0'799 2-0 0'751 1-69 1-28
11-1 }ol65 2"70 0'960 4'8 0916 1'35 0784 3-8 0960 1'38 1-31
N 1370 3'70- 0'890 7'0 1-090 2-00 0'745 6'0 10129 1'92 1'41
100() I-t1l0 5'90 0-880 9-8 H43 5"78 0-819 8'1 1'274 390 1'25
11-3 1'241 14'3 1'73
1
11. TABLES
168
" CL
I 100 CD
I -10C..
II " CL
I 100 CD
I -10C..
II " CL
I 100 CD
I -10.C..
Go 420: R = 42.10'
0709 6&00 -408 195'8 0451 31'50 3'82
-119 -0216 169 -0969 39-5
84'50 -466 198'9 0478 3620 422
-0900 -0016 138 -0965 495 0651
9860 -517 209-6 0-464 51'30 470
0196 1'53 -0-944 59-3 0536
-061 219'6 0'427 66'20 5'02
-0'941 693 0376 10940 -5'57
-04'6 0297 1'88 0363 80'70 5'41
797 0186 114'10 -5'85 2299
-03-1 0404 239 -0'933 93'50 5'62
-00002 11320 -5'05 240'1 0260
-017 0'510 3'04 -0-957 89'5
108'00 -6'14 249'5 0'139 102'60 5'69
0'610 376 -0935 100'1 -0'192
-00-2 -618 258'4 0'009 105'40 5'55
4'56 -0928 110'1 -0357 99'50
012 0'700 270'0 -0'167 106-40 5'35
-0'993 120'6 -0'495 8630 -6'10
027 0'812 5'66 -0299 101'70 5'02
129-9 -0'574 70'80 -5'83 2793
042 0'892 691 -0957 4'45
-0-653 53'90 -5'72 290'0 -0422 91'80
056 0977 799 -0'867 139'9 3'82
47'20 -5'87 3002 -0'484 78'80
1'170 1160 -1-031 144-7 -0'722
08'6 -5'59 305'4 -0493 70'00 3'41
15'40 -0'992 155'4 -0'589 30'10
115 1'260 310'2 -6493 6230 3'04
20'10 -1-039 160'3 -0'929 20'20 -6'59
145 1'305 3202 -0440 4570 2'20
165'7 -0699 11'20 -583
705 -3-14 330'2 -0'346 2960 1'81
Values for A = 5; C.. referred to '" = 0: 170'4 -0'549
4'07 2'30 3401 -0'294 16-40 0'62
-002 0618 3'81 -HI 1759 -00055
226 3450 -0'402 3'35 003
740 -323 179'7 0'219 609
04'7 0'945 -0087 1046 -0'69
-4'01 1852 (}487 14-20 4'02 349'8
094 1'256 12'50 0'251 1'53 -1'50
188'8 0'535 21'50 4'10 354'7
14'5 1'355 19'00 -4'28 361 -20411
0'515 23'50 4'03 359'8 0'628
19'5 1246 26'80 -424 189'8
-430 194'8 0'453 29'30 3'86
24-4 H90 33'90
296 1'023. 43'70 -412
34'7 0"721 6020 -3'83
_i....l ____~..IiII
11.5 MEASURED FORCE AND MOMENT COEFFICIENTS 169
Gii 809: R = 42 . loa Gii 810: R = 4-2 .106 Gil 822: R = 1'2 . 106
-70 -0425 8'21 0049 -7'5 -0'319 8-18 0313 -7'3 -0'386 5'87
--5'0 -0209 4'49 0-635 -5'4 -0121 4'33 0'935 -5'0 -0'216 2'46
-3-0 0'019 1'92 0835 -3'3 0'093 1'96 1'120 -3'0 0'002 1'86
-2'0 0'124 1-28 0'821 -2'2 0'185 H3 1'048 -1-2 0'068 1'70
-1'0 0'228 090 0810 -1'2 0'282 105 1'005 09 0'453 1'80
&0 0'326 070 0774 -0'1 0380 071 1029 3'1 0-651 2-56
1-2 0'397 0-94 0'684 0'8 0-472 0-73 &967 5'5 0'843 3'06
3'3 0'586 1'72 0-605 3'0 0618 H9 0785 7'7 0956 4-66
54 0-771 3'56 0463 5'3 0'805 2'83 0660 9'5 0'898 12'67
70 0-875 6'85 0616 7'7 0939 6'38 0'609 11'3 0832 18'00
80 0'883 9'15 0'818 8'7 0945 891 0'754
112 0829 15'66 1-126 1&9 0'900 14065 1071
I"?
Gii 822: R = 4'2.10 5 Gil 823: R = 1,2.106 Gil 823: R = 4'2.106
-702 -0393 5-01 0307 -77 -0'292 7'10 -7'7 -0'279 394 0'155
-51 -0'177 1'23 0'517 -5'8 -0'052 2'69 -58 -0'047 1'46 0762
-3-1 OO()39 JoOO 0'473 -3'7 0'150 204 -3'7 0'155 HI 0'724
-1'0 0237 0'82 0'457 -1'5 0'342 20()2 -1'5 0'352 HO 0'700
0'9 0442 0'94 0442 0'5 0557 2-18 0'4 0'566 1-28 0-681
31 0642 1'25 0425 2'6 0'740 2063 2'5 0-763 1'56 0'678
52 0'830 1'63 0401 50() 0'885 3-08 4'7 0'954 Jo92 1).665
7-5 0981 2'68 0331 72 1063 4-34 6'8 1'135 290 0'644
89 1'000 390 0299 9'7 1-192 5'54 '9'2 1'258 4'06 0'572
10'7 0'940 14027 0790 11'0 1238 684 12'2 1'260 8'52 0'644
11'7 1-220 8-43 15'8 H29 17'49 0902
14'2 0'840 2269
172 0'836 2820
a CL I l00,C D I -10,C Im a a
c -3-60 0-342 1'08 0890 -HO 0'472 0-98 0-830 --4'50 0-205
-230 0-492 0-98 0910 -0-80 0-606 1-05 0'810 -350 0342 0-91 0'850
-0-90 O:S23 0-98 0-870 0'50 0'735 1-14 0750 -220 0-482 0-93 0-840
0-30 0-757 0-97 0'820 1'90 0-863 1-28 0'700 -080 0'614 0-95 0'830
1-70 0-892 097 0-770 330 0'987 U5 0640 0'40 0-749 093 0'800
3-00 1-019 1'06 0710 4-80 HOO 1-84 0'550 1'80 0'878 1-02 0'750
4'30 1-143 1'28 0-650 620 1'200 233 ()O450 3-20 ()O997 1-23 0-700
5-80 1-249 HI 0550 790 1-280 3-17 0'370 4-60 H18 1'43 0-630
730 1-336 2,40 0'470 9'70 1'309 581 0'380 6-10 1-214 1-92 0'530
920 1-377 492 0510 10-60 1'342 6'65 0390 770 1297 2'75 0'460
10-10"" '401 6'05 0500 11'50 1'361 8'02 0-390 9-60 1'382 5-34 0500
10-90 H31 7'38 0'510 12'40 1'371 960 0-420 1050 1'355 &40 0-500
11-90 1-424 9-45 0'550 13'40 1'380 10'56 0-450 11-30 1'376 7'67 0'500
1280 H50 1090 0'580 12-20 1-394 9-34 0'550
1320 1'406 1222 0'590
66 878 (NACA M 12): R = 4'2 10' 66 877 (NACA M 8): R = 4'2 _ 10' 66 883: R = 4-0 10'
-29-9 -0-623 4224 -0'531 - 9'1 --4536 12'80 -0'387 -4-92 -0235 138 0323
-22-2 -0-540 29'58 -0'550 - 6'3 ---6-485 520 0'118 -282 --4044 1-33 0232
-15'4 -0-516 1944 -0'406 -4'0 -0'325 1'73 0'109 -0'72 0'149 1'23 0'177
- 9'3 -0'528 9'96 -0110 - 1'8 -0'139 1-45 0-110 100 0-323 1'18 00Q90
-4-6 -0252 124 0;164 0'3 00050 1'09 0225 340 0-575 1'55 0182
- 2-7 -0-079 1'14 0270 2-2 0'282 H4 0'193 517 0-846 1'72 0-322
-0-4 0102 0-87 0215 4'2 0507 1'13 ()O104 7'27 1036 2'15 0333
1-6 0'324 089 0208 6'1 ()O731 1-21 0'163 9-71 1-170 2-97 0248
3'5 0'M9 1'02 0319 8'5 0'887 183 0-084 1242 1'239 4-97 0125
1'13 0274 110 0-991 292 --4040 14-40 1'244 70()9 0-041
5'6 0'743
80 0887 165 0107 1204 1007 4'91 0-047 15-00 1-241 8'14 0-031
10'5 0989 2-86 00017 13-9 1'010 7'37 0'103 1&99 1-222 11'74 0'155
12'3 1029 511 0'109 15'5 0-989 1()O34 0-222 18-66 1'182 14'18 0'118
13'2 1'047 1167 0'144 16'5 0-777 20-02 0669
14'2 1-049 8'64 0207
~
,'
176 0'738 2201 0-622
1
j
~_ d
11.5 MEASURED FORCE AND MOMENT COEFFICIENTS 171
a CL 100 CD
I -10C.. I a CL
I 100 CD
I -10C..
II a CL
I 100-CD
I -10-C..
Ga 708: R = 4'2 . 1()6 sa 711: R = 40. 1()6 Ga 735: R = 4,0. 1()6
-5'5 ~'100 4-41 1-062 14-1 ~-173 16040 0-174 -21'7 ()'415 29-46 0-696
-3-5 0-121 1-90 1-150 11'6 ~-083 1271) 0-300 -16-1 0'31)7 21'76 0'652
-H 0-310 1-05 1081) 9-0 0-009 9-28 0-5M -146 0-340 19-84 0-574
0-9 ()O472 0-81 0-937 6-2 0-070 1)-87 0'912 -109-- - -0-829- 2'96 0'371-
3-2 ()O629 1-64 ()O816 4-2 0-284 2-99 1-236 -8-7 0-659 2-13 0'283
I)-I) 0'788 3-35 0-761 2'2 0-483 1-65 H74 -6-1) 0-457 1-86 ()O215
7'7 0-949 6046 ()OM3 0-0 0-661) 1-42 1-145 -4'5 0-257 1-73 0-168
9-2 0949 10-36 0-81)2 21 0'843 1-34 1'089 -2-4 O-ot>2 1-66 0-131
11'0 0'891 14-16 1-126 43 1-019 Nl3 1-070 ~-4 0148 1-46 0-100
6-6 1'190 2-35 1-060 1-7 0-347 I-51 0-039
8'8 1-361 2-97 1-061 3-6 0-596 1-86 0-099
11'3 H79 4-76 HI0 &4 0'858 2'37 0-286
14'3 1'478 10'78 1-270 7'3 1-080 2-60 0-326
17-8 1-354 20-90 1-480 9-7 1-238 3-18 0-238
12-0-- -- 1-366 4'28 0'135-
14-7 1'441 NO 0-154
17-6 1'466 11'82 0'243
207 1-456 17-41 0-370
24-3 1'313 24'22 0-480
279 1-185 29-33 0-518
112 11. TABLES
a CL
I 100. CD I -lo.C", II a CL
/
100. CD
I -lOC",
II
a CL
/
100.0D /-10..0",
GIJ 788: R = 1'5 . 10' GIJ 788: R = 1'9.10' GIJ 788: R = 24:.10'
-1001 ~'662 21-19 0.730 74 0.'851 1-28 0.'120 5-6 0.644 1-09 0.'130.
-13-1 -1-182 2'58 0.'160 9'3 1'043 1'61 0.'130 704 0.'846 1'36 0.'130
-11'7 -1'0.78 1'85 00110.0. 11'3 1'223 2'33 0.'130. 9'5 1'0.24 1'80. 0.'130
-97 ~909 1'33 0.'150 12'0. 1-279 2'50 0.'140 11'3 1'222 2'24 0.'140
-7'9 ~'719 HI 0.'130. 12'4 1-302 2'71 ()O14O 12'7 1'340 2115 0.'130
-5'8 ~'526 1'0.2 0.'110. 14-1 1'099 9'62 0.'180 15'0. 1'008 12'59 0.'360
-39 ~'331 0.93 0.0()70.
-20. ~'135 0.93 0.0.30.
~'1 0.049 0.'89 0.'0.10
0.'5 0.'111 0.90 0.'0.30
12 0.'176 0.-91 0.-050
19 0.239 0.94 0.'0.70.
3-7 0.435 1-02 0.110.
5-6 0.'646 H3 0.100
704 0.'850 1'38 0.'090
9-4 10.31 1'76 0.'0lI0
IH 1'20.5 242 0.-090.
11'8 1'226 278 0.080.
---_.
129 1-111 7'l5 0.210.
15-1 1'0.80. 11-50. 0.'400
GIJ 787: R = 1'5 10' GIJ 787: R = 1,9.108 GIJ 767: R = 24: 10'
~--'-o..o3s
__ .......
-17-1 ~'657 17-25 ()oo.30 0.'88 0.-030 0.1 ()o0.36 ()O90 ()003o.
-12'9 -1'236 262 0.'100 21 0.'239 0.-93 0.0()70. 2-1 0.-238 0.99 0.'070.
-11-5 -H12 1-81 0.'110. .3-9 . 0.'437 0.93 0.'100 39 0.437 0.99 0.'100
-7-6 ~-746 10.3 0.'100 57 . 0.648 1'0.3 0.'100 58 0.-647 109 0.110.
-5'8 ~'55O _J.:OO ()o0.70. 7'6 0.-8540 1-18 0.'100 7-6 0.'845 1'39 0.'110.
-3,9 ~35O 0.'94 0.'0.50 94 IOM 1'53 0.'090 9'5- 1'0.51 1-63 00090
-17 . ~'15O 0.95 11'5 1'239 2-07 ()o0.70. 11'5 1-242 2'~2 0.0()70.
0.1 0.-038 0.-96 0.-030 12-1 1'300 235 Q-0.5O_ 12.1 ~ .-- ....211L- 0.-060
2-1 0.'234 1'02 0.0()70. 12"-- - - }O338 -2'-38- 0.050 12-7 1367 2-67 -0-040
4'0. 0.431 1'0.3 0.110. 12'8.:- 1'363 2-84 ()OO4O 13'0. 1'394 2'87 0.0()30
5'8 . 0.'640 1-13 0.100 15'0. H38 11'95 ()O530 15-1 H19 12-04 0.'540
76 0.'846 127 0.'100
9'5 1'040 1'66 ()0090
-11'5 1226 228 0.0()70.
12-2 1-283 2'540 0.060
13'9 1'164 8'16 0.330
GIJ 789: R = 1'51 108 GIJ 789: R = l'S7 10' GIJ 789: R = 207 10'
-58 o.o()04 1-03 0.'590 -7'8 ~201 1'14 0.650. -78 ~20.2 HI 0.660
-3'7, 0.-204 10.2 0.'530. -6-7 ~100 1'0.7 0.620. -67 ~-10.2 1'0.3 ()O620.
-1'8 0.'411 0.94 0.0480 -5-8 0.'96 00590 -5'7 ~0()04 0.-97 0.-580.
0.'2 0.'609 0.'98 0.'440 -4'8 0.096 0.-92 0.550 -4'6 00096 0.95 0.'550
2'3.. 0.'808 1-06 (l-410. -37 __ J!~!.96 0.'90 0.-520 -3-5 0.200 0.'91 _0.'520-
42 _ 1-013 10.9 0.'410 ---:::v7 ()O401 0.-89 0.480. -2'7 ----0.-301 0.'89 0.'490
63 - 1'199 136 (HlO 0.2 0.'604 0092 0.0430 -1-7 ()O400 0.-91 0.'470.
8'50- 1'384 1'85 0.0430 2-3. 0.'813 0.95 0.410. 0.2 0.-606 0.90 0.'420.
10.0() - H79 2'50 0.'440 4'2 1'0.13 0.-97 0.400 22 00814 0.94 0.'400
-10'4 1'488 3'33 0.'520. 63 1-209 1'34 0.'410. 42 1'0.17 1'0.3 ()O410.
11'0. H61 511 0.'570. 8-4. 1395 1'67 0.430. 63 1-216 1-19 ()O430
12'0. 1'470. 6-26 0.'600 9'1 1'453 191 0.'460 8'4 1'400 1'68 0.440
13'0. H80. 769 0.'660 9'5. 1-474 .2-12 0.'450 90. H63 1'77 0.'440
14'0. 1'476 958 0.-720. -99 1'506 20.5 0.-446' 9:5- H78 2'25 ()O44O
15'1 H48 11'99 0.790 10-2 1'543 2-19 ()o460 10.2 H36 4'75 ()O590
11'0. 1-474 4'88 0.-580 10.'7 1'436 6'09 0.'660
12'0. H75 631 0.-610. 11'1 1'439 7-26 ()O690
13-0. H78 7'93 0-670. 12'2 H16 9'58 0.'100
15'1 1'450. 1218 0-800 13'2 1'417 11'39 0-800
IN 1'395 16'57 0.950 15'5 1'368 1709 10.10
17'5 1'376 2078 1-150
J
11.5 MEASURED FORCE AND MOMENT COEFFICIENTS 173
a CL
I 100 CD
I -10,C IIm a CL
I 100 CD
I -10,C IIm a CL
I 100 CD
I -10,Cm
a CL
I 100 CD
I -10,Cm
il a CL
I 100 CD
I -10,C II
m a CL 100 CD
I -lO,C m
, -100,.
" OL 100OD
" OL 100OD
I -100,.
". OL 100OD
I -100,.
-3'8
R = 2'73.108
~'236 078
" R = 2,69.108 R = 2,63.10 8
0'322 -5'4 ~'306 107 0'560 -3,3 ~'208 0'86 0'318
-1'6 ~'1l3 0'59 0'163 -3'3 ~'126 088 0'476 -1'9 ~'106 074 0'218
~'8 ~'038 0'53 OO()67 -1'4 ~O()()3 0'76 0'348 ~'8 ~'040 0'65 0'099
06 0'063 0'51 -{)O057 -1'0 OO()14 0'70 0'277 -{)OO 0'005 0'63 ()OO15
loO OO()89 ()o49 ~'087 ~'5 00()()8 0'63 0157 0'8 0'046 0'62 -{)O060
2-l 0156 0'56 -0197 0'0 ~'004 0'59 0'002 2'3 0'129 0'70 ~'217
5'2 0360 (}O86 -0'380 1'0 -{)OO16 0'68 -0'280 5'2 0'350 0'91 ~'382
9'3 0'702 1-38 ~499 1'9 ()OOlO 074 ~'410 9'4 0'686 1'57 -0'505
136 I-032 2'78 ~'503 2'6 0'060 0'78 -0'462 13'7 1013 278 ~'528
152 H08 3'59 ~'513 4'4 0'197 0-83 ~'552 15'0 1'076 336 ~'537
15'7 l-l24 3'88 ~'509 7'6 0460 1'09 ~'663 15-4 1088 385 ~'518
IN 0'808 13'55 -OO()38 11'8 0'804 1'78 ~'734 15'8 1'056 532 -0'459
17'8 0'803 14-12 ~001 16-1 l'l42 3'30 ~'671 16'9 ()O982 8'84 -0'261
18'3 0'759 18'95 (}O007 17'3 12lO 4'10 -0'654 19'0 0'968 13'42 ~'102
19'5 0'773 19'74 ()O043 17'6 1-226 4'23 -{)OM8 20'3 0'899 1640 OO()16
21'3 0'523 29'99 0243 17'8 1'236 438 -{)OM8
222 0'528 28'65 0'249 21'6 0'530 24'74 0007
22'2 0539 2575 0'023
<-.-.~
2 ~---.~
~
Wysocki 0'16
025
3 0-36
\
\
.
\
6
---~ NACA 2409 6 0-09 0-20
2412 0-12
2415 0-16
2418 0-18
2421 0'21
R aC Lma % Remarks
eLma.:!:
I
0 3.105 1'07
1-54
17'5
13'5
-
()O47
-
-4'0
7-50
-
112
160
.
20
40 l-90 13'5 083 -4'0 - 198
60 1'87 no 0-80 -6'5 3'70 195
I
60 7'l .105 1040
2'05
14-5
11'5
-
065
-
-3-0
7'80
4'80
93
137
.
2-12 n'5 0'72 -3'0 380 141
2-16 U'5 076 -3'0 340 144
I
0 2'7.106 1043 20'6 - - 84 213 DVL
135 20'0 - - 8'6 190
128 19'2 - - 9'3 164
1'18 23'0 - - 9'0 151
1'16 24'0 - - 50 141
60 2'7.106 21)7
240
19'0
24'5
064
105
-1'6
+405
4'2
3-9
308
338
.
2'50 24'5 1-22 +5-3 400 320
2-48 23-0 1-30 0 4-0 317
246 21'5 1-30 -2-5 4'1 300
0
20
3 _105 1-07 17-5 - - 91 107 Warsaw
I-55 14'0 0-48 -3-5 5-3 165
40 1-97 13'5 090 -4'0 405 197
60 205 107 0-98 -68 3-8 205
97 2-09 1M 102 -6'8 3-3 209
r-----------------------------------------~--~~--~~--
b
A=-'
I I I I
-c_,
Arrangement Profile Source I/c c.,{c
8
9
?=---~\'\
10 C
~-
.
NACA
23012 R554 6 0-12 020
Wenzinger
13 see No. 12
14 see No_ 12
15 see No. 12
I
11.6 PROFILES WITH HIGH-LIFT DEVICES 179
CLmax
'I R eLmax aOLmax LlC Lmax LlaCLmu (LjD)C Lmax
CDm1n ('1- 0)
Remarks
0
60
2'9.105 095
1'63
14'0
9'0
-
0-68
-
-40
102
6-3
100
172
.
0
30
6-1.105 JolO
1'69
14-5
13'7
-
()O59
-
-0-8
11'9
6'6
lI5
178
.
60 1'98 12-7 0'88 -18 4'8 210
00
300
6'1.105 1-18
1'70
-
0'62
..
600 2'15 0'97
.--------------------------------
b'
Arrangement Profil.. A=S I/c c1)/e
I I I Source
I
66 (215)-216 R824 OC 0'16 0-20
16 see No. 12
17 ~-:-~=--
18 ~-.--~~
~'
e..
~
N715 0'12 0-40
---
23021 N782
ACR (1941) . 0'21
021
0'15
0'15
ACR (1941) 021 0'25
R677 OC 0'21 0'257
20
R677 021 0'257
R877 0-21 0'257
R677 021 0'257
N728
N728 I 0'21
0'21
0'40
0'40
--- I I
23030 N755 OC 0-30 0'257
I
V tr Lr
0-30 0'257
0'30 0-40
21 0'30 0'40
---
83'4--420 R824 OC 0-20 025
63'4-421
(appt'Ox.)
MR (1943)
I 0-21 0243
22
Q:::::::> C:::::>
I
11.6 PROFILES WITH HIGH-LIFT DEVICES 181
R aCLma % Remarks
I
0 3-l.101 1'05 16'5 - - 8'51 82 W..rsaw
15 1'38 15'5 0'33 -1'0 6'2 108
45 1'77 13'5 0'72 -3'0 5'0 138
60 1-84 11'0 0-79 -55 4'4 144
-
0 1-55.108 1'27 190 - - 9'1 106 DVL
20 1'80 19-0 0'53 0 7'5 150
45 2-34 21-0 1'07 +2'0 5'5 195
Type
c",/c
I I w 'I
I "''I
I 1/",
50
30
3'5.10'
3'5.108
2'25
2'68
(1093 ..b A
A
0004 (10005
(10015.
NACA
1'00 0
40 3'5.10' 3'22 1'00 b A 0 0015
50 3'5.10' 276 (1080 .. B Oo()05 ()O018
50 3'5.108 281 0'83 .. A 0-005 OO()16
40
30
3'5.10'
3'5.10'
2'83
2'90
0'83
1'00
..b A
A
(10013
0
()O024
()O025
50 3'5.10' 292 0-90 0 A (10002 0010
40 3'5.10' 2-92 ()O90 c A (10002 ()OO20
30 3'5.10' 293 090 c A (10002 0030
40 3'5.10' 2'88 090 b A ()O002 0'020
40 3'5.10' 3'29 100 b A 0 0'015
50 3'5.10' 2'87 0'715 b A OO()15 ()OO15
50 3'5.10' 2'90 0'715 a A OO()15 ()OO1S
b'
I Arrangement
I Profile
I Source
I A=8
I Ifc ""Ie
25 ~,,-,---
::::;:
26 ~---~
Wa 859 FB 1656 7 0-126 ()O435
(
27
=r-~
28 .c:::. ---~
29 ?----~
~
30 -- ~c:=.. 1934
---
LL
11.6 PROFILES WITH HIGH-LIFT DEVICES
183
Type
R e../e Remarks
w 'I
-JC Lmax
I -JaCLmu
I
(LID)lh"",,, f CDmlC"
Lmu
('I ='0)
0
15
45
60
3-l,105 137
1'35
1-42
1-27
18'5
16'5
U'5
6'5
~02
00()6
-0'10
-0'2
-7'0
-12'0
Sol
4'8
206
1'8
67
66
70
62
Warsaw
--
-20
10
3'1,105 0'60
1-47
19'5
15'0
6'0
6'7
..
45 1'97 U'O 4-4
-25
4
2'9.10& 099
HI
18'5
14'0
6'0
9,2
.
10 1048 14'0 707
-25
CD
0 2'9,105 0'77 16'2 -0,16 +2'6 403 '75
..
0
10
(lo93
1'20
13'7 - - 9'S 91
U'7 0'27 -2'0 8'5 U8
0
30
7'3,10& 1-12
1'91
1&0 -
0,79
- 12,2 112 NACA
14 -1'0 706 74
I
Without Hap 3+6.100
GQI) =
-
I ZAHI
0
1-46
1-46
16'0
13-6 0
-
-)'0
30 2-05 7-5 0060 -7'6
40 2'16 6'0 0'70 -10-0
184 11. TABLES
32 --~
4L=
~
36
Maxwell Slot
37 ~.-.~
Short flap
I
38
Fowler
C J=:=..-.
, Clark Y N 419
R534
6 0115 0
0'40
020
0'30
11_6 PROFILES WITH HIGH-LIFT DEVICES 185
I
- 2-9.101 0-95 15-5 - - 9-4 79
"
1-4S 26-5 0-53 11-0 4-6 123
1-64 2&5 0-69 11-0 4-0 187
QCX) = AVA
1-27 10-S - -
2-00 17-5 0-73 6-7
I
0 6 _101 1-26 14-0 - - 10-7 .84 origin..l profile
0 I-S1 23-0 0-/15 +900 6-9 121 with slat I 0-175
0 2-07 25-S 0-81 +11-8 6-4 138 with slat 0, 0 = 0-300
-
0 2-9 _10' 1-20 16-0 - - 9-6 91 Warsaw
13 1-72 12-0 0-52 ---4,00 8-7 130
I
I
0 6-1 _ 10' 1-27 16-0 - - 7-0 NACA
40 3-17 14-0 1-90 -2-0 4-2
30 2-45 1&0 1-18 -1-0 5-2
40 2-85 13-0 1-58 -3-0 4-6
I
186 11. TABLES
---~~
39 Seiferth
6-67 0'10 0-27
~-....
Wa 433/349 FB 1655 7 0'189/0'160 07
40 Ci':~:~
Kellner-Beehereau
,
,
--
44
--
[e~ 63-210
I
NI545
I I
0'10
I 025
"w
64-208 N 1545 0-08 025
45
-~i.: 0-25
-- 1
Yh=rr ~)'
l-
--~f-~T
46
--
64-210
I NI545
I I 010
I
025
~
I
47
-- ~ ~
64t-212
II
NI545
I I 0'12
1
0-25
-- I I I I
49
--
611-210
I NI545
I I
010
I
025
60 (216) -2151
50
--
a=0'8
RML7A30
I I 015
I
0248
51
--
6Oa-418
I NI071
I I 0'18
I
0236
52 66-210
I
NIM5
I I 010
I 025
r
'I
I R
I Lmax
I aOLmax
I .dCLmaz
I .daC'Lmax
I (LID)C Lmax I Lm
C ('I.=
CDmln . 0) I Remarks
NACA
70 3-5 _ lOS 2-99 0'S3 0-IS9 40 0009 ()0()()9 0014 0-024
70 3-5.10' 3'47 0-715 0227 30 0-014 0-012 0-015 0-035
60 3-5.10' 3'30 0-S26 0ll7 25 -OO()16 OO()IO -()0004 0-017
50
I &0.10'1 291
I
0-S4
I
00()75
I
25
I
0-022
I
0-024 I 00()24 OO()IS
I
65
I
6-0.10
I
2-S2
I
0-84
I
0-075
I
30
I
0-023
I
0-006
I 0-012 OO()IS
-
50 II 6-0.10'
I
3-03
I
0-84
I
0-075
I
30
I
0-021
I
0-020
I 0-010 0'019
55
I
6'0 _ 10
I
2S3
I
o-S33
I
0-083
I
26
I
0-044
I
01lO5
I ()0004 0-014
50
I
&0.10'
I
2-72 I
I
0'84
I
0-075
I
25
I
(}025
I
o-Oll
I ()0()()9 0-024
70
I
&3.10'
I
3'38
I
0'S2
I
00()96
I
12
I
0-024
I
0-010
I 0-025 0'032
65
I
6-0.10'
I
3-50
I
0"851
I
0'106
I
21
I
0-027
I
()0007
I 0-012 00()28
60
I
60() .10'
I
2-72
I
0'84
I
0100
I
25
I
0-027
I
0-039
I ()0024 0-021
188 II. TABLES
I B 106-0'4& FBM3
M.Schiller
II 0137 02
(/"C-
~
53
54 ~~ .-~,
1:':-~
0
55 if;;r= 0'4
I
I NACA 2416 Jahrbuch
d. D. Lufo.
4 0'16 0325
1939
1/~.-.~, Seiferth
118
~- =:~
-flC ~"'~
d. D.Lufo.
1939
59 Seifarth
I
I
CIarkY &427 0115 0'3
~ crc:=::J>:
~~
'
60
(fc:::::;:rC7;.' \ .
. '\
I
j
e,
,
'~
fi
___ 'lJ
11.6 PROFILES WITH HIGH-LIFT DEVICES 189
0
35
6'3. loG 0-94
2'67
164
219
-
173
-
5'5
-3'6 80
226
without slat
with slat
AVA
AVA
I
0 61.loG 1-27 150 - - 7-5 84 original profile
l'9S 120() 071 -3'0 40 131
2'26 19-0 099 +4'0 3'8 150 }With flap
260 200 1-33 +15-0 3-8 173
NACA
190 11. TABLES
b'
Arrangement Profile Source A=S tic "'rIle
61 c VIII. 1938
R. F. HaU
63
----+-------------------------------~--------~-------+--------~--------~--------
-.-~]M.
Bericht c1/2/e = 0'10
37/4/24 c1/3/e = 0'07
66
. ~ \jjoo
~
Aeron.
Journal
1921
66 p.270
Handley Page
11.6 PROFILES WITH HIGH-LIFT DEVICES 191
0 1'43 DVL
55 2'70
0 1'97.100 1-14
10 2'10 0-96
20 2'58 19-0 00 1-44
1-1.101 3'92 45
I
I I
192 11. TABLES
mal[
EIV 12 2'0 40 without end plates
Busemann 4'0 8-4
67
Rotating cylinder
0 2'0
40
8'0
120
13-0
42
11'8
14'9
16'0
16'5
with end plates
3: 1
AVA
68 t= .-.~~~ 20
30
4-0
1-70
207
2-23
5'0 2-27
Wing with rotating roller 6'0 2'35
I
mal[ m&%
FB 1513 6.105 0 0 1-60 200() Profile 23015
~-. -:;::::::.. Kiichemann 10 -
-
NO 210 AVA
+
20 275 21'0
69 40
0
-45 3'SO
2-10
18'0
21-0
Wing with rotating flap "",Ie = 025
mal[
~f
FB 1308 53 10 20 with end plates
v. HoIst 30 7'5 "Ib = 0-47
6-0 16'6 AVA
70
3'0 53 without end plates
6'0 7'7
7'0 83
Rotating wing "Ie = 2'5
I
1-3
+
FB 1661 1-7 20 without end plates
Kiicbemann 4'0 18 AVA
71 8'0 23
10'0 2'6
Rotating cylinder
~
FB 1661 12 20 40 AVA
Kiiohemann 4-0 11'7
72 8'0 14'9
Symmetrical
FB 1651 6 20 28
I Kiichemann 4'0 3'4
circular a.rc
tIc = 01117
73 ~ 8'0 204 AVA
10-0 2'2
Rotating wing
~1
Kiichemann 4'0 4'1
8'0 8g
74 10-0 7'7
h,
- AVA
~
FB 1651 6 20 29
Kiichemann 40 4'3
8-0 10-4
76 10-0 12'6
C .
Rotating wing with end-plates hIe = 2'5
,
I
U.
11.7 COEFFICIENTS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THEORETICAL LIFT AND DRAG COEFFICIENTS 193
Table 11.7 Coefficients for the Determination of Theoretical Lift and Drag Coefficients
N-l
dCLlda = 2,,(1 + 1: A m2YmC
'ljc
m=1
N-l
Cm. =- 1: Dm2'Ym Cc1 jc
m=1
N-l N-l
IS = 1: E m 2Ym Cc1 jc CL* = 1: F m 2'Ym Cc1 jc
m=1 m-l
m x",/c
N= 12
Table 11.8 Coefficients for Determining the Velocity Distribution (Given the Co-ordinates)
(see p. 88)
Table 11.8 a
1 24
23
12 1-00000
0-98297
0-12941
0-01704
0-01675
2 1 22 11 0-93302 0-25000 0-06698 (}06250
3 21 0-85356 0-35356 014644 0'12500
4 2 20 10 0'75000 0-43302 0'25000 0'18751
5 19 0-62941 (}48296 0'37059 0-23325
6 3 18 9 0-50000 0'50000 050000 0'25000
7 17 0-37059 048296 0'62941 0'23325
8 4 16 8 025000 0-43302 075000 018751
9 15 014645 0'35356 0'85356 0'12500
10 5 14 7 0-06699 0-25000 0-93302 0-06250
11 13 0-01704 0'12941 0'98296 0-01675
12 6 12 6 0'00000
1'00000
m 2 3 4 5
.. =0
1
+1-50000
-0-53867
-0'03868
-0'03868
2 -0'53867 +1-50000
-0'57735
-0'57735
+1-50000
-0-57735
3
-0'57735 +1'50000 -0'53867
4 -0'03868
-003868
-0-53867 +1'50000
5
6
m 2 3 4 5
m 2 3 4 5
... 2 3 6 7 8 6 10 11
11=0
I
2
3'00000
-1'08071
-1'08071
3'00000
-H6675
-0'08604
-0'10916
-()o02312
-0003181
-0-00869 0
-()oOII91
-000322
0
-()OOO322
3
4
-Oo()8604
-H6675 3'00000
-1'18987
-H8987
3'00000
-1'19856
-O'1l785
-012107
-0-03503
-()o03503
-O-O1l91
0
0
5
-0'02312
-0'10916
-0' II 785
-1019856 3'00000
-1'20178
-120178
-0'12107
-OII785
-()o03181
-0'00869
-()o02312
6
7
-OO()3181
-Oo()3503
-012107
3'00000
-1'20178
-120178
300000
-H9856
-0'10916
8 0'00869
-OO()1l91 -0'12107
-119856 3'00000 -1'18987
-0'08604
9
-{)OOO322
-OOlI91
-003503
-0'03181
-0'11785
-1'18987 3'00000
-H6675
-H6675
3-00000
10
II 0
-Oo()0322
-{)o00869 -0'10916
-1'08071
30Q0000
12 -0002312 0 -008604
-1'08071
m I 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
11=1 5'44565 -1'36523 +0'28452 -019848 +0'1lM4 -()o08932 +()o06620 -005751 +()O04882 -()OO456O . +()O04238
2 1-08042 -099467 -()O06292 -()oooM7 -()o00322
3
4
2'44565
224717
+3'00000
-1'27919 +328452
-1'25607 +0'II244
-016667
-0'01443
+()o06620
-()O09725
-407741 +()O04882
-002859
-()oOM20 +004238
-0'01513
5 2-44565
-0'17536
-097155
+0'28452
+3'00000
-124738
-1'13494
+3011244
-1'24416 +()o06&20
-016345 +0'04882
-0'08063 +()O04238
-()O04694
6
7
235633
2'44565
-()OO8063
+0'1l785
+0'28452
-0'16345
-1'13172
+0II244
+3'00000
-1'24416
-H7796
+3'06620
-124738
-O'II775
+0'04882
-0'17536 +()O04238
-()o05101
8
9
2'38814
2-44565
-()oOM29
+0'207II
+0'28452
-()o07741 +0'1l244
-0'16667
-H8118
+00()6620
+300000
-1'25607
-120725
+3'04882
-}027919
-0'15610
+0'04238
10 240005 +()o03181 -1-23027 -1'32285
11 244565
-0'04560
+0'23023
+0'28452
-0005751 +0'1l244
-0008932
-010916
+()o06620 -0'19848 +004882
+3-00000
-1'36523 +3-04238
m 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 II
Table 11.9 Coefficients for Determining the Coordinates (Given the Velocities) (see p. 90)
Il=O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0'00070 0000978 000300 0000427 0-00148 Oo()02()4 0000029 0-00050 -000054 -u,00038 -0-00086 -0-00218
2 -0'11005 0004079 0002319 0001342 000965 0'00590 0-00314 0-00072 -0-00109 -0-00207 -0-00227 -0'00905
3 -009218 -000898 0007118 0004083 002199 0001528 000895 0-00248 -0-00241 -0-00418 -0-00498 -0-01947
4 -0'17831 -0-00703 0-02494 0'10089 0'05325 0002813 0-01531 0-00468 -000284 -0-00703 -0-00815 -0-63318
5 -0'01783 -0-01022 0'00550 0-04412 012007 0-05977 0-02859 0001085 -000304 -0-00925 -O-O1l78 -0-04817
ti..... 8 -0-01494 -O'Olll1 0 0'01925 005577 0-12778 0'05577 0001925 0 -0-01111 -0-01494 -0-08389
- 7 -0'01178 -0'00925 -0-00304 0-01085 0-02659 0-05977 0-12007 0'04412 0-00550 -0-01022 -0-01783 -0-07757
8 -0-00815 -0-00703 -0-00284 ()O00468 0-01531 ()O02813 ()O05325 0-10089 0-62494 -0-00703 -0-01831 -0-08872
()O04083 ()O00898 -0-01718 -0-09303
, , 9
10
-0-00498 -0-00418
-0-00227 -0-00207
-0-00241
-000109
0-00248
0-00072
000895
0-00314
0-01528
0-00590
0-02199
0-00985 ()OOI342
0-07118
6-02319 0004079 -0-00925 -0-09081
11 -000086 -01)0038 -0-00054 ()OOOO50 0-00029 0000204 6-00148 ()O00427 0-00300 0-00978 0-01007 -O-()6384
12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
"... 0'12941 I 0-25000 1 0- 35356 1 ()O43302 1 0-48296 I 0-50000 i 00482961 6-43302 1 0-35356 1 0-25000 1 0-12941
,,=0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
. 0 0
1 0002616 0'02372 ()OO1892 ()OO1699 0'01382 0001111 0-00811 0000552 6-00320 0-00148 01)0037
2 ()OO1228 0-08392 ()O04742 0'03556 0'02968 0-02270 0-01689 ()OO1l2O 0-00860 0-00299 01)0076
3 0-00692 003353 0-10052 0-06770 0-04777 0-03711 0-02631 0-01'770 0-01016 0-00466 0-00117
4 0-00608 0'02053 0-05528 0-13038 0'08167 0-05399 0-63869 0-02483 0001445 0-00647 0-00185
5 0'00370 0'01537 0-03497 007323 0-14979 0-08750 0-05354 0-03469 0-01926 0-00874 0-00217
bmll 6 ()O00288 ()OOl135 0-02624 ()O04675 0-08452 0-15652 O-OS452 ()O04675 0-02624 6-01135 0-00288
7 0-00217 0-00874 0'01926 0'03469 0-05354 0-08750 0'14979 0-07323 0-03497 0-01537 ()O00370
.8 000185 0-00547 0-01445 0-02483 ()O03869 0-65399 0-08167 0-13038 0-05528 ()O02053 ()OOO508
9 0-00117 0-00466 0-01016 0-01770 0-02631 0-03711 0'04777 0-06770 0-10052 ()O03353 0-00692
10 0-00076 0-00299 0-00660 ()OO1l20 ()OOI589 0-02270 0-02968 ()OO3556 0-04742 ()O08392 ()OO1228
11 0-00037 0'00148 0-00320 ()OOO552 0-00811 0-01111 0-01382 0-01699 0-01892 ()O02372 0-02616
12 0 0 0 0
- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
~_. _ lL
12. CATALOGUE OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
L
Fig. 12.1 e-j. Velocity distribution of the camber lines NACA 62-6i
J
I
]!'ig~
12.2 a-e. Velocity dlstriblltions of the
camber lines NACA 210-250
Fig. 12.2 C-k. Velocity distributions of th~
camber Ilnes NACA ,. = 0 to a = 1
Fig. 12.3. Pressuredistrlblltlon ofthe circular arc Fig. 12.4. Pressure distribution of semi Fig. 12.5. Pressureodistributlons on bodies with
profile 00010'5-0'356 46'7 with parabolic nose Inftnlte body with semicircular nose. Effect of semicircular ends, for various thickness ratios
("kink" In curvature at the Join: 1/';' ... 1/'::> +
discontinuity In curvature (I/'! 1/;;> (Schmieden>
200 12. CATALOGUE OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
J 005
',0
1-0
08
08
S;
S;
+ +
IX
IX
()'2
(}Z
0
0
-o~
-(}2
-04
-IX
-06
-06
(}of
-08 -08
-fO
-1{)
-f2 -30
-12
-t-4 -I"
-1'0 -*0
-1'0
-1,8 -f'8
-10 -SO
-~
<:
J 025
J 015
10
10
(}2
o
-0-2
-IX
-00
-08 -08
-1,0
-1-2 -f'2
---------
Fig. 12.6 a-d. Pressure distributions of the fiat platc and the J oukowsk), prufiles: J 005; 015; 025; (according to potential theory)
cd
12.2 PRE~SURE DISTRIBUTIONS OF SYMMETRICAL PROFILES
201
tJ.2
-().2
-(){,
-06
-r
~ i -08
11
~:I
-fO -4'0
-4'0 00$0 -1{)
c:::: C
NACA 00 12
1-0 NACA 0015
I
08
cp
(){,
~
~
0
0
-~
It
-(){,
j
-06
-08
-~o
-12
-50 -H
-foG
-60
-f"
-f,
-'70 -10
~
~
Fig. 12.7 a-d. Pressure distributions of the proftles: N ACA 0006; 0009; 00 12; 00 15; (wit.h effect of viscosity Included, R = 2'7.10')
202 12. CATALOGUE OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
0 0
-o~
04
0%
-fN
-06
-06
-I?
-1,4
-f6
-1,8
-f.O
-f? .
-(-4.
-1,6
-foB-
-]0
-J.S
1
1-25
~ ====-=--
NAc}' 0025
O-?
o
-01
-0$
-1-0
-f?
-f6
-f'8
E_~
Fig. 12.7 &-g. Pressure distributions of the profiles: NACA 00 18; 0021; 00 25; (with effect of ylscosity included, R = 2'7.10')
12.2 PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS OF SYMMETRICAL PROFILES
203
08 08
'P 'P
I t
()I.
o.
(J.2 02
0 1;0
0
-{)O2 -0-2
-(}oI. -()I.
-06 -06
-08 _;..00 005 0.,
-08
-10 -JO -1,0
-F
-JOO I){)S
-12 -t,O -12
-1. -HJ -/ .. -1,0
-f'6 -1iO -(6
-f8 -f'8
-2-0 -2-0
08
08
~ ~
I t
o. 00
0, 0,
0 0<. ~o
0
-002
-()-I.
-0<.
0 I){)S 01
-100
-06
-50
-08 -t,O
-/-0
.JO
-/., -uO -f,
-/4 -/.. -itO
-/6 -16
-/08 -/,8
-20 -/1){)
-2-0 -}O
E:: :::::::> c: ~
Fig. 12.8 a-d. Pressure distributions of the profiles: 0 00 09-0-825 40: 00009-0'55 40; 0 00 09-0-55 45; 000 09-0-55 50; (with effect of viscosity included,
R = 2'7. 10')
204 12. CATALOGUE OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
08
S
t
()I,
-().}
-0'
-00
-08 -(}8
-fO
-f? -I}
-/4 -I'
-1-6
-IS
-2-0
E ____-~- E ____--~
(}8
S S
t t
(}'
(}?
t{) 06 1-0
a a
-(}}
-01. 00
_?-OO
0-50
-/6
-/8
-?-o
E ____-~:=:::::> E ____--~
Fig. 12.9 a-d. Pressure distributions of the profiles: 000 12-114 0; 0 00 12-0'825 40; 000 12-0'55 40; 000 12-0275 40: (with effect of viscosity Included,
R = 27.10')
12.2 PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS OF SYMMETRICAL PROFILES
205
/0 NACA 0 00 15 OSS 40
'0 000 15.1'150
()f
()f
Cf C'p
t f
Qt,
Qt,
0,2
()2
0 1<J
0
-0;
-().2
-~
-(}I,
-06
-06
0 ()(}5
-08
-D8
-/0
-f{)
-I-i'
-12
-/-4 $0 -/.,
-1,6
-1-6
-1-8 1()
-1'8
-}()
-2'()
E ~ E ==::>
00016.0'5540
1'0 ,0 000 181'150
01 01
tp tp
t t
(X
(}I,
o-z 0-2
(J.2 0.4 06 10
0 0
-()2
0-]
-(J.2 0-2 .
:"(}I,
-(}I, CLO~
-06 -06
-08 -08
-10 -~o
-1,2 -1,2
-1'
-f06
-I"
-2-0
~ E ::>
Fig.
R = 12.10 a-d. Pressure distributions of the profiles: 000 15-0'55 40; 000 15-1'1 50; . 000 18-0'55 40; 0 00 18-1'1 50 (with effect of viscosity Included,
2'7.10)'
206 12.. CATALOGUE OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
fO
08
tpDB
NACA 16-00d NACA 16-015
f 0-,
11-2 I I
0 J /
........ \ /
-II-Z
-(14
-/J8
't--
- V
-08
-10
1-0
08
tp fJ6
NACA 16-0OS NACA 16-078
It, I
1 fZ I
0 II
-fZ 1 J
-001.
-f8
""- r-
- . . . .v
-08
i
I I.,
I
08
t; fJ6
NACA 16-012 NACA 18-021
1oz 0-,
I
0
Ii
-oz \
-ut. .
\ V
i"- t-- ,/
-fJ6
-08
0 OZ O.s __ !
c
1-00 02 06
-- x
c
J'tR.12.11 a-f. Pressure distributions of some symmetrical profiles of the NACA Iseries; accordinlt to potential theQO'
&marks on the figures on pfiges 207 to 225. The pressure distributions for the older N ACA and DVL proffles were available by the end of the war; those for the
later N ACA series were calculated in 1953. Viscosity has been allowed for according to Equation (9.1): Lla was taken from the Gottingen NACA or DVL measure
ments (giving C L as a function of a); it corresponds to the Reynolds numbers of those measurements. For the later profiles the process described in 1948 in the
IngeniellfArchiv has been used (see Chapter 8); Lla is taken from NACA Report 824, the Reynolds number being 3.10'
-
12.2 PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS OF SYMMETRICAL PROFILES
207
0
0
-(}2
-(}I.
-06
-08
OOJ 00$
-fO
050
-f-2 004 006
07~ -f2
i
,0
-N
-,",
-fo
-f8
-2'()
-~O
E ----- ~
fO
NACA 63, - 018 10
NACA 63.. - 021
08
tp
t
(}I.
(}2
0
0
-(}2
-(}2
-04
-(}I.
-06
-06
-08
-08
-f.O
-10 o 02
-12
-10 "-.0.75 -12
'00
-1-4
tOo -11-
-f6
-1-8
-~O
! -50
-80
100
/ -1-6
-18
/
/
100 -tif)
-eo
-2-0
E
-100
t-----~
C
FIg. 12.12~. Pressure distributions of the prollles: 63,-012; 63,-015; 63,-018; 63,-021; (with effect of viscosity Included, R = 3.10')
r - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -_______ _
i\ \ \
I\. ~ ~ :
,,~
~~
~ I~ ~ ""\ ~
~
:
"'"
T
r; ~ I"~ ;: ~ 1\'\ ~ ~ I\: ~ 'l<
l - t--
.....;.
~ f--
~ \'\ r'\ ...~
t--- t--- ~
......r '"
f-.. f-.. ~
I~
I~- ....'"...
J
~ f-- ~
~ ~r--,
<.J'
t--- r-
i ~
'"
1\
V L" ~
/ 1/- '" I I / V
/ ../ ) / I/... V 1/ '"
- I-:::: J....--" V L.- V L...--- P I - ~I-'"" l..- V
,
I......-
1\ , I\.
"
2
\
\
l::I
,
\
~ ~
"
~
~ t\
~
"''>
:
t
t-- t--- ,
~ ...
- I--
,,-
'"
t:!
- '"
I--
i' _\ ~\ ...~ '--
t-- t--- ~
'"<!o - I-- <$ ';'f-- , - - I-- ~
~ ft ~ l::I
.;, ~ :::.;,t-.J I ".,. I--
==
<!o
~ t--- t--
III
'".-I-- / II
J '" 'I- '" / J.f- '"
0 ..... ~v ~ ... v
:::g; '" ~, :"
~::g~:l:"'~;;;
....... - ~, ----
~ c:a ~ ~ ,~~~,:g ~
t..."---
~ ~, ~
075
()2 OS~
~. _ _--~!iJIIIII":
0'25-----
o
-f
-10
-tOO
-I,'
c E _____--~
Fig. 12.14 a-b. Pressure distributions of the proftles: 6~6; 65,--012 (:.vith effect of viscosity included, R - 3.106)
12.2 PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS OF SYMMETRICAL PROFILES
209
(}O2
1() -
o ~~~~~--~~~~~~~~
-fM
-IX
-06
-01
-'0
-'2
f.(}
r=~::.
-%
-------
Fig. 12.14c. Pressure distribution of the profile: 65,-021
Fig. 12.14.1 a. Theoretical pressure distribution. RAE 100.
From RAE Tech. Note Aero. 2039. Crown copyright reserved.
Reproduced by permiBaion of the Controller, H.M. Stationery
Oftlce
(with effect of viscosity Included, R - 3.10')
-/I
c;,
t
-3.
Figs. 12.14.1. band c. Theoretical pressure distributions, RAE 101 and RAE 102. From RAE Tech. Note Aero. 2039. Crown copyright reserved. Reproduced by
Permission of the Controller, H.M. Stationery Office
210 12. CATALOGUE OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
-
Cp
L
-2 -2
'.;:~
a.z
10
;g:.~....
o~
Ot
O
~X
08
<:::__~R.~.A~.E.~.m=~~~=c~=o~.~~o__--------=-- <:::=_____R.~~=E.~m_~~~c_=_o._m__---------==-
Figs. 12.14.1. d and e. Theoretical pressure distributions, RAE 103 and RAE 104. From RAE Tech. Note Aero 2039. Crown copyright reserved. Reproduced
by permission of the Controller, H.M. Stationery Office
',0 J215
Fig. 12.15 a. Pressure distribution of the Joukowsky profile J 215; (according to potential theory)
..... lilI
12.3 PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS OF CAMBERED PROFILES
211
J4fS 10
-f'6
-fa
-;0
c:;
Fig. 12.15 b, c. Pressure distributions of the Joukowsky profiles: J 415; J 815; according to potential theory
1-0
GIJ436 10
GIJ549
oa
tp
t
'00 04
~- -O~
a
-0;
-oa
-08
-fO
-1-0
-I;
o tJ.1 -I;
-f4 -2. 1t:2 =0
01
-1,4
-z.zVI
-f6
-1a
-1a
-l{)
--------
.~
-;.I)
Fig. 12.16 a-b. Pressure distributions of the profiles: Go 436; Go 549; (with effect of viscosity Included, R = 4.2.10')
12. CATALOGUE OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
212
10 Go 623
1-0 Go 622
(M
cp
t
~
01
-0-2
-~
-06
-(M IXJS
-1-0 ,0'75
I //
-1'2 1--100 1'25
-ItO 1 I
-1'4 I -)() /
I I
I I
-16 I
-50
-foB ' J
-2-0
?:=
1-0
Go 624 fO Go 625
08
cp
I
(}4
02
0 o
-(}O2
-02
-~
-06 -06
-08 -08
:'
-1-0 -100
-1,2
-1'2 ().f 02
-H -14
\ -~OO
\ I
-M \ 1-25
I
-lo2 o\ /
-~8
\ .. ,1
c
-foB
i
: I
, I
Ii
I
l
i, Fig. 12.17 a-d. Pressure distributions of the profiles Go 622-625; (with effect of viscosity included, R = 4,2.10')
I'
__'t,
12.3 PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS OF CAMBERED PROFILES
213
C1e,1c Y- 6% ,0 Cleric Y- 8%
1-00
:sS:::: / x
-c
-iX
-06 -06
-01
-/0
-/.;
-f'6
I
-f'8 I
-9{}
-;.0
._-().s---.---.--"""'-J~
-06
-06
-08
-08
,
o ().I ,,
,-,'
-;'r,ob -/1
, ,,
-J.1 ,,
I
I
I
I
I
I
-M \ I
....'
Flg.12.18 a-d. Pressure distributions of the profiles: Clark Y 6%, 8%,10%,11'7%; (with effect of viscosity included)
214 12. CATALOGUE OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
-1'8
(}O2
()
-(}oJ
-04
-06
-01
-1-0
-f'2
-N
-1-6
-,., -f'
-2-0
Fig. 12.19 a-d. Pressure distributions of the profiles: Clark Y 14%; N 85-87; (with effect of viscosity included)
12.3 PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS OF CAMBERED PROFILES
215
0 0 .=--:' 10
-().Z
L
I \
-()I.
.. ".. _.--: -~,~........:~:.......
... .--', .......:,,"" -OJ.
-06 ""...o-SO" ." .... ,,'"
",'.,"':'" -06
.... .... .... '"
,," 0.7s'," /'0 ().f (Jo2
-08
" ",'"
,/,1'(}()",~
//' f i J1O\:l./ i
I
-08
-~O /' , / -30 I I -foO (}of
I
I
I
"
I
"2S /.'
/f'25
-'Z I I I '/ -'Z
I I I ,
-1t. -fol.
I" I " I " -.fa I:
I I I I
-(06 , / I
/ I -f'6
1/ / I
-M I I I
1//
, I
I
-'10 I
-,.,
-z,o I, , -:;0
',0 foO
NACA 2418
NACA 2421
()8
'P
+
()~
o-Z
0
-oZ
-tX
-06
-1'2
I
I
-N I
-f'6
-,.,
C---~-
Fig. 12.20 a-d. Pressure distributions of the prollles: N ACA 2409, 2412, 241R, 2421; (with effect of viscosity included, R = 3.10')
.----------------------------------------------
(}6
cp
t 125
;;~
(}I,
(J.2
0
(}5O--:-~ ~
.-'-0,,.*- .-.:::::;;; /
.~/-.-
X
-0.2 .~#' c
C; 0
t= -- ---
/'" C*---::::-~
_ -/;.;:;~... ()()5 0-1
-(}I, \_// . / / - /::-:~/ )'
/: ,//// / 1-00//
-06 \ / q-50//// ...:JO I I
v' / /./ I
-(}6
/0'75// 1/
/ / /1 I 125
I 1100/ I
-/-0 \ III, -.fO,
-12
VI'1
/"25
/,
I
I I I
-1" / I I -10 I
I I I ,
-f.{j I I I
I I I
-foe I I
/ I,
I
-20
10 NACA 23021
(}6
cp
t
()4
tJ.2
'00
0
-(J.2
-06
O~
-08
(}of
-/-0
-12 -20
\./
0-15,
,
, I
-1'" -2-2, /
, I
-~o -u \ foOO
\/
-J()
-f" -206
---~ C------
Fig. 12.21 a-d. Pressure distributions of the profiles: N ACA 2 30 09, 2 30 12, 2 30 18, 2 30 21 ; (with effect of viscosity Included, R = 3.10')
12.3 PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS OF CAM.BERED PROFILES 217
10
NACA 4418
1-0 NACA 4421
08
tp
+
()I,
0-2
Fig. 12.22 a~. Pressure distributions of the profiles: NACA 4409, 4412, 4418, 4421; (with effect of viscosity included, R = 3.10')
218 12. CATALOGUE OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
f.()
NACA 63,-415 '0 NACA 64, - 415
0-2
08 f.O
o
0-2
o
-().Z ~
-...... ~
~. - ~
----~
-()4
025 ----_/~
--
-06 --.0-50----;::=;::::;
0.75---:::--;:::'~
-08
00)
/-
- ~//
Fig. 12.23 ..-d. Pressure distributions of the profiles: 63,-415; 64 ...:..415; 65.-415; 66.-415; (with effect of viscosity Included, R = 3.10')
L
12.3 PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS OF CAMBERED PROFILES 219
-/,6 I "".",,,,
I
I /
I
-1,8 : /
/ -50
I I
-?-O I
fO
NACA 6418
10 NACA 6421
()?
1-0
x 0
C
-O~
-()I,
-(M
-08
Fig. 12.24 a~. Pressure distributions of the proftles: N ACA 64 09, 64 12, 64 18, 64 21; (with effect of viscosity included, R = 3.10')
220 12. CATALOGUE OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
f.O
NACA 63, - 615 NACA 64. -618
fH
cp
t
().I.
0-2
-()2
-()I.
-06
-08
-I{)
-12
-I,"
-f.6
-f8
Fig. 12.25 a-b. Pressure distributions of the profiles: 64,-618; 63,-615; (with effect of viscosity included, R = 3.10')
1{)
002 /
~I
o
-(}Z \~~ ,~t-.~ 'I
-(#
1{)
"-k--f'
NACA 8't7 B110
'P
t
or. J
o
05./;_!f.o
ll"
-o.z ~'1-f IL I C I
't-+/ I
Fig. 12.27. Comparison of theoretical and experimental
Fig. 12.26. Pressure distributions of the profiles: N ACA 836 ( X X x) pressure diRtributlons for the profile N ACA 4412 at
D 110, 847 B 110; a = 0; (according to potential theory) CL = 1'02:
(a) on potential theory, at the angle of Incidence of the
experiment;
(b) on potential theory, at the C L of the experiment;
(c) with effect of viscosity included, at the angle of incidence
of the experiment
12.3 PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS OF CAMBERED PROFILES 221
J~------~-------r------~-s----~
I....
V Iff rrI~ o -x
2r---~~~~~~:lc--~~
I Lo
t: .1
f Z
&
0.., -05
--
0 05
2x -10
t:
Wmr------r-------r-------~----__,
r(S) ::::....
8Hflr-----r-----~ "(~~.,,
0'1 06 08 X 1-0
tv -~
10 r---,..----,r---,----r-~
--2x
C
(a) horizontal free-stream;
(b) vertical free-stream.
(H. KROGER, unpUblished) NI>"'---+-~r--+--+----I
-z~----~------~----~----~
02 t----+---t----t-~d---__l
1Z r------,-----r----r-----r----,
0-6
?
Fig. 12.30 a, b. Approximate pressure distribution of
a llat plate with dead-water region, for arbitrarily
r chosen separation points x,; (according to potential
theory)
---Xl==O; ~A - 92';
- - x l ..... 01; eA - 8-3';
------X, - 05; ~A - 4-S';
__-xI-09; ~A - 1-7';
----X, -10; ~A - 0'.
Fig. 12.29. Pressure distribution ofllat plate with llap, at the ideal angle of incidence; (according
to potential theory). Flap chord, 02. Flap dellectlon, '1
222 12. CATALOGUE OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
--
o~--------~~~~-
,
1
I ,'\
I .I ~ = 1-15 (g. 7)
t I
I
c;, =0'88(6-8)
-1 ~
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1 I
I
~
I
I
~ I
..... <4'''
O~--------------~~~--
C,,=0'Z5 (Z'O,,)
4.=(;.oZ (-Ogo)
-7 -1
-.
({)
1 1
~-2 1-2
1
I
1
1
I
I
/
.... ~----
0 - - .... --~ ....
l -2
Fig. 12.31 a-d. Measured pressure distributions. R = 043.10'. Wings: 028 m x 1 m', between walls; AYA 2'25 m
12.4 MEASURED PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS
223
tp t; 1
to+-----~~~-~-~---~--=~_--~_=~~
_---..0-- i O+---=:=::::::!~___...,,-~-~
-2
-If
I
:~'~--------------------~~~~
II
""
II
II
-GJI
II
I:
!2 -2 c;,c 125 (TJ10)
o
c" c 1'09 (10n
-~
-2
0 -2
c" =070 (H")
c" =0-58(3'90)
0
0
-~
-1
Fig. 12.32 a-g. Measured pressure distributions. R = 27.lO'. Rectangular wing (1 : 5). with rounded tips; DVL 5 m x 7 m
224 12. CATALOGUE OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
~ ., , " /3:75'
~p~~.-.-~-.l
t t " r
R--7'S"l.
... ~_r
_.. --t---+---I--_-I_ ,.,- W
P
cp
t0 -- t 0
-1
0
-1
t;.. =0'99 (17,7)
0
t;.. = 1'J3 (THO)
-2 -2
-J -J
-If -If
0
---...- 0
CD -1
t;.. s 115 (tH')
-1 0
t;..=083 (1HO) eN = 1-00 (8'6)
-2 -2
-3
0 0
0 (j)
-1 -1
t;..;: 0'07 (2'8)
0 0 0 CD
4 =0'90 (-1-5,,)
-1 -1 t;.. =0'29(-1-5,,)
Fig. 12.33 a-h. Measured pressure distributions on the profile Go 676 (M 12), with flap deflected. R = 0'5.10'. Elliptical wing, A = 6'25 ; AVA 225 m
, ; I I
~ __ lqno';n.9nqp~ ~"I
I ,
=I--;-~+
j.\
1 /J=70 0
.\'
.;; , ......" .... _-------_... ./
t i ---""----------''-
/J = 10 O~-------------------,-
O+*~~==~~~~~~L
" ... --~---""--
-1 ./
o
/"",
,,/
/d'",
-1 4- z 0'85 (HO) /" p;" LN = NO (1701)
4- =0'51f (1.7) -2 / / c;., a 2'05 (13")
1 1/
. I ~ = 178 (N)
.I /
t'
i/ I
-3 If
O;+~--------~~~----rT-- ", I
,,
I
I
,
I
-7
eN =035 (-2'2) -It- I
LN =0'07 (-G'OO) I
I
o 1/
,-
,-
,-
.,"/
-G
oI
-1 ,,
I
~
I
I \
--
I
~
,,
\. _'.0-'
I
-1 "'- --.. -...- --""-
-2, :
-J { ~I -2
Fig. 12.34 a-e. Measured pressure distributions on a profile with flap deflected. R = 0'53. 10'. Rectangular wing (1 : 5); AVA 2'25 m
226 12. CATALOGUE OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
~~,;;;,::
30
45
--7!/!itfJtlllE~
-----
c
I~tp I
a _c 05
:
-I
-I
-3
-4
-5
-6
-6 I
-7
Fig. 12.35 a-e. Comparison between theoretical ( - - - ) and experimental Fig. 12.36 a, b. Comparison between theoretical ( - - - ) and experimental
(--0-) pressure distributions on a Clark Y profile, with various split-flap (--0-) pressure distributions, on a profile with deflected flap (WALZ)
deflections. Dashed line: extended body, as suggested by W ALZ
O~------------------~~-
-7
-2
-3
I -5
I: -6
I
I
J
Fig. 12.37 a, b. Measured pressure distributions on two thick profiles, with boundary layer suction. (SCHRENK)
I,
__ i_
~'l~~~""~1\1~~DJ_"'IJII!i;
,--------------..... ----------------------.- :=::=
.... ""~"' ........
.....
-~ H ,-6 ,-6 \!':l
-5
"'a::"
-J -3 -5 X= 16 t.!
t;
,d~~
tp I>-
m
-~
q
-2 -2 -~ ~
tp tp
X =8 D DC =120 ~
-J
~~
-1 -1 -J
DC =~ .. I III -2 -2
'"d
~
t.!
m
m
q
~
-1 I I\III\I\I\~\\ 1-1 It.!
t:j
.....
m
>'l
~
.....
6'~...", oO~ txI
.n 4'...,,,, <!1
?":'tJ",'" 0. ?C@:>'i:<> >'l
.....
0
o..,p. '" e:>.~ "'b
0lo'l&>."~ '" o<? ~
Z
m
.:::l~ ;! .:::l~ .",
'~4" .~ ... 4':<1'0
--'"
?'"<%> '"
""
. "'~
o.~ '"
-8 1-8 -a~"'' ' II ~
II .~ ...
-7
r
II
r
0(=18 D II I X-ZOo 1-6
-6 -5 I
r -5 1-5
-s
I ~ I~\
tp t; oc =29 0
-~ -~ II I
-~
tp
-~
cp
r) -J
-)
~ 1\ IH j-3 11m
-2
(}(.=30
II -2
-1 I II H
@
l":)
I>:)
Fig. 12.38 a, b. Influence of Reynolds number on the pressure distribution. Profile: 4412. VDT [R 613] ~
228 12. CATALOGUE OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
J
o '/
0-2 01. {}6 "fI' - !,
-lJ.2 ~~
~~
po"
M .0 ......-::I
~ kb ~ ~
-{}6 ," 1'"-0" IU.J'v
~~k{ (}58
l . . . - - """","- (}66
I
~i
!
(1.8 M (J.85 ; a.. 216
- - - =029 ; = 2.66 0
M (1.80;
___ =029
(1 = 2-89"
i - 0-8
II
-Hi -16
NACAOO15 NACA0018
-1
12.4 MEASURED PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS 229
~
o
I~
'1( ~
~ t-
._,-
-- --
_/
1----
~
~ -< I-.~
~ ~
ry
1/
-16
0 02 04- ()'6
-! 0 02 04- 06_ x o 02 0"'
c C
o 02 0:S
a O a= , 0"
-
1) = 00 1) = 1,'
\.
~
f-~ r--- 1 - - - I--.~ ~--
"".
~~
-12 t - - - I I - - - - j - - - 4 - - - 4 - - - l
02 0-4. (}6 _!
c
10 o 02
1~r----.r----r----r----r--~
0
Il a = 5-1
\ 1) = 40
"- /'-....
1---
.........
--- ~ ~ .. -~
r(
0-2 /0 o O~_!
c
230 12. CATALOGUE OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
a,OO
t
08
i
O~r---+----+----r---~--~
-
~
o
::;::::::'" ~,,/
-\\~ .--.--~
/
-08 .. -'
-~-- ~---
-16
--- "'0300 "'0300
-.- 0675 0702
0-8 --- 0777 0755
------ {}837 {}837
,
o ~
-\"~. f-'--
---= -::r
/
~,
,
/
"
!I
I'
NACA 0015 NACA 0015
tp
t
(}8
a. 12
V- ~.;::::::::::
0 0-8 , ~ ~.--
/::":.---- -----
~y::: ~
\ -.----
\
\
0-8
.16
__
.~> e.~ ~._---.
- - "'.0-300
VI --M.03Oo
-.-
--
24
--.- {}682
0762
0852 32
I -.-
0-609
0-689
------ 0832 -
.4-0
08 1tt--+---4---I---l------l 08
\~
,~ :--
o ...... --:..-
-"=
----- _e_
'-'
:::::-:.:::::;:
----- --- , .....
.08
0-2 ot,. --!!
c o 02 04 _x
f
Fig. 12_43 a-d. Measured pressure distributions at various Mach numbers and angle. of incidence. Protlle: NACA 0015. Ames Lab 1 ft x 3t ft
i
12.4 MEASURED PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS 231
",g-2S
I TrtlnsiJitm poin!
- - Soni~ contilliollS
M .g-QB M .g-75
IB
lL g-33 4 '1-3B
""H31 M'HBT
4'1-ZS 0 t;. -IZB
q.Q
gl+:oo...,-------""'"''''''
-H
io cr.= _6 0 i
-Of) ~
t?- ---- - ----:: 081---+---+---1---+---1
------
11-_//
-76 ft
~/7
1-"/
-0-81-----l~=_+~~."L-__I_--1
....~---~-
76
- - M =0300 - - M =0-300
-0-
0657 0757
08 1\ - ' - 0757 081L-,--+ 0805
\ 0839 0834
------
~
o \~
.-===. F- ,, ,
\":: 1--.- ::::::-:-:.:
0-
,
" ----
-08 -- "
t a=6
08
~
,~ ............
o "\..~ ;:'- -.- _.-. -.-
... ..;::-- -.- .-' -'-
-- ------ --,,--- ----
- - M",0-300
0655
o-8~-+-- 0-762
0845
- - M=0-300
0-557
0719
0f)08
-76 ~--/:/-l---l---_I__-_I____l
__ 1
02 04 06 02 04 0'0 _ x.
c c
Fig. 12.45 a-d. Measured pressure distributions at various Mach numbers and angles of incidence.
Prollle: NACA 23015. Ames Lab 1 ft x 3t ft
12.4 MEASURED PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS 233
---
-"6 H-+-+-- - - M &0300
0601
0757 -16
0811
0840 - - M 0-300
-0-
0875
00 ------ 0034
i\ ---x ___
\ fJ865
~
\
1\\
0
-~8~--~--~~+-~~~~
,,
,, -OB
'\:;; ~
i'o .... ---. ----:;
"r- 0 '
-
--
~
--..... --" ---
"
--'..........
o 02 04 06
-- x
c
02 04 06 _.x 1
c
t
DB I.
a.=6 t~
{}(J
a. =12
0
I~ '~
o '~~ ~ ~ o
'~
~
..:':;;::' 1--.- .-
......-.;
-:--- ~,- ... ..:~ ~..:.;:: f--O-
~:::: .==-=~:::: -:<~
~~-":::
~.-
" ....... _- ----
,/
\ ---
-08 -' -08
I I I
_v_
- - M =0-300
0705 ~o
00 _.- 0785
_0- _0-
~
------ 0-847 __
,,-
a, o
,
\~" ~ ::::::=
. / :::-..=
~.-
..:::..-~ 0 v: r-'
-16
.. // - - M =0301
-0-.-
_.- 0663 0799
- 2-4 7 -2.1.
~ -----
I I
0832
I
a 02 ~4 O6 __ ~ 0 02 01. 06 _1 1
c C
Fig. 12.46 a--d. Measured pressure distributions at various Mach numbers and angles of incidence.
Profile: NACA 65,-215 (a = 05). Ames Lab 1 ft x 3, ft
234 12. CATALOGUE OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
.-' =-"
-08
~
~
~
- - M =0-303
0803
0849 -18
0793
- - / 1 =0,301
0601
08 .....- - t - - - t 0-699
0fJ12
\..
081\--t---t---t---t------i
-\
o '\
~~ "~~~/
I ":~--:: :::::::-- /
- O-BI---t-"""-r:::. .+---+----f.
. -+---1 -18 I---+--+---t---+---j
./ '-'-
-18 0~~0.2:---"--O:f:.4-.L.-:O:-l:-_8---l--_.l...-.1.'--; o 0-2 04 {}6 _ X
C C
o
\~
_.
'--.:.
-.""""-,",,,,,
f-: ___
~.'.~
!-!.;;;
.. - .. ~.,...:.=
~
o
.\'.~~~
.....
:-;~-;; ""'-;;- - -..
.~ ~
-0.fJ -08
-18
0.fJr-~r_~~~-~~~~
- - M =0301
0654
0739
0820
.. ~o
- - M =(}404
0-662
-161--...:....-t--:".,,::-t--f--+----i -161-r--+ 0-720
0778
-24 {}6 _ 1.1'-2.4 0
I
1&-'--=0.1::---'--=':---L---=L:---'--_"--.x..J....-...:!
o 04 2
c C
Fig. 12.47 a-d. Measured pressure distributions at various Mach numbers and angles of incidence.
Protlle: N ACA 4415. Ames Lab 1 ft x 31 ft
!:
L..
12.4 MEASURED PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS 235
~.---r---~--.---.--.
b..
02 ~r"--.--+ ----
,0,
c)..
-IH.
11-2 04 11-6_ .!
c
G.U.2
~r----r----r---'---~---,
0.:- eO; ,., = ,.as <1: +8"; ,., =2-13
f t-..:3I"'"-+ Thury
Hta.urtmml:
suction sitlt ~
~~
pr'S8UI'e side
-..::::
o r----... ~
~
f-o-- ,........,.
---
<1.-'"; "'=1-85 <1:+'"; ,., =213
1ro....
~
~
"'" ~
-- ~
o
~~ """""
...........
~
~ ~ .".",
---- - -
~ kl:::"
r-o..
-- ---
-....::--
~
i
~....... ~
........
~ ~
Fig. 12.49 a-f. Experimental and theoretical
( - - - ) pressure distributions on a biconvex
profile G. U. 2. Wind tunnel: Guidonia
o ~-
.........
~"""Q
- ~
--. t-..
--
..... f-- _ _
HJ M - 0'81
a:. O
fJ8
oc= y'
M -IN1 'P ,\
10 t ., a: - 8
fJ8~----~--~-----+
a: - O OJ, \'
'P \ a: - y.
t ~\., oe - 8'
0
-(J.Z
10 -()/f
-fM
-0-8
-H)
-12
-T1t
-16
0-2
-(}2
0 '"~
.-
~ (}2
/- t-.~ fM 0-8
,
1{)
-04
/- /
Fig. 12.50 a-d. Measured pressure distributions on a double wedge profile (t/c = 0'1) at the angles of Incidence a = 0', 4', 8', and at various Mach numbers.
IN 3306)
12.5 POLARS 237
f-M I -OoJZ f\
IA 1\ \ i"- b'
f-1+
LCD 1/ \ \c"
t t 11 ,.. ..'\\
CD --=I
;,
t A \ :x "-:::: ~ ~
A J ~ 1/ ".
f-..
flcatNO
fI C'015
7'k f? ZO' I/j+
1'- -zoy. I -
+0' 60' 80' 90' ZOo +0' 60' 80'
ZO'J I
0Q9
/1 0Q6
/
Fig. 12.51 a. Polars for lIat plate, ..t = 5. Cologne 0'7 m. Fig. 12.51 b. Polars for lIat and cambered plates, .A = 5. AVA 225 m
(SCHMITZ)
'0227
l--- 'r-d5 GiiZt,3
/7!l' V -r--Jz'
'35
I? -10'
/
y-
(}or
-- - /
I'
\
I--
1-0 I--
jy -tM
I IJ' R _1O'
I
\
\
I-- r -i-~'
-w
-JO'
/ f-- -hs
-J",' II
j
-~i' ~S~5 /
-50' j /t-H'
L
~ l?f.
I-- -54' /JJ, f--
'0! I "'- 0.2
-805'
i'-- r--
~ I"--- -I2-+'
o OIl. 0Q6 -c:o
-9-1'
04Z -.' .'
-~
-C(
-046-lJ.ft
o I -4~.-+' -1Z'
.' -
Fig. 12.52. Polars for Go 227. MVA; R = 10' Fig. 12.54. Polars for Go 243. MVA; R = 10'
6.0 Z+2
J:'Zj L 6.0 Z89
iJ R -lOS II 1\ IA -tH2.10' /
Jo6
/ I !
-
-
-
@W
f-
0-5'
-(}o6'
-!.7' I
j / 1--..
i-- R tJ.72.TO t
r--- -..
/
V
V
i
I
-Z7'
l V )
-
MW +'6'
f}2
\
\ / I
-5-8'
-6'8' I \ ......
~ I _+' +. -ex: 1Z' ,
11
I'- I-- --..
-+' 0' +' 1Z'
.........
t--
11
-f}Z
I--(JQ+ 0Q6
ty _{m ~
Fig. 12.53. Polars for Go 242. MVA; R = 10' .Fig. 12.55. Polars for Go 289. MVA; R = 4'2.10' and 7,2.10'
238 12. CATALOGUE OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
- 6.ii335 fitH17a
- ,.....
I V
/ r- -ZZ"
..
~I,}
1-Z J8
~-}.10
/-. 1\-
R '".2.lO s
/ ~
V/; -0..... ~'t ~
IJ6
I
V
",-,;-,~
I? -ioB.1f)
- r:=-=:: 1= AI ~
~ , [b ~
\
\ / I? -+-Z.1o'
lIII tI I}
o "'- -r -It ' - fZ" lfl ~i
I r '" or -Co )1 len, -0'14 -()fJ.
'( I~I ~
ir o ~ //1 )
-/1+
-1J6 ()fJ+
-- CO ~
1J.12 046
--
-.'
~ ~
.' - 12'
-
Gii31t2. Fig. 12.60. Go 417a. Cologne 07 m (SCH)(ITZ)
/A-.-- -""r7' / -- r
--j
'H'
zr
/
I
II
~
;7' R -071f.10 5
/
P-O'
~'17'
,.--
I t
~ ~Z.7'
II 1\ 14
60 1t2.0
~r
I 0 1+_'rl~6
-r -+'
-Co ~ .' 12'\
- l;, -012- '6-IM+
I T -i:.
f "'-
11)
/'\ /-..
-5-+ -6.J' II i \
/
r\ \ I \
Fig. 12.57. Go 342. MVA; R = 0'74.10'
j ~X- ~ \'\ \ [\ lZ
/ \ \ / \ 1\
tH.
,
, I
+0"
1\
6O\'ZO' 16Q'
./
zoo'
1\ -It
-
6.0+09 -tH.
,--..
-t--t-- f-- f--
/
1'-- -7 -/1+ \ \ / /"
.'\...-
r"".... .....
I R -+'2.105 / -06
V.,
'
) -1M
/
6oltl0
11)
~
r- -- -- -- - I, ,.. ...-)
6.ij 1t35
f I
1M
I
( /
/1+
R -'1-2.105 1/
tH. / /
, (}(}f.
(}Q8 -CO -.' / .'- 12' 16'
-IM6 -IM+ -l;,
-Ol /
/
lor-til-.'
-/1+ -r +- -cc 12'
-06 j
-tH.
\.. or -(J(J8 -IM+-C'.
-1\ T '{'
Fig. 12.59. Go 410. AVA 225 m; R = 4'2.10' Fig. 12.62. Go 436. AVA 225 m; R = 4,2.10'
12.5 POLARS 239
6.ijH9
r RIi 'j/fi
V- F=:: -1\7 t'-
"
1'-"-
~ 0 1 1 L
I /1 \ I--- - ~ ~~
jV l 1\ ~ IL
'\~D!c 1-::: -;1 I?~ ~-- J "'\ /
1--"'\
1/ \
)-::>.~ IV
~ \ Y '1
-
\ '/ .'
1/ .-
j
z
\V.. \ V..j I \ IlL ~ r\,- 1---
H--co~
o +' 'cc 1Z-V
~ jj
"t-0Q6-;'
'I' Iyl f 4 iop-j 1/ .... 1,\ / V
-q.z
\
'-'rj / w
i\
Fig. 12.63 a. Go 449. Wind tunnel AVA 2'25 m; R = 6,3.10'.
0, smooth; I, pressure side rough; II, suction side rough; III, 0
\,
' .... -t/., / +' -cc 12'
both sides rough fHH. . . . .0Q6 -COl /
1Ja 'N '().f -t;,
:..- II "
\
e:" J
!Y 0 v.!---'P"" L ? r--- r- I -V 1'-
V
/ LL I
Fig. 12.66. Polars of Joukowsky profiles of various cambers.
:r/
L .I-
If v/
V/
-- (
Go 537, 558, 579, 576. AVA 2'25 m; R = 4'2.10'
6.ii5*9
/ R fJ.J/2.10 f /, '/ ij a
L;
1zoJ :1/
'i '"'\
.~j/+, 0' . -
F"'-
~
r-Z ~ ~~.{ iZ -~ -~.-c.
I
Fig. 12.63 b. Go 449. AVA 2'25 m; R = 6'3.10'. 0, smooth; IV, II
suction side rough at front; V, suction side rough In middle; VI,
suction side rough at rear 1
II
N
I
-6' ..' +' -cc
1 11- .:::t:
14
'i.
t V
L
v - LV Fig. 12.67. Go 549. AVA 4 m x 5'4 m; R = 1,24.10'.
(a: without, b: with tip-fairings)
V
10 6.ij55*
R ';'2.10 s II
fM
\
10 b , ~
fM -'- lL
0+
I
1/ "t
1M
j
I
0:z II
-~/., 0+
o
f, ~8-CO ~Z
-' 12' 16'
-1' ~' N I
-N
0 -6'
I
-.' +' -cc 12' !1
-CO -(}(}6 -()(}+
Fig. 12.64. Go 508. AVA 225 m; R = 4,2.10' I '" I ,-COI J' J' 1
\
V
Fig. 12.68. Go 564. A VA 225 m; R = 4'2.10'
6.0'535
r- -, 6.0'595
/ / IZ
L 1-17
1-+
( V fo() /
t t; V
fo() L t I
1M
/
I
1M
L
OJ,
I 0
\ -6' -!{ +' -cc 12'
q.z
q
II
.+' +' cc 12' -N
l~ ~, or CO fZI -1~-t;,
em -1146 -IH2 -OJ, "'t+1' I ~
Fig. 12.65. Go 535. AVA 2'25 m; R = 4'2.10' Fig. 12.69. Go 596. AVA 2'25 m; R = 4,2.10'
240 12. CATALOGUE OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
- .
f"-
L -t' C7J= I /~ ~
I vY Ff:!1-0-'13.10' t1 \
22.10
i - 1-'0'23.10'
IiI 'I--- '0'105.10 /f
I (
\I, \ .I
Fig. 12.70. Go 608-610. AYA 225 m; R=42.10'. Circular
[\11 -f2' -8~/-+, +' f2'
segment proftles: fie = 0'045, 0'051, 0'066 i ~~:+-:--:008_-tO ~rZ.d'
1{J r--r?'-
6.ii522 Fig. 12.73. Go 624. AVA 225 m and (at R = 2'2.10') 4 m x 5'4 m
~
1
ra- r--=:::I? ;oJ.I0t "- r::... / ~
06 rt::. t--JZ.10 s i
..i
'1-1'2.10 5
II
o.z J
0 -8' -~.J .' - f2'
\ 'fl ~8-tO O-fZ J
-0,Z
-0+
-V "
'--t ~
1 -- 0
"(:;r
J
Fig. 12.71. Go 622. A VA 2'25 m; R = 4'2.10'
2
R 2'2.10' V (j
I I
6.0'623
---
14 A
'i .a:= ~
1
/'
/
0. / ) 1\
FI- RI?r--.,'3.10
''''3.10 ~
-8'1.,
1M
/ Ii
s
r----'2.10 S
I
\..1-
II
.' f2'
- -
! Fig. 12.74. Go 624. AVA 4 m x 5'4 m.
rl 1 : without tip-fairings.
2 : with normal tip-fairings.
-8' )+' f2' 3 : with modifted tip-fairings (see Section 2.3.3)
o .' -
.t-~ I ~-~/lJ.r2
-O
-0.1> 1-'1- I
1{J
~
1
1M
A
\/
'1'i
~
-~ /
6ii623
~\
\ #
e:... ~'0'
"J.68.10
,I,
,I? H.!05
I'-- t-... .J
-
..tr-..' I
I
Gii 625
i--
'\
g'"
"-.
/\ ( D\ V '\
I
\ ,
I
,,
/ \ \ i. \
V
I
'\ \ .,'" ~~ W, H ~
"
"
\ I \
1\ - \
-0,Z
0 'f(J'
i\'ZO' I5IJ
21J1J' Z'f(J'~ '10' JZO' 16
02
~5J~ ~1O; I), ~ ~o/' 1/
~
--1
\ / ~ WI~ k.-
21.10
\
~ .y;.
-0.1> 0
'C \ ~ r} ~ ~
-06 -02 / /V
-Q8 \ ~. "'V+, +'-f~
008 to 046 -
Fig. 12.72 b. Go 623 for 0' .. a .. 360'. Winu tunnel: Aarhen
Fig. 12.75. Go 625. AVA 2'25 m (R = 4'3.10'), and Cologne
(SCHMITZ)
12.5 POLARS 241
1--
. - ....
1--1-- .,,- 'r-T d --- 1/ V
1... -
IV
~
~~ - r- /
I h 1\
I~ /
I
V
I
0
.' I 1Z' 16' t
Of-tO IJ.r
. ' -IX
uri -OOu-l'
-IN.
Q
.I
o.u.
I I ~ -~ ~z I Q'r I or I ,+ -0'Z J
6.0708
V r-- / I"- 1---- 7
{iij 625 V V
c d
~,j<b
.-. I-,
". ~\
1 1/ /
IL
a a \ / II
/ jV I~I ~ 12'
08
~j \ d 0
-IN. I ~+ I Of-,tO
. ' -IX
'1\-"fB -Qt
/)6
6' ~..,
-IN.
I -f -?I 1-4;, 6.ij 777
,.- ~ .......
...
Fig. 12.76 b
/
Fig. 12.76 a, b. Go 625. A VA 4 m x 5'4111. Wing with tip.fairings. 10 /
(a) Surface plastered, slits open (R = 1,68.10') i
(b) Surface plastered and ground, slits open (R = 1'61.10') II
(c) Surface plastered and ground, slits closed (R = 1'61.10')
(d) Surface lacquered and ground, slits closed (R = 1'57.10')
/
~
I"---t- .J., +' )Z~
-'Dr-
-IX
0
r ~
etIIf
-008
-IN. I I
I or-~I
.f..
0
IJQ8 -~ 04Z -c;" Q46 -IJ42 - -IN. II or C. -00.
f11i
Fig. 12.77. Go 652. AVA 225 m. R = 4'2.10' Fig. 12.81. Go 735. AVA 225 m. R = 4'2.10'
242 12. CATALOGUE OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
12
fio738 fiOloo
r-
/'
l--
/
V
Ir: ..0;8.Zft.l0 6
~\ /
10
'.9.106 -'"
"> V - I-- :"j I\.\
~
t
I
{ .!-5.Tf}/ -- ..... /1 ' .....
06
1/ I?
;
i
: V /
IJII
!I
01.
/ /
1/ / /
,.
-4' 12'
0 00. 008-<C"o;
. ' -DC
-IJIJ. ,Cm
o ..
- II
fl ,8
-01. . ' -DC 12'
/ f I to 0(2/ -t;" -~+
-oz
-(JJ.
-06 / I -04 -~ y
Fig. 12.82. Go 738, AVA 225 m. R = 4'2.10' Fig. 12.86. Go 766. AVA 4 m x 5'4 m
fiji 7it!
l- 1-910' 60767
c.. -~~'
f.II
f -r- r \
k\ ~\
t I jl? -1-5.10' ...... '\ ~
II / 10
/
1/ IY
fM
/ fM I
1/ 1/
01. (}2 I
o -8' -/ 4' -DC 12' 16'
o -+. V 4' -c< fl.'
-c
-01. \1 flI '8~? -,4"C m
I or lor-tO / ('" I
-00.
f+ r8
1- /1
~ V
Fig. 12.83. Go 741. AVA 2.25 m. R = 4'2.10' Fig. 12.87. Go 767. AVA 4 m x 5'4 m
/
/
v - tio7't/~'
/
r-.... z.6.101 I h c--.
6.0769
~
If if \ I R Z9.10' Z1.10'
J
/ \ V
/ J
v II
/ /
0
"- -8' -./
. ' -DC
12' 16' V
-01. lor 1~8 'k~
r--
-~. 1 o -8' ).'
~-'D 0'2
+' -DC f2' 16'
-ft~-(
I
-IJII -02 1 Of 1
Fig. 12.84. Go 744. AVA 225 m. R = 4,2.10' Fig. 12.88. Go 769. AVA 4 m x 54 m
f.II
fiii 7'16
~
t
10
1/
-
- r-- I
r-.
l"'-
h u
f Wifh!ut
f,V'c ==-
60770
/ l
tip-ft1l~n9S
~- '::::l
1M 10 With
06 fM
I R aJ.ro t I
IJII / fM
01.
'/
fJI>
I
0
['-..' -8' -+. / IZ'
02
I ~ I or-? ir . ' -DC
-00+
'j ~ q -+1 .,. -Cl 12'
rl
-iH. -oo+-c
,8-cg rz -(}(J8
l
Fig. 12.85. Go 746. AVA 225 m. R = 4,2.10' Fig. 12.89. Go 770. AVA 4 m x 5'4 m
12.5 POLARS 243
6ii775 6ii776
Z ,z
--!- r::... HI
d ~ II ~ rr- /
I t V
/ 1
i
,; I
{)8
lL 1
i',.
I II (}Z i 11
II . 12 II . _ 12
If I () ~-'D (}{Z or-tr (}
-(}Z I or I 0
76 -lQ 0.12
(I ~Z'-T
Fig. 12.90 a. Go 775. AVA 4 m x 54 m. R = 10' Fig. 12.90 b. GO 776. AVA 4 m x 5'4 m. R = 10'
(jjjm (jjjm
14 104
I a/~'Od5 ..- '-- ~ ~/C"d.(J5.L ~20\.
1
HI IF ~ -- NO ~
I'
t
IIJ k IIY "" KIf
r_
t-.. ~o-y ~1(i' \.,
{)8 {)8
# I {)8 I
ii
{)8
Ja
~ ~ fJ+
V
I {)2 /
I - 12
65777 61j777
V"
- -
104
c;
t l]
/ ~.,..
IIJ
/'&
1~'~oJ~4~ici"o.z5 035,. ~ '/a/c(}OZ5 I
{)8 {)8
'/ / / {)8
(}IfOj ~'30
{)8
tp,
b' ~- 1M ~
{)2 I ()Z /
(}
+- -c:t' 12"
-(}Q+ c
(}
Fig. 12.91 a-d. Flow disturbed by square plates (022 x 0022 m) at a distance
a from the leading edge. Chord: 05 m. R = 2.3.10'. Wind tunnel: AYA
4 m x 54 m.
244 12. CATALOGUE OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
12
6.ii 795
t;.
t
' (
l
V;.-
( -- _0_ R -380000
t--r--
.
t-:-. 0
j
~ ~~ .
VI ~
~
y J.{
/. ~
I ~
f;!
I
I
I
If -+-R 85000
-0- R 17000
i rl ~/
t / ,~
OZ
I
I or
\ \
\J -*J/}./
0
o f\ -8 'I. ---0(. 12
fJ.OZ OO*o\ofJ.06 008 010 -co ()'1; (N6 018 (}O20 OolZ ---c;, -O'lZ
\ 1VL -008 \ 0
-OZ
"~ r-J ;;v ~
~
H 60795
12
iT.
t
I If -- ..... - -~. <>-
-r--r-- r-. L ~~ 'fp~
//
'\ r---
-:;::~
0-8
....-::~
~=.:- ---
----
F:::::::::
~~.::
:::::::::::::: ro I rr~",' , \.\ ~ t~
--- v '- --.: .=--
--
~
f; 1'\ - ~
/'r
4
05
V
OIt ....- 0-V
-0_
-+-
R J80000
R 107000 'L V
_1 I! )
oz 'f:;
....... 0
-6-
_0-
R .67000
R .77000 I V II
/ \\ t~....
IV -8" jVl/10- It ---0(. IZ 15 ~ I}
0
-0,2
\2' \\ VII'{)* ()'05 008 OlD (}o12 IN* g.'6 ---Co Ozg 022
0'2L/ 111 - c;, -0'12 { '
I\\. '\
-(}O* 0
~
'f>.
-04
'\
~
~
V
D-
16 61j797
H
.....cl
/ . "7
............
........ r--. L
b/? "\ ~ -1 17,
1'Z .... ........ ,
'L II.... .....
- -0- R ,,380000
~/ \ /, ,, 1/
fo -- - - --.....
.....
..........
-+-R 1HOOO
............ --R " 77000
~-R ,,17000 1/ \. 1\1l,
\,
08 ....
-- --- \
-- ~.y
............ ~ \
06
. "/ \ ~
II . .\
~ /
OIt
l--::::: ~--: /5. I-- ~Z;.:..
V
v- It'"
~ 1 r L V .
~
".\
02
..J
!
0
~
I'" I r---..
OO*l~ (!!.,/ 010 012 -Co 016 (}18
-15
020
-12
~~
-8.!-"0 tV
~17
it
030
8 -0(.
-t;,-().re~
8
0
I
,j
-O'Z
!,.,
./
r--. t-;--
Oi8
N.
~ "~ "I--~'
-OIt
"
Fig. 12.92 a-c. Go 795-797. Wind tunnel: GBttingen 07 m x 1 m. (MUESMANNEGGERT, 1956)
!t_
12.5 POLARS 245
00012-'" M
/" "
I I \ /'
r-
1 /
\
\ /
/
I? -2.7.101 /
I? -2.7.101
II
/ 1/.- -IX 12' II
o
-!, / . ' -IX 12'
, f, Df -CO f2 I -().Q~
I I -~
I f Lor-Cui -().Q+
j -em II I
I
Fig. 12.93. Profile 0 00 09-0825 40. R = 27.10'. Fig. 12.95. Profile 00012-11 40. R = 27.10'.
Wind tunnel: DVL 5 m x 7 m Wind tunnel: DVL 5 m x 7 III
HJ
t:--r--
~-
- -, ,
/\
\
I
" V
I
I? -2.7.101 /
~H-+-~-+~--~+-~~~~+-~-h~
/ I
O~~7,u~-rl'-~~~-T~~~~~~ I .' - 12' II
-o-z I or 1 !'"'Cu ~r2 -().Q+
-j c;,
Fig. 12.94. Profile 0 00 09-055 45. R= 27.10'. Fig. 12.96. Profile 000 12-0825 40. R = 27.10'.
Wind tunnel: DVL 5 m x 7 m. Wind tunnel: DVL 5 III x 7 m
246 12. CATALOGUE OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
,.z 00012-055 +0
z
00018-1-150
V' -- V, 1/--r--
- 1\ /\
I ~-
-- -- f \ /
/
/
10
ti I -- II \
06 r - ../ 1
IJ6
/
0It
R Z7.10' 1/ / R Z7.70 V
f}Z / I /
II )
-k" A'
orl ,8 -CO
o / "'-IX f2" -IX/"---
o
-f}Z I orl ~8 -CO 0-(2 -(}(J+
I
-c
"I -f}.~ I 1/ -cr" "1" ,e"'l
Fig. 12.97. Profile 0 00 12-0'55 40. R = 2'7.10'. Wind tunnel: DVL 5 m x 7111
1!'lg. 12.102. Profile 0 0018-1'150. R = 2'7.10'.
Wind tunnel: DVL 5 III x 7 1Il
000 12 -0,275 WJ
IJ8
c; v-- .... ---,
t (
'7 ( N501?
R Z7.70'
/ I f ?---~ I f :-0
o V .'-IX f2'
II R",'-;'f{/'
I or I ~8 -co ~Z -(}(Jo
I
-c
"j 10
Hi~'~ .f'I, \
-iH.
A~\
,,
'J05.17f-. \ \
\
~. fO " \
Fig. 12.98. Profile 0 00 12-0275 40. R = 2';.10'. Wind tunnel: DVL 5 m x IJ8
\ ,
i't~ J\~\ ~
7m
z 00015-0'55 WJ
06
IT .'" y
......"
""
J ~~
~
\
1/"
\
0It
1
-- ./";';10'
"..- ;'I
10
, //
r-- r-- ....... -- -
-
I
oz
(
1
/ I I I IJ Y'" {
I ~ 1/ \ o
R 'Z7.10' / ,
-f}. ~ fl l\
/
,\
"08 -CO 0-16
;/ftf. '"
IX 12' V-
o / O'-IX f2' 1/ joig. 12.103. N 60 R. Wind tunnrl: Cologne 0'7 m (SCHliITZ)
Fig. 12.99. Profile 0 00 15-0'55 40. 1/ = 2,7.10'. Wind tunnel: DYJ~ 5 III X
7m
00015-1-1JO
1-4
l
1
10
( -- -- /
\
\ I
I
IJ8
/ I
I
/ /
ReZ7.70'
Fig. 12.104. Zii 11. Wind tunnel: Ziirlch (PFEN:!lINGER)
/ I
-l, j", /
o
-f}Z J or L ,8 ''1 -IX f2'
"f+-r
1!'ig.12.100. Profile 0 0015-1150. R = 2'7.10'. Wind tunnel: DYL 5m x 7m
,z 00018-055*0
1{)
l
f
- - V I'-- / '
IJ6
I /
I R Z7.70' /
/
o V", -IX f2' I
(}(J+-c
-iH. 1 or 1 "f-~
-(}(J"
I 1 l'
Fig. 12.105. NACA 0012 at various Reynolds numbers. Wind tunnel:
]'ig. 12.101. Profile 0 00 18-0'55 40. R = 2'7.10'. Wind tunnel: DVL 5 m x TDT
7m
12.5 POLARS 247
08
t;,
i O'f
/ ---
,,/ I-" - -- I-
i"'-
r----~
0 ~
~
-01f. -~ L--- lL
l- t-- V
ZQ f.-: b ...- r -
"- V l'>
1-6
Co
II \ IL \
1'2
/ i\ / .i
t /
,;
\ / ~
0'8
\
(}'f / \ / 1\
#' ~ /' j~
0 lY ~ .L.
I\~
12
IL r- f"'-.-. L t--"
~ / r'\ ~
08
I "\,V rr--V I"
L _L \ f !".
01f.
1 0
II 1\ II
~
/I
1\
-(J.1f 1\ J \ I
I I
~
1\
L t---ll I 1/
-(f8
'"1"'- r--
\
"- V
-1'2
t OLm .%
aCLma:z
a,
106
085
132
122
2'021
1'741
81'
5'
-12,4'
124
0'94
153'
11'
2'15
182
9'2'
5'
-12'4'
1'525
16'7'
1'595
1035
16'3'
12'2'
239
1-93
102'
5'5'
-12,6'
159
15'7'
O'
O' -11'1' -0,1' -11'2' -0'1' -12,2'
w'o: without, w: with split tiap, 60' detiection. The lower values include the effect of standard roughness.
z.6
li. I / I
t j.WACA ~018 /
/ 1
l .-.. . .N
ZZ
Zo
P50 012
// \ ---NACA 23009
23012 '\ I
'If -t; 009 //.\ \ ---- 23018 \\
NACA H12 I i /~/ \ \ ~
~~~ I
1 'f
.-- . - I
~
_I..
R 29'
",/'
.
l-
~j-::::: f:-~ ~ -;::::::. r-
-- 1-.-1
JRough I!
v.~ ::::-....
-'.r-/......
I~"" t-~
i
t=: - - l
4\ \
~ "'-
I\. ~
-'\ to,...
II
I'
-
poO- I
IJ8
/1;-;;{fQi / ~
p-'J 1-0
~
I ~'
~.- I
I
"'.... I
I
1/ R ~l ~r;;.10' ,I
I \ I
IJ8
I
I I If
,\ i
I
OJ, J I I
i I
~
\1\ ( VI /
/ \ I
\ \ '\ \\ I\.. 0-1. 0-16 1J.18 tJ.ZQ tJ.Zl. tIC 12" 16 2Ir \
Q
Fig. 12.106. NACA 4412. Wind tunnel: TD'l' Fig. 12.108. NACA 23009, 23012, 23018. Wind tunnel: DVL 5 m x 7 m
-- ..-
18
,. /
~
104 "
"" . / ~< L--
~~
~
- c..
104
.= 1=="-"" f /V::",," ......-:: 1--- rt:-
"t - rr'
/" ~ /
1-0 ,1h'oug'c
,,& i:""" /' 1-- r-rh'ough R .9' / ..'. . ,.J (}07.1Of;~ l.-~~
1-0
I
I
I'
,/ ~
IJ8
/1 I f A'/ AV ~
IJ8 IJ8
tl I R 06/ ,)'"7 ~i;"0' V I{-/. JfJo?'f.{1O'
,
IJ8 OJ, -theory
I r (}ot1O'/ 1/ ( R Z7.10 l
'I
lL ( (
Or.
(~
II
0:z
R 29I 3 ' I o
. (
\. I~
\ \ 1\ 1\
I
I
f)OtJ+ '"'1~
: i \( \
(}o16 - CO IJQZO
Q
, or ,\,6\ I '\t-, ~--'::"ICO ur 1 I
\ ~~ '"
--
I
-0:z
-IJ+ \ \ }... \.'!--.. . . . 'fi-....... \\ 1'.... r-.....
r--
r-- -....,
}'ig. 12.107. NACA 4415. Wind tunnel: TDT Fig. 12.109. NACA 23012. Wind tunnel: TDT
R.10-' 0'7 15 3 6 9
w'o w 'w'o
1 w w'o w
- - --
tZ
~ ~"
,. -,' ,-- R"Zft!; .J.1O~
14
-~
li.
1 "" v: Ilf / ~
If! / i ! ~, '~
(}Z
1
l ~\ ~
\
~-
-I}Z I or I ~ ~ I \ ~'Z\\J D1jf6 -Fa or , '\,\ 1"-
-0+ I\~' \~~
Fig. 12.110. NACA 23015. Wind tunnel: TDT Fig. 12.112. NACA -63-009. Wind tunnel: TDT
R.10- 3 6 9 15 25
w'o w w'o w w'o w w'o W
CLmax 109 1'095 1775 1155 1'85 1'225 1'895 1225 1'91
0'895 0'895 0'905
aCLmax 10.1 ' 10'6 56' 11,2' 6'1' 12'2 7' 11'7' 6'1'
11.2 11'2' 10'2'
a, -11,5' -12'3 -122' -12'4
-0'2
w'o: without, w: with split llap, 60 0 deflection. The lower values Include the effect of standard roughness.
250 12. CATALOGUE OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
I
fi "
l/
h'
","
...-
- ~--
.... -- ~ /
/
V-; i?'
L
V
//
V"
b
-- -
. - -61-:=
=
I / L / rI( Ifi /t!:M.ror
lUI 1?;o.lO' Rough I? -I HI o-{-lO'{ IV
/ ... ~5 III /
Iilff5.!O' I \ I
or or
(}
I~ ~ I \ I~ ~-Cg
00IZ 0016-10
17a'f\\ 0008\
!
-q.z I I
t.4
l// ... -
10
I? ~15,.9 Lf:1o' L
1-- -'
~ ......- V /, (..-/
"1
/
V -"
1{J fJ L
1-'" IJIr
V- I? (.10' Rou!}
1M
1// ./
(}Z i' /
06
IJi I? 5.10' Rough
/
(} II
!
9'~ I7a'ff\ 0008 \ 00IZ 0016 -Cg 0020
irf{~~'~' I
I /
IJ+ r-- -q.z
\
(}Z
I?
-()+ '\ \
\I ' l 0016-t;, -06
\~,~ ["
';
I7a'f \~\ 0004 \ 001Z
-q.z Fig. 12.117. NACA 63,-018. Wind tunnel: TDT
\ 1'\
-
-()+
-06
\
-06
','
~
1--
- 1-- f--
fI1t
I? -25// V /" :.-
'/ I? : 0.10 6 11011911
kiV I? .l1O' l1ou911 f../
()Z ()Z
/" /
I r i
o 0J2 ,
I
/
....
"
......
V
HI
CL
t
I? 9'/3.10 6
,17 1 .<
""~
1-- -
I? ~l ~ "5.;06 l,..-... l.- I-- I-- I
6
I? -0.10 R"1I911
_X~ ~ ~ ~V
--- (}6
/'.
.,t..... f/
(JI,
/[Ifr.,&' / 1 q.z
t I
MI I? -5 15 0,7.10 6
IIoIJ9II
o \:) I (}Qt. -CO
~~ \ 1 tJAA , L'OQ6 \ (}QtZ
-.q.z 11\
,
\ .....
~
\ ~~\ '.
-fI1t 1 -(}6 " '.
Fig. 12.120. NACA 64-409. Wind ttmnel: TDT Fig. 12.122. NACA 64 A 210. Wind tunnel: TDT
..
-3'43' -3'3'
Om). -0'065 -0067 -0,07 -0,07 -007
0258 0263 0'264 0259 0'260
-0,035 -0'020 -0'067 -0'020 -0'025
w'o: without, w: with split fiap, 60' defiectlon. The lower values include the effect of standard roughness.
R.lO- 3 6 9 R:1O-' 3 6 9
w'o w w'o w
OL m..,. 1065 1-17 1'925 1'225 CLmax 1'35 1'415 215 1'4.4
0'865 1'77 1'055 185
102' 11'2? 6'2' 123' aCLmax 122' 132' 805' 13'2'
aOLmaJ: 605'
1205' 6'1' 10'05'
OL (ain 0107 0'107 0'107 OL (a In 01065 0'1065 0'1065
degrees) 0102 degrees) 0105
a, -0'4' -0'4' -12,3' a, -1'6' -16' -12,3' -1'6'
-0'4' -l1'S' -0'4' -13' -12'5'
(Om). 0 0 0 (C m ). -004 -0'04 -0'04
x, 0'251 0251 0'251
"'.
11.
0250
-0,018
0253
-0'007
0253
-0,017 11. -0'012 -0'006 -0'013
w'o: without, w: with split fiap, 60' defiection. The lower values include the w'o: without, w: with split fiap, 60' defiection. The lower values include
effect of standard roughness. the effect of standard roughness.
252 12, CATALOGUE OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
1 z
/ " V ,
,,/ 1/V
"
"
.- ,
i-
I---
}'ig. 12.123. N ACA 64 A 410. Wind tunnel: TDT Fig. 12.124. XACA 64,-012. Wind tunnel: TDT
aCLmax 15'4
12
15.4
20
9'3 15'4' f- W' I? 5 fV5.10 6 l/uuih
CL (a In
degrees)
0'105
11'3'
0'105
6'2'
0'105 fM
I? .f} J-5 ~7.10' r 11
ao -3'5
0'105
-3'P -13'9
-2,9 -12,1
-3'1'
o 'lJ I I Ii
F.\~ ~, \~~ (}Q16 -0 0fJ20
0IJf '-'
(Om). -0'083 -0'083 -0'083
z. 0'256 0255 0'254 -f}z
11. -0049 -@067
wo: without, w: with split flap, 60' deflection.
-0033
-f)+
\\ I" ~ ~ 1'.,
t----: t--.,
The lower values lnclude the effect of standard
roughness. -06 \ \ '\ "'- r-, r-::::
I
Profile NACA 64, A 212
NACA 0;,-;12
-- .
Proflle NACA 64,-412
-V- --
-' 1---
R.10-'
w'o
07
w w'o
1'5
W
3
wJo
6
W
9
, I- - - -- - -- - -
,,
HI ,
,, ./
',/j..---' ~
V
p
.I /--;::;' --
I--' Ff='
Llbullh
P
CLmax
aCLmax
a,
1'181
1'2
13'2'
12'3'
28'
1'974
1'94
6'
52'
1'35
123
13'2'
12'2'
-3,05'
2'285
1'98
102'
5'5'
1'55
14'2'
2'76'
166
133
153'
122'
-2,6'
252
2'075
11'6'
6'1'
-13'4'
1-67
152'
-2,55'
-2'8' -2'75' -29' -12'7'
/.? V / /~.
w'o: without, w: with split flap, 60 deflection. The lower values include the effect of standard
0
,
R -~J i
, !15 0.7 6
'i' -do \ ri
0
\ v I~
I or I \J"~"j\ PfI6\lD fO I
\J\_ ~\t:"
Fig. 12.126. NACA 64,-412. Wind tunnel: TDT
NACA oft,-012
,, ~-
-- - -- -' ~-
....- ,,/ l,--/
~ r.;.-
--1----
~_I--i
~~ I--
~~
,/'
/',? ...-
/
-'
/'
[,...--
- " -1
/'
I7R -5
V'
);~
MJO;:2
I--
::;; 7 1,/ ,~
/.'
1J tJ.7.10 I ,l~
I i
J
n'
R 9 J 1. 6
/ ~
IJ.Z
R if III I VI
i . ,5 0-7.10 / V q '\l \
~-{ R 5 fi.. I Of I\\.J~ ~12~ ~f6~ oro
Ol
q
" I
-"'-1\'iS~J(~OI rhufh
,\ '~6\1.. '~-tj,
I
uro
-Ql
-(#
\-f\'l~
I
-Ql I Of I
Fig. 12.128. NACA 64,-415. Wind tunnel: TD'l'
I ,, \.
-(#
R.1O- 07 1'5 3 6 9
w'o w w'o w w'o
I W
OL ma:!: 1'2
1'13
2'14
2'12
1'31
1'22
I 2'34
2'2
1'48 1'615
1'31
2'66
2'32
I-645
w'o: without, w: with split flap, 60 deflection. The lower yalues include the effect of standard roughness.
0
... ---'
-PIt
o
-g.z IOf \~tz,,,,, Df6 -co oro I
Fig. 12.129. NACA 64,-418. Wind tunnel: TDT Fig. 12.131. N ACA 65,-415. Wind tunnel: TDT
NACA 55-006
t.o
C.
t /? -zs;/.
1M
0It
g.z
I
1.
,.93 .fo,
V /?I -0:10' Ro!,!!h
./"
- f-- -
IA
~
/
()(J04 IJ016 -fa. IJQZQ
~
OOOZ 1J01Z
-g.z
~\I\
1\
-, I......
-Olt
-(}6
-0-8 f'
<, - r-- - l-
Fig. 12.130. NACA 65-006_ Wind tunnel: TDT Fig. 12_131 &_ NACA 66,-415_ Wind tunnel: TDT
R_10-' 0-7 15 3 6 9
w'o w w'o w w'o w
R_10-' 0-7 15 3 6 9
w'o I W w'o W w'o w
I
--
12.[; POLARS 255
-
1-6 001fJ;Ci.*-oa Ia:
.f !/ cr l.(
C!
12
..f)
71
'(J'
j
~
~
If'
p
~
-
8A 310
nr!
16'
A
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t;>
12
If
11
1/
:r
F
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~
to-8 'K"
08 Ii
1 ~ Ir (f IJ
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~ 'I ~ J W I
> ;> /I I
1 1. I?
o ~ /
\..
o I
'i "\ v
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IV
1
f:{ !"'-( IT
'Q ': 'C -01f
J
0; 't. r'1. P
~ t-<:: j to J Jl
.~ p
-0'8 It' "'-
~
~ ~ -- t--
~ ~
c o +04 0 -01
_Ol. ---c",
illII II ! I I ~ d
..r I"" I I I I I I c
o 0010;C/=0-3 I I I I I
'J o .. wilh .pIit flop
t;. 64 A .110 IcP
1"1:
ct.'" =0-.3
"
IJ> rv <> "wilh SfJliiflop
2'0
~~
o 0010; e"'
q IJ:j o .. wilh splil flop
IP t;. 64- A 310
P
I..i
C>.
11',
'"
1.0
- L.s P <> "wilh splil flop
I~
12 ~
t,(
~ ll:
Ig ~ q
I 12 0
II'
'f ~ 0 1
I 1/
0'8 (f P
If Ii' !J
08 VI II'
II II'
I ~
II IP
L1
J! ;() I Iif
o
II'
J
'(
o
t
" J
IT
-01t IJ'
If'
J
,~ 'jJ
-O-Lt
:.r a J
-0'8 e K:5
19"~ 'Jf
,{ ~ -08 ... Fl" &i- f<'"'-
~
1111
o o +0-1 0-04
~----------------------~---------
NACA 0015
08 I-
I
03
/'o~
~
Oj6
/
t I .--
1-07
f- x -
x""""" 075
12
03
/ K ....)
t 08 II 0'6
r-"'o ...
I
I
........,
I ,/ 07 ~. .- .... . ..... _ .' :"'0 .
'
y ..... -..
I ! x'
x
O.~.
V
....
......
J
.~
'i "1\ \
I-
I ! I ~/
'. \. \
(
I 1
\
(}8Z5."" ,,
\
\
x
'y" \
V/ ,
1 I
~' 0 ~
./ , ' ,,'
/ jf
l ",.'" x \ \
l
I
!
I
o rt I
x ,/
",.
, \
L / 1/-"/ //
\
-0* 0
\ (,
\ \ r-. \
J
II
/
o o o o o
1 I
o
\o o o o
Fig. 12.133. NACA 0015 for various Mach numbers. Wind tunnel: Ames Lab 1 ft x 3t ft
12.5 POLARS 257
NACA 4415
12
0.]
1...... 0.6
,0
!
I
1 /'
x- x-
07
x- I..-X-
x-
,..---
001,.
O(
/
r,X/
/-:7
./
.0:;;
./ M=(}8
.. -
i
\0
;",.
~x
'-...- r-._
---x l -
1-.-
!
'- .. -
\ i'-
0-12 _ CO
0-01(. 008
OoJ ().6
12
1/:1 ) ./1-'
I {
/ f
0/ (}6
I
1/ .....
x'"
/07
075
/' /0-8
1\ 1.--07
\
~ ""\
.'
/ /' ./X/ /./
V
/
-~
~
\
.
i
1/ /
I
J
Ii
,./
.! I'
I{75\ 1.--08
7 , 1/ /
cf IX j/ .I ! l
I 'i
!
~
1\
i
o
V l! ,/
1"-
_.. v/
/
1 t\ \ \..
i
Ie / I \
o
_at. o .
Fig. 12.134. NACA 4415 for various Mach numbers. Wind tunnel: Ames Lab 1 ft x 3t ft
258 12. CATALOGUE OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
NACA 23009
111
e:.
i
o-l.?/
V'
/"""
~ 060
...J..--
- 070 j....-
__w
_.,
1---- .....-
/~"?
!J ~r/
w,)./w
Ij ./''/ f,---"- ~
06
.....- --
r;:jj V
.. .----- ..............
1/'/' V"~ J~l'
", " -_ ........... w,-
Ik , "
0-
oj L'
~,/
,,
, , , ,,'
-' ,
, " , ,,- " 1JB54
.... 1 ..
0661-...--
..../",, ,,X //)V
' ,.' 1/
.I
i,l, , I
_l;, ,.,(:" . 1" '.v
,:
"# 1/W
,
i" S"
"
I
0
.\ : I
I
11-01\,
,
004
(/
. ;:/
04S _(1
o-z '\,iJ;:, \
a"~
, "', ~',
,,
\~ ~-..........
, "" {Ii
-. ~
" .......... --
~
01.
I,
~o
--
li. /f-of37
'1'--" /? I
t Ii (
/
"'-. I
I
"
~
'~
.,,
~.
'~f07
ozg. M '0-6 07.
"'" I'
0-4 I . \ ".~~"
' ,,
..-
I "1\ . "'~,'
0
~
01
J 1/f5I.~\
,
".
,
! ""
\
7 )
\
\
_t;,
w,
I
I
I
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0-0, 11-04 ! 0'04 -0'71 -0,01 w..
(:.. ~\.\.
,044/ I ,.....,,'
o-Z)
i / i
.
\\
\ \
/
\
i
\ \
I 'I
./U 1\ \
..
I
I
Fig. 12.135. NACA 23009 for various Mach numhers. Wind tunnel: DVL 2'7m
i
11
12.5 POLARS 259
NACA 23015
12
.........
It
I- M =O~
I '\
t 0'8
I 0- ...........
i;
/
1--""-- 06
If ~X1
1-::-':::':::
f-0'7
}~ V
-- r. 4
x
Oolt
l(/
_l(- I--- - -
~.- 0'75
-
If // ~. 0:80
-_ ... --- 0'825
., V
",'
o
tj 1
. .,/'
," l~
I
(" ( ...
\ ' .... 1'--- ,.
\\ f\.
1'- .. ,
1-- .. r0o- j, W
\ -..... '- r
_1,.0 0 ,,"0 8 12
-0'8
o
1'2.
~ .,
.
1/ .'
".,
r7
0'8
L. . . '.
I
I
I)
i
.......
........
i\
If 1 \ \\ \.\ \,
I~ \ 1\
i
o , ,
/
v'
,I
l
I
f
r ,
; J
\
!
I
,I i
I
I
I
-Oil 0 -01 0 o -0-1
/ 0 -0-1 0 -01 o o
Fig. 12.136. NACA 23015 for various Mach numbers. Wind tunnel: Ames Lab 1 ft x 3. ft
260 12. CATALOGUE OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
NACA 16x09
0-8
/j-
,~
,
--.16-009
--.--1-109
---16- Z09
,
,/1" .I .I ,
I
{/ V
, '
--16-509
--/6-109
/
l,'
I,' J I!: !:
HI
~(
M =0.7ST
/1 1/,1 !
I .:/
i: !
g.Z ri \ ~ R .,.g.1(1 1/.' I
l'"\, ...........
r- __ '0
'/ .li'I___
J1/ /'
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Ii, II _Cn>
./.,,. / /j"
o I
1\ '-.. ,
-'-- f-- __ ./0" ,.
/
\ :/
I "
-0-2 o
o 0-02 0-0' 0-08 0-08 0-2
NACA 165xx
12 --16-506
li. ------ 16-509
t
,, ..
, -~ ?
-- .- _._.- 16-512
--16-515
--16-521
/,'
k-
,
;"'/ ,' /
.-
,,
-" \.!Iii
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- - - 16-53.0
'/ II / I~'
WI
\
W//
~/ V / M 00'31
,~ ~:;,.,
l/ z: I)
;rr' V R .0-8.106 '.1,
,
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I I
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fJo4
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1\[:
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//
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I
II
o
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, I ~ 1
JI _Cl f'J li-cm
\'
,~ I I 1/
-0.2
' ......... - - /-,.
I
,0- ," I
o
0 0-02 0-04 (Jo06 02
NAo. 16-x09
"0
t;, ---16-009
V,1 I I ~
I
,II
\", - - - 16-1009
l I i ..f~1/1 i
I ,11/ I . I :1
(N,
'I ,,' "\
'\'.1
,., -0.1/
R .,.7.106 / 1;/ 1/ \ i I ,
x\ VII 1/'//,
\ I
,/ !lj
\ I
oz I \
,II \ ~
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/
/ I
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/ "/ /'"L
I
if
o
NAo. 16-5xx
HI
'L ---16-506
1",- V
-- - - --16-509
i'/'il:
f ! - --16-512 "I
/1
~; !
-"-16-515
l/i ./ --16-511
O'Z
\\ / I l' I
i
I
~
? II
o \ '/ '~
-to
.1/
r,;r f,. -;,
I
I
" ,I I
I
~ ~~-
--- ,/ -," 10"
"
I
\
-O'ZO
,.02 ,.0' 0'08 ,.0. -,.2 o
Fig. 12.140. NACA 16-5 xx at M = 0'7. Wind tunnel: Langley 2 ft HST
262 12. CATALOGUE OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
NACA 16-x09
IZ
~
'L --16-009
V I
1 /'
#---
-------16-109
-_-16- Z09
--18-509
/V ,
V~/ /----
/
Y ----
--16-709
V,-,-
---16-1009
I
/ / b
~) .
{I,
",'"
/
H -11-3
R -Of. lOIS I [L, V .f'
j,,' /'
/!
l/ ,,
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i ~~
I
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i, I:'""1
f~\ ", .....
"
jIJL/ ,I,,'
,
v,I
i/l'
: 11"
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\ iJ
! P-L;..
.\ \ \ ~
I
o "
-,CO ,/ LII /' _CIt
~\ " "-
l//,'
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1"'_ ~
1\ ! /,11
-(JZ
\ / / tf I." ,. 'it
o (JOZ 004 (JO' 0'0' -02 o
NACA 16-5xx
1J.8
IL/'" . .... /,,- ,,
/ , - I-
--16-506
- - - --16-509 !V ./ {I
~ ,I
- . _ - 16-512
,,i
\1 I
\ i ./
........-
, --16-515
/ .I:' ;'
/ V
I
"
~,
~.\i /
H =075
R ./9./0 1S
lb' / '! i
II :
02
'.,, ' (/ ,
In !
o
~. -CO v; .I ---CIt 'tilII L-c",
'
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....
----- "
I
.,' o I." ,
0-08 (J08 .g.Z o
Fig. 12.142. NACA 16-5 o:x at M = 0'75. Wind tunnel: Langley 2 ft HST
12.5 POLARS 263
1/
1M
M =OJ
I o~
~/-
ooy /
///
1-
..' --- 07
/i'/;
...... ~
/;V
V. .
:;.;.
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....
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I /
./
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1-0-80
_-0-825 Ii 1/
l/
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1---
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/ I / "" I
o
,./ .'
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I
J//'
f I( /
........ J{ II
/
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\
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\ ...........
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-0"* \\ r--
\\ ~ ......r......
r~
- 7
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o
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CL ~
f !
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,
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-j ! i
; !j
1 \
!i ........ /
I j
J I \
-01 0 -04 0 0 -04 0 -O-f 0 -04 0 0
-C'm
CL 0'3~ fJ6
)(,--
f / W x/
x-::O7
(}8
/ ,c
0
i
V I
j .............
0'75
. . . . >-
./
/.,
! V
I I
/." /.
(}~'),
,."
1 / ......v ",'" ~~25
t j' /'
'. "' ....
o \ \ t i \
/
\ ~
\ \; \
\
i ' .... .....
.....
\
\\ \~ '.
~ .. .......
' ........_-
....
i"' .....................
-
o o o (J.()8 - Co
1'Z ....---....---.---.---r--.----Y----. .
..... .....
,
i
... IfP :...... i\
\
/" \
,.:
.. ...: ,
I , j / ((I /[r ;I \ ,,,
, ,
r I.
\
"I
J
I
11 ! !
I ... I i
:
it
I
I l I
\
i
1 !
1 ,
j
! I
I
i
I
I i I
; /
I
1 \
o o o -0-1 0 o o o o o
_ClC. -C'm
,
-
12.5 POLARS 265
z
1
o lit --6 o -*.
~ o tit ...". 1lI -6
., tJt-'
o oc"2 0 ... 6 v~
I> :. O
q
em G 0--.- 4IC 6
f ~ - z-
I-c!.. ~ ~
0."2 <q. ,.
I> 11(. O
04.2 voc-1Z
. .10
Lx: ..... 'lI
I; ..... f'o... t'<I-
l- I-
(}6 - ~
- ~
"- ~ .--. i-"
~ ~.
"\
--
..... ~
-' \.0- ~ A'" "'\1
(}Z
""" -lC~ ...... I--' f4'
--"
1>" I>
o o
~
-(}Z
.
9
0
-.<: '0<> ~ "0.."
~ W : .~
...... '-, : I'Gt f.a. :
't>.., ri 'Q.. .J
-0'6 I- ~ rc- )..,.,.P' ..... ~ ~
p
-g.e r-o..
('0'
It'"
F<T
V
-1'0
r7
020
0=-6- II'
~ - o --It.
0=-6 ~ ""-
<) --2-
0, - 0
17
I <4 - z
0"'--4
l -I - o ,.-z I.f ~ - 9-"
,
,. o T A - 6 l.-A' 1,.-
~~ I>
~ - 'q-Bo
1 I- -
<l.2.-
I - ""- voelJo
ADC -6
~8
I
J I
.. -IP'
/
/'
~
c:;; ~ ~ 7 j
.4
if ~ J W
~ 7f :1' ./ ~~
I 1/ :~ !fo. ~~
II l.-sr' .....
I 'if
F ~ i v <1 y Ii
.J..{ III e V 'I III j ~
..... >'j ~r II'A v ... "'.J (9 II .:
l,..- v ....v V UJ V La- II
l- f-"' /....-, ~ ).0-<
'r7 I~V ~ 1.0-< ~ rr II j
o
0--0'
l -I - e =-"'-
o --zo 9
l -I - t> ,. O
.. .2
l -I - " tit ="'.
0=-6 Q '" ~o
ooc .. -If. o.cx:-6"
l - I-- 0--2
'."
A IX -6 tf .. ",-eo -/'
0'1 l -I - q .8
~
08
li.
1
oIt
02
0 fJ.2
-CO
-0,2
-Ot,
2'1Q
o.It 1----+---4i:,..t
02 1-.---4----.+--+---+1-4
O~--o~~~~-*-~~~~--~~--~(J.~~~--~(J.J
-0
-021---4--...:l~
-0* I----'---+-----I---~-~
t
-0,5
Go lK
08
~!v6!:;ro.8
q 5/ ~:
t ~~ !-.---l--. ._VO6
0'0 oh ~--
OC=3~rT v
1,.---.01.;
v-
r- I
r--2o1
riVe'
f, [./,. v. O2
1--1
flt
02
0
V- P;Pv =0
/
-7
t}
o \ 002 0'0't- -- Co 006
-2~
-3
-0'2
Fig. 12.150. Circular segment profile, Go 1 K (t/c = 00385) for various cavitation numbers. (WALCHNER)
Go' 2K
08 .08
tl
t
5
06
.
0'0
O''r
01.;
/
/-;2
0-2
Fig. 12.151. Circular segment profile, Go 2 K (t/c = 0'0735) for various cavitation numbers. (WALCHNER)
268 12. CATALOGUE OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
6.0' 'fK
og 4;-?;.8
08 3 V~~
--
2/;
1/fDq,
e ~..,............ 0'0
CX=OOy I'D/'
0'0 r----
V
-lj /
r
t
/-
/~V--O'f
0
-2 \ \
G)
v'"
-3 O G)\
,I
G)
l
,.
/02
~
02
e\/"
P-Pv
--=0-
1q JZ'" j
o 1
002 ~l'~Je_o~
b~ 006 -%-G) COG) Fig. 12.152. Circular segment profile, Go 4K (tic = 0'1475) for various
J I I J cavitation numbers. (WALCHNER)
6.0' 5K
10
~0-8~
1-2/~ ~~
vY _____
Ito ,..- i_ _
08 cx=6~
~,..~
pr- j
fl--OO
<i J--V:
5 -~
t ~~~ \-~ / /
1---17-~
'r0dr---- / _I-
---/-
06
J~'~~!-
/
. , / h~-O''f
/
,~ l---f'I r---l
~ / / //
f I \/ 1-/-':7-'-
O
r - 2pS I f..--/V ~/ l/ /
',--f- / / _t.-O2
r- 10
j / / 1....__1-1-7'
/ /
r
CD
~1_0-/
I / / h'-:'-
02 r 000 / t:::::;. /
\ h- / /~)E-pv_
f / ~,;~.!/ q -0
-10'~ I
o\
-2 ,,0 004- 006 -CO 0'08
1\
01
~0'2 Fig. 12.153. a, b. Go 5K for variolls cavitation numbers.
(WALCHNER)
-0,2
L
-
12.5 Po LARS 269
G.lf oK
10 I _ ... -to-:=.-::- 0.91
I ~2.. ~ __ --- _.-08
\ 1-'f
_.-.,-:..-~
oC]>7">-~
I x ' 1---1---'
I I
,J-07
--. ___ -
--
08 5 Ell k::::- ~ --- /
,.--
'f'
P' l...--- ~--
_$ -;'l
/
0'0
1
fr: -----
i / /
I /!-----:: .-05
06 I--- Zo r '
'fJ'a, - -~-.'I--~/
l-
/ _ .;0'1
/
V', I / / /7
r- 1 ,
\~ -~-r-l- -I_I-;~:o.3
'r- oo( /0, ! V
~, \ I ! 1_/-/.t.02
r -7 \ / /
~ f-r~~
\ V\ II~~ 1/ ~-O"I
-zo \~ I ,J,..."/ l-/
~
02 /.7p-Pv
-3. \t~ -q-=O(!JY'
o
-~oo~
o
~: 02 I
0.0'1 006 ~ CO 008
0, I I 1 I lfig. 12.154 a, b. Go 6K for various cavitation numbers
G.b' 7K
10
5~ -~J. _ J!8
I~>~Ell ~. t'-.
~0'7
08
30 tr--, ",Ell,
'f0
.,..;::~
.." __
,
......
...... ,
1',
0'0
'0 ......
2 Jl
0
I / '. ....---0
,
"'-
"-
"
~~---
t',
f-$,
'c-'.-05
\
I
tO~,tf' ~~ , ",
\
\ , \
\
c---t:-0''1
0'0
J ~ , , \J---1
_$
) /
~=OJ
" " <Il---
\ \ J __~-0-3
'g/
o( ~
~ ~
~-e...d:>..
~ C',
002 -"". -0 0'06 008
I ~0'1 I 0 I 1 }<'ig. 12.155 a, b. Go 7K for variolls cavitation nllmh~rs
270 12. CATALOGUE OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMEXTAL RESULTS
Go8K
).00.]
10 ~..............
3~ . v(;)' ./
~~O7
' ...
, ,
2l.,/ .... ,,, .....
I ~, 1"-,
" v, 06
08
1f-'I/CD(
"/"\ ,
r-- \
Cl.
t >--- '._J/\I\
"""O},l'/"',, '\\v\
" , '\ \ ..:::05
00 -1
f/"
",
',/
,,/j\
,,'
\ /
,,/O'f
-2~ "
':7
j',
,
\
\
\
cb....
/1,
, /' ,v\
-3,?, \\ " \ /\ I l/n/0.3
,1\
-It- 0 '.J(I t'-., '""'. / '\ l/ J I'I
"t\ \ VI
CI) ,
f--~l', I yO2
n\ ~S'
-5~ V/17/I
e "I ,
... , "\ \ \y
02 l'-...... ,,\ \ ,)f I i 0-1
....e
-0 "- '-.e~
:.-....::~.\;j) ( I //t-
\\t~~ / IP-Pv
k""-q-=O
o ) ":~~'fl - ~~" e ~( 0-
co
002 00'-1- CI)
~~~r:=-'-e
I I I -e ~e=e
03~ ~'ig. 12.156 a, b. Go ilK for yarious cayltation numbers
02 1---lf--If--:Lf.d....fJf::=...L+--\---\---+--
l
-
12.5 POLARS 271
Gij 11K 6-
I ~ ~,1"0 ~1 ~',::0""
-- .
~~
--~ ~
C(
).Og t
oc=6~.
.'
--
....~ f...:
5j l[.-
1--.-- --""\
lb'8 ~~ :r
08 -- \ / I
2' ~~ ~
~t ~ ')"
07
C
....
"-
r /
.~
0'0
t
r--- 3.
20'~
:...-
",
, 1
1 0'5
~ I~ I-r
0'0 r-- 1".
I' I I ~
I
~
~
7~1 ~ --~... r-
\ \ I /
-- O-'f
-.- ~.:i.?: b,.
\ \ \~ I
\ /"/;'3
',........ J(1
\ ""!"
/~
\
0 \
~V\ 1/ WO'2
\ \ I I n /'
_ -7 0 \ I Vi/I
_ -zo
\\\\,/ ivfZ W-1
/Ijz/ I
0-2
~\\ ~!-Pv
I:: --=0
-3 ~ 1,." q
_~Io\ ~
l
I;I)lI'
20-
-2
_';0
02 _';0 I - - -
-8
I
~
o
- CO 002 --l CO ~0!02 Fig. 12.160. GO 12K, 13K, without cavitation
08 J' ~~6
lJ'6 0
q r;I If
t ~2
I
( 2
08
I 1 IL
10 0 10 0 I---+- OO-ll_-!---I
j-
0:2 -2 0
-2
_';0
o ---CO ---Co
002 002 0-0';
,
~ '1-8 0
-
l.!--1--.-
10 Fig. 12.162. Beginning of cavitation for the
~
-
affine series Go 5K, 6K, iK, 8K
~
It
r
~-O- 0
~t J
/
1-
0
5
CD 6
~ o 7
5
~
1 o 8
(])~
~
.0--
r--!
P -~-
~r--
o _____ J!'ig. 12.163 (below). Beginning of cavitation
for the affine series Go 9K, 10K, 11K, 12K,
10
0 _P-Pv
'lr
r ----- (])/!,O
13K
Fig. 12.164. Beginning of cavitation for the
affine series Go 14K, 15K, 16K.(WALCHNER)
- .- -~
:--
Cl)-
-, /
~.' ~ )l- ~
TO 7(])
:If It
r
_o- V- 0 -
Ji-- f..--0
J )Y
e/
5
I f:
.......
!.1". 76
~~
.15
f/
(1)
;/
V
Jy~
1
~.
it
(.,1, f
o
5
Ii ;
-I 'I
~,
g
d
L !-0
o. ~
.............
-
70
P-P"
q.r;
~~.z
0
~o.
. .~
o~
~ r---
70 20 30
r--t-= - P-PII
q.r;
-
LIST OF MAIN SYMBOLS
'ii
~.11\"
'\;'\'i1
II
;'\1
'II
1,[
J
I
I
,I
-
AUTHOR INDEX
)
SUBJECT INDEX
-.-------.----.- ..---.---~~------
SUBJECT INDEX
280
I asymptotic, 94
optimum, 97
Suction side, 1
Supersonic flow, 111
Wind-tunnel corrections, 21
Wind-tunnel turbulence, 18
Wing-tip influence, 22
Work done against shearing stress, 90
,
1
~ .
i' .
....@I.g,
1_